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153:
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25:
1166:, several public utilities, two government television stations, 10,000 km (6000 mi) of roads, steel and petrochemical firms, grain elevators, hotels, subways and even racetracks. A panoply of provincial and municipal banks were sold to financial giants abroad (sometimes over the opposition of their respective governors and mayors) and, taking a page from the
972:
812:, thanks to secured exchange rates on loan installments. This fraud took place both before and after his very brief turn at the Central Bank, but not while he was in charge. In a speech in September 1982 he was forced renounce and express his opposition to the transfer of debt to the state. He inherited this practice from
837:
856:
His involvement in politics began when he was elected as a student representative to the highest government body of the
Economics School (1965â1966). He acted as Undersecretary of Development of the provincial government (1969â1970), director (1971â1972) and vice chairman of the board (1972â1973) of
1188:
Consumers also benefited: income poverty fell by about half (to under 20%) and new auto sales (likewise depressed since 1982) jumped fivefold, to about 500,000 units. This boom, however, had its problems early on. Tight federal budgets kept the budget deficits of the provinces from improving and,
1238:
In 1996, shortly after Menem's reelection, the flux of money from privatisation ceased, and
Cavallo was ousted from the cabinet, due to his volatile personality and fights with other cabinet members, coupled with staggering unemployment and social unrest caused by his economic policies and the
1189:
though many benefited from
Cavallo's insistence that large employers translate higher productivity into higher pay, this same productivity boom (as well as the nearly 200,000 layoffs the privatizations caused) helped unemployment jump from about 7% in 1991â92 to over 12%, by 1994.
765:
and continued to plummet for the rest of 1981 and into 1982. Mortgage and business borrowers saw their monthly installments increase over tenfold in just a year and many, including homeowners just months away from paying off their
1139:
at 1 peso per US dollar; he signed his plan into law on April 1, 1991. Cavallo thus succeeded in defeating inflation, which had averaged over 220% (1975â1988), had leapt to 5000% (1989) and remained at 1300% (1990).
1584:
based on
Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at www.ggdc.net/pwt. PWT
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and as a result, saved millions of homeowners and small-business owners from financial ruin (as well as millions more, indirectly). What followed, however, remained the subject of great controversy.
1435:
Between April and June 2002, Cavallo was jailed for alleged participation in illegal weapons sales during the Menem administration. He was exonerated of all charges related to this scandal in 2005.
53:
1200:
and ratcheted joblessness to 18% (the highest since the 1930s). Confidence and the economy recovered relatively quickly; but, the consequences of double-digit unemployment soon created a
2445:
1373:, the opponent of De la Rua and Cavallo in the 1999 presidential election, took power on January 2, 2002. Soon afterwards the government decreed the end of peso-dollar convertibility,
948:, Cavallo had to wait a few more years to put his economic theories into practice. He served as Menem's foreign minister, and was instrumental in the realignment of Argentina with the
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1235:" entrenched within the circles of power. After his first public accusations, relations between Cavallo, President Menem and his colleagues became progressively strained.
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Productivity per hour worked between 1991 and 1996 increased by 117%. More than any other country on any 5-year period since the start of the series in 1950.
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3162:
3037:
1995:
1817:
797:
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per hour worked during his five-years as minister of Menem increased by more than 100%. In 2001, he was the economy minister for nine months during the
2501:
801:
672:, where he earned his doctorate in economics in 1970. He married the former Sonia AbraziĂĄn in 1968, and had three children. He would later enroll at
3142:
3070:
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1136:
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57:
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820:, had unloaded US$ 700 million of its debts in this way). Moreover, Cavallo subjected payments covered by these exchange rate guarantees to
3197:
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1663:
3177:
784:, he is often accused of implementing financial policies that may have allowed Argentina's main private enterprises to transfer their
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1349:("financial corral"). The anger of those Argentines with the means to invest abroad created a framework for the popular middle-class
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think-tank, he prepared an academic team for taking over the management of the economy, and to that end he participated actively in
745:, policy tied adjustable loan installments (nearly all lending in Argentina is on an adjustable interest basis) to the value of the
1405:
1154:, which was later almost run into the ground). The stability Cavallo's plan helped bring about, however, opened prospects for more
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This controversy notwithstanding, upon
Argentina's return to democracy in December 1983, he became a close economic advisor to
1947:
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1494:, and was disqualified from the running for the general election in what the local press described as "an emphatic defeat."
712:
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2212:
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Starr, Pamela K. (1997). "Government
Coalitions and the Viability of Currency Boards: Argentina under the Cavallo Plan".
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down from over 1,300% in 1990 to less than 20% in 1992 and nearly to zero during the rest of the 1990s. He implemented
86:
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1343:. In late November 2001, Cavallo introduced a set of measures that blocked the usage of cash, informally known as the
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GDP, long stuck at its 1973 level even with a growing population, grew by about a third from early 1991 to late 1994.
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2906:
2717:
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Cavallo served as the Robert
Kennedy Visiting Professor in Latin American Studies in the department of economics at
1279:. Cavallo came in third place and received 11% of the vote, far behind both de la RĂșa and the other main candidate,
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in March 2001 to lead the economy once again, in the face of a weakened coalition government and two years of
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1490:. Winning only 1.28% of the provincial vote, Cavallo failed to reach the required 1.5% threshold in the
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Political pressure by the
Peronist opposition and other organized economic interests coincided with the
727:
since 1930, and a particularly heinous
Central Bank regulation painfully remembered as the Central Bank
2309:
1487:
1385:(the exchange rate briefly reached 4 pesos per dollar in July 2002) and inflation (about 40% in 2002).
49:
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523:(born July 21, 1946) is an Argentine economist and politician. Between 1991 and 1996, he was the
459:
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the state telecom concern and national airlines (the once-premier airline in Latin
America,
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As Menem initially chose to deliver the Economy Ministry to senior executives of the firm
8:
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He attempted to restore business confidence by renegotiating the external debt with the
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2028:"Condenan a prisiĂłn a Menem y a Cavallo por pagar sobresueldos, pero seguirĂĄn libres"
1922:
1862:
1581:
1559:"Thirty Years of Currency Crises in Argentina External Shocks or Domestic Fragility?"
1503:
1409:
1243:. Following months of speculation, Menem asked for his resignation on July 26, 1996.
1063:
963:, Menem put Cavallo at the helm of the Argentine Economy Ministry in February, 1991.
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585:
347:
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1859:
Argentina's Economic Reforms of the 1990s in Contemporary and Historical Perspective
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1955:
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1366:. This critical situation finally forced Cavallo, and then de la RĂșa, to resign.
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at the time and therefore raised little concern. The next February, however, the
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the Provincial Bank and Undersecretary of Interior of the national government.
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544:
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2013:
1996:"Cavallo no llega a octubre en una elecciĂłn cordobesa dominada por Schiaretti"
3111:
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2519:
2265:
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1599:
1162:, these included: the costly state railroads concern, the state oil monopoly
1155:
1145:
1055:
938:
770:, unable to keep up, either lost their entire equity or everything outright.
708:
552:
1185:, depressed since the 1981â82 crisis, more than doubled during this period.
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A series of Peronist presidents came and left in the next few days, until
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1664:"Ordenan investigar si Cavallo debe devolver 17.000 millones de dĂłlares"
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by large investors and foreign holdings led to a bank run and a massive
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and allowed the dollar to be used for legal contracts. This brought the
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Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in Buenos Aires
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998:
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Cavallo's policies are viewed by opponents as major causes of the
966:
808:) transferred a great part of their 17 billion dollar debt to the
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2184:
1397:
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1212:
eased only very slowly after the return to growth in early 1996.
1209:
1067:
959:. Finally, after several false starts, and two further peaks of
3158:
Members of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies elected in CĂłrdoba
2091:
1948:"Alivio para Menem y Cavallo en causa por contrabando de armas"
1468:
as well as a visiting lecturer at Yale's economics department.
1032:
1028:
1024:
696:
1557:
Graciela Kaminsky; Amine Mati; Nada Choueiri (November 2009).
1445:
He has also continued to serve as a member of the influential
63:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
2081:
1401:
1232:
1201:
1078:
1020:
895:(which reached 200% a month in July 1989) failed, and led to
785:
767:
567:, he implemented a restriction on cash withdrawing, known as
2407:
Ministry of Federal Planning, Public Investment and Services
695:(1996â97). He wrote a number of books and was publisher of
633:
2014:"Condenaron a Menem y Cavallo por el pago de sobresueldos"
1231:
In mid-1995, Cavallo denounced the existence of presumed "
937:, this being the first such meeting since the end of the
1301:
Minister of Economy with de la RĂșa and during the crisis
1015:
Domingo Cavallo was appointed in 1991, and deepened the
824:; this latter stipulation was dropped by his successor,
507:
2054:"Semakan Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat"
1404:
endured by Argentina in the late 1990s, as well as the
1460:
As of January 2012, Cavallo is a senior fellow at the
1818:
United States Congressional Joint Economic Committee
3148:
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
1596:"Argentina's collapse - A decline without parallel"
1742:Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
1174:was opened to choice through the authorization of
1721:
1719:
1510:, were found guilty of embezzlement by the court
600:. He received five Honoris Causa doctorates from
3109:
902:
800:. During 1982 and 1983, more than 200 firms (30
531:'s presidency. He is known for implementing the
1857:Cavallo, Domingo; Runde, Sonia Cavallo (2017).
1811:"ARGENTINA'S ECONOMIC CRISIS: CAUSES AND CURES"
1577:
1575:
967:Minister of Economy at the Menem administration
711:fiasco brought more moderate leadership to the
1978:"Unos regresaron con gloria; otros fracasaron"
1716:
400:December 10, 1987 â December 10, 1989
16:Argentine economist and politician (born 1946)
3203:Argentine politicians convicted of corruption
2840:
2547:
2170:
1856:
1680:
1572:
3163:Presidents of the Central Bank of Argentina
1727:"Carlos Menem | Biography & Facts"
1502:On December 1, 2015, Cavallo, ex president
1204:that to some extent continues to this day.
1089:to achieve the path towards adherence to a
379:December 10, 1997 â March 20, 2001
2847:
2833:
2554:
2540:
2177:
2163:
1707:
1536:Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the
891:. President AlfonsĂn's efforts to control
816:himself (whose chief interest, steelmaker
315:President of the Central Bank of Argentina
151:
56:about living persons that is unsourced or
3053:Ministry of Health and Social Development
2774:Ministry of Health and Social Development
2463:Ministry of Health and Social Development
1035:to imports, and removing restrictions on
831:
715:, Cavallo was appointed president of the
180:20 March 2001 â 20 December 2001
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1419:
1304:
1219:
970:
906:
835:
773:Cavallo immediately rescinded the hated
719:. He inherited the country's most acute
277:July 8, 1989 â January 31, 1991
225:1 February 1991 â 6 August 1996
3138:People from CĂłrdoba Province, Argentina
2948:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship
2649:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship
2277:Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship
1058:of state companies; the elimination of
327:July 2, 1982 â August 26, 1982
3110:
1824:
1805:
1331:and with bondholders, but the growing
1293:in 2000, got second place and lost to
1158:than ever. Going on to total over 200
1042:He reformed the State and recreated a
620:universities. He was professor at the
3188:Candidates for President of Argentina
3143:National University of CĂłrdoba alumni
2828:
2535:
2158:
1739:
734:Implemented in 1980 at the behest of
1696:Argentina: From Insolvency to Growth
1566:National Bureau of Economic Research
1497:
1462:Jackson Institute for Global Affairs
1377:the peso and soon afterwards let it
1224:Cavallo, candidate for president in
1085:, and reached an agreement with the
660:Region. He graduated with honors in
561:1998â2002 Argentine great depression
18:
3198:Action for the Republic politicians
3133:Argentine people of Italian descent
1415:
1246:Cavallo founded a political party,
1116:increased; in that year alone, the
13:
1538:Order of the Defender of the Realm
1100:These reforms were a success: the
14:
3214:
3178:Ministers of economy of Argentina
2907:Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers
2605:Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers
2075:
1646:"El recuerdo de la Circular 1050"
1522:
1252:, which allowed him to return to
1164:Yacimientos PetrolĂferos Fiscales
1123:He was the ideologist behind the
652:to Florencia and Felipe Cavallo,
2881:
1954:. April 13, 2005. Archived from
1529:
1316:Cavallo was called by President
628:Universities of CĂłrdoba, and at
575:December 2001 riots in Argentina
23:
2046:
2020:
2006:
1988:
1970:
1940:
1916:
1892:
1875:
1850:
1799:
1785:
1768:
1733:
1701:
1312:and his Minister, in March 2001
702:
3193:Justicialist Party politicians
3168:Foreign ministers of Argentina
1712:. Harper Collins. p. 123.
1689:
1674:
1656:
1638:
1626:
1606:
1588:
1550:
1412:of the Argentine public debt.
1215:
868:and was elected as a Peronist
689:Catholic University of CĂłrdoba
685:National University of CĂłrdoba
670:National University of CĂłrdoba
639:
590:National University of CĂłrdoba
493:National University of CĂłrdoba
1:
2956:Adalberto RodrĂguez Giavarini
1710:John Major: The Autobiography
1683:EconomĂa en Tiempos de Crisis
1544:
1271:Cavallo ran for president in
1170:privatization, the mandatory
1017:liberalization of the economy
903:Minister of Foreign relations
782:economic history of Argentina
535:, which established a pseudo-
1614:"Domingo Cavallo: biography"
1144:President Menem had already
899:and AlfonsĂn's resignation.
872:for CĂłrdoba Province in the
743:JosĂ© Alfredo MartĂnez de Hoz
34:biography of a living person
7:
1429:Foreign Relations Ministers
1329:International Monetary Fund
1112:fell to single digits, and
1087:International Monetary Fund
676:, where he earned a second
573:. This was followed by the
265:Minister of Foreign Affairs
61:must be removed immediately
10:
3219:
3089:Ministry of Infrastructure
2879:
2751:José Armando Caro Figueroa
2452:José Armando Caro Figueroa
1506:, and ex justice minister
983:in the country's history,
887:'s bid for the presidency
780:Though nothing new to the
3183:Argentine anti-communists
3087:
3069:
3051:
3028:
3010:
2982:
2964:
2946:
2928:
2905:
2890:
2867:
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2691:
2666:
2647:
2628:
2603:
2588:
2574:
2492:
2461:
2424:
2405:
2390:Antonio Francisco Salonia
2380:
2343:
2300:
2275:
2226:
2211:
2197:
2143:
2134:
2126:
2116:
2107:
2099:
1793:"Finance and Development"
1517:
1120:grew at a rate of 10,5%.
1066:; and the elimination of
932:British Foreign Secretary
846:President of Central Bank
806:transnational enterprises
514:
502:
486:
478:
450:
423:
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2084:(in Spanish and English)
1907:25 December 2010 at the
1832:"INDEC: consumer prices"
1046:based on a reduction in
1010:market-oriented economic
826:Julio GonzĂĄlez del Solar
707:In July 1982, after the
592:and obtained his PhD in
360:Julio GonzĂĄlez del Solar
1619:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1512:Tribunal Oral Federal 4
1381:, which led to a swift
1249:Action for the Republic
1172:National Pension System
618:Paris Pantheon-Sorbonne
584:Cavallo is a Doctor in
551:reforms which included
460:Action for the Republic
2757:Antonio Erman GonzĂĄlez
2477:Antonio Erman GonzĂĄlez
2365:Antonio Erman GonzĂĄlez
2328:Antonio Erman GonzĂĄlez
2103:Antonio Erman GonzĂĄlez
1432:
1313:
1275:, but was defeated by
1228:
1118:gross domestic product
1081:and reduce non-social
1029:reducing import duties
997:forced him to abandon
989:President of Argentina
979:In May 1989, amid the
976:
930:, in 1989 he met with
923:
881:FundaciĂłn MediterrĂĄnea
866:José Manuel de la Sota
853:
832:Beginnings in politics
683:Cavallo taught at the
680:in Economics in 1977.
555:of state enterprises.
521:Domingo Felipe Cavallo
444:San Francisco, CĂłrdoba
428:Domingo Felipe Cavallo
246:Antonio Erman GonzĂĄlez
48:Please help by adding
3012:Ministry of Education
2732:Susana Beatriz Decibe
2718:Ministry of Education
2382:Ministry of Education
2310:Ătalo Argentino LĂșder
1670:. September 16, 2011.
1488:Alberto RodrĂguez SaĂĄ
1485:center-right Peronist
1423:
1308:
1291:Mayor of Buenos Aires
1223:
1196:shocked consumer and
1151:AerolĂneas Argentinas
1006:fiscally conservative
981:worst economic crisis
974:
941:seven years earlier.
910:
842:Argentine Congressman
839:
792:, transforming their
713:military dictatorship
3173:Argentine economists
2997:Ricardo LĂłpez Murphy
2974:Ricardo LĂłpez Murphy
2930:Ministry of Interior
2813:RaĂșl Granillo Ocampo
2763:José Alberto Uriburu
2630:Ministry of Interior
2434:Jorge Alberto Triaca
2228:Ministry of Interior
2130:Ricardo LĂłpez Murphy
1635:. 12 September 1991.
1602:. February 28, 2002.
1508:RaĂșl Granillo Ocampo
1471:Cavallo returned to
1431:, including Cavallo.
1266:City of Buenos Aires
1168:Chile pension system
1062:, wage controls and
950:Washington Consensus
656:immigrants from the
644:Cavallo was born in
541:United States dollar
388:City of Buenos Aires
201:Ricardo LĂłpez Murphy
54:Contentious material
3079:Ricardo Gil Lavedra
3071:Minister of Justice
2984:Ministry of Economy
2966:Ministry of Defense
2793:Minister of Justice
2693:Ministry of Economy
2668:Ministry of Defense
2494:Ministry of Justice
2345:Ministry of Economy
2302:Ministry of Defense
2242:Julio Mera Figueroa
2137:Minister of Economy
2110:Minister of Economy
2034:on December 3, 2015
1931:5 July 2009 at the
1708:John Major (1999).
1698:. World Bank, 1993.
1492:primaries elections
1477:Chamber of Deputies
1475:in 2013 to run for
1442:from 2003 to 2004.
1390:deindustrialization
1364:December 2001 riots
1198:business confidence
1194:1995 Mexican Crisis
1125:Convertibility Plan
1083:government spending
874:1987 mid-term polls
850:Minister of Economy
739:Minister of Economy
693:New York University
533:convertibility plan
525:Minister of Economy
297:Susana Ruiz Cerruti
168:Minister of Economy
3038:Alberto Flamarique
3030:Ministry of Labour
2992:José Luis Machinea
2875:Fernando de la RĂșa
2860:Fernando de la RĂșa
2782:Alberto José Mazza
2743:Ministry of Labour
2426:Ministry of Labour
2415:Roberto José Dromi
1984:. August 13, 2013.
1926:. 20 December 2001
1681:Cavallo, Domingo.
1451:financial advisory
1440:Harvard University
1433:
1314:
1277:Fernando de la RĂșa
1229:
1127:, which created a
1095:debt restructuring
1037:foreign investment
977:
924:
854:
810:federal government
798:public obligations
674:Harvard University
598:Harvard University
579:Fernando de la RĂșa
497:Harvard University
455:Justicialist Party
189:Fernando de la RĂșa
3105:
3104:
3043:Patricia Bullrich
2920:Chrystian Colombo
2822:
2821:
2529:
2528:
2446:Enrique RodrĂguez
2353:Miguel Ăngel Roig
2248:José Luis Manzano
2153:
2152:
2144:Succeeded by
2117:Succeeded by
2082:Personal homepage
1958:on August 6, 2016
1952:La CrĂłnica de Hoy
1652:. April 14, 2002.
1582:Our World in Data
1504:Carlos Saul Menem
1498:Criminal sentence
1260:, this time as a
1160:state enterprises
1114:economic activity
1093:a plan about the
1064:currency controls
1019:. He liberalized
957:George H. W. Bush
913:George H. W. Bush
879:Drawing from his
654:Italian Argentine
586:Economic Sciences
518:
517:
465:Is Possible Party
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Domingo Cavallo"
37:needs additional
3210:
2938:Federico Storani
2915:Rodolfo Terragno
2885:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2826:
2825:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2533:
2532:
2359:NĂ©stor Rapanelli
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2147:Jorge Capitanich
2127:Preceded by
2100:Preceded by
2097:
2096:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2060:on July 19, 2019
2056:. Archived from
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2030:. Archived from
2024:
2018:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:on June 19, 2009
1834:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1821:
1815:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1473:CĂłrdoba Province
1427:met with former
1416:After the crisis
1406:collapse of 2001
1392:and the rise of
1289:He also ran for
1183:Fixed investment
1135:the dollar-peso
1073:He reformed the
928:Foreign Minister
650:CĂłrdoba Province
577:and the fall of
510:
508:Official website
473:
441:
437:
435:
419:Personal details
398:
377:
356:
344:
336:Reynaldo Bignone
325:
304:
294:
275:
254:
242:
223:
213:Jorge Capitanich
209:
197:
178:
155:
141:
140:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
50:reliable sources
27:
26:
19:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3128:Group of Thirty
3108:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3083:
3065:
3061:HĂ©ctor Lombardo
3047:
3024:
3020:Juan José Llach
3006:
3002:Domingo Cavallo
2978:
2960:
2942:
2924:
2901:
2886:
2877:
2863:
2853:
2823:
2818:
2787:
2768:
2737:
2726:Jorge RodrĂguez
2712:
2707:Roque FernĂĄndez
2701:Domingo Cavallo
2687:
2682:Jorge DomĂnguez
2662:
2643:
2624:
2619:Jorge RodrĂguez
2599:
2584:
2570:
2560:
2530:
2525:
2502:Antonio Salonia
2488:
2457:
2420:
2401:
2396:Jorge RodrĂguez
2376:
2371:Domingo Cavallo
2339:
2316:Humberto Romero
2296:
2285:Domingo Cavallo
2271:
2222:
2219:Eduardo Duhalde
2207:
2193:
2183:
2149:
2140:
2132:
2122:
2120:Roque FernĂĄndez
2113:
2105:
2078:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1933:Wayback Machine
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:Wayback Machine
1902:. 20 March 2001
1897:
1893:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1813:
1804:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1717:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1573:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:(P.M.N.) (1994)
1530:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1500:
1483:ticket, led by
1466:Yale University
1455:Group of Thirty
1425:Susana Malcorra
1418:
1371:Eduardo Duhalde
1303:
1284:Eduardo Duhalde
1262:National Deputy
1218:
1176:private pension
1143:
1102:capital flights
1068:trade subsidies
1048:public spending
1033:tariff barriers
1031:, removing non-
1004:in favour of a
969:
905:
834:
814:MartĂnez de Hoz
802:economic groups
725:economic crisis
705:
691:(1970â74), and
687:(1969â84), the
642:
632:, Harvard, and
506:
495:
467:
463:
458:
451:Political party
442:
439:
433:
431:
430:
429:
399:
394:
378:
373:
367:National Deputy
354:
348:Egidio Iannella
342:
326:
321:
302:
292:
276:
271:
258:Roque FernĂĄndez
252:
240:
224:
219:
207:
195:
179:
174:
158:
157:Cavallo in 2001
146:
145:Domingo Cavallo
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3216:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2952:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2898:Carlos Ălvarez
2896:
2894:
2892:Vice president
2888:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2676:Oscar CamiliĂłn
2672:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2657:Guido di Tella
2653:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2596:Carlos Ruckauf
2594:
2592:
2590:Vice president
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2517:
2514:Jorge Maiorano
2511:
2508:LeĂłn Arslanian
2505:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2334:Oscar CamiliĂłn
2331:
2325:
2322:Guido di Tella
2319:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2291:Guido di Tella
2288:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2260:Carlos Ruckauf
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2213:Vice president
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2077:
2076:External links
2074:
2072:
2071:
2045:
2019:
2005:
1987:
1969:
1939:
1915:
1891:
1885:. 27 July 1996
1874:
1868:978-1857438048
1867:
1849:
1823:
1798:
1784:
1776:"Server Error"
1767:
1754:10.2307/166512
1732:
1715:
1700:
1688:
1673:
1655:
1637:
1625:
1605:
1587:
1571:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1524:
1523:Foreign honour
1521:
1519:
1516:
1499:
1496:
1417:
1414:
1408:, the ensuing
1341:capital flight
1335:and spiraling
1302:
1299:
1241:Mexican crisis
1217:
1214:
1156:privatizations
1129:currency board
1108:were lowered,
1106:interest rates
1060:price controls
1052:fiscal deficit
1044:market economy
995:Hyperinflation
968:
965:
961:hyperinflation
954:U.S. President
917:Terence Todman
904:
901:
893:hyperinflation
833:
830:
751:Exchange rates
704:
701:
668:(1968) at the
641:
638:
636:universities.
581:as president.
553:privatizations
545:inflation rate
537:currency board
516:
515:
512:
511:
504:
500:
499:
490:
484:
483:
482:Sonia AbraziĂĄn
480:
476:
475:
452:
448:
447:
427:
425:
421:
420:
416:
415:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
391:
390:
385:
381:
380:
370:
369:
363:
362:
357:
351:
350:
345:
339:
338:
333:
329:
328:
318:
317:
311:
310:
308:Guido di Tella
305:
299:
298:
295:
289:
288:
283:
279:
278:
268:
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261:
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186:
182:
181:
171:
170:
164:
163:
160:
159:
156:
148:
147:
144:
135:
134:
58:poorly sourced
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3215:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Living people
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3098:
3097:NicolĂĄs Gallo
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2858:
2850:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2801:Rodolfo Barra
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2638:Carlos Corach
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:Eduardo BauzĂĄ
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2521:
2520:Rodolfo Barra
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2491:
2484:
2483:Eduardo BauzĂĄ
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2266:Carlos Corach
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2254:Gustavo Beliz
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:Eduardo BauzĂĄ
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1870:
1864:
1861:. Routledge.
1860:
1853:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1819:
1812:
1809:(June 2003).
1808:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1748:(2): 83â133.
1747:
1743:
1736:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:. p. 25.
1684:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1601:
1600:The Economist
1597:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1513:
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1505:
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1489:
1486:
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1478:
1474:
1469:
1467:
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1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
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1436:
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1426:
1422:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1296:
1295:AnĂbal Ibarra
1292:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1244:
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1236:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
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1141:
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1137:exchange rate
1134:
1130:
1126:
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1103:
1098:
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1080:
1076:
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1057:
1056:privatization
1054:(through the
1053:
1049:
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1034:
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1026:
1023:(by removing
1022:
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986:
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939:Falklands War
936:
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914:
911:Cavallo with
909:
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775:Circular 1050
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440:(age 78)
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117:November 2023
109:
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21:
20:
3001:
2807:ElĂas JassĂĄn
2700:
2582:Carlos Menem
2567:Carlos Menem
2440:Rodolfo DĂaz
2370:
2284:
2205:Carlos Menem
2190:Carlos Menem
2135:
2108:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:the original
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2032:the original
2022:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1951:
1942:
1936:(in Spanish)
1923:
1918:
1912:(in Spanish)
1899:
1894:
1888:(in Spanish)
1882:
1877:
1858:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:the original
1826:
1801:
1787:
1770:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1709:
1703:
1695:
1691:
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1676:
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1649:
1640:
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1628:
1617:
1608:
1590:
1552:
1501:
1480:
1470:
1459:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1394:unemployment
1387:
1383:depreciation
1368:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1333:country risk
1326:
1315:
1288:
1270:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1230:
1206:Unemployment
1191:
1187:
1180:
1149:
1142:
1122:
1099:
1077:to simplify
1072:
1041:
1025:export taxes
1014:
993:
987:was elected
985:Carlos Menem
978:
952:advanced by
946:Bunge y Born
943:
925:
885:Carlos Menem
880:
878:
859:
855:
840:Cavallo was
794:private debt
779:
774:
772:
761:was sharply
736:conservative
733:
728:
717:Central Bank
706:
703:Central Bank
699:in 1998â99.
682:
643:
583:
568:
557:Productivity
529:Carlos Menem
520:
519:
405:Constituency
395:
384:Constituency
374:
355:Succeeded by
322:
303:Succeeded by
286:Carlos Menem
272:
253:Succeeded by
234:Carlos Menem
220:
208:Succeeded by
175:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
60:
43:verification
36:
3118:1946 births
2900:(1999â2000)
2862:(1999â2001)
2855:Cabinet of
2815:(1997â1999)
2809:(1996â1997)
2803:(1995â1996)
2784:(1995â1999)
2759:(1997-1999)
2753:(1995â1997)
2734:(1996â1999)
2728:(1995â1996)
2709:(1996â1999)
2703:(1995â1996)
2684:(1996â1999)
2678:(1995â1996)
2659:(1995â1999)
2640:(1995â1999)
2621:(1996â1999)
2615:(1995â1996)
2598:(1995â1999)
2569:(1995â1999)
2562:Cabinet of
2522:(1994â1995)
2516:(1992â1994)
2510:(1991â1992)
2485:(1993â1995)
2473:(1989â1993)
2471:Julio Corzo
2454:(1993â1995)
2448:(1992â1993)
2442:(1991â1992)
2436:(1989â1991)
2417:(1989â1991)
2398:(1992â1995)
2392:(1989â1992)
2373:(1991â1995)
2367:(1989â1991)
2336:(1993â1995)
2330:(1991â1993)
2324:(1990â1991)
2318:(1989â1990)
2293:(1991â1995)
2287:(1989â1991)
2262:(1993â1995)
2256:(1992â1993)
2250:(1991â1992)
2244:(1990â1991)
2238:(1989â1990)
2221:(1989â1991)
2192:(1989â1995)
2185:Cabinet of
2088:Appearances
2038:December 2,
1807:Saxton, Jim
1353:termed the
1337:put options
1216:Independent
921:Casa Rosada
864:politician
664:(1967) and
640:Early years
563:. During a
468: [
462:(1996â2005)
457:(1983â1996)
446:, Argentina
343:Preceded by
293:Preceded by
241:Preceded by
196:Preceded by
3112:Categories
2114:1991â1996
2064:August 24,
1545:References
1481:Es Posible
1479:under the
1453:body, the
1447:Washington
1356:cacerolazo
1202:crime wave
1146:privatized
1091:Brady Plan
1075:tax policy
935:John Major
897:food riots
852:two times.
822:indexation
755:controlled
662:Accounting
614:Ben-Gurion
549:pro-market
488:Alma mater
434:1946-07-21
87:newspapers
2869:President
2857:President
2576:President
2564:President
2504:(1989â91)
2199:President
2187:President
2000:La Prensa
1982:La NaciĂłn
1924:La NaciĂłn
1900:La NaciĂłn
1668:La NaciĂłn
1346:corralito
1322:recession
1318:de la RĂșa
1310:de la RĂșa
1178:schemes.
1110:inflation
1002:orthodoxy
749:locally.
747:US dollar
721:financial
678:doctorate
666:Economics
594:Economics
588:from the
570:corralito
539:with the
396:In office
375:In office
332:President
323:In office
282:President
273:In office
230:President
221:In office
185:President
176:In office
39:citations
1962:March 1,
1929:Archived
1905:Archived
1842:June 12,
1633:Noticias
1375:devalued
1281:Peronist
1264:for the
1254:Congress
1050:and the
1012:policy.
999:peronist
862:Peronist
804:and 106
763:devalued
658:Piedmont
630:New York
626:Catholic
622:National
565:bank run
65:libelous
1449:-based
1410:default
1398:poverty
1351:protest
1210:poverty
1104:ended,
919:in the
889:in 1989
818:Acindar
788:to the
610:Bologna
527:during
503:Website
409:Cordoba
101:scholar
2765:(1999)
2479:(1993)
2361:(1989)
2355:(1989)
2312:(1989)
2268:(1995)
2092:C-SPAN
1883:ClarĂn
1865:
1762:166512
1760:
1650:ClarĂn
1534:
1518:Honour
1256:since
1233:mafias
870:deputy
697:Forbes
479:Spouse
474:(2013)
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2141:2001
1814:(PDF)
1779:(PDF)
1758:JSTOR
1562:(PDF)
1402:crime
1379:float
1133:fixed
1131:that
1079:taxes
1021:trade
796:into
790:state
786:debts
768:loans
753:were
606:Turin
602:Genoa
596:from
472:]
108:JSTOR
94:books
32:This
2066:2018
2040:2015
1964:2014
1863:ISBN
1844:2009
1585:v9.1
1400:and
1273:1999
1258:1997
1226:1999
1208:and
1192:The
1027:and
915:and
848:and
759:peso
723:and
634:Yale
624:and
616:and
424:Born
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2090:on
1750:doi
1464:at
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