955:
936:
1098:, a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating a point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country. The formation of coalitions such as the
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1155:. For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require a single overpowering threat – perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest – or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order.
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caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change. The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of a peace more difficult than winning the war itself. An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919
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existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish the same task. The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together.
78:. Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, the parties come together to negotiate and reach an agreement on the coalition terms. Depending on the context and objectives of the coalition, these negotiations may be completely secret or partially public. While some issues may be agreed on with relative ease, others may be more contentious and require different approaches to reach compromise.
93:. Regardless of whether it plans to move forward alone or in another coalition, it is important for each party to review and document lessons learned from each coalition-building experience. This will make it possible to get a clearer picture of the positive and negative impacts of coalition-building on the party and to identify lessons learned that can inform any future coalition-building efforts.
86:. As the coalition partners begin working to implement their agreement, they will need to maintain good relations by continuing efforts to increase or sustain trust and communication among the member parties. Each party will also need to find a balance between respecting its obligations to the coalition and maintaining its individual identity.
108:, since comparative political, economic, and military might, as well as the extent to which a nation is prepared to commit to the coalition, dictate influence. Coalitions can often occur as unplanned responses to situations of danger, uncertainty, or extraordinary events, directed at interim objectives.
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have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts. In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a coalitional identity. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as the
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In contrast, external coalitions consist of people that are members of different organizations who collaborate their efforts to achieve an overall objective. For example, in order to prevent gun violence and advocate gun control, several groups, unions, and nonprofit organizations banded together to
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grouping of nations united for specific purposes. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons, the most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or
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in parliamentary regimes. In
Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War – an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party
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Economic agents can form coalitions. When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come
96:
Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types, and terms of duration. Campaign coalitions are high intensity and involve long-term cooperation. Federations are characterized by a relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity, and participation, also involving long-term cooperation but with
81:
As negotiation concludes, the agreement between political parties needs to be formally sealed. This third step includes finalizing a written agreement, securing formal approval of the deal from the relevant structures of the coalition’s member parties and announcing the coalition details to the
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Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership – not only does a country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and
120:
is a type of coalition formed to represent employees' wages, benefits, and working conditions. Without this unity between employees, workers may be subjugated to harsh working environments and low pay due to no practical regulations. Often, organizations prefer to meet with members of their
97:
members' primary commitment remaining with their own entities. Instrumental coalitions have low-intensity involvement without a foundation to mediate conflict. Finally, event-based coalitions are those that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration.
1074:. The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $ 150 million. Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of the same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g.
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that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition building.
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is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political, military, or economical spaces.
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129:. External coalitions base their confidence in gaining credibility on inviting unlikely partners who wish to attain the same end goal, even if the reasons to achieve the goal differ.
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groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish.
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Coalitions can be classified as internal or external. Internal coalitions consist of people who are already in an organization, such as a workplace. For example, a
1242:
Coalition
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr. Vol. 1, 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008. p. 586–587.
1975:
1691:"The Relationship between Organizational Culture Factors and Employees' Group Dynamics: Case Study of General Office of Education in Mazandaran Province"
1563:
Lopez, Anthony C.; McDermott, Rose; Petersen, Michael Bang (Fall 2011). "States in Mind: Evolution, Coalitional
Psychology, and International Politics".
1167:
is linked to an equation which uses the coalition model for exponential population growth. This analytical equation was first published by mathematician
1890:
Atkin, Maurice; Gartner, Lloyd; Geldman, Arden; Kenen, Isaiah; Rader Marcus, Jacob; Temkin, Sefton (2007). Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.).
1131:, when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in the 1991 Gulf War's
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electoral systems that favor clear distinctions between winners and losers. Not only can coalitions of legislative groups form governments in
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1413:"Why unions are good for workers—especially in a crisis like COVID-19: 12 policies that would boost worker rights, safety, and wages"
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in 1838 to allow for the approximation of the world's population at a given time by applying differential and integral techniques.
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903:, they can also form in divisions of power. Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with the formation of multiparty
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The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in
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for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps to coalition building. The first step in coalition building involves
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1082:) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using
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composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and the presence or lack of a
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1034:. Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics. A coalition can be an
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respective internal coalitions before implementing changes in the workplace to ensure support.
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COALITION OF THE ENDING: WHY STATES WITHDRAW FROM INTERNATIONAL MILITARY COALITIONS
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together temporarily to achieve a goal. One example would be the 1997 deal between
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This article is about the term "coalition" in general. For governments, see
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led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United
Nations
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1524:"European Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past?"
1497:(2011). Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo (eds.).
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Graham, Andrew (2012). Lindley-French, Julian; Boyer, Yves (eds.).
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1722:. Northhampton Massachusetts: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
1124:, when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement.
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1401:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 126–129.
919:. Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the
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1107:, which is the largest grassroots political group in the US.
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are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an
1367:. Great Clarendon Street, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
27:
Group that agrees to work together to achieve a common goal
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Diagram of some international coalitions established by
1462:"coalition Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
1689:
Kazemi, S.; Enayati
Hatkehlui, B.; Kazemi, A. (2014).
1562:
1601:
Essential
Concepts Of Global Environmental Governance
1501:. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. p. 287.
1139:, a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the
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1135:as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the
1438:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1333:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp.
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1894:. Detroit, Michigan, USA.: Macmillan Reference.
1542:"Coalition POLITICS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS"
1394:
895:, the latter being prevalent in winner-take-all
1917:"World Population Growth - The Coalition Model"
1719:The Endogenous Formation of economic coalitions
1598:Morin, Jean-Frédéric; Orsini, Amandine (2015).
1499:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
1395:Gallicano, Tiffany; McComas, Katherine (2013).
1774:"August 6, 1997: Apple Rescued — by Microsoft"
1969:
1751:"What is a coalition? definition and meaning"
1631:
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1216:List of countries with coalition governments
1127:Examples of military coalitions include the
1865:Hardy, Travis (2013). Piehler, Kurt (ed.).
1597:
1308:"Coalitions: A Guide for Political Parties"
1286:Theses and Dissertations--Political Science
1976:
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1695:Journal of Industrial Strategic Management
1632:Meyer, David; Whittier, Nancy (May 1994).
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82:general public. The next step involves
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1869:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Reference.
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1540:Fogarty, Edward (February 7, 2013).
1472:from the original on 26 October 2017
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1921:Mathematical Association of America
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1813:Pitcoff, Winton (September 1998).
1670:from the original on 26 April 2017
1546:www.britannica.com/topic/coalition
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1927:from the original on 2017-04-28.
1867:Encyclopedia of Military Science
1854:from the original on 2008-03-04.
1784:from the original on 2016-03-07.
1761:from the original on 2017-04-29.
1552:from the original on 2017-04-28.
1398:Encyclopedia of Public Relations
1267:from the original on 2017-04-27.
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1772:ABELL, JOHN (August 6, 2009).
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1329:The New Transnational Activism
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1255:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
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127:Coalition to Stop Gun Violence
13:
1:
1945:The dictionary definition of
1278:Mehrabi, Weiss (2023-01-01).
1229:
891:is an alternative model to a
60:National Democratic Institute
56:A Guide for Political Parties
1815:"Community Labor Coalitions"
1440:. USA: Macmillan Reference.
1222:The Evolution of Cooperation
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49:
7:
1701:(35): 35–48. Archived from
1634:"Social Movement Spillover"
1604:. New York, NY: Routledge.
1174:
1122:Versailles Peace Conference
1114:
828:Political parties by region
618:Party convention/conference
111:
104:, coalitions may be termed
68:developing a party strategy
10:
2325:
1365:The Oxford Handbook of War
1261:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
915:Coalitions are similar to
815:Lists of political parties
141:
36:Coalition (disambiguation)
29:
2040:National unity government
1989:
1417:Economic Policy Institute
1163:In mathematics, the term
1129:Coalition of the Gulf War
1100:Community-Labor Coalition
823:Ruling parties by country
796:National unity government
1800:CNN Newsource Sales, Inc
1796:"CNN Wire. June 2, 2016"
1466:dictionary.cambridge.org
1436:Darity, William (2008).
1191:Collaborative leadership
1169:Pierre François Verhulst
1137:Coalition of the Willing
1080:environmental agreements
833:Banned political parties
533:Leader of the Opposition
501:Leaders and organization
464:Parliamentary opposition
106:partnerships of unequals
91:identify lessons learned
1716:Carlo, Carraro (2003).
1325:Tarrow, Sidney (2005).
1147:that intervened in the
1032:international relations
931:International relations
138:Government and politics
76:negotiating a coalition
1565:International Security
1522:Marié, Awenig (2019).
1133:Operation Desert Storm
1055:international security
1027:
132:
34:. For other uses, see
2015:Confidence and supply
1892:Encyclopaedia Judaica
1294:10.13023/etd.2023.134
1149:2011 Libyan Civil War
938:
927:to pass legislation.
901:parliamentary systems
766:Confidence and supply
623:Leadership convention
474:Official party status
430:Entrepreneurial party
89:The final step is to
2045:Consensus government
1577:10.1162/ISEC_a_00056
917:parliamentary groups
889:Coalition government
771:Consensus government
761:Coalition government
553:Parliamentary leader
360:Classical radicalism
144:Coalition government
84:working in coalition
32:Coalition government
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893:majority government
852:Politics portal
801:Rotation government
791:Minority government
786:Majority government
751:Parliamentary group
608:Leadership election
285:Christian democracy
74:The second step is
2001:Opposition parties
1998:Government parties
1995:Type of government
1984:Coalition spectrum
1314:. 27 October 2015.
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568:Party spokesperson
479:Single-issue party
169:Political Spectrum
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2020:Rainbow coalition
1901:978-0-02-865928-2
1876:978-1-78402-464-2
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1225:by Robert Axelrod
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1729:1-84376265-X
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1571:(2): 48–83.
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563:Party leader
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518:Caucus chair
454:Ruling party
435:Ethnic party
415:Cartel party
295:Conservatism
243:Centre-Right
223:Centre-Right
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1819:www.nhi.org
1312:www.ndi.org
1159:Mathematics
1141:war in Iraq
1084:game theory
1057:framework.
1043:Rationality
715:Multi-party
558:Party chair
508:Backbencher
444:Minor party
440:Major party
420:Competitive
410:Elite party
345:Nationalism
275:Agrarianism
213:Centre-Left
193:Centre-Left
118:trade union
64:Oslo Center
2304:Coalitions
2298:Categories
1844:"About Us"
1829:2017-04-26
1422:2021-08-16
1288:(Thesis).
1230:References
742:Coalitions
660:Party line
449:Mass party
405:Bloc party
380:Syncretism
340:Monarchism
330:Liberalism
267:Ideologies
233:Right-Wing
142:See also:
18:Coalitions
2309:Diplomacy
1948:coalition
1206:Syndicate
1165:coalition
1145:coalition
1068:Microsoft
1061:Economics
710:Two-party
696:One-party
613:Open list
573:Secretary
385:Third Way
375:Socialism
290:Communism
280:Anarchism
248:Far-Right
178:Left-Wing
125:form the
102:alliances
50:Formation
43:coalition
2063:⇐
1925:Archived
1852:Archived
1823:Archived
1782:Archived
1759:Archived
1735:26 April
1674:26 April
1665:Archived
1617:26 April
1585:57562816
1550:Archived
1470:Archived
1265:Archived
1175:See also
1151:against
1115:Military
1109:Activist
905:cabinets
350:Populism
325:Islamism
320:Hindutva
310:Feminism
188:Far-Left
112:Function
62:and the
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513:Caucus
265:Major
203:Centre
1778:Wired
1668:(PDF)
1657:JSTOR
1637:(PDF)
1581:S2CID
1527:(PDF)
1476:5 May
1072:Apple
1017:BRICS
1013:BASIC
973:India
961:China
398:Types
1896:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1737:2017
1724:ISBN
1676:2017
1619:2017
1606:ISBN
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1369:ISBN
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