1306:
1665:. These movementsâwhich preferred not to be identified as parties due to the term's association with communismâwere made up of intellectual groups that had been dissidents during communist rule. The Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland all had strong opposition movements under communism, allowing these movements to form strong centre-right parties. In nations where the centre-right lacked experience in political organisation, many of the first-generation centre-right movements lost momentum and faded into irrelevance in the years thereafter. Nationalism and populism became the dominant political forces here until the end of the decade.
1749:
1033:, such as those in Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, and they have made up the primary centre-right ideologies in Scandinavia. In contemporary politics, these two ideologies often co-exist in the same party. Christian democracy has been the predominant centre-right ideology in continental Europe, particularly in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands. It has performed most successfully in Catholic countries, while Christian democracy in other countries takes on more left-wing positions or fails to gain influence. Christian democratic parties are affiliated with the
1737:, centre-right parties in Europe were more likely to send military forces than centre-left parties. This was especially true in Central and Eastern Europe, where memories of the Soviet Union encouraged close alignment with the United States and strong support for combatting dictatorships. The centre-right in this region fragmented at the onset of the 21st century as much of the centre-right shifted away from liberalism to more conservative and nationalist politics with a strong stance against European integration. As
1167:
720:
1456:
1502:. They sought to avoid the far-right and far-left politics that had brought about Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, respectively, and they saw European integration as a means to protect against socialism and anti-Christianity. The modern centre-right developed in response as a political unification of several distinct right-wing schools of thought. Ideological diversity meant flexibility in policy positions, but it also caused
1063:, though different factions hold different beliefs about when the state should intervene in economic and social affairs. Conservatives generally have limited trust in human nature and believe society forms a natural hierarchical structure. Liberalism is individualist and maintains that people are best fit to make decisions for themselves. Christian democrats lean toward
1571:. In several countries, centre-right parties were opposed by domestic communism on top of their opposition to the Soviet Union. As suffrage expanded and the centre-right spread across social classes, cultural issues and social identity, such as support for nationalism and religion, became more prominent themes. The European centre-right began supporting
1722:
on immigration and crime. Centre-right parties in other countries shifted leftward with pro-labour policies to remain competitive with the centre-leftâthis included parties in
Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Sweden. The 2000s also saw an example of a successful populist centre-right party with the ascension of
1669:
were more inclined toward liberal positions, favouring market capitalist policies over government intervention, which was associated with communist rule. Anti-communism and anti-totalitarianism were paramount among all factions of the centre-right in these regions, and they condemned the West for treating
1792:
was followed by a decline in support for major centre-right and centre-left parties through the 2010s. For the centre-right, this occurred most prominently in newer democracies, while support was steadier in more established ones. To regain support, the
European centre-right shifted toward the centre
1772:
that began in 1998. In
Bolivia, dissatisfaction with the centre-right's handling of economic crises reached a crescendo with public demonstrations that relegated the centre-right to a relatively ineffective opposition. Colombia was an exception, where the long-standing centre-right dominance remained
1446:
set in. In nations where the centre-right lacked a unified party, such as
Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, far-right movements seized power. Strong pre-existing centre-right parties retained power in other countries, including Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The
1721:
The 2000s saw a shift back to the right in Europe, where centre-right parties formed coalition governments with far-right parties in countries such as France, Italy, and the
Netherlands. The European and American centre-right adopted some nationalist far-right ideas at this time, including positions
1550:
similarly brought about the creation of a strong
Christian democratic movement in Italy, which was a leading political force in various coalitions for over 50 years. The United Kingdom was the only major exception to the spread of Christian democracy, as its old centre-right was seen as triumphant
1712:
among left-wing politics in the 1990s, the centre-right was forced to moderate, sacrificing the more aggressive aspects of right-wing politics that developed in the 1980s and abandoning its opposition to the welfare state. It saw reduced support at this time as the centre-left usurped much of its
1668:
Centre-right liberals in
Central and Eastern Europe supported integration with the Western World and acceleration of industrialisation, while conservatives wished to preserve individual national identities and protect Catholic traditions from Western secularism. Post-communist centre-right groups
1587:
Christian democrats supported a modest welfare state, and the
European centre-right was reluctant to support more radical initiatives to liberalise the economy. In Southeast Asia, the centre-right secured power in countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, implementing growth-oriented
1198:
an appropriate means to spread and protect democracy. Taking a strong pro-peace stance can alienate members of a centre-right voting bloc. It is often more reluctant to support peace agreements because these often involve compromising on other centre-right positions such as maintaining a strong
1157:
or emphasise policies geared toward economic growthâthese traits are common in Latin
America where centre-right parties differentiate themselves from far-right parties by appealing to the middle and working classes. In most countries, centre-right ideologies such as conservatism and Christian
1138:. Social market economies allow cooperation between employers and unions, and they provide for basic welfare programs, though centre-right parties that have less appeal among working class voters have less incentive to dedicate themselves to these positions. Centre-right conservatives oppose
948:
The centre-right is heterogeneous and encompasses multiple distinct ideologies. Centre-right parties and coalitions are traditionally understood to be divided into separate factions depending on their priorities: economic, social, and cultural. They are unified by their opposition to
1058:
Centre-right politics is associated with conservative positions on social and cultural issues and free-market liberal positions on economic issuesâcentre-right parties see their strongest support among demographics that share all of these positions. It broadly supports
967:, and international cooperation. Christian democrats hold conservative positions on most issues, but in a more moderate fashion than groups specifically described as conservative, and they trend centrist on economic issues. Instead of a strong government, it advocates
1378:
church by advocating a more tempered approach. Christian democracy likewise presented itself as an alternative to liberalism and socialism. Centre-right figures were involved in early democratisation processes to ensure that their own advantages from the previous
1352:
Early conservative and liberal parties clashed with one another: conservatives supported monarchy, land-owners, and the church, while liberals supported anti-clericalism, free markets, individualism, and scientific advancement. Due to limitations in
971:
where other social units such as family, the community, and various organisations are major actors in society. While still supporting a market economy, Christian democrats are more open to state intervention than conservatives, so as to prevent
1276:
people, but the
European centre-right has come to support protections on the basis of sexual orientation. Some centre-right groups have taken the position that gay marriage and adoption by gay couples are an extension of the traditional
1646:, led by businessmen and tradesmen, implemented secular neoliberal policies. In European nations, women were most likely to support the centre-right until a leftward shift among women took place over the 1970s and 1980s.
888:
liberals. Christian democracy developed in the 1870s as another response to anti-clericalism. The centre-right provided a moderate position to compete with socialism in the 19th century, and it became a driving force for
1684:
parties that maintained conservative positions on social issues. Secularism especially became a challenge for Christian democracy, causing it to lose political influence. African political parties rapidly began joining
1579:
faction of the Republican Party. The American centre-right promoted pro-business stances over the following decades, which led to economic justifications for supporting higher taxes as well as social programs such as
980:. Political scientists disagree as to whether post-war Christian democracy is continuous with that of the 19th century, and Christian democracy is sometimes regarded separately from the typical right-wing voter bloc.
1158:
democracy are perceived by the public as most capable of managing the economy. Economic downturn often leads to a short-term benefit for centre-right parties before a longer-term benefit for centre-left parties.
1395:, several European nations formed weak centre-right parties, which grew through a consolidation of the middle-class at the expense of socialist parties. These centre-right parties gained influence during the
1534:, pragmatism, and support for moderate state intervention. Its conception of government was heavily influenced by the constitutionalism and separation of powers of the United Kingdom and the United States.
1529:
Europe had little appetite for nationalist ideologies after the end of fascism, so Christian democracy was popularised as an alternative right-wing ideology. Instead of nationalism, its ideas were based on
1555:, and the failure of Nazi Germany to invade meant that its pre-war institutions remained intact. Here conservatism remained dominant, meaning less state intervention relative to other European nations.
1357:, early centre-right parties were able to maintain sufficient support by appealing solely to the upper class. Christian democracy developed as a new European ideology in the 1870s as a response to the
1638:
followed the Western centre-right strategy in the 1980s and 1990s, appealing to the centre while maintaining a militarist, nationalist platform. New political parties were formed in Turkey after the
1805:. These further pushed the public from the centre-right to opposition parties across the political spectrum. The weakening of the centre-right corresponded with increased support for the far-right.
1218:
Culturally, the centre-right has prioritised national and religious identity, especially by the mid-20th century. It has used religion and moral values as uniting elements, particularly with the
1249:, the centre-right can attract support from voters with more moderate anti-immigrant positions. Centre-right opposition to immigration comes from the challenge that immigration presents to the
3704:
1705:
for decades, saw a proliferation of centre-right opposition parties by the 1990s, with new parties forming and established parties shifting toward the centre-right to remain competitive.
1634:
The predominantly centre-right United States Republican Party began a rightward shift in the 1980s, with its moderate factions declining in numbers over the following decades. The Indian
1269:
to gain an advantage over far-right parties. The centre-right is more likely to present immigration as a prominent issue when it is placed in the context of economic and cultural policy.
1130:
capitalism. First developed by Christian democrats in post-war Germany, this system allows the state to intervene in the economy to regulate how business may be conducted, but it opposes
4344:
1002:
relative to liberal centre-right parties. Conservatives and liberals both oppose heavy governmental involvement in the economy. Right-liberalism is common in Europe, contrasted with the
959:
is a political ideology predominant in Europe that is often described as centre-right. It applies Christian morality to political issues, giving a religious justification for supporting
1288:
Centre-right parties support environmental preservation, though they are often seen as less interested in the subject than left-wing parties. The centre-right rejects concepts of
1808:
To align more closely with conservative allies, Christian democratic parties had begun adopting more conservative economic policies by 2013. The American centre-right supported
1793:
and moved away from neoliberalism, replacing it with a renewed focus on public safety, economic growth, and social issues. It saw further trouble later in the decade with the
1680:
More broadly, the European centre-right became increasingly secular by the 1990s, creating a division between centre-right parties that were more liberal on social issues and
1588:
policies based on free market policies with moderate governmental intervention, leading to significant economic expansion. The centre-right rose to power in Greece with the
3702:
Taflaga, Marija (2023). "The Centre-Right: Christian Democrats, Conservatives, and Liberals". In Carter, Neil; Keith, Daniel; Sindre, Gyda M.; Vasilopoulou, Sofia (eds.).
1305:
1447:
use of market economics to keep wages steady, as well as the relative weakness of labour unions, meant that centre-right liberalism went unchallenged in much of Europe.
1542:(CDU). Formed by a grassroots Christian movement, the CDU played a significant role in forming post-war Germany, combining social Christianity, market liberalism, and
1764:
Although citizens throughout Latin America most commonly self-identified as centre-right, the region saw a surge of popularity for expanding government programs and
1142:, believing that individuals should be allowed to retain their wealth. This tends to attract the more wealthy to the ideology. While left-wing politics involves
1506:
across centre-right parties. The centre-right became a dominant political force in much of the western world over the following decades, including the American
1784:
Canada was one of the last Anglosphere countries for the centre-right to be restored after World War II, with no centre-right parties holding power until the
4589:
4369:
1374:
The European centre-right was a force of moderation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Conservatism stood between socialism and the strongly
1820:. The centre-right underwent a decline throughout the western world in the late 2010s and early 2020s, led by demographic changes such as increased
1383:
were retained. Centre-right liberalism declined with the beginning of the 20th century, and many liberal parties merged with conservative parties.
1816:
at the beginning of the 21st century, but by the 2010s these groups had lost influence as the Republican Party shifted from the centre-right to
4336:
3683:
Salih, M. A. Mohamed (2006). "Globalising Party Politics in Africa: The Influence of Party-based Democracy Networks". In Burnell, Peter (ed.).
986:
is commonly grouped with the centre-right, though adherents of the far-right may argue that the centre-right is insufficiently conservative.
4406:
1575:
as a means to limit the appeal of the nationalism that had led to fascism. In the United States, the centre-right was associated with the
695:
1828:. At this time, the centre-left came into power and centre-right parties drifted rightward or were supplanted by new far-right parties.
1253:
and to national identity. Supporters of centre-right politics in Europe often fear that immigration will lead to consequences such as
1238:. Centre-right parties that take strong stances on cultural issues are more susceptible to radicalise and adopt far-right positions.
1226:
and providing support to Christiansâa trait often shared with their far-right counterparts. The centre-right more strongly supports
748:
1742:
3993:
3764:
3715:
3673:
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3584:
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1670:
1539:
1326:
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976:. Unlike historical Christian political movements, Christian democracy is non-denominational and is not affiliated with the
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4262:
4033:
3816:
1858:
1416:
1615:
and cuts in welfare spending. It also led a period of opposition to immigration in Europe at this time. By the 1980s, the
700:
4824:
3649:
Wills-Otero, Laura. "Colombia: Analyzing the Strategies for Political Action of Ălvaro Uribe's Government, 2002â10". In
4734:
1745:. This party was more accepting of secularism and neoliberalism, and it became the nation's dominant political force.
1341:
and various 17th century figures who preceded him. The liberal movement was heavily influenced by English philosopher
4719:
3738:
3692:
3607:
1853:
1713:
leverage on economic issues. In Western Europe, this marked the beginning of a broader decline in moderate politics.
1322:
1153:
Alongside its support for lowering spending, the centre-right supports lower taxes. In some cases, they may advocate
865:
1600:
from dictatorship to democracy. Spain and Portugal underwent similar transitions as they emerged from dictatorship.
4399:
1702:
1631:. At this time, centre-right parties took a more active role in challenging the welfare state and union influence.
1507:
705:
3528:
Freudenstein, Ronald. "Sense and Sensibility: EU Eastern Enlargement and the Future of Europe's Centre-Right". In
351:
1760:(right) of Argentina were elected amid a resurgence of the centre-right in their respective nations in the 2010s.
1662:
1034:
921:
3817:"Public Policy-making and Risk Profiles: Scandinavian Centre-right Governments after the Turn of the Millennium"
3598:
Liberalism, Fascism, Or Social Democracy: Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe
1773:
unchallenged. Centre-right parties retook power in several Latin American countries by the 2010s, including the
1486:
and complicit in the rise of fascism. European centre-right parties worked closely with the centre-left and the
4899:
4884:
1789:
1234:
expressed by left-wing ideologies. As European the centre-right secularises, it becomes less likely to support
1108:. The centre-right's handling of the economy, its incrementalist approach to politics, and its support for the
936:
led to declining support for the centre-right, and the following decade saw it replaced by greater support for
933:
1639:
4353:
4263:"Only Right Makes Might? Center-Right Policy Competition Among Major Japanese Parties After Electoral Reform"
1785:
1038:
356:
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being common centre-right economic positions. It typically seeks to preserve the cultural and socioeconomic
4889:
3889:"Political Articulation: Parties and the Constitution of Cleavages in the United States, India, and Turkey"
741:
139:
3925:
4879:
4744:
4392:
1809:
1471:
1412:
1396:
4110:"How Can Mainstream Parties Prevent Niche Party Success? Center-Right Parties and the Immigration Issue"
1873:
1523:
1273:
1200:
1154:
1042:
687:
3510:
Botsiou, Konstantina E. "The European Centre-Right and European Integration: The Formative Years". In
1431:. The liberal centre-right opposed the other two European ideologies that were growing in popularity:
4067:
1643:
1479:
1242:
668:
3855:"Turning Round the Telescope. Centre-right Parties and Immigration and Integration Policy in Europe"
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4859:
4169:
3888:
3782:
1774:
1698:
1495:
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909:
804:
405:
336:
4205:"The New Challenges for the European Centre-Right and Centre-Left at the Beginning of New Century"
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1408:
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820:
789:
734:
360:
1748:
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3854:
1635:
1589:
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1404:
596:
792:. Conservative and liberal centre-right parties have historically been more successful in the
4764:
4759:
4170:"Center-Right Parties in Peace Processes: 'Slow Learning' or Punctuated Peace Socialization?"
1863:
1848:
1843:
1753:
1734:
1694:
1604:
1543:
1419:
in Switzerland. Christian democracy found a place among the European centre-right during the
1254:
1121:
840:
638:
577:
532:
495:
346:
331:
292:
4436:
4227:
3958:
1883:
1838:
1794:
1511:
1499:
1482:, the old centre-right was discredited in Europe, where it was seen as responsible for the
1101:
995:
964:
913:
785:
633:
425:
232:
85:
65:
4144:"The Last Fifty Years: Development Strategy and Development Performance in Southeast Asia"
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1361:
advocated by liberals. Closely aligned with Catholicism, its ideals were reflected in the
900:
to temper support for nationalism; it became a dominant political position throughout the
8:
4644:
4554:
4483:
4451:
1868:
1817:
1778:
1690:
1608:
1292:
or catastrophism, arguing that they can reduce interest in solving environmental issues.
1235:
1227:
956:
904:, particularly with the spread of Christian democracy across Europe. It aligned with the
808:
781:
765:
673:
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643:
623:
480:
302:
287:
157:
105:
4204:
3575:
Religious Freedom and Populism: The Appropriation of a Human Right and How to Counter It
3537:
Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis. "The Emergence of a New European Centre-Right, 1945â1962". In
1104:
are championed by the centre-right, combining protections for individual liberties with
4819:
4699:
4684:
4456:
4431:
4415:
4095:
3753:
3727:
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3640:
Bowen, James D. "The Right and Nonparty Forms of Representation and Participation". In
3619:
3596:
1821:
1616:
1572:
1531:
1246:
1029:
Centre-right liberal and conservative parties have historically been successful in the
999:
950:
937:
916:. Global economic downturn in the 1970s caused a rise in support for neoliberalism and
628:
587:
522:
440:
252:
120:
50:
41:
1194:. It supports democratisation around the world, and some centre-right groups consider
4894:
4834:
4789:
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4473:
4426:
4361:
4316:
4283:
4248:
4213:
4190:
4186:
4155:
4130:
4099:
4087:
4054:
4019:
3980:
3945:
3908:
3904:
3875:
3837:
3802:
3783:"The Gender Gap in Voting Revisited: Women's Party Preferences in a European Context"
3760:
3734:
3711:
3688:
3669:
3626:
3603:
3580:
3557:
3487:
1825:
1727:
1552:
1547:
1503:
1463:
1459:
1424:
1334:
1333:. The centre-right came into being in the 19th century, developing with the earliest
1330:
1187:
1112:
have been attributed to its ability to remain in power for extended periods of time.
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1007:
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60:
25:
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4308:
4275:
4240:
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4122:
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4011:
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3829:
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of the United States. Economic ideologies associated with the centre-right include
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773:
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527:
509:
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242:
172:
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lost support in Turkey, many Islamists moved to the centre-right, forming the new
796:, while Christian democracy has been the primary centre-right ideology in Europe.
4804:
4739:
4674:
4609:
3519:
Filandros, Ioannis. "The Origins and Foundations of the New Democracy Party". In
1824:
and ethnic diversity as well as the waning influence of religion and the rise of
1813:
1802:
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1681:
1624:
1428:
1420:
1346:
1166:
1147:
1131:
977:
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917:
724:
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648:
568:
542:
537:
517:
455:
415:
410:
32:
4784:
4769:
4729:
4679:
4594:
3921:
3748:
1757:
1658:
1654:
1581:
1375:
1278:
1208:
1175:
1143:
1018:. Other ideologies sometimes grouped under the centre-right descriptor include
929:
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400:
341:
207:
187:
4312:
4109:
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3833:
3552:
Democracy Under Siege? Parties, Voters and Elections After the Great Recession
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4244:
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4134:
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3975:
3949:
3912:
3879:
3841:
3806:
1674:
1628:
1612:
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During the Cold War, centre-right groups supported the United States and the
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1363:
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1204:
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in the 1990s. Among the centre-right, collaboration began between the Ghana
1427:
at this time, challenging the historical association of liberalism with the
4559:
1723:
1568:
1564:
1535:
1491:
1338:
1314:
1310:
1265:. Centre-right political parties sometimes take stronger positions against
1231:
1223:
1219:
1068:
983:
905:
897:
873:
777:
556:
435:
395:
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326:
307:
167:
4015:
1603:
The 1970s saw decreasing support for welfare policies with the end of the
1546:. Its social market economy model proved to be influential across Europe.
4814:
4794:
4774:
4724:
4669:
4604:
4599:
4564:
1878:
1392:
1282:
1135:
1105:
1089:
1084:, in both a cultural and socioeconomic context, and it is opposed to the
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1064:
1030:
1023:
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836:
828:
793:
430:
380:
316:
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217:
147:
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4143:
3798:
1337:. Modern conservatism was derived from the ideas of British philosopher
719:
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4549:
4050:
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1455:
1342:
1093:
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987:
877:
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277:
212:
202:
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1701:. Japan, which had been ruled almost consistently by the centre-right
1207:
and social harmony over societal conflict. It is also associated with
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4649:
4539:
4534:
4524:
4508:
4498:
4384:
4034:"Social Policies and Center-Right Governments in Argentina and Chile"
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Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society
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152:
4228:"CentreâRight Parties and Political Outcomes in East Central Europe"
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1968:
1966:
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1738:
1519:
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1212:
1003:
998:. Conservative centre-right parties are more likely to incorporate
990:
is sometimes grouped with the centre-right when it is expressed as
297:
222:
197:
192:
182:
75:
3959:"Dealing with Climate Change: A European Centreâright perspective"
3729:
Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior
3501:
Arvanitopoulos, Constantine; Tzifakis, Nikolaos. Introduction. In
3429:
3417:
3152:
3003:
1399:, where they responded with measures such as a restoration of the
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Right-wing politics has historically opposed social acceptance of
1146:, centre-right parties forgo this in favour of supporting overall
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4529:
3405:
3364:
2754:
2752:
2565:
2214:
2051:
1432:
1178:. In English: "All ways of Marxism lead to Moscow! Therefore CDU"
924:
allowed a new centre-right movement to develop and take power in
177:
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3128:
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2448:
2446:
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1963:
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in Argentina, as well as a centre-right coalition in Venezuela.
1661:
were introduced to centre-right politics in the 1990s after the
1442:
The European centre-right declined between 1931 and 1935 as the
4639:
4574:
3215:
2330:
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2238:
2097:
872:. It first developed as a political force with the creation of
385:
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3254:
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2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2582:
2580:
2543:
2541:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2250:
2136:
1901:
3685:
Globalising Democracy: Party Politics in Emerging Democracies
3617:
Luna, Juan Pablo; Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal Rovira, eds. (2014).
3352:
3328:
3027:
3015:
2914:
2875:
2815:
2592:
2441:
2192:
2190:
2027:
1983:
1981:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1199:
ethnic and religious identity. The centre-right leans toward
3080:
3393:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3251:
3191:
3181:
3179:
3164:
2713:
2674:
2631:
2577:
2538:
2519:
2473:
2361:
2318:
2202:
2085:
2039:
1538:
reformed its centre-right faction with the creation of the
832:
3239:
2962:
2938:
2926:
2791:
2725:
2187:
1978:
1934:
1078:
The centre-right generally seeks to preserve the societal
1041:. In Europe, centre-right parties are affiliated with the
1006:
liberalism in Canada and the United Kingdom, and with the
3755:
Conservative Political Parties and the Birth of Democracy
2769:
2767:
2621:
2619:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2431:
2429:
2416:
2414:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1951:
1321:
The concept of centre-right politics is derived from the
1222:. European centre-right parties place higher priority on
1037:
and centre-right liberal parties are affiliated with the
908:
during the Cold War, and in Europe it heavily influenced
3926:"Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies"
3176:
3092:
2737:
2490:
2017:
2015:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1423:. Centre-right parties became the primary supporters of
1325:, which originated with the seating arrangements of the
2863:
2803:
2463:
2461:
2296:
2294:
3548:
Hellwig, Timothy; Kweon, Yesola; Vowles, Jack (2020).
3500:
3447:
3056:
2991:
2950:
2902:
2851:
2839:
2764:
2616:
2502:
2426:
2411:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2306:
2274:
2226:
2109:
2066:
3887:
De Leon, Cedric; Desai, Manali; TuÄal, Cihan (2009).
3381:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2892:
2890:
2827:
2779:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2012:
1993:
1913:
3453:
3046:
3044:
3042:
2604:
2458:
2291:
2148:
835:
acceptance. Economically, the centre-right supports
3780:
3158:
3116:
2342:
2175:
4261:
4226:
4203:
4168:
4108:
4032:
4030:
3997:
3853:
3815:
3752:
3726:
3703:
3661:
3618:
3595:
3572:
3549:
3547:
3435:
3423:
3411:
3375:
3104:
3068:
2974:
2887:
2571:
2559:
2380:
2220:
1972:
1349:and the right to overthrow tyrannical government.
4068:"The Ideological Morphology of LeftâCentreâRight"
3886:
3570:
3346:
3146:
3134:
3039:
2668:
2656:
2103:
1801:policies, particularly through spending cuts and
799:The centre-right commonly supports ideas such as
4871:
4260:Winkler, Christian G.; Taniguchi, Naoko (2022).
4259:
3233:
1088:espoused by the far-right. Instead, it displays
1281:. Such support has not been widely extended to
1182:The centre-right places emphasis on protecting
1067:, which places value on individuals but adopts
4166:
3650:
3641:
3616:
3538:
3536:
3529:
3520:
3511:
3502:
3483:Reforming Europe: The Role of the Centre-Right
3479:
3358:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2920:
2881:
2821:
2598:
2547:
2452:
2169:
2060:
1411:in the United Kingdom, and a coalition of the
1230:overall, as opposed to generalised support of
4400:
4031:Niedzwiecki, Sara; Pribble, Jennifer (2017).
3991:
3919:
3262:
2758:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2644:
2484:
2374:
2324:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2208:
2142:
2091:
2033:
1987:
1945:
1907:
1161:
815:. It has historically stood in opposition to
742:
4297:"Here to Stay? Populism as a New Party Type"
4167:Sandal, Nukhet; Loizides, Neophytos (2013).
4106:
3660:Noël, Alain; Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2008).
3527:
3322:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3170:
2586:
2532:
1403:. Among the strongest of these parties were
3706:The Routledge Handbook of Political Parties
3659:
3648:
3399:
3310:
3286:
3274:
3245:
2196:
1797:causing governments to enact controversial
4407:
4393:
3621:The Resilience of the Latin American Right
3571:Hirschberger, Bernd; Voges, Katja (2024).
880:and religious conservatives competed with
749:
735:
4224:
4065:
3974:
3724:
3518:
3334:
3185:
3098:
3086:
2743:
2496:
2006:
1466:(right) were leading post-war figures of
4354:"What Happened to Center-Right America?"
3999:"Why Europe's Right Embraces Gay Rights"
3593:
2869:
2833:
2809:
2785:
1747:
1454:
1304:
1165:
896:The centre-right was reconfigured after
4337:"The Strange Death of the Centre Right"
4294:
4210:Online Journal Modelling the New Europe
3747:
3701:
3509:
3298:
3062:
2997:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2908:
2857:
2845:
2797:
2773:
2625:
2513:
2435:
2420:
2336:
2312:
2285:
2232:
2130:
2079:
2045:
2021:
1957:
1928:
1518:of the British Conservative Party, and
1494:, helping to define the welfare state,
1236:conservative positions on social issues
4872:
4414:
4347:from the original on 25 February 2023.
4334:
3956:
3781:Abendschön, S.; Steinmetz, S. (2014).
2731:
2405:
994:. The centre-right can also include a
4388:
4351:
4201:
3942:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750
3813:
3682:
3639:
3459:
3387:
3110:
3050:
2985:
2896:
2610:
2467:
2300:
2154:
1671:mass killings under communist regimes
1540:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1211:, which earned it support during the
1120:The centre-right commonly supports a
864:The centre-right is derived from the
4372:from the original on 22 October 2018
4148:Journal of Southeast Asian Economies
4141:
3848:
3480:Arvanitopoulos, Constantine (2010).
3122:
3074:
2355:
2181:
1859:List of right-wing political parties
1611:. This led to increased support for
1567:, opposing the Soviet Union and the
857:and believes that changes should be
4335:Cliffe, Jeremy (15 February 2023).
4039:Latin American Politics and Society
1170:A 1953 poster for the centre-right
13:
3930:Annual Review of Political Science
3448:Arvanitopoulos & Tzifakis 2010
1407:and its successors in France, the
1386:
14:
4911:
3860:Journal of European Public Policy
3822:European Political Science Review
3664:Left and Right in Global Politics
1854:Glossary of the French Revolution
1245:is most commonly associated with
776:. It is commonly associated with
4187:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.00971.x
3905:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01345.x
3436:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
3424:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2572:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2560:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
2221:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
1973:Hellwig, Kweon & Vowles 2020
1607:and the economic fallout of the
1551:under the wartime leadership of
1300:
718:
4352:Starr, Paul (22 October 2018).
4225:Vachudova, Milada Anna (2008).
4072:Journal of Political Ideologies
3710:. Routledge. pp. 137â148.
3687:. Routledge. pp. 141â162.
3347:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
3159:Abendschön & Steinmetz 2014
3147:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
3135:De Leon, Desai & TuÄal 2009
1716:
1663:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1450:
1124:, rejecting both socialism and
1075:elements as well as hierarchy.
1035:Centrist Democrat International
996:liberal variant of conservatism
922:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4735:Openâclosed political spectrum
3759:. Cambridge University Press.
3668:. Cambridge University Press.
3412:Niedzwiecki & Pribble 2017
3376:Niedzwiecki & Pribble 2017
1:
4720:Leftâright political spectrum
4268:Journal of East Asian Studies
4084:10.1080/13569317.2022.2163770
4066:Ostrowski, Marius S. (2023).
3594:Luebbert, Gregory M. (1991).
3468:
2669:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
2657:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
2104:Hirschberger & Voges 2024
1786:premiership of Stephen Harper
1743:Justice and Development Party
1323:leftâright political spectrum
1053:
1039:International Democracy Union
943:
866:leftâright political spectrum
4107:Pardos-Prado, Sergi (2015).
3651:Luna & Kaltwasser (2014)
3642:Luna & Kaltwasser (2014)
3234:Winkler & Taniguchi 2022
1345:, including his support for
1313:was a foundation for modern
1115:
1092:tendencies and leans toward
1048:
7:
4745:Right-wing authoritarianism
3774:
3602:. Oxford University Press.
3556:. Oxford University Press.
1831:
1810:traditionalist conservatism
1592:party in the 1970s, led by
1558:
1472:Italian Christian democracy
1413:Catholic Conservative Party
893:in the early 20th century.
701:Political parties by region
491:Party convention/conference
10:
4916:
3725:Woshinsky, Oliver (2007).
3359:Luna & Kaltwasser 2014
2599:Sandal & Loizides 2013
2548:Luna & Kaltwasser 2014
2170:Sandal & Loizides 2013
1874:Paternalistic conservatism
1790:2007â2008 financial crisis
1708:Following the rise of the
1524:Rally of the French People
1295:
1274:lesbian, gay, and bisexual
1172:Christian Democratic Union
1162:Social and cultural issues
1155:private-public partnership
934:2007â2008 financial crisis
876:in the 19th century, when
688:Lists of political parties
4752:
4707:
4632:
4582:
4517:
4465:
4422:
4313:10.1017/S1062798708000288
4142:Rock, Michael T. (2018).
3872:10.1080/13501760701847341
3834:10.1017/S1755773916000072
3814:Arndt, Christoph (2017).
3263:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2759:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2720:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2708:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2696:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2684:Magni & Reynolds 2023
2645:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2485:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2375:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2325:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2269:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2257:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2245:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2209:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2143:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2092:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
2034:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1988:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1946:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1908:Gidron & Ziblatt 2019
1480:aftermath of World War II
1243:opposition to immigration
696:Ruling parties by country
669:National unity government
4295:Zaslove, Andrej (2008).
4245:10.1177/1354068808090252
3976:10.1177/1781685818808720
3957:Lilkov, Dimitar (2018).
3733:. Taylor & Francis.
3473:
2339:, pp. 137â138, 141.
1895:
1703:Liberal Democratic Party
1687:political internationals
1649:
1496:democratic consolidation
910:democratic consolidation
772:that lean closer to the
706:Banned political parties
406:Leader of the Opposition
374:Leaders and organization
337:Parliamentary opposition
4115:The Journal of Politics
3311:Noël & Thérien 2008
3287:Noël & Thérien 2008
3275:Noël & Thérien 2008
3246:Noël & Thérien 2008
2197:Noël & Thérien 2008
1594:Konstantinos Karamanlis
1516:one-nation conservatism
1397:Depression of 1920â1921
1140:redistributive policies
1134:or infringement on the
1043:European People's Party
992:conservative liberalism
932:through the 1990s. The
821:redistributive policies
790:conservative liberalism
4690:Social justice warrior
4328:
4202:Vaida, Ovidiu (2017).
1761:
1636:Bharatiya Janata Party
1577:Rockefeller Republican
1475:
1318:
1179:
4900:Centre-right politics
4885:Political terminology
4765:Democratic transition
4760:Anti-authoritarianism
4635:Political pejoratives
4016:10.1353/jod.2023.0003
3579:. transcript Verlag.
3539:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3530:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3521:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3512:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
3503:Arvanitopoulos (2010)
2172:, p. 419 note 1.
1864:Moderate conservatism
1849:Cultural conservatism
1844:Counter-revolutionary
1751:
1735:2003 invasion of Iraq
1695:Malawi Congress Party
1605:postwar economic boom
1544:national conservatism
1458:
1308:
1174:in Germany, invoking
1169:
1122:social market economy
859:implemented gradually
841:social market economy
762:Centre-right politics
639:Confidence and supply
496:Leadership convention
347:Official party status
303:Entrepreneurial party
16:Political orientation
4520:Political ideologies
4004:Journal of Democracy
3012:, pp. 211, 213.
2734:, pp. 173, 177.
2048:, pp. 178, 182.
1884:Religion in politics
1839:Classical liberalism
1795:European debt crisis
1756:(left) of Chile and
1619:had ended, with the
1512:Dwight D. Eisenhower
1500:European integration
1468:British conservatism
1102:separation of powers
965:individual liberties
914:European integration
786:liberal conservatism
644:Consensus government
634:Coalition government
426:Parliamentary leader
233:Classical radicalism
4890:Right-wing politics
4645:Champagne socialist
4555:Christian Democracy
4484:Anti-Stalinist left
4468:Political positions
4280:10.1017/jea.2022.28
3893:Sociological Theory
3541:, pp. 207â222.
3532:, pp. 239â258.
3523:, pp. 223â238.
3514:, pp. 173â206.
3349:, pp. 209â210.
3337:, pp. 401â402.
3325:, pp. 252â253.
3301:, pp. 327â328.
3236:, pp. 503â506.
3224:, pp. 247â248.
3212:, p. 242, 244.
3149:, pp. 207â208.
3089:, pp. 223â224.
3034:Hatzivassiliou 2010
3022:Hatzivassiliou 2010
3010:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2971:, pp. 176â177.
2947:, pp. 179â180.
2935:, pp. 189â190.
2921:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2882:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2822:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2800:, pp. 288â289.
2562:, pp. 161â162.
2453:Hatzivassiliou 2010
2063:, pp. 210â211.
2061:Hatzivassiliou 2010
1960:, pp. 138â139.
1869:National liberalism
1818:right-wing populism
1779:Republican Proposal
1691:New Patriotic Party
1609:1970s energy crisis
1598:Greece transitioned
1228:freedom of religion
957:Christian democracy
809:freedom of religion
782:Christian democracy
725:Politics portal
674:Rotation government
664:Minority government
659:Majority government
624:Parliamentary group
481:Leadership election
158:Christian democracy
4880:Political spectrum
4820:Anti-establishment
4685:Social imperialism
4590:Buddhist Socialism
4585:Religious politics
4416:Political spectrum
4358:The New York Times
4051:10.1111/laps.12027
2271:, pp. 26, 28.
2247:, pp. 24, 26.
1910:, pp. 18, 24.
1822:tertiary education
1762:
1617:post-war consensus
1573:social integration
1532:traditional values
1476:
1409:Conservative Party
1319:
1309:The philosophy of
1247:far-right politics
1190:, and maintaining
1180:
1000:ethnic nationalism
951:left-wing politics
938:far-right politics
629:Divided government
523:Crossing the floor
469:Internal elections
441:Party spokesperson
352:Single-issue party
42:Political Spectrum
4867:
4866:
4835:The Establishment
4790:Identity politics
4625:Religious Zionism
4175:Political Studies
3992:Magni, Gabriele;
3799:10.1093/sp/jxu009
3766:978-1-107-00162-6
3717:978-0-429-55441-4
3675:978-1-139-47252-4
3632:978-1-4214-1390-7
3586:978-3-8394-6827-2
3563:978-0-19-884620-8
3493:978-3-642-00560-2
3323:Freudenstein 2010
3222:Freudenstein 2010
3210:Freudenstein 2010
3198:Freudenstein 2010
3171:Freudenstein 2010
2761:, pp. 25â26.
2710:, pp. 51â53.
2698:, pp. 50â51.
2587:Freudenstein 2010
2533:Pardos-Prado 2015
2259:, pp. 21â22.
2145:, pp. 20â21.
2036:, pp. 24â25.
1826:identity politics
1803:value-added taxes
1777:in Chile and the
1728:Silvio Berlusconi
1673:differently than
1553:Winston Churchill
1548:Alcide De Gasperi
1464:Alcide De Gasperi
1460:Winston Churchill
1425:liberal democracy
1335:political parties
1331:French Revolution
1327:National Assembly
1188:national security
1098:Constitutionalism
1016:market liberalism
974:social inequality
891:liberal democracy
870:French Revolution
845:market liberalism
813:national security
759:
758:
605:
604:
421:Political faction
129:
128:
4907:
4855:Radical politics
4830:Communitarianism
4800:Authoritarianism
4715:Horseshoe theory
4545:Social Democracy
4504:Radical centrism
4494:Centrist Marxism
4409:
4402:
4395:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4348:
4324:
4291:
4265:
4256:
4230:
4221:
4207:
4198:
4172:
4163:
4138:
4112:
4103:
4062:
4036:
4027:
4001:
3994:Reynolds, Andrew
3988:
3978:
3953:
3916:
3883:
3857:
3845:
3819:
3810:
3770:
3758:
3744:
3732:
3721:
3709:
3698:
3679:
3667:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3624:
3613:
3601:
3590:
3578:
3567:
3555:
3542:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3400:Wills-Otero 2014
3397:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3189:
3183:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3114:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2762:
2756:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2575:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2551:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2517:
2511:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2471:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2439:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2409:
2403:
2378:
2372:
2359:
2353:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1775:National Renewal
1770:a leftward shift
1754:Sebastiån Piñera
1699:Democratic Party
1697:, and the Kenya
1644:Motherland Party
1640:1980 coup d'Ă©tat
1508:Republican Party
1488:political centre
1484:Great Depression
1444:Great Depression
1437:social democracy
1359:anti-clericalism
1267:multiculturalism
1259:abuse of welfare
1150:across classes.
1086:radical politics
1061:small government
969:decentralisation
825:multiculturalism
817:radical politics
801:small government
774:political centre
751:
744:
737:
723:
722:
562:
561:
528:Party discipline
510:Party discipline
476:Primary election
332:Opposition party
243:Social democracy
173:Environmentalism
47:
46:
21:
20:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4805:Totalitarianism
4757:
4748:
4740:Pournelle chart
4712:
4703:
4675:Regressive left
4637:
4628:
4610:Christian Right
4587:
4578:
4522:
4513:
4470:
4461:
4418:
4413:
4375:
4373:
4331:
4301:European Review
3922:Ziblatt, Daniel
3777:
3767:
3749:Ziblatt, Daniel
3741:
3718:
3695:
3676:
3633:
3610:
3587:
3564:
3505:, pp. 1â8.
3494:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3458:
3454:
3450:, pp. 1â2.
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3057:
3049:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2919:
2915:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2848:, pp. 170.
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2808:
2804:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2613:, pp. 8â9.
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2520:
2512:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2451:
2442:
2434:
2427:
2419:
2412:
2404:
2381:
2373:
2362:
2354:
2343:
2335:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2292:
2284:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2013:
2005:
1994:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1834:
1814:neoconservatism
1766:state ownership
1719:
1682:religious right
1652:
1625:neoconservatism
1561:
1474:, respectively.
1453:
1429:labour movement
1421:interwar period
1389:
1387:Interwar period
1347:property rights
1303:
1298:
1255:increased crime
1164:
1148:economic growth
1132:nationalisation
1118:
1056:
1051:
1008:left-liberalism
978:Catholic Church
961:democratisation
946:
918:neoconservatism
755:
717:
712:
711:
710:
690:
680:
679:
678:
654:Hung parliament
649:Grand coalition
618:
617:between parties
607:
606:
601:
592:
573:
559:
549:
548:
547:
543:Party switching
538:Party-line vote
518:Conscience vote
512:
502:
501:
500:
470:
462:
461:
460:
416:Minority leader
411:Majority leader
375:
367:
366:
365:
298:Catch-all party
272:
264:
263:
262:
142:
131:
130:
125:
100:
70:
44:
26:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
4913:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4785:Green politics
4782:
4777:
4772:
4770:Libertarianism
4767:
4762:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:Overton window
4727:
4722:
4717:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4680:Social fascism
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4595:Christian Left
4592:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4389:
4383:
4382:
4349:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4307:(3): 319â336.
4292:
4274:(3): 503â523.
4257:
4239:(4): 387â405.
4233:Party Politics
4222:
4199:
4181:(2): 401â421.
4164:
4139:
4127:10.1086/680040
4121:(2): 352â367.
4104:
4063:
4028:
3989:
3969:(2): 172â180.
3954:
3920:Gidron, Noam;
3917:
3899:(3): 193â219.
3884:
3866:(3): 315â330.
3846:
3828:(4): 495â518.
3811:
3793:(2): 315â344.
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3765:
3745:
3739:
3722:
3716:
3699:
3693:
3680:
3674:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3646:
3631:
3614:
3608:
3591:
3585:
3568:
3562:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3492:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3438:, p. 163.
3428:
3426:, p. 158.
3416:
3404:
3402:, p. 195.
3392:
3390:, p. 106.
3380:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3335:Vachudova 2008
3327:
3315:
3313:, p. 207.
3303:
3291:
3289:, p. 188.
3279:
3277:, p. 187.
3267:
3250:
3248:, p. 169.
3238:
3226:
3214:
3202:
3200:, p. 241.
3190:
3188:, p. 388.
3186:Vachudova 2008
3175:
3173:, p. 240.
3163:
3161:, p. 316.
3151:
3139:
3137:, p. 204.
3127:
3125:, p. 320.
3115:
3103:
3101:, p. 223.
3099:Filandros 2010
3091:
3087:Filandros 2010
3079:
3067:
3065:, p. 178.
3055:
3038:
3036:, p. 208.
3026:
3024:, p. 214.
3014:
3002:
3000:, p. 334.
2990:
2973:
2961:
2959:, p. 180.
2949:
2937:
2925:
2923:, p. 207.
2913:
2911:, p. 176.
2901:
2886:
2884:, p. 209.
2874:
2872:, p. 233.
2862:
2860:, p. 358.
2850:
2838:
2826:
2824:, p. 210.
2814:
2812:, p. 228.
2802:
2790:
2778:
2776:, p. 339.
2763:
2748:
2746:, p. 109.
2744:Woshinsky 2007
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2673:
2671:, p. 179.
2661:
2659:, p. 178.
2649:
2630:
2628:, p. 173.
2615:
2603:
2601:, p. 401.
2591:
2589:, p. 245.
2576:
2574:, p. 179.
2564:
2552:
2537:
2535:, p. 354.
2518:
2516:, p. 141.
2501:
2499:, p. 113.
2497:Woshinsky 2007
2489:
2472:
2470:, p. 498.
2457:
2455:, p. 212.
2440:
2438:, p. 142.
2425:
2423:, p. 181.
2410:
2379:
2360:
2358:, p. 319.
2341:
2329:
2317:
2315:, p. 174.
2305:
2303:, p. 153.
2290:
2288:, p. 140.
2273:
2261:
2249:
2237:
2235:, p. 143.
2225:
2223:, p. 161.
2213:
2201:
2199:, p. 233.
2186:
2184:, p. 324.
2174:
2159:
2157:, p. 496.
2147:
2135:
2133:, p. 138.
2108:
2096:
2084:
2082:, p. 139.
2065:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2024:, p. 177.
2011:
2007:Ostrowski 2023
1992:
1977:
1975:, p. 162.
1962:
1950:
1933:
1931:, p. 137.
1912:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1758:Mauricio Macri
1718:
1715:
1659:Central Europe
1651:
1648:
1582:public housing
1560:
1557:
1452:
1449:
1388:
1385:
1376:anti-socialist
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1279:nuclear family
1209:anti-communism
1176:anti-communism
1163:
1160:
1144:class conflict
1117:
1114:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
945:
942:
930:Eastern Europe
764:is the set of
757:
756:
754:
753:
746:
739:
731:
728:
727:
714:
713:
709:
708:
703:
698:
692:
691:
686:
685:
682:
681:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
620:
619:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
602:
600:
599:
593:
591:
590:
585:
580:
578:Dominant-party
574:
572:
571:
565:
560:
555:
554:
551:
550:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
514:
513:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
472:
471:
468:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
453:
451:Shadow cabinet
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
401:Lead candidate
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
364:
363:
354:
349:
344:
342:Party of power
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
274:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
261:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
208:Libertarianism
205:
200:
195:
190:
188:Green politics
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
144:
143:
137:
136:
133:
132:
127:
126:
124:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
102:
101:
99:
98:
93:
91:Radical Centre
88:
82:
79:
78:
72:
71:
69:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
45:
40:
39:
36:
35:
33:Party politics
29:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4912:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4861:
4860:Triangulation
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Individualism
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4810:Revolutionary
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4780:Progressivism
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:Liberal elite
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4479:Ultra-leftism
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4341:New Statesman
4338:
4333:
4332:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3963:European View
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3762:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3740:9781135901349
3736:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3696:
3694:9780203965719
3690:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3625:. JHU Press.
3623:
3622:
3615:
3611:
3609:9780198023074
3605:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3462:, p. 11.
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3420:
3414:, p. 76.
3413:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3384:
3378:, p. 73.
3377:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3361:, p. 38.
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3265:, p. 19.
3264:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3223:
3218:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3112:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3077:, p. 44.
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2871:
2870:Luebbert 1991
2866:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2842:
2835:
2834:Luebbert 1991
2830:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2810:Luebbert 1991
2806:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2786:Luebbert 1991
2782:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2722:, p. 50.
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2692:
2686:, p. 51.
2685:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2665:
2658:
2653:
2647:, p. 27.
2646:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2620:
2612:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2561:
2556:
2549:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2515:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2487:, p. 25.
2486:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2377:, p. 26.
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2333:
2327:, p. 29.
2326:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2241:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2211:, p. 21.
2210:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2106:, p. 15.
2105:
2100:
2094:, p. 20.
2093:
2088:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1990:, p. 18.
1989:
1984:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1954:
1948:, p. 24.
1947:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:in 2006. The
1787:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1768:, leading to
1767:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1675:the Holocaust
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1629:neoliberalism
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:privatisation
1610:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:New Democracy
1585:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:National Bloc
1402:
1401:gold standard
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1369:Pope Leo XIII
1366:
1365:
1364:Rerum novarum
1360:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1301:Early history
1293:
1291:
1290:climate grief
1286:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:, or acts of
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:individualism
1202:
1197:
1196:regime change
1193:
1192:law and order
1189:
1186:, preserving
1185:
1184:public safety
1177:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:laissez-faire
1123:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1022:and populist
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:neoliberalism
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
952:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Western world
899:
894:
892:
887:
886:anti-clerical
883:
882:individualist
879:
875:
874:party systems
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
855:
850:
849:neoliberalism
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:, and strong
810:
806:
805:law and order
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
732:
730:
729:
726:
721:
716:
715:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
689:
684:
683:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
616:
611:
610:
598:
595:
594:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
570:
567:
566:
564:
563:
558:
557:Party systems
553:
552:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
511:
506:
505:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
473:
466:
465:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
371:
370:
362:
361:International
358:
357:Transnational
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
275:
268:
267:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
238:Republicanism
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Progressivism
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
145:
141:
135:
134:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
111:
110:
107:
104:
103:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
52:
49:
48:
43:
38:
37:
34:
31:
30:
27:
23:
22:
19:
4825:Collectivism
4754:
4709:
4634:
4584:
4560:Conservatism
4519:
4474:Post-leftism
4467:
4447:Centre-Right
4446:
4374:. Retrieved
4357:
4340:
4304:
4300:
4271:
4267:
4236:
4232:
4212:(23): 3â18.
4209:
4178:
4174:
4154:(1): 39â49.
4151:
4147:
4118:
4114:
4075:
4071:
4045:(3): 72â97.
4042:
4038:
4010:(1): 50â64.
4007:
4003:
3966:
3962:
3936:(1): 17â35.
3933:
3929:
3896:
3892:
3863:
3859:
3825:
3821:
3790:
3786:
3754:
3728:
3705:
3684:
3663:
3620:
3597:
3574:
3551:
3486:. Springer.
3482:
3455:
3443:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3395:
3383:
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3299:Zaslove 2008
3294:
3282:
3270:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3205:
3193:
3166:
3154:
3142:
3130:
3118:
3113:, p. 7.
3106:
3094:
3082:
3070:
3063:Botsiou 2010
3058:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2998:Ziblatt 2017
2993:
2988:, p. 4.
2969:Botsiou 2010
2964:
2957:Botsiou 2010
2952:
2945:Botsiou 2010
2940:
2933:Botsiou 2010
2928:
2916:
2909:Botsiou 2010
2904:
2899:, p. 3.
2877:
2865:
2858:Ziblatt 2017
2853:
2846:Ziblatt 2017
2841:
2836:, p. 2.
2829:
2817:
2805:
2798:Ziblatt 2017
2793:
2788:, p. 8.
2781:
2774:Ziblatt 2017
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2664:
2652:
2626:Botsiou 2010
2606:
2594:
2567:
2555:
2550:, p. 5.
2514:Taflaga 2023
2492:
2436:Taflaga 2023
2421:Botsiou 2010
2337:Taflaga 2023
2332:
2320:
2313:Botsiou 2010
2308:
2286:Taflaga 2023
2264:
2252:
2240:
2233:Taflaga 2023
2228:
2216:
2204:
2177:
2150:
2138:
2131:Taflaga 2023
2099:
2087:
2080:Taflaga 2023
2046:Botsiou 2010
2041:
2029:
2022:Botsiou 2010
2009:, p. 6.
1958:Taflaga 2023
1953:
1929:Taflaga 2023
1903:
1807:
1783:
1763:
1732:
1724:Forza Italia
1720:
1717:21st century
1707:
1679:
1667:
1653:
1633:
1602:
1586:
1569:Eastern Bloc
1565:Western Bloc
1562:
1536:West Germany
1528:
1504:factionalism
1492:post-war era
1477:
1451:Post-war era
1441:
1390:
1380:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1339:Edmund Burke
1320:
1315:conservatism
1311:Edmund Burke
1287:
1271:
1250:
1240:
1232:human rights
1224:Christianity
1220:middle class
1217:
1181:
1152:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1079:
1077:
1069:collectivist
1057:
1028:
984:Conservatism
982:
955:
947:
906:Western bloc
898:World War II
895:
863:
852:
837:free markets
798:
778:conservatism
761:
760:
597:Non-partisan
436:Party leader
396:Frontbencher
391:Caucus chair
327:Ruling party
308:Ethnic party
288:Cartel party
168:Conservatism
116:Centre-Right
115:
96:Centre-Right
95:
24:Part of the
18:
4815:Reactionary
4795:Corporatism
4775:Syndicalism
4725:Nolan Chart
4670:Red fascist
4605:Muslim Left
4600:Jewish Left
4565:Nationalism
4437:Centre-Left
4078:(1): 1â15.
2732:Lilkov 2018
2406:Cliffe 2023
1879:Reactionary
1752:Presidents
1733:During the
1623:supporting
1462:(left) and
1393:World War I
1329:during the
1283:transgender
1201:paternalism
1136:free market
1106:rule of law
1090:loss-averse
1073:corporatist
1065:personalism
1031:Anglosphere
1024:nationalism
1020:agrarianism
829:immigration
794:Anglosphere
588:Multi-party
431:Party chair
381:Backbencher
317:Minor party
313:Major party
293:Competitive
283:Elite party
218:Nationalism
148:Agrarianism
86:Centre-Left
66:Centre-Left
4874:Categories
4660:Loony left
4550:Liberalism
3469:References
3460:Vaida 2017
3388:Bowen 2014
3111:Vaida 2017
3051:Starr 2018
2986:Vaida 2017
2897:Vaida 2017
2611:Vaida 2017
2468:Arndt 2017
2301:Salih 2006
2155:Arndt 2017
1642:, and the
1510:as led by
1381:status quo
1367:issued by
1343:John Locke
1251:status quo
1110:status quo
1094:gradualism
1081:status quo
1054:Governance
988:Liberalism
944:Ideologies
878:monarchist
854:status quo
770:ideologies
768:political
766:right-wing
615:Coalitions
533:Party line
322:Mass party
278:Bloc party
253:Syncretism
213:Monarchism
203:Liberalism
140:Ideologies
106:Right-Wing
4695:Soft left
4650:Hard left
4540:Socialism
4535:Communism
4525:Anarchism
4509:New Right
4499:Third Way
4457:Far-Right
4366:0362-4331
4321:1062-7987
4288:1598-2408
4253:1354-0688
4218:2247-0514
4195:0032-3217
4160:2339-5095
4135:0022-3816
4100:256033370
4092:1356-9317
4059:1531-426X
4024:1086-3214
3985:1781-6858
3950:1094-2939
3913:0735-2751
3880:1350-1763
3850:Bale, Tim
3842:1755-7739
3807:1072-4745
3123:Bale 2008
3075:Rock 2018
2356:Bale 2008
2182:Bale 2008
1799:austerity
1726:, led by
1710:Third Way
1621:new right
1263:terrorism
1116:Economics
1049:Positions
583:Two-party
569:One-party
486:Open list
446:Secretary
258:Third Way
248:Socialism
163:Communism
153:Anarchism
121:Far-Right
51:Left-Wing
4895:Centrism
4850:Populism
4845:Hardline
4755:See also
4620:Islamism
4615:Hindutva
4489:New Left
4427:Far-Left
4370:Archived
4345:Archived
3996:(2023).
3924:(2019).
3852:(2008).
3775:Journals
3751:(2017).
1889:Whiggism
1832:See also
1739:Islamism
1559:Cold War
1520:Gaullism
1417:Radicals
1415:and the
1355:suffrage
1285:people.
1213:Cold War
1004:centrist
839:and the
223:Populism
198:Islamism
193:Hindutva
183:Feminism
61:Far-Left
4700:Wingnut
4665:Moonbat
4570:Fascism
4530:Marxism
1655:Eastern
1522:of the
1490:in the
1478:In the
1433:fascism
1296:History
926:Central
868:of the
843:, with
178:Fascism
4710:Models
4640:Baizuo
4575:Nazism
4442:Centre
4364:
4319:
4286:
4251:
4216:
4193:
4158:
4133:
4098:
4090:
4057:
4022:
3983:
3948:
3911:
3878:
3840:
3805:
3763:
3737:
3714:
3691:
3672:
3629:
3606:
3583:
3560:
3490:
1693:, the
1498:, and
1391:After
1241:While
920:. The
831:, and
788:, and
386:Caucus
138:Major
76:Centre
4452:Right
4376:9 May
4096:S2CID
3474:Books
1896:Notes
1650:1990s
1203:over
271:Types
4432:Left
4378:2024
4362:ISSN
4317:ISSN
4284:ISSN
4249:ISSN
4214:ISSN
4191:ISSN
4156:ISSN
4131:ISSN
4088:ISSN
4055:ISSN
4020:ISSN
3981:ISSN
3946:ISSN
3909:ISSN
3876:ISSN
3838:ISSN
3803:ISSN
3761:ISBN
3735:ISBN
3712:ISBN
3689:ISBN
3670:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3558:ISBN
3488:ISBN
1812:and
1657:and
1627:and
1470:and
1435:and
1100:and
1071:and
1014:and
928:and
912:and
884:and
847:and
833:LGBT
456:Whip
4329:Web
4309:doi
4276:doi
4241:doi
4183:doi
4123:doi
4080:doi
4047:doi
4012:doi
3971:doi
3938:doi
3901:doi
3868:doi
3830:doi
3795:doi
1596:as
4876::
4368:.
4360:.
4356:.
4343:.
4339:.
4315:.
4305:16
4303:.
4299:.
4282:.
4272:22
4270:.
4266:.
4247:.
4237:14
4235:.
4231:.
4208:.
4189:.
4179:61
4177:.
4173:.
4152:35
4150:.
4146:.
4129:.
4119:77
4117:.
4113:.
4094:.
4086:.
4076:28
4074:.
4070:.
4053:.
4043:59
4041:.
4037:.
4018:.
4008:34
4006:.
4002:.
3979:.
3967:17
3965:.
3961:.
3944:.
3934:22
3932:.
3928:.
3907:.
3897:27
3895:.
3891:.
3874:.
3864:15
3862:.
3858:.
3836:.
3824:.
3820:.
3801:.
3791:21
3789:.
3785:.
3366:^
3253:^
3178:^
3041:^
2976:^
2889:^
2766:^
2751:^
2676:^
2633:^
2618:^
2579:^
2540:^
2521:^
2504:^
2475:^
2460:^
2443:^
2428:^
2413:^
2382:^
2363:^
2344:^
2293:^
2276:^
2189:^
2162:^
2111:^
2068:^
2053:^
2014:^
1995:^
1980:^
1965:^
1936:^
1915:^
1730:.
1677:.
1584:.
1526:.
1514:,
1439:.
1371:.
1257:,
1215:.
1096:.
1045:.
1026:.
963:,
953:.
940:.
861:.
827:,
823:,
819:,
807:,
803:,
784:,
780:,
359:/
315:/
4408:e
4401:t
4394:v
4380:.
4323:.
4311::
4290:.
4278::
4255:.
4243::
4220:.
4197:.
4185::
4162:.
4137:.
4125::
4102:.
4082::
4061:.
4049::
4026:.
4014::
3987:.
3973::
3952:.
3940::
3915:.
3903::
3882:.
3870::
3844:.
3832::
3826:9
3809:.
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