Coalition government

827: 2552:

better reflects the popular opinion of the electorate within a country; this means, for instance, that the political system contains just one majority-based mechanism. Contrast this with district voting in which the majority mechanism occurs twice: first, the majority of voters pick the representative and, second, the body of representatives make a subsequent majority decision. The doubled majority decision undermines voter support for that decision. The benefit of proportional representation is that it contains that majority mechanism just once. Additionally, coalition partnership may play an important role in moderating the level of affective polarization over parties, that is, the animosity and hostility against the opponent party identifiers/supporters.

1356:, coalition governments in Canada became much less possible in 1919, when the leaders of parties were no longer chosen by elected MPs but instead began to be chosen by party members. Such a manner of leadership election had never been tried in any parliamentary system before. According to Moore, as long as that kind of leadership selection process remains in place and concentrates power in the hands of the leader, as opposed to backbenchers, then coalition governments will be very difficult to form. Moore shows that the diffusion of power within a party tends to also lead to a diffusion of power in the parliament in which that party operates, thereby making coalitions more likely. 2013:(or their precursors; loose, indirect successors to the two major pre-war parties) could usually count on support from some members of the other major conservative party or from smaller conservative parties and independents. Finally in 1955, when Hatoyama Ichirō's Democratic Party minority government called early House of Representatives elections and, while gaining seats substantially, remained in the minority, the Liberal Party refused to cooperate until negotiations on a long-debated "conservative merger" of the two parties were agreed upon, and eventually successful. 2260:), in the Spanish Government. There are two ways of conforming them: all of them based on a program and its institutional architecture, one consists on distributing the different areas of government between the parties conforming the coalition and the other one is, like in the Valencian Community, where the ministries are structured with members of all the political parties being represented, so that conflicts that may occur are regarding competences and not fights between parties. 684: 2499: 25: 1652:. The rise of populist parties also increases the time that it takes for a successful coalition to form. By 2016, the Greens were participating eleven governing coalitions on the state level in seven different constellations. During campaigns, parties often declare which coalitions or partners they prefer or reject. This tendency toward fragmentation also spread to the federal level, particularly during the 2633:. Unlike a coalition government, which is a more formalised partnership characterised by the sharing of the executive branch, a confidence and supply arrangement does not entail executive "power-sharing". Instead, it involves the governing party supporting specific proposals and priorities of the other parties in the arrangement, in return for their continued support on motions of confidence. 1609:, described as "sister parties" which form a joint parliamentary group, and for this purpose are always considered a single party. Coalition arrangements are often given names based on the colours of the parties involved, such as "red-green" for the SPD and Greens. Coalitions of three parties are often named after countries whose flags contain those colours, such as the black-yellow-green 1585:, which requires governments to control an absolute majority of seats. Every government since the foundation of the Federal Republic in 1949 has involved at least two political parties. Typically, governments involve one of the two major parties forming a coalition with a smaller party. For example, from 1982 to 1998, the country was governed by a coalition of the 2580:

majority, can collude to make the parliamentary discussion on the issue irrelevant by consistently disregarding the arguments of the opposition and voting against the opposition's proposals — even if there is disagreement within the ruling parties about the issue. However, in winner-take-all this seems always to be the case.

2579:

on issues when disagreement and the consequent discussion would be more fruitful. To forge a consensus, the leaders of ruling coalition parties can agree to silence their disagreements on an issue to unify the coalition against the opposition. The coalition partners, if they control the parliamentary

2551:

Advocates of proportional representation suggest that a coalition government leads to more consensus-based politics, as a government comprising differing parties (often based on different ideologies) need to compromise about governmental policy. Another stated advantage is that a coalition government

2412:

in order to gain a parliamentary majority, ending 13 years of Labour government. This was the first time that the Conservatives and Lib Dems had made a power-sharing deal at Westminster. It was also the first full coalition in Britain since 1945, having been formed 70 years virtually to the day after

2016:

After it was founded in 1955, the Liberal Democratic Party dominated Japan's governments for a long period: The new party governed alone without interruption until 1983, again from 1986 to 1993 and most recently between 1996 and 1999. The first time the LDP entered a coalition government followed its

2012:

was the strongest overall or decisive cross-bench group in the House of Councillors, and it was willing to cooperate with both centre-left and centre-right governments even when it was not formally part of the cabinet; and in the House of Representatives, minority governments of Liberals or Democrats

1968:

vote automatically after the mandatory conference committee procedure fails which, by precedent, it does without real attempt to reconcile the different votes). Therefore, a party that controls the lower house can form a government on its own. It can also pass a budget on its own. But passing any law

2571:

Germany is the largest nation ever to have had proportional representation during the interbellum. After WW II, the German system, district based but then proportionally adjusted afterward, contains a threshold that keeps the number of parties limited. The threshold is set at five percent, resulting

2263:

Coalition governments in Spain had already existed during the 2nd Republic, and have been common in some specific Autonomous Communities since the 1980s. Nonetheless, the prevalence of two big parties overall has been eroded and the need for coalitions appears to be the new normal since around 2015.

2602:

A single, more powerful party can shape the policies of the coalition disproportionately. Smaller or less powerful parties can be intimidated to not openly disagree. In order to maintain the coalition, they would have to vote against their own party's platform in the parliament. If they do not, the

2606:

Finally, a strength that can also be seen as a weakness is that proportional representation puts the emphasis on collaboration. All parties involved are looking at the other parties in the best light possible, since they may be (future) coalition partners. The pendulum may therefore show less of a

1635:

Coalition formation has become increasingly complex as voters increasingly migrate away from the major parties during the 2000s and 2010s. While coalitions of more than two parties were extremely rare in preceding decades, they have become common on the state level. These often include the liberal

868:

If an issue is discussed more deeply and in more detail in chamber than what appears in the coalition agreement, it indicates that the coalition parties do not share the same policy ideas. Hence, a more detailed written formulation of the issue helps parties in the coalition to limit 'agency loss'

2555:

Those who disapprove of coalition governments believe that such governments have a tendency to be fractious and prone to disharmony, as their component parties hold differing beliefs and thus may not always agree on policy. Sometimes the results of an election mean that the coalitions which are

1562:

with a five-party governing coalition, a so-called "rainbow government". The Lipponen cabinets set the stability record and were unusual in the respect that both the centre-left (SDP) and radical left-wing (Left Alliance) parties sat in the government with the major centre-right party (National

1434:). In 1940, Bracken formed a wartime coalition government with almost every party in the Manitoba Legislature (the Conservatives, CCF, and Social Credit; however, the CCF broke with the coalition after a few years over policy differences). The only party not included was the small, communist 899:

Governing parties lose votes in the election after their legislative period, this is called “the governing cost”. In comparison, a single- party government has a higher electoral cost, than a party that holds the office of the prime minister. Furthermore, the party that holds the office of

1624:, in which the incumbent SPD–Green government was defeated but the opposition CDU/CSU–FDP coalition also fell short of a majority. A grand coalition government was subsequently formed between the CDU/CSU and the SPD. Partnerships like these typically involve carefully structured cabinets: 1619:

of the two major parties also occur, but these are relatively rare, as they typically prefer to associate with smaller ones. However, if the major parties are unable to assemble a majority, a grand coalition may be the only practical option. This was the case following the

890:

has a huge influence on the outcome of an election. However, the risk of retrospective voting is a lot weaker with coalition governments than in single party governments. Within the coalition, the party with the head of state has the biggest risk of retrospective voting.

2298:) united. Between 1960 and 2002, 17 coalition governments were formed in Turkey. The media and the general public view coalition governments as unfavorable and unstable due to their lack of effectiveness and short lifespan. Following Turkey's transition to a 1449:

in 1999 after being reduced to a minority. After two years, the newly elected Liberal leader David Karwacki ordered the coalition be disbanded, the Liberal caucus disagreed with him and left the Liberals to run as New Democrats in the upcoming election. The

1692:

in 1971, lodged a case alleging electoral malpractice. In June 1975, Indira was found guilty and barred by the High Court from holding public office for six years. In response, a state of emergency was declared under the pretext of national security. The

1258:, no party got more than 17% of the vote. Thus, forming a coalition government is an expected and necessary part of Belgian politics. In Belgium, coalition governments containing ministers from six or more parties are not uncommon; consequently, 2621:

A legislative coalition or voting coalition is when political parties in a legislature align on voting to push forward specific policies or legislation, but do not engage in power-sharing of the executive branch like in coalition governments.

2344:. Apart from this, when no party has had a majority, minority governments normally have been formed with one or more opposition parties agreeing to vote in favour of the legislation which governments need to function: for instance the 1837:, with five parties and independents represented at cabinet. Before 1989, Fianna Fáil had opposed participation in coalition governments, preferring single-party minority government instead. It formed a coalition government with the 1984:(through accessions in the House of Councillors) briefly controlled a single-party legislative majority for a few weeks before it lost the 2010 election (it, too, continued to govern as part of its previous ruling coalition). 1788:

and always a total of more than 10 parties in next elections. There are no majority winner of those elections and coalition governments are inevitable. The current government is a coalition of seven parties led by the major

2691:

A coalition government, in which "power-sharing" of executive offices is performed, has not occurred in the United States. The norms that allow coalition governments to form and persist do not exist in the United States.

1980:(LDP) held a legislative majority of its own in the National Diet until 1989 (when it initially continued to govern alone), and between the 2016 and 2019 elections (when it remained in its previous ruling coalition). The 2187:

exists) 120 seats in parliament – 61. Since it is rare for a party to win a full majority, they must form coalitions with other parties. For example, from 1996 to 1998, the country was governed by a coalition of the

1482:

and Denmark's first coalition government in 1929. Since then, the norm has been coalition governments, though there have been periods where single-party governments were frequent, such as the decade after the end of

1969:(including important budget-related laws) requires either majorities in both houses of the legislature or, with the drawback of longer legislative proceedings, a two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives. 1987:

From the constitutional establishment of parliamentary cabinets and the introduction of the new, now directly elected upper house of parliament in 1947 until the formation of the LDP and the reunification of the

1426:. During the Great Depression, Bracken survived at a time when other premiers were being defeated by forming a coalition government with the Manitoba Liberals (eventually, the two parties would merge into the 760:

There are different forms of coalition governments, minority coalitions and surplus majority coalition governments. A surplus majority coalition government controls more than the absolute majority of seats in

1522:, this was the closest any party has gotten to winning an outright majority in parliament since 1918. One party has thus never held a majority alone, and even one-party governments have needed to have 3703: 1736:

produced three Prime Ministers in two years and forced the country back to the polls in 1998. The first successful coalition government in India which completed a whole five-year term was the

2063:

that was formed in 1994 when the LDP had agreed, if under internal turmoil and with some defections, to bury the main post-war partisan rivalry and support the election of JSP prime minister

1310:

attempted to form a coalition with the opposition Liberals to broaden support for controversial conscription legislation. The Liberal Party refused the offer but some of their members did

1399:

refused to form a coalition with the third-place Conservatives, so his party removed him. The Liberal–Conservative coalition introduced a winner-take-all preferential voting system (the "

768:

A coalition government may also be created in a time of national difficulty or crisis (for example, during wartime or economic crisis) to give a government the high degree of perceived

811:

For a coalition to come about the coalition partners need to compromise on their policy expectations. One coalition or probing partner must lose for the other one to win, to achieve a

857:

is an agreement negotiated between the parties that form a coalition government. It codifies the most important shared goals and objectives of the cabinet. It is often written by the

2310:, the government doesn't have to be formed by parliamentarians and therefore not obliged to result in a coalition government. However, the parliament can dissolve the cabinet if the 1917:

that held an absolute majority for a brief period from 1968 to 1969. Historically, control of the Israeli government has alternated between periods of rule by the right-wing

2607:

swing between political extremes. Still, facing external issues may then also be approached from a collaborative perspective, even when the outside force is not benevolent.

1550:, no party has had an absolute majority in the parliament since independence, and multi-party coalitions have been the norm. Finland experienced its most stable government ( 1314:

and join the government. Although sometimes referred to as a coalition government, according to the definition above, it was not. It was disbanded after the end of the war.

1760:

in May 2014, the BJP secured a majority on its own (becoming the first party to do so since the 1984 election), and the National Democratic Alliance came into power, with

1581:

In Germany, coalition governments are the norm, as it is rare for any single party to win a majority in parliament. The German political system makes extensive use of the

3558: 1526:

with at least one other party to govern. For example, though Frederiksen's first government only consisted of the Social Democrats, it also relied on the support of the

2380:

about forming a coalition government if Labour failed to win a majority at the election; but there proved to be no need for a coalition as Labour won the election by a

1414:

Manitoba has had more formal coalition governments than any other province. Following gains by the United Farmer's/Progressive movement elsewhere in the country, the

1709:, an amalgam of political parties opposed to the emergency imposed between 1975 and 1977. As the popularity of the Janata Party dwindled, Desai had to resign, and 1411:

won a minority. They were able to win a majority in the subsequent election as Liberal and Conservative supporters shifted their anti-CCF vote to Social Credit.

818:

Before parties form a coalition government, they formulate a coalition agreement, in which they state what policies they try to adapt in the legislative period.

2665: 2004:

cabinet) interchanged with technical minority governments and cabinets without technical control of the House of Councillors (later called "twisted Diets",

1144:

While nominally two parties, the Coalition has become so stable, at least at the federal level, that in practice the lower house of Parliament has become a

3386: 2454: 2336:, coalition governments (sometimes known as "national governments") usually have only been formed at times of national crisis. The most prominent was the 1814:, coalition governments are common; not since 1977 has a single party formed a majority government. Coalition governments to date have been led by either 3852: 3338: 1074:

parties, but this was unusual: the UK usually has a single-party majority government. Not every parliament forms a coalition government, for example the

3473: 2641:

In the United States, political parties have formed legislative coalitions in the past in order to push forward specific policies or legislation in the

1427: 1196: 1192: 3634:"Inter-party conflict management in coalition governments: Analyzing the role of coalition agreements in Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands" 1921:

in coalition with several right-wing and religious parties and periods of rule by the center-left Labor in coalition with several left-wing parties.

1728:, which lasted until 1991, with two Prime Ministers, the second one being supported by Congress. The 1991 election resulted in a Congress-led stable 2360:

from March 1977 until July 1978, following a series of by-election defeats had eroded Labour's majority of three seats which had been gained at the

904:

suffer less electoral costs, then a junior coalition partner, when looking only on the electoral cost created by being in the coalition government.

2677: 1713:, a rival of his, became the fifth Prime Minister. However, due to lack of support, this coalition government did not complete its five-year term. 1403:") in the hopes that their supporters would rank the other party as their second preference; however, this strategy backfired in the subsequent 3321: 2568:" and, particularly in close elections, gain far more power in exchange for their support than the size of their vote would otherwise justify. 2449:

and lasted until 1992 due to policy disagreements, the longest lasting coalition was the Colorado-led coalition under the second government of

1764:

as Prime Minister. In 2019, Narendra Modi was re-elected as Prime Minister as the National Democratic Alliance again secured a majority in the

1976:

since the 1990s and, as of 2020, all since 1999 have been coalition governments, some of them still fell short of a legislative majority. The

2727: 2587:

way to form an alliance to stifle the growth of emerging parties. Of course, such an event is rare in coalition governments when compared to

2393: 2256:

Since 2015, there are many more coalition governments than previously in municipalities, autonomous regions and, since 2020 (coming from the

3250: 2732: 2361: 1418:

unexpectedly won the 1921 election. Like their counterparts in Ontario, they had not expected to win and did not have a leader. They asked

1321:, two of Canada's opposition parties signed an agreement to form what would become the country's second federal coalition government since 913: 3230: 3414: 3823: 1793: 1318: 712: 2603:

party has to leave the government and loses executive power. However, this is contradicted by the "kingmaker" factor mentioned above.

765:

necessary to have a majority in the government, whereas minority coalition governments do not hold the majority of legislative seats.

1940:. The premiership and foreign ministry portfolio were held by the head of each party for two years, and they switched roles in 1986. 2167: 2245: 2135: 1559: 89: 3845: 3773: 1957: 61: 3533: 2138:

was the first to be established through coordination between multiple political coalitions. This occurred when the newly formed

1176:

the two parties have merged, forming the Country Liberal Party, in 1978, and the Liberal National Party, in 2008, respectively.

2257: 2221: 2201: 1879:. It is the first time Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael have served in government together, having derived from opposing sides in the 1404: 1392: 1353: 1263: 815:, which is necessary for a coalition to form. If the parties are not willing to compromise, the coalition will not come about. 2847: 2516: 2126:

saw the first non-BN coalition federal government in the country's electoral history, formed through an alliance between the

1602: 1531: 776:, it can also play a role in diminishing internal political strife. In such times, parties have formed all-party coalitions ( 42: 68: 2385: 2365: 2337: 2323: 1785: 1741: 1134: 1106: 1094: 826: 3730: 2059:-negotiated rainbow coalition that removed the LDP from power for the first time to break up in less than a year, and the 1929:

party in 2006 drew support from former Labor and Likud members, and Kadima ruled in coalition with several other parties.

1705:, which was also the first non-Congress national government. It existed from 24 March 1977 to 15 July 1979, headed by the 2327: 2096: 1388: 1387:, the governing Liberals formed a coalition with the opposition Conservatives in order to prevent the surging, left-wing 3838: 2767: 1992:

in 1955, no single party formally controlled a legislative majority on its own. Only few formal coalition governments (

1594: 1582: 1555: 2032:

lasted until 1986 when the LDP won landslide victories in simultaneous double elections to both houses of parliament.

75: 2538: 2229: 2180: 2018: 1937: 1689: 1606: 1551: 580: 108: 1848:

has been in government on eight occasions. On all but one of those occasions, it was as a junior coalition party to

2673: 2658: 2654: 1977: 1953: 1823: 1535: 186: 1458:, while the Saskatchewan Liberals lost their remaining seats and have not been competitive in the province since. 1097:

were formed in it, who mainly work with each other to form coalition governments. The country was governed by the

3731:"The Institutional Origins of the Republican Party: Spatial Voting and the House Speakership Election of 1855–56" 2466: 2434: 2273: 2123: 2035:

There have been coalition cabinets where the post of prime minister was given to a junior coalition partner: the

1637: 1590: 57: 3359: 2183:. In order to get into power, parties need to get a total of 50% of the approximately (there can be more if an 4180: 3686: 3192: 2782: 2520: 2333: 2022: 1972:

In recent decades, single-party full legislative control is rare, and coalition governments are the norm: Most

1768:. India returned to an NDA led coalition government in 2024 as the BJP failed to achieve an outright majority. 1519: 1059: 705: 575: 353: 201: 46: 3466: 2283: 2100: 1423: 1365: 1334: 1255: 1188: 590: 2591:, which typically exist because of stifling of the growth of emerging parties, often through discriminatory 3212: 2291: 2008:, when they were not only technically, but actually divided). But during most of that period, the centrist 1965: 1765: 1757: 1721: 1694: 1669: 1653: 1621: 1610: 1488: 1243: 1102: 339: 171: 142: 3793:

Tushnet, Mark (2014). "Why Are There No Coalition Governments in the United States: A Speculative Essay".

1656:, which saw the CDU/CSU and SPD fall short of a combined majority of votes for the first time in history. 3129: 2669: 2646: 2482: 2462: 2405: 2080: 1906: 1834: 1749: 1564: 1527: 1471: 1422:, a professor in animal husbandry, to become leader and premier. Bracken changed the party's name to the 1341:

agreed to support the proposed coalition on confidence matters for 18 months. In the end, parliament was

1126: 754: 750: 643: 2009: 1648:, dwindling support for moderate parties has seen the rise of new forms of grand coalitions such as the 3633: 3255: 3151: 2681: 2233: 2213: 2189: 1864: 1853: 1800: 1780:, political freedom is significantly increased. Compared to only three parties allowed to exist in the 1576: 1500: 1446: 1415: 1346: 1329:

as Prime Minister. The agreement outlined a formal coalition consisting of two opposition parties, the

1299: 1122: 176: 147: 2450: 3916: 2702: 2576: 2279: 2225: 2209: 2104: 2092: 1981: 1933: 1830: 1649: 1616: 1369: 1251: 1247: 777: 698: 303: 3312: 2150:

formally joined the government (though it had been a part of an informal coalition since 2020). The

2087:

have ever been controlled by a single political party. Due to the social nature of the country, the

877:

Coalition governments can also impact voting behavior by diminishing the clarity of responsibility.

3467:"Making Minority Government Work:Hung Parliaments and the Challenges for Westminster and Whitehall" 2707: 2629:

arrangement, pledging to support the governing party on legislative bills and motions that carry a

2442: 2438: 2311: 2197: 1989: 1665: 418: 308: 2417:'s wartime coalition, Labour and the Liberal Democrats have entered into a coalition twice in the 82: 3116:"Armenia acting PM: We most likely will run in snap parliamentary election with My Step alliance" 2991: 2752: 2596: 2509: 2397: 2286:, with two political parties and independents represented at cabinet. It was also Turkey's first 2029: 1435: 1330: 1067: 348: 35: 2474: 4153: 4000: 3497: 2762: 2642: 2478: 2409: 2373: 2295: 2143: 2084: 1876: 1845: 1737: 1725: 1710: 1598: 1504: 1431: 1408: 1373: 1322: 1180: 1149: 1071: 769: 738: 585: 527: 473: 1364:

Several coalition governments have been formed within provincial politics. As a result of the

3891: 3679:

Coalition Government, Subnational Style: Multiparty Politics in Europe's Regional Parliaments

2626: 2205: 2151: 2147: 2001: 1838: 1781: 1645: 1629: 1523: 1496: 1342: 1138: 1130: 1118: 792: 405: 238: 1325:

if the minority Conservative government was defeated on a vote of non-confidence, unseating

3921: 3022: 2747: 2446: 2307: 2131: 2088: 1745: 1267: 1259: 1157: 858: 842: 515: 386: 376: 361: 288: 206: 3815: 3585:"Divided We Unite: The Nature of Partyism and the Role of Coalition Partnership in Europe" 1964:, yet the vote of the House of Representatives decision eventually overrides a dissenting 8: 3906: 3886: 3177: 2757: 2742: 2737: 2616: 2418: 2299: 1910: 1892: 1811: 1729: 1677: 1547: 1512: 1479: 1338: 1239: 1211: 1075: 1055: 1039: 975: 884:

because there is no direct responsibility within the governing parties in the coalition.

862: 800: 773: 627: 537: 391: 293: 243: 181: 3518:

on 11 May 2010. Churchill formed his War Cabinet on 11 May: Winston S. Churchill (1949)

2907:

E. Bergman, Matthew; Angelova, Mariyana; Bäck, Hanna; Müller, Wolfgang C. (2024-01-02).

2437:, there have been 4 coalition governments, all including at least both the conservative 3745: 3614: 2712: 2662: 2630: 2357: 2303: 2172: 2139: 1898: 1688:, who had unsuccessfully contested an election against Indira from the constituency of 1641: 1311: 1279: 1169: 865:. Coalitions that have a written agreement are more productive than those that do not. 850: 665: 258: 3704:"Q&A: The NDP and Liberals have a confidence and supply agreement. So what is it?" 1752:, consisting of 13 separate parties, ruled India for two terms from 2004 to 2014 with 3682: 3618: 3606: 3441: 3293: 3079: 3038: 2969: 2930: 2889: 2843: 2414: 2381: 2345: 2241: 2217: 2193: 2064: 2052: 1949: 1698: 1508: 1492: 1475: 1184: 1165: 1058:

with a coalition of the four strongest parties in parliament since 1959, called the "

660: 334: 196: 191: 152: 125: 3559:"Los desafíos de Lacalle, el nuevo presidente del país más estable de Latinoamérica" 3007: 2869: 2457:

was frequently described as a "Prime Minister", the next coalition (under president

741:. Coalition governments usually occur when no single party has achieved an absolute 3645: 3596: 3320:. Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung European Union and Green European Foundation. p. 19. 3283: 3069: 3030: 3003: 2961: 2920: 2885: 2881: 2717: 2592: 2588: 2561: 2470: 2353: 2108: 2060: 2048: 2026: 1993: 1973: 1673: 1451: 1400: 1384: 1231: 1145: 1098: 919: 812: 610: 366: 220: 2925: 2908: 1860:

of the two largest parties, as Fianna Fáil had fallen to third place in the Dáil.

3911: 3364: 2722: 2389: 2349: 2287: 2237: 2127: 1880: 1857: 1777: 1303: 1283: 1161: 1153: 781: 734: 688: 670: 495: 480: 2056: 1487:, during the 1970s, and in the late 2010s. Every government from 1982 until the 1246:, split between Francophone and Dutch-speaking parties (e.g. the Dutch-speaking 3235: 3197: 2835: 2477:, composed of his own National Party, the liberal Colorado Party, the eclectic 2044: 2040: 2036: 1997: 1753: 1326: 1215: 1199: 1063: 901: 880:

Electoral accountability is harder to achieve in coalition governments than in

869:

when the ministry overseeing that issue is managed by another coalition party.

838: 830: 796: 788: 566: 485: 439: 381: 3601: 3584: 3288: 3271: 2949: 1868: 1815: 1748:

as Prime Minister from 1999 to 2004. Then another coalition, the Congress-led

4174: 3610: 3515: 3297: 3098: 3083: 3042: 3034: 2973: 2965: 2934: 2893: 2810: 2777: 2772: 2401: 2377: 2184: 2155: 1961: 1761: 1702: 1681: 1625: 1455: 1396: 1307: 963: 834: 490: 468: 443: 273: 1701:'s first ever national coalition government under the prime ministership of 16:

Governmental style in which political parties cooperate to form a government

3343: 2787: 2650: 2458: 1922: 1717: 1706: 1484: 1419: 1090: 253: 2870:""Jamaika"-Sondierungsgespräche und Spieltheorie: Der Frontalzusammenstoß" 2572:

in empowered parties with at least a minimum amount of political gravity.

2556:

mathematically most probable are ideologically infeasible, for example in

3650: 3099:"European Parliament: Is the grand coalition really a thing of the past?" 2685: 2176: 1852:. The exception was a government with Fianna Fáil from 1993 to 1994. The 1790: 1442: 1376:, together with three independent MLAs, formed a coalition that governed 1287: 1051: 1023: 557: 522: 425: 413: 278: 3231:"German election: A guide to possible coalitions for the new government" 3074: 3057: 1901:, which typically has at least 10 parties holding representation in the 1822:. They have been joined in government by one or more smaller parties or 1716:

Congress returned to power in 1980 under Indira Gandhi, and later under

1214:, a nation internally divided along linguistic lines (primarily between 683: 3115: 3062:

Italian Political Science Review / Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica

2584: 2523: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2369: 2290:

as the two largest political parties of opposing political ideologies (

1685: 1293: 1235: 1230:

also being by and large Francophone), each main political disposition (

1173: 1152:

being the major parties. This coalition is also found in the states of

947: 881: 762: 647: 637: 632: 371: 233: 3749: 3387:"Full video: NZ First leader Winston Peters announces next Government" 1187:

have occurred at state and territory level, for example following the

3830: 3058:"Sorting between and within coalitions: the Italian case (2001–2008)" 2565: 2564:. A second difficulty might be the ability of minor parties to play " 2341: 1872: 1849: 1819: 1733: 1518:

When the Social Democrats under Stauning won 46% of the votes in the

1467: 1011: 971: 927: 532: 430: 313: 268: 248: 3272:"Populist radical parties, pariahs, and coalition bargaining delays" 2498: 24: 3023:"The electoral cost of coalition participation: Can anyone escape?" 2811:"koalicja, Encyklopedia PWN: źródło wiarygodnej i rzetelnej wiedzy" 2557: 2076: 1797: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1089:

became an independent state in 1991, following the collapse of the

1031: 1027: 1015: 918:

Countries which often operate with coalition cabinets include: the

746: 742: 655: 615: 298: 283: 263: 132: 2909:"Coalition agreements and governments' policy-making productivity" 1905:. The only faction to ever gain the majority of Knesset seats was 1168:

the Liberal and National parties compete separately, while in the

3419: 3391: 2575:

Coalition governments have also been criticized for sustaining a

2116: 1902: 1586: 1377: 1086: 1047: 1007: 1003: 955: 931: 923: 570: 228: 1349:, and the coalition dispersed before parliament was reconvened. 3251:"What explains the destabilisation of the German party system?" 2950:"Coalition Agreements, Issue Attention, and Cabinet Governance" 2422: 2340:

of 1931 to 1940. There were multi-party coalitions during both

1926: 1043: 999: 995: 979: 959: 951: 943: 935: 887: 620: 562: 460: 2111:, which includes parties representing the Malaysian states of 1474:

in 1918, there were only single-party governments in Denmark.

2112: 1918: 1914: 1035: 1019: 991: 987: 983: 967: 939: 3314:

German Greens in Coalition Governments. A Political Analysis

2906: 2461:) was also Colorado-led, but it lasted only until after the 1430:, and decades later, the party would change its name to the 841:(CSU) presenting the 2013 coalition agreement for Germany's 3583:

Hahm, Hyeonho; Hilpert, David; König, Thomas (2023-03-30).

2842:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–109, 2020-12-31, 2465:, when the blancos abandoned the government. Following the 1636:

FDP and the Greens alongside one of the major parties, or

3729:

Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Nokken, Timothy P. (February 2000).

3534:"De Lacalle Herrera a Batlle: cómo gobernar en coalición" 2985: 2983: 2168:

Electoral system of New Zealand § MMP in New Zealand

2158:

is composed of four political coalitions and 19 parties.

1784:

era, a total of 48 political parties participated in the

1632:

while the SPD was granted the majority of cabinet posts.

1567:

was also a rainbow coalition of a total of five parties.

3130:"Coalition Government: Precedents from around the world" 2625:

In a parliamentary system, political parties may form a

2610: 2047:

had been toppled by the left wing of his own party, the

1407:

where, to the surprise of many, the right-wing populist

3415:"An 'historic moment' for the Green Party – James Shaw" 1101:

coalition after successfully gaining a majority in the

3270:

Bäck, Hanna; Debus, Marc; Imre, Michael (2022-11-25).

2980: 2668:. The most recent legislative coalition took place in 2404:, which had won the largest number of seats, formed a 3498:"Tories and Lib Dems enter full coalition government" 2445:. The first one was after the election of the blanco 1601:

held power. The CDU/CSU comprises an alliance of the

806: 2302:

in 2017, political parties focussed more on forming

2049:

JSP-Renewal-Kōmei-DSP-JNP-Sakigake-SDF-DRP coalition

1454:

was re-elected with a majority under its new leader

3632:Moury, Catherine; Timmermans, Arco (25 July 2013). 2992:"Coalition government and electoral accountability" 1684:, were all members of the Congress party. However, 1137:parties are united in a coalition, known simply as 737:that enter into a power-sharing arrangement of the 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1960:(=recorded, two-round votes in both houses of the 1664:After India's Independence on 15 August 1947, the 799:, form a new majority coalition, or continue as a 3339:"German election 2021: full results and analysis" 1254:being the two social-democratic parties). In the 4172: 3582: 3514:Churchill became Prime Minister on 10 May 1940, 2672:, a coalition was formed between members of the 2649:, a coalition was formed between members of the 1724:once again brought a coalition government under 1668:, the major political party instrumental in the 3631: 1242:, etc.) is, with the exception of the far-left 3442:"Generalitat Valenciana's political structure" 3384: 3193:"A history of Germany's coalition governments" 3149: 2146:. In 2022 after its registration, Sabah-based 2023:1983 House of Representatives general election 1672:, ruled the nation. The first Prime Minister, 749:. A party not having majority is common under 3846: 3728: 3269: 2728:List of democracy and election-related topics 2043:(DP) who took over after his JSP predecessor 1593:(FDP); from 1998 to 2005, a coalition of the 1262:can take an exceptionally long time. Between 1066:also operated a formal coalition between the 706: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3412: 3357: 3175:Moore, Christopher (2011). "Come together". 2990:Fisher, Stephen D.; Hobolt, Sara B. (2010). 2989: 2733:List of countries with coalition governments 1291: 914:List of countries with coalition governments 3788: 3786: 3681:. Ohio State University Press. p. 19. 3020: 2836:"Presidential and Parliamentary Government" 2097:United Malays National Organisations (UMNO) 872: 3853: 3839: 3824:United States Government Publishing Office 3310: 2947: 2134:. The federal government formed after the 2067:in exchange for the return to government. 1720:as the sixth Prime Minister. However, the 713: 699: 3665: 3649: 3600: 3287: 3073: 2948:Klüver, Heike; Bäck, Hanna (2019-03-11). 2924: 2539:Learn how and when to remove this message 2107:. It was later expanded and rebranded as 2037:JSP-DP-Cooperativist coalition government 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3783: 2488: 2196:; from 1999 to 2002, a coalition of the 1507:is a coalition of the Social Democrats, 825: 3792: 3722: 3565:(in European Spanish). 29 November 2019 3168: 3055: 2867: 4173: 3860: 3816:"Congressional Record (Bound Edition)" 3531: 3056:Bergman, Matthew Edward (4 May 2020). 2258:November 2019 Spanish general election 1405:1952 British Columbia general election 1393:1941 British Columbia general election 1319:2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute 821: 3834: 3701: 3676: 3174: 3096: 2874:Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 2611:Legislative coalitions and agreements 1603:Christian Democratic Union of Germany 1428:Liberal-Progressive Party of Manitoba 2805: 2803: 2583:Powerful parties can also act in an 2521:adding citations to reliable sources 2492: 2324:National Government (United Kingdom) 2224:with confidence and supply from the 2136:2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis 1470:in 1849 through the introduction of 1179:Coalition governments involving the 1107:2018 Armenian parliamentary election 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3152:"Coalition Set To Topple Canada PM" 2840:Foundations of Comparative Politics 2328:United Kingdom coalition government 2212:held power. Between 2017 and 2020, 2101:Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) 1640:coalitions of the SPD, Greens, and 1445:formed a formal coalition with the 1389:Cooperative Commonwealth Federation 13: 3385:Chapman, Grant (19 October 2017). 3351: 3021:Hjermitslev, Ida B. (2018-08-17). 2768:Category:Political party alliances 1595:Social Democratic Party of Germany 1583:constructive vote of no confidence 807:Formation of coalition governments 14: 4192: 3589:American Political Science Review 2800: 2317: 1607:Christian Social Union in Bavaria 1270:as no coalition could be formed. 1222:in the north and French-speaking 894: 581:Biology and political orientation 3413:Hurley, Emma (19 October 2017). 3327:from the original on 2018-10-19. 2636: 2497: 2364:. However, in the run-up to the 2142:coalition partnered with BN and 1952:, controlling a majority in the 1680:, and the third Prime Minister, 1438:, which had a handful of seats. 682: 23: 3814: 3769: 3763: 3695: 3625: 3576: 3551: 3525: 3508: 3490: 3479:from the original on 2010-04-14 3459: 3434: 3406: 3378: 3331: 3304: 3263: 3243: 3223: 3205: 3185: 3143: 3122: 3108: 3008:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.03.003 2508:needs additional citations for 2467:2019 Uruguayan general election 2453:, in which the national leader 2274:Coalition governments in Turkey 2124:2018 Malaysian general election 2105:Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) 2055:(JNP) as compromise PM for the 907: 791:and cabinet may be ousted by a 34:needs additional citations for 3808: 3702:Osman, Laura (22 March 2022). 3090: 3049: 3014: 2941: 2900: 2886:10.15358/0340-1650-2018-7-8-48 2861: 2828: 2161: 2132:Sabah Heritage Party (WARISAN) 1958:election of the prime minister 1897:A similar situation exists in 1062:". Between 2010 and 2015, the 787:If a coalition collapses, the 755:majoritarian electoral systems 576:Theories of political behavior 202:Political history of the world 1: 3738:Legislative Studies Quarterly 3150:Menon, Nirmala (2008-12-02). 2954:Comparative Political Studies 2926:10.1080/01402382.2022.2161794 2794: 1925:'s formation of the centrist 1826:members of parliament (TDs). 1732:for five years. The eleventh 1697:resulted in the formation of 1441:In Saskatchewan, NDP premier 1424:Progressive Party of Manitoba 1359: 1189:2010 Tasmanian state election 1148:, with the Coalition and the 591:Critique of political economy 3795:Boston University Law Review 2144:Gabungan Parti Sarawak (GPS) 2091:was formed by a three-party 1771: 1742:National Democratic Alliance 1670:Indian independence movement 1200:Australian Capital Territory 1112: 1103:National Assembly of Armenia 172:Outline of political science 7: 3532:ElPais (24 November 2019). 3358:Kuldip Singh (1995-04-11). 2695: 2463:2002 Uruguay banking crisis 2368:, Labour opposition leader 2148:Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) 2095:coalition, composed of the 2070: 2061:LDP-JSP-Sakigake government 1750:United Progressive Alliance 1472:proportional representation 1266:, Belgium operated under a 751:proportional representation 10: 4197: 3677:Downs, William M. (1998). 3256:London School of Economics 2682:Socialist Party of America 2614: 2428: 2421:, as well as twice in the 2321: 2280:first coalition government 2271: 2165: 2039:in 1948 of prime minister 1890: 1854:29th Government of Ireland 1831:first coalition government 1805: 1801:Onward Indonesia Coalition 1577:German governing coalition 1574: 1570: 1541: 1499:only consisted of her own 1461: 1416:United Farmers of Manitoba 1300:Liberal-Conservative Party 1286:was formed in 1864 by the 1205: 1081: 911: 778:national unity governments 753:, but not in nations with 177:Index of politics articles 3917:National unity government 3866: 3602:10.1017/S0003055423000266 3360:"OBITUARY: Morarji Desai" 3311:Jungjohann, Arne (2017). 3289:10.1177/13540688221136109 2868:Follert, Florian (2018). 2292:Republican People's Party 2267: 1982:Democratic Party of Japan 1934:national unity government 1886: 1466:From the creation of the 1391:from taking power in the 1370:United Farmers of Ontario 1292: 1273: 1244:Workers' Party of Belgium 3710:. Toronto Star Newspaper 3181:(June–July 2011): 53–54. 3035:10.1177/1354068818794216 2966:10.1177/0010414019830726 2708:Collaborative leadership 2597:plurality voting systems 2312:parliamentary opposition 2251: 2089:first federal government 2019:House of Representatives 1990:Japanese Socialist Party 1978:Liberal Democratic Party 1956:is enough to decide the 1954:House of Representatives 1943: 1722:general election of 1989 1666:Indian National Congress 1659: 1532:Socialist People's Party 882:single party governments 873:Electoral accountability 3638:Politics and Governance 2753:Plurality voting system 2451:Julio María Sanguinetti 2140:Perikatan Nasional (PN) 1756:as PM. However, in the 1491:were coalitions. While 1436:Labor-Progressive Party 1352:According to historian 586:Political organisations 349:International relations 187:Politics by subdivision 3538:Diario EL PAIS Uruguay 3132:. CBC News. 2010-05-13 3097:Marié, Awenig (2019). 2913:West European Politics 2763:Political organisation 2643:United States Congress 2154:led by Prime Minister 1738:Bharatiya Janata Party 1711:Chaudhary Charan Singh 1628:of the CDU/CSU became 1432:Manitoba Liberal Party 1409:BC Social Credit Party 846: 58:"Coalition government" 4181:Coalition governments 3892:Confidence and supply 2627:confidence and supply 2489:Support and criticism 2413:the establishment of 2392:(Britain's first for 2386:2010 general election 2366:1997 general election 2362:October 1974 election 2284:1961 general election 2282:was formed after the 2230:2023 general election 2206:confidence and supply 2109:Barisan Nasional (BN) 1932:Israel also formed a 1909:, an alliance of the 1839:Progressive Democrats 1835:1948 general election 1833:was formed after the 1766:17th general election 1758:16th general election 1654:2021 federal election 1622:2005 federal election 1591:Free Democratic Party 1524:confidence agreements 1447:Saskatchewan Liberals 1366:1919 Ontario election 1256:2019 federal election 829: 793:vote of no confidence 733:, is a government by 666:Political campaigning 406:Public administration 239:Collective leadership 3922:Consensus government 3822:. Washington, D.C.: 3651:10.17645/pag.v1i2.94 3347:. 27 September 2021. 3213:"The sister parties" 2960:(13–14): 1995–2031. 2748:Parliamentary system 2666:speaker of the House 2517:improve this article 2481:and the center left 2475:coalición multicolor 2447:Luis Alberto Lacalle 2308:separation of powers 2246:coalition government 2222:Coalition Government 2128:Pakatan Harapan (PH) 2081:independence in 1957 2030:coalition government 1974:governments of Japan 1966:House of Councillors 1746:Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1597:(SPD) and the minor 1528:Social Liberal Party 1335:New Democratic Party 1268:caretaker government 1260:government formation 1250:and French-speaking 1056:consensus government 1054:has been ruled by a 888:Retrospective voting 863:parliamentary groups 843:third Merkel cabinet 770:political legitimacy 727:coalition government 516:Separation of powers 387:Political psychology 362:Comparative politics 340:political scientists 327:Academic disciplines 207:Political philosophy 43:improve this article 4148: ∘ 4145: ∘ 4142: ∘ 4139: ∘ 4136: ∘ 4133: ∘ 4128: ∘ 4125: ∘ 4122: ∘ 4119: ∘ 4116: ∘ 4113: ∘ 4108: ∘ 4105: ∘ 4102: ∘ 4099: ∘ 4096: ∘ 4093: ∘ 4088: ∘ 4085: ∘ 4082: ∘ 4079: ∘ 4076: ∘ 4073: ∘ 4068: ∘ 4065: ∘ 4062: ∘ 4059: ∘ 4056: ∘ 4053: ∘ 4048: ∘ 4045: ∘ 4042: ∘ 4039: ∘ 4036: ∘ 4033: ∘ 4028: ∘ 4025: ∘ 4022: ∘ 4019: ∘ 4016: ∘ 4013: ∘ 3995: ∘ 3991: ∘ 3987: ∘ 3982: ∘ 3978: ∘ 3973: ∘ 3968: ∘ 3964: ∘ 3959: ∘ 3955: ∘ 3951: ∘ 3947: ∘ 3942: ∘ 3938: ∘ 3933: ∘ 3907:Majority government 3887:Minority government 3744:(1): 114, 128–130. 3201:. 15 December 2017. 3156:Wall Street Journal 3075:10.1017/ipo.2020.12 3029:: 135406881879421. 2815:encyklopedia.pwn.pl 2758:Political coalition 2743:Minority government 2738:Majority government 2617:Parliamentary group 2419:Scottish Parliament 2338:National Government 2304:electoral alliances 2300:presidential system 2244:won eight formed a 2085:federal governments 1893:Rotation government 1778:toppling of Suharto 1776:As a result of the 1730:minority government 1678:Lal Bahadur Shastri 1240:right-wing populism 1226:in the south, with 1121:, the conservative 1119:Australian politics 1093:. Since then, many 1076:European Parliament 1040:Trinidad and Tobago 855:coalition agreement 822:Coalition agreement 801:minority government 774:collective identity 689:Politics portal 538:Election commission 509:Government branches 392:Political sociology 244:Confessional system 182:Politics by country 3878:Opposition parties 3875:Government parties 3872:Type of government 3861:Coalition spectrum 3259:. 28 October 2021. 2713:Electoral alliance 2663:Nathaniel P. Banks 2631:vote of confidence 2372:was in talks with 2175:was introduced in 2152:current government 2130:coalition and the 2017:third loss of its 1865:current government 1536:Red–Green Alliance 1395:. Liberal premier 1170:Northern Territory 851:multi-party states 847: 372:Political analysis 304:Semi-parliamentary 4168: 4167: 4163: 4162: 3897:Rainbow coalition 3520:Their Finest Hour 3502:The New Statesman 2996:Electoral Studies 2849:978-1-108-92494-8 2678:Progressive Party 2589:two-party systems 2549: 2548: 2541: 2483:Independent Party 2415:Winston Churchill 2410:Liberal Democrats 2242:New Zealand First 2218:New Zealand First 2181:the 1996 election 2065:Tomiichi Murayama 2053:Morihiro Hosokawa 1856:(2011–16), was a 1796:to let governing 1611:Jamaica coalition 1505:second government 1493:Mette Frederiksen 1480:second government 1476:Thorvald Stauning 1354:Christopher Moore 1306:, Prime Minister 1185:Australian Greens 1166:Western Australia 1095:political parties 735:political parties 731:coalition cabinet 723: 722: 671:Political parties 611:Electoral systems 335:Political science 309:Semi-presidential 221:Political systems 197:Political history 192:Political economy 119: 118: 111: 93: 4188: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4014: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3869: 3868: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3803: 3802: 3790: 3781: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3674: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3653: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3604: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3529: 3523: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3471: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3446:gvaoberta.gva.es 3438: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3372: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3291: 3267: 3261: 3260: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3189: 3183: 3182: 3178:Canada's History 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3077: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2928: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2857: 2856: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2807: 2718:Electoral fusion 2674:Democratic Party 2659:Republican Party 2655:Opposition Party 2595:regulations and 2593:nomination rules 2562:Northern Ireland 2544: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2501: 2493: 2471:Luis Lacalle Pou 2441:and the liberal 2374:Liberal Democrat 2314:is in majority. 2027:New Liberal Club 2021:majority in the 1676:, his successor 1674:Jawaharlal Nehru 1617:Grand coalitions 1565:Katainen cabinet 1563:Coalition). The 1501:Social Democrats 1497:first government 1452:Saskatchewan NDP 1401:Alternative Vote 1385:British Columbia 1347:Governor General 1297: 1296: 1232:Social democracy 1146:two-party system 1135:Liberal National 1099:My Step Alliance 1072:Liberal Democrat 920:Nordic countries 813:Nash equilibrium 782:grand coalitions 715: 708: 701: 687: 686: 477: 422: 377:Political theory 367:Election science 357: 343: 121: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4006: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3912:Grand coalition 3862: 3859: 3811: 3806: 3791: 3784: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3708:www.thestar.com 3700: 3696: 3689: 3675: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3630: 3626: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3543: 3541: 3530: 3526: 3513: 3509: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3425: 3423: 3411: 3407: 3397: 3395: 3383: 3379: 3370: 3368: 3365:The Independent 3356: 3352: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3268: 3264: 3249: 3248: 3244: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3054: 3050: 3019: 3015: 2988: 2981: 2946: 2942: 2905: 2901: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2783:Unholy alliance 2723:Hung parliament 2698: 2639: 2619: 2613: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2514: 2502: 2491: 2455:Alberto Volonté 2431: 2390:hung parliament 2350:James Callaghan 2330: 2320: 2288:grand coalition 2276: 2270: 2254: 2240:won eleven and 2192:with the minor 2170: 2164: 2073: 1946: 1895: 1889: 1881:Irish Civil War 1858:grand coalition 1808: 1774: 1662: 1650:Kenya coalition 1638:"red–red–green" 1589:with the minor 1579: 1573: 1544: 1464: 1362: 1312:cross the floor 1304:First World War 1284:Great Coalition 1276: 1252:Socialist Party 1208: 1162:South Australia 1154:New South Wales 1131:Country Liberal 1115: 1084: 916: 910: 897: 875: 824: 809: 719: 681: 676: 675: 606: 605: 596: 595: 553: 552: 543: 542: 511: 510: 501: 500: 496:Public interest 481:Domestic policy 471: 464: 463: 452: 451: 416: 409: 408: 397: 396: 358: 351: 344: 337: 329: 328: 319: 318: 224: 223: 212: 211: 167: 166: 157: 126:Politics series 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4194: 4184: 4183: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4157: 4150: 4130: 4110: 4090: 4070: 4050: 4030: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3984: 3975: 3970: 3961: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902:Full coalition 3899: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3782: 3778:106–108 (1917) 3762: 3721: 3694: 3687: 3664: 3644:(2): 117–131. 3624: 3575: 3550: 3524: 3507: 3489: 3472:. 2008-12-02. 3458: 3433: 3405: 3377: 3350: 3330: 3303: 3276:Party Politics 3262: 3242: 3239:. 17 May 2021. 3236:Deutsche Welle 3222: 3219:. 17 May 2021. 3217:Deutschland.de 3204: 3198:Deutsche Welle 3184: 3167: 3142: 3121: 3107: 3089: 3048: 3027:Party Politics 3013: 3002:(3): 358–369. 2979: 2940: 2899: 2880:(7–8): 48–50. 2860: 2848: 2827: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2651:American Party 2638: 2635: 2615:Main article: 2612: 2609: 2547: 2546: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2443:Colorado Party 2439:National Party 2430: 2427: 2423:Welsh Assembly 2388:resulted in a 2348:government of 2334:United Kingdom 2319: 2318:United Kingdom 2316: 2269: 2266: 2253: 2250: 2236:won 49 seats, 2200:and the minor 2166:Main article: 2163: 2160: 2083:, none of its 2072: 2069: 2045:Tetsu Katayama 2041:Ashida Hitoshi 1945: 1942: 1888: 1885: 1841:in that year. 1807: 1804: 1773: 1770: 1754:Manmohan Singh 1726:National Front 1661: 1658: 1646:eastern states 1572: 1569: 1543: 1540: 1489:2015 elections 1463: 1460: 1361: 1358: 1339:Bloc Québécois 1327:Stephen Harper 1275: 1272: 1207: 1204: 1114: 1111: 1105:following the 1083: 1080: 1064:United Kingdom 909: 906: 902:prime minister 896: 895:Governing cost 893: 874: 871: 839:Horst Seehofer 831:Sigmar Gabriel 823: 820: 808: 805: 797:snap elections 789:prime minister 721: 720: 718: 717: 710: 703: 695: 692: 691: 678: 677: 674: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 652: 651: 635: 630: 625: 624: 623: 613: 607: 603: 602: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 560: 554: 551:Related topics 550: 549: 548: 545: 544: 541: 540: 535: 530: 525: 519: 518: 512: 508: 507: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 493: 488: 486:Foreign policy 483: 478: 465: 459: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 448: 447: 433: 428: 423: 410: 404: 403: 402: 399: 398: 395: 394: 389: 384: 382:Policy studies 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 347: 345: 333: 330: 326: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 225: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 168: 165:Primary topics 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 156: 155: 150: 145: 139: 136: 135: 129: 128: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4193: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4131: 4111: 4091: 4071: 4051: 4031: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3985: 3976: 3971: 3962: 3945: 3936: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3787: 3779: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3579: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3516:David Cameron 3511: 3503: 3499: 3493: 3475: 3468: 3462: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3409: 3394: 3393: 3388: 3381: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3323: 3316: 3315: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3188: 3180: 3179: 3171: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3131: 3125: 3117: 3111: 3100: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2903: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2799: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2778:Power sharing 2776: 2774: 2773:Popular front 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2637:United States 2634: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2599:, and so on. 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2543: 2540: 2532: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2506:This section 2504: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469:, the blanco 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2435:1989 election 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402:David Cameron 2399: 2398:Conservatives 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2378:Paddy Ashdown 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296:Justice Party 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2228:. During the 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2185:Overhang seat 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2159: 2157: 2156:Anwar Ibrahim 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051:in 1993 with 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2006:nejire kokkai 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1963: 1962:National Diet 1959: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1786:1999 election 1783: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1762:Narendra Modi 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:Morarji Desai 1700: 1696: 1695:next election 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:Indira Gandhi 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1626:Angela Merkel 1623: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1568: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:1935 election 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1456:Lorne Calvert 1453: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:Duff Pattullo 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331:Liberal Party 1328: 1324: 1323:Confederation 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1308:Robert Borden 1305: 1302:. During the 1301: 1295: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1264:2007 and 2011 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1139:the Coalition 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1060:Magic Formula 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 964:Guinea-Bissau 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 915: 905: 903: 892: 889: 885: 883: 878: 870: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 844: 840: 836: 835:Angela Merkel 832: 828: 819: 816: 814: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 716: 711: 709: 704: 702: 697: 696: 694: 693: 690: 685: 680: 679: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 649: 645: 641: 640: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 622: 619: 618: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 600: 599: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 568: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 547: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 517: 514: 513: 505: 504: 497: 494: 492: 491:Civil society 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 475: 470: 469:Public policy 467: 466: 462: 456: 455: 445: 441: 437: 436: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 420: 415: 412: 411: 407: 401: 400: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 355: 350: 346: 341: 336: 332: 331: 323: 322: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 289:Parliamentary 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 274:Hybrid regime 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 222: 216: 215: 208: 205: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 161: 160: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 138: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 4154:Non-partisan 4152: 4001:Non-partisan 3999: 3901: 3896: 3819: 3798: 3794: 3775: 3765: 3755:February 25, 3753:. Retrieved 3741: 3737: 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3707: 3697: 3678: 3655:. Retrieved 3641: 3637: 3627: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3567:. Retrieved 3562: 3553: 3542:. Retrieved 3540:(in Spanish) 3537: 3527: 3519: 3510: 3501: 3492: 3481:. Retrieved 3461: 3449:. Retrieved 3445: 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3418: 3408: 3396:. Retrieved 3390: 3380: 3369:. Retrieved 3363: 3353: 3344:The Guardian 3342: 3333: 3313: 3306: 3279: 3275: 3265: 3254: 3245: 3234: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3196: 3187: 3176: 3170: 3159:. Retrieved 3155: 3145: 3134:. Retrieved 3124: 3110: 3092: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3026: 3016: 2999: 2995: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2919:(1): 31–60. 2916: 2912: 2902: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2853:, retrieved 2839: 2830: 2819:. Retrieved 2814: 2788:United front 2703:Cohabitation 2690: 2640: 2624: 2620: 2605: 2601: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2554: 2550: 2535: 2526: 2515:Please help 2510:verification 2507: 2479:Open Cabildo 2459:Jorge Batlle 2432: 2331: 2277: 2262: 2255: 2171: 2121: 2074: 2057:Ichirō Ozawa 2034: 2015: 2005: 2000:, initially 1986: 1971: 1947: 1931: 1923:Ariel Sharon 1896: 1862: 1846:Labour Party 1843: 1828: 1809: 1775: 1718:Rajiv Gandhi 1715: 1707:Janata Party 1663: 1634: 1615: 1580: 1560:independence 1545: 1517: 1485:World War II 1465: 1440: 1420:John Bracken 1413: 1382: 1380:until 1923. 1374:Labour Party 1363: 1351: 1316: 1277: 1209: 1178: 1143: 1116: 1091:Soviet Union 1085: 1068:Conservative 917: 908:Distribution 898: 886: 879: 876: 867: 854: 848: 817: 810: 786: 767: 759: 730: 726: 724: 419:street-level 294:Presidential 254:Dictatorship 124:Part of the 105: 99:October 2023 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 3820:govinfo.gov 3809:Works cited 3714:27 November 3657:4 September 2817:(in Polish) 2686:Champ Clark 2585:oligocratic 2473:formed the 2396:), and the 2226:Green Party 2210:Green Party 2177:New Zealand 2162:New Zealand 2075:Ever since 1911:Labor Party 1883:(1922–23). 1877:Green Party 1869:Fianna Fáil 1824:independent 1816:Fianna Fáil 1791:centre-left 1478:formed his 1443:Roy Romanow 1317:During the 1288:Clear Grits 1202:elections. 1181:Labor Party 1150:Labor Party 1117:In federal 1052:Switzerland 1024:New Zealand 926:countries, 558:Sovereignty 523:Legislature 426:Technocracy 414:Bureaucracy 279:Meritocracy 259:Directorial 3776:Cong. Rec. 3688:0814207472 3569:2020-03-08 3544:2020-03-08 3483:2009-12-07 3426:19 October 3398:19 October 3371:2009-06-27 3282:: 96–107. 3161:2008-12-02 3136:2009-05-14 2855:2024-03-13 2821:2024-06-30 2795:References 2433:Since the 2370:Tony Blair 2342:world wars 2322:See also: 2272:See also: 2103:, and the 2025:. The LDP- 2010:Ryokufūkai 1891:See also: 1829:Ireland's 1740:(BJP)-led 1734:parliament 1690:Rae Bareli 1686:Raj Narain 1630:Chancellor 1575:See also: 1552:Lipponen I 1534:, and the 1511:, and the 1360:Provincial 1294:Parti bleu 1236:liberalism 1218:-speaking 1174:Queensland 948:East Timor 912:See also: 837:(CDU) and 763:parliament 648:Governance 638:Government 633:Federalism 234:City-state 69:newspapers 3619:260582136 3611:0003-0554 3595:: 69–87. 3298:1354-0688 3084:0048-8402 3068:: 42–66. 3043:1354-0688 2974:0010-4140 2935:0140-2382 2894:0340-1650 2688:speaker. 2684:to elect 2661:to elect 2577:consensus 2566:kingmaker 2408:with the 2406:coalition 2400:, led by 2382:landslide 2356:with the 2306:. Due to 2278:Turkey's 2220:formed a 2208:from the 2204:and with 1938:1984–1988 1907:Alignment 1873:Fine Gael 1850:Fine Gael 1820:Fine Gael 1782:New Order 1772:Indonesia 1644:. In the 1513:Moderates 1468:Folketing 1343:prorogued 1113:Australia 1012:Lithuania 972:Indonesia 928:Australia 745:after an 739:executive 628:Unitarism 616:Elections 604:Subseries 533:Judiciary 528:Executive 431:Adhocracy 314:Theocracy 269:Feudalism 249:Democracy 4175:Category 3940:⇐ 3474:Archived 3322:Archived 2696:See also 2558:Flanders 2529:May 2014 2394:36 years 2358:Liberals 2234:National 2202:Alliance 2194:NZ First 2190:National 2093:Alliance 2077:Malaysia 2071:Malaysia 1875:and the 1798:big tent 1642:The Left 1558:) since 1372:and the 1333:and the 1228:Brussels 1224:Wallonia 1220:Flanders 1191:and the 1183:and the 1158:Victoria 1127:National 1070:and the 1032:Thailand 1028:Pakistan 1016:Malaysia 747:election 743:majority 656:Ideology 474:doctrine 435:Service 299:Republic 284:Monarchy 264:Federacy 153:Category 133:Politics 3993:— 3989:— 3980:— 3966:— 3957:— 3953:— 3949:— 3451:5 April 3420:Newshub 3392:Newshub 2429:Uruguay 2376:leader 2352:formed 2332:In the 2117:Sarawak 2079:gained 1903:Knesset 1812:Ireland 1806:Ireland 1587:CDU/CSU 1571:Germany 1548:Finland 1542:Finland 1509:Venstre 1462:Denmark 1378:Ontario 1345:by the 1248:Vooruit 1212:Belgium 1206:Belgium 1123:Liberal 1087:Armenia 1082:Armenia 1048:Ukraine 1008:Lesotho 1004:Lebanon 976:Ireland 956:Germany 932:Austria 924:Benelux 861:of the 859:leaders 833:(SPD), 795:, call 661:Culture 571:Country 229:Anarchy 143:Outline 83:scholar 3801:: 964. 3750:440395 3748: 3685: 3617: 3609: 3563:DW.COM 3296: 3082: 3041: 2972: 2933: 2892: 2846: 2384:. The 2354:a pact 2346:Labour 2268:Turkey 2214:Labour 2198:Labour 2099:, the 1927:Kadima 1899:Israel 1887:Israel 1599:Greens 1530:, the 1503:, her 1368:, the 1337:. The 1298:, and 1282:, the 1280:Canada 1274:Canada 1046:, and 1044:Turkey 1000:Latvia 996:Kosovo 980:Israel 960:Greece 952:France 944:Cyprus 936:Brazil 922:, the 621:voting 563:Polity 461:Policy 440:Public 354:theory 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 3746:JSTOR 3734:(PDF) 3615:S2CID 3477:(PDF) 3470:(PDF) 3325:(PDF) 3318:(PDF) 3102:(PDF) 2645:. In 2252:Spain 2113:Sabah 1950:Japan 1944:Japan 1936:from 1919:Likud 1915:Mapam 1867:is a 1744:with 1699:India 1660:India 1216:Dutch 1160:. In 1036:Spain 1020:Nepal 992:Kenya 988:Japan 984:Italy 968:India 940:Chile 729:, or 644:forms 567:State 444:Civil 148:Index 90:JSTOR 76:books 3757:2019 3716:2023 3683:ISBN 3659:2018 3607:ISSN 3453:2020 3428:2017 3400:2017 3294:ISSN 3080:ISSN 3039:ISSN 2970:ISSN 2931:ISSN 2890:ISSN 2844:ISBN 2680:and 2670:1917 2657:and 2647:1855 2326:and 2294:and 2122:The 2115:and 2002:49th 1998:47th 1994:46th 1913:and 1863:The 1844:The 1794:PDIP 1605:and 1554:and 1197:2020 1195:and 1193:2016 1172:and 1164:and 1156:and 1133:and 853:, a 62:news 3774:55 3770:GPO 3646:doi 3597:doi 3593:118 3284:doi 3070:doi 3031:doi 3004:doi 2962:doi 2921:doi 2882:doi 2560:or 2519:by 2238:ACT 2179:in 2173:MMP 1948:In 1818:or 1810:In 1546:In 1495:'s 1383:In 1278:In 1210:In 962:, 849:In 784:). 772:or 45:by 4177:: 3818:. 3799:94 3797:. 3785:^ 3772:, 3742:25 3740:. 3736:. 3706:. 3667:^ 3640:. 3636:. 3613:. 3605:. 3591:. 3587:. 3561:. 3536:. 3500:. 3444:. 3417:. 3389:. 3362:. 3341:. 3292:. 3280:30 3278:. 3274:. 3253:. 3233:. 3215:. 3195:. 3154:. 3078:. 3066:51 3064:. 3060:. 3037:. 3025:. 3000:29 2998:. 2994:. 2982:^ 2968:. 2958:52 2956:. 2952:. 2929:. 2917:47 2915:. 2911:. 2888:. 2878:47 2876:. 2872:. 2838:, 2813:. 2802:^ 2676:, 2653:, 2485:. 2425:. 2248:. 2232:, 2216:, 2119:. 1996:, 1871:, 1613:. 1556:II 1538:. 1515:. 1290:, 1238:, 1234:, 1141:. 1129:, 1125:, 1109:. 1078:. 1050:. 1042:, 1038:, 1034:, 1030:, 1026:, 1022:, 1018:, 1014:, 1010:, 1006:, 1002:, 998:, 994:, 990:, 986:, 982:, 978:, 974:, 970:, 966:, 958:, 954:, 950:, 946:, 942:, 938:, 934:, 930:, 803:. 780:, 757:. 725:A 646:/ 569:/ 565:/ 442:/ 3854:e 3847:t 3840:v 3826:. 3780:. 3759:. 3718:. 3691:. 3661:. 3648:: 3642:1 3621:. 3599:: 3572:. 3547:. 3522:. 3504:. 3486:. 3455:. 3430:. 3402:. 3374:. 3300:. 3286:: 3164:. 3139:. 3118:. 3104:. 3086:. 3072:: 3045:. 3033:: 3010:. 3006:: 2976:. 2964:: 2937:. 2923:: 2896:. 2884:: 2824:. 2542:) 2536:( 2531:) 2527:( 2513:. 845:. 714:e 707:t 700:v 650:) 642:( 476:) 472:( 446:) 438:( 421:) 417:( 356:) 352:( 342:) 338:( 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.