770:
765:
129:
855:
958:
938:
1052:
827:
875:
1113:
1108:
1032:
733:
116:
999:
622:
as in most other protostomes. Ancestrally, the group exhibited sclerotized teeth within the foregut, and a ring of spines around the mouth opening, though these features have been secondarily lost in certain groups. A respiratory and circulatory system is only present in
1263:). Adoutte and coworkers were among the first to strongly support the Ecdysozoa. With the introduction of molecular phylogenetics, the coelomate hypothesis was abandoned, although some molecular, phylogenetic support for the Coelomata continued until as late as 2005.
2015:
Webster, Bonnie L.; Copley, Richard R.; Jenner, Ronald A.; Mackenzie-Dodds, Jacqueline A.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; et al. (November 2006). "Mitogenomics and phylogenomics reveal priapulid worms as extant models of the ancestral
Ecdysozoan".
2433:
Howard, Richard J.; Giacomelli, Mattia; Lozano-Fernandez, Jesus; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Fleming, James F.; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; et al. (10 March 2022). "The
Ediacaran origin of Ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data".
2913:. Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, 3–7 January 1998, Boston, Massachusetts. Symposium on Evolutionary Relationships of Metazoan Phyla: Advances, problems, and approaches.
679:
in 2008 suggested that the tardigrada could be grouped along with the nematodes, leaving
Onychophora as the sister group to the arthropods. The non-panarthropod members of Ecdysozoa have been grouped as
1577:
Aguinaldo, A.M.A.; Turbeville, J.M.; Linford, L.S.; Rivera, M.C.; Garey, J.R.; Raff, R.A.; Lake, J.A. (29 May 1997). "Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods, and other moulting animals".
671:, have been considered possible members but lack the main characters of the group, and are now placed elsewhere. The Arthropoda, Onychophora, and Tardigrada have been grouped together as the
2764:"The Opisthokonta and the Ecdysozoa may not be clades: Stronger support for the grouping of plant and animal than for animal and fungi, and stronger support for the Coelomata than Ecdysozoa"
695:
for the protostomes is shown below. It is indicated when approximately clades radiated into newer clades in millions of years ago (Mya); dashed lines show especially uncertain placements.
1686:
Ax, P. (1985). "The position of the
Gnathostomulida and Platyhelminthes in the phylogenetic system of the Bilateria". In Conway Morris, S.; George, J.D.; Gibson, R.; Platt, H.M. (eds.).
1633:
Dunn, C.W.; Hejnol, A.; Matus, D.Q.; Pang, K.; Browne, W.E.; Smith, S.A.; et al. (10 April 2008). "Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life".
2854:
Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas; Bartolomaeus, Thomas; Lemburg, Christian; Ehlers, Ulrich; Garey, James R. (December 1998) . "The position of the
Arthropoda in the phylogenetic system".
2601:
2565:
1818:
2707:
1283:
1548:
Eernisse, D.J.; Albert, J.S.; Anderson, F.E. (1992). "Annelida and
Arthropoda are not sister taxa: A phylogenetic analysis of spiralian metazoan morphology".
2251:
2838:
2812:
2061:
Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Dunn, Casey W.; Hejnol, Andreas; Kristensen, Reinhardt M.; Neves, Ricardo C.; et al. (June 2011).
1985:
906:
4343:
339:
4407:
2869:
2822:
1211:
within the
Ecdysozoa was initially contested but since 2003, a broad consensus has formed supporting the Ecdysozoa and in 2011 the
4330:
545:
2891:
2543:
1740:
1692:. Systematics Association Special Volume. Vol. 28. New York, NY: Clarendon / Oxford University Press. pp. 168–180.
524:. Some argued for groupings based on more traditional taxonomic techniques, while others contested the interpretation of the
4335:
2908:
2679:
2067:
1347:
Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; et al. (17 August 2022).
541:
2987:
2436:
2307:
1856:
1719:
1288:
627:
and arthropods (often absent in smaller arthropods like mites); in the rest of the groups, both systems are missing.
4348:
602:) composed of organic material, which is periodically molted as the animal grows. This process of molting is called
3024:
589:
3019:
2597:"On quality of evidence in phylogeny reconstruction: A reply to Zrzavý's defence of the 'Ecdysozoa' hypothesis"
1697:
3103:
3093:
3076:
2374:
2372:
Nielsen, Claus; Brunet, Thibaut; Arendt, Detlev (2018-08-22). "Evolution of the bilaterian mouth and anus".
1550:
1491:
Telford, Maximilian J.; Bourlat, Sarah J.; Economou, Andrew; Papillon, Daniel; Rota-Stabelli, Omar (2008).
2325:"The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: Congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records"
1282:
Howard RJ, Giacomelli M, Lozano-Fernandez J, Edgecombe GD, Fleming JF, Kristensen RM, et al. (2022).
563:
1422:
Howard, Richard J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Shi, Xiaomei; Hou, Xianguang; Ma, Xiaoya (23 November 2020).
2018:
17:
2846:
2701:
Adoutte, A.; Balavoine, G.; Lartillot, N.; Lespinet, O.; Prud'homme, B.; de Rosa, R. (25 April 2000).
128:
1993:
1970:
1383:
2247:"Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences"
1765:
1428:
1212:
3108:
1932:
Vinther, Jakob; Porras, Luis; Young, Fletcher J.; Budd, Graham E.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2016).
4374:
4257:
2980:
1231:
Before
Aguinaldo's Ecdysozoa proposal, one of the prevailing theories for the evolution of the
514:
2497:
Nielsen, C. (September 2003). "Proposing a solution to the
Articulata–Ecdysozoa controversy".
1933:
4369:
3071:
2856:
2108:
1203:. Nielsen has suggested that a possible solution is to regard Ecdysozoa as a sister-group of
1196:
446:
4361:
4317:
4304:
2716:
2445:
2383:
2179:
2117:
1949:
1890:
1644:
1588:
1437:
1362:
1297:
769:
487:
2830:
1424:"Ancestral morphology of Ecdysozoa constrained by an early Cambrian stem group ecdysozoan"
8:
4402:
4295:
2323:
Peterson, Kevin J.; Cotton, James A.; Gehling, James G.; Pisani, Davide (27 April 2008).
2720:
2449:
2387:
2183:
2121:
1953:
1894:
1648:
1592:
1441:
1366:
1301:
4397:
3536:
3088:
3066:
3054:
3029:
2930:
2915:
2881:
2656:
2631:
2516:
2479:
2415:
2349:
2324:
2275:
2246:
2203:
2138:
2103:
2084:
2043:
1914:
1832:
1813:
1687:
1668:
1612:
1525:
1492:
1468:
1423:
1404:
1323:
1240:
123:
2221:
2062:
1789:
1760:
4356:
3958:
3878:
3228:
3098:
3061:
3049:
3039:
2973:
2873:
2785:
2744:
2739:
2702:
2661:
2615:
2596:
2579:
2560:
2539:
2512:
2499:
2483:
2471:
2407:
2399:
2354:
2303:
2280:
2207:
2195:
2143:
2035:
2031:
1918:
1906:
1852:
1794:
1736:
1715:
1703:
1693:
1660:
1604:
1530:
1512:
1473:
1455:
1408:
1396:
1388:
1348:
1327:
692:
611:
469:
465:
2885:
2807:
2419:
2088:
2047:
3013:
2920:
2865:
2775:
2734:
2724:
2651:
2643:
2610:
2574:
2520:
2508:
2461:
2453:
2391:
2344:
2336:
2270:
2260:
2187:
2170:
2133:
2125:
2076:
2027:
1965:
1957:
1898:
1881:
1827:
1784:
1774:
1672:
1652:
1635:
1616:
1596:
1579:
1559:
1520:
1504:
1463:
1445:
1378:
1370:
1353:
1313:
1305:
430:
356:
4309:
3232:
2899:
2632:"The evolution of the animals: Introduction to a Linnean tercentenary celebration"
4239:
4145:
3996:
3899:
3756:
3289:
2938:
1252:
764:
728:
619:
457:
264:
2329:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
2104:"Rotiferan Hox genes give new insights into the evolution of metazoan bodyplans"
3904:
3882:
3700:
3612:
3590:
3553:
3044:
2129:
1759:
Blair, J.E.; Ikeo, Kazuho; Gojobori, Takashi; Hedges, S. Blair (8 April 2002).
1450:
1374:
1220:
1219:
for the discovery of the New Animal Phylogeny consisting of the Ecdysozoa, the
525:
2395:
2265:
2080:
2063:"Higher-level metazoan relationships: Recent progress and remaining questions"
1563:
854:
688:
in representing the primitive condition from which the Panarthropoda evolved.
4391:
4049:
3953:
3452:
2700:
2475:
2403:
1712:
proceedings of an international symposium held in London, September 1983
1516:
1459:
1392:
1284:"The Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and phylogenomic data"
1188:
980:
957:
760:
681:
672:
450:
291:
70:
2780:
2763:
1707:
4155:
4150:
4038:
3894:
3780:
3666:
3569:
3548:
3418:
3369:
3325:
3306:
2925:
2877:
2789:
2748:
2729:
2665:
2647:
2411:
2358:
2340:
2284:
2199:
2147:
2039:
1910:
1798:
1664:
1534:
1508:
1477:
1400:
1200:
953:
807:
664:
323:
284:
241:
2870:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199812)238:3<263::AID-JMOR1>3.0.CO;2-L
1779:
1608:
937:
4289:
4280:
4116:
4087:
4073:
4063:
3648:
3464:
3377:
3159:
2432:
2162:
1873:
1281:
1256:
1236:
1051:
1027:
1012:
870:
826:
783:
668:
648:
640:
624:
594:
The most notable characteristic shared by ecdysozoans is a three-layered
418:
410:
303:
246:
173:
45:
2457:
2191:
1902:
1656:
1309:
4213:
4198:
4193:
4174:
4169:
4097:
4044:
4014:
4006:
3948:
3822:
3814:
3797:
3577:
3489:
3442:
3382:
3344:
3318:
3164:
3149:
2934:
2853:
2466:
1961:
1349:"Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan, and not the earliest deuterostome"
1318:
1244:
1216:
1129:
1047:
994:
874:
850:
822:
656:
652:
644:
636:
599:
507:
453:
398:
313:
308:
256:
251:
209:
90:
55:
2965:
2636:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1874:"Hallucigenia's head and the pharyngeal armature of early ecdysozoans"
1497:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4179:
4126:
4121:
4092:
4081:
4030:
4025:
3977:
3889:
3676:
3671:
3633:
3482:
3474:
3403:
3276:
3263:
3244:
3239:
3198:
1600:
1232:
1208:
918:
746:
714:
685:
570:
552:
521:
503:
480:
422:
414:
402:
297:
274:
199:
186:
160:
140:
95:
27:
Superphylum of protostomes including arthropods, nematodes and others
4251:
2245:
Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (June 2015).
1812:
Wägele, J.W.; Erikson, T.; Lockhart, P.; Misof, B. (December 1999).
1107:
4274:
4203:
4187:
4110:
4102:
4057:
4020:
4001:
3990:
3972:
3966:
3827:
3768:
3744:
3641:
3522:
3411:
3295:
3186:
3177:
3083:
2630:
Telford, Maximilian J.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (27 April 2008).
2163:"Hallucigenia's onychophoran-like claws and the case for Tactopoda"
1851:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 877–880.
1204:
1192:
1187:
is almost universally accepted, replacing an older hypothesis that
1103:
933:
660:
510:
426:
279:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2014:
1112:
4163:
4139:
4131:
4068:
3982:
3802:
3789:
3722:
3713:
3658:
3583:
2910:
Essential role of "minor" phyla in understanding animal evolution
603:
595:
499:
495:
491:
406:
331:
100:
75:
4322:
2762:
Philip, G.K.; Creevey, C.J.; McInerney, J.O. (9 February 2005).
1576:
606:, and gives the group its name. The ecdysozoans lack locomotory
4208:
3942:
3142:
3129:
3000:
2997:
1260:
1248:
998:
615:
607:
520:
The group was initially contested by a significant minority of
434:
150:
2953:
1490:
1031:
732:
1277:
1275:
675:
because they are distinguished by segmented body plans. Dunn
438:
2561:"Ecdysozoa versus Articulata: Clades, artifacts, prejudices"
115:
2907:
Garey, James R.; Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (December 1998) .
2602:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
2566:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
2322:
1819:
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
1207:, though later considered them unrelated. Inclusion of the
389:
386:
377:
362:
2708:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
2214:
2060:
1811:
1272:
460:
and all its descendants, was formally named by Aguinaldo
371:
2703:"The new animal phylogeny: Reliability and implications"
2536:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla
2300:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla
2244:
1733:
Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the living phyla
3932:
1934:"The mouth apparatus of the Cambrian gilled lobopodian
1758:
449:
of 141 morphological characters of ultrastructural and
2761:
1931:
1547:
2160:
1872:
Smith, Martin R.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2 July 2015).
1421:
383:
374:
365:
359:
2672:
1689:
The Origins and Relationships of Lower Invertebrates
1346:
368:
2906:
2371:
2161:Smith, Martin R.; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2014).
1632:
380:
2102:Fröbius, Andreas C.; Funch, Peter (4 April 2017).
2629:
1846:
1484:
4389:
2813:University of California Museum of Paleontology
456:. This clade, that is, a group consisting of a
2919:. Vol. 38, no. 6. pp. 907–917.
2682:(Press release). The Linnean Society of London
1628:
1626:
1173:
2981:
2101:
1710:– via Internet Archive (archive.org).
3368:
2594:
1623:
635:The Ecdysozoa include the following phyla:
3342:
2988:
2974:
2595:Wägele, J.W.; Misof, B. (September 2001).
1871:
698:The phylogenetic tree is based on Nielsen
114:
3535:
2924:
2779:
2738:
2728:
2655:
2614:
2578:
2538:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2465:
2348:
2302:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
2274:
2264:
2137:
1971:1983/16da11f1-5231-4d6c-9968-69ddc5633a8a
1969:
1831:
1788:
1778:
1524:
1467:
1449:
1384:1983/454e7bec-4cd4-4121-933e-abeab69e96c1
1382:
1317:
486:The group Ecdysozoa is supported by many
3402:
3326:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
3274:
1814:"The Ecdysozoa: Artifact or monophylum?"
1761:"The evolutionary position of nematodes"
1754:
1752:
1178:
3127:
2995:
2533:
2496:
2297:
2095:
1730:
1226:
14:
4390:
3320:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
3290:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
2558:
4256:
4255:
3261:
2969:
2948:– via chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey.
1749:
1235:was based on the morphology of their
684:but they are more usually considered
3591:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
2068:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
1183:The grouping proposed by Aguinaldo
24:
3625:
3431:
3188:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1833:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1999.tb00985.x
1685:
667:. A few other groups, such as the
583:
25:
4419:
4408:Extant Cambrian first appearances
2799:
2437:Journal of the Geological Society
1289:Journal of the Geological Society
4232:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
2616:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00177.x
2580:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00168.x
2513:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2003.00122.x
2032:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2006.00123.x
1493:"The evolution of the Ecdysozoa"
1111:
1106:
1050:
1030:
997:
956:
936:
873:
853:
825:
768:
763:
731:
590:List of bilaterial animal orders
490:characters, including growth by
355:
127:
43:
2768:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2755:
2694:
2623:
2588:
2585:— in support of clade Ecdysozoa
2552:
2527:
2490:
2426:
2365:
2316:
2291:
2238:
2154:
2054:
2008:
1992:. Invertebrates. Archived from
1978:
1925:
1865:
1840:
1805:
441:was first proposed by Eernisse
3419:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
2559:Zrzavý, J. (12 January 2002).
2375:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1724:
1679:
1570:
1541:
1415:
1340:
475:A large study in 2008 by Dunn
13:
1:
3262:
1266:
1239:. There were three types, or
4031:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
2222:"Palaeos Metazoa: Ecdysozoa"
630:
531:
7:
4088:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
3828:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
3643:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
3554:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
3443:Loricifera (corset animals)
2839:"Tardigrades and Ecdysozoa"
2019:Evolution & Development
1735:. Oxford University Press.
1174:Older alternative groupings
10:
4424:
3978:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
3724:Annelida (segmented worms)
3549:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
3465:Onychophora (velvet worms)
2680:"The Darwin-Wallace Medal"
2130:10.1038/s41467-017-00020-w
1847:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1451:10.1186/s12862-020-01720-6
1375:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z
1255:(partial coelom), and the
1191:should be classified with
587:
107:Possible traces age 556 Ma
4264:
4228:
4026:Asterozoans inc. starfish
3928:
3921:
3872:
3823:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
3813:
3804:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
3788:
3779:
3764:
3755:
3740:
3733:
3709:
3698:
3657:
3649:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
3632:
3621:
3610:
3562:
3544:
3531:
3520:
3473:
3460:
3451:
3438:
3427:
3395:
3378:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
3364:
3353:
3338:
3314:
3305:
3285:
3270:
3257:
3222:
3197:
3173:
3158:
3150:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
3138:
3123:
3007:
2396:10.1038/s41559-018-0641-0
2266:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0
2081:10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4
1936:Pambdelurion whittingtoni
1223:, and the Deuterostomia.
1199:, and that Ecdysozoa are
1126:
1101:
1045:
1025:
1017:
992:
985:
951:
931:
923:
911:
868:
848:
840:
820:
812:
800:
788:
758:
751:
726:
719:
464:in 1997, based mainly on
238:
233:
124:Scientific classification
122:
113:
34:
3584:Rotifera (wheel animals)
3383:Priapulida (penis worms)
2896:chuma.cas.usf.edu/~garey
2808:"Ecdysozoa introduction"
1766:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1429:BMC Evolutionary Biology
433:. The grouping of these
3798:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
3770:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
3491:Tardigrada (waterbears)
3484:Arthropoda (arthropods)
2892:"Abstract & images"
2825:. Kingdoms / Animalia.
2534:Nielsen, Claus (2012).
1731:Nielsen, Claus (1995).
1564:10.1093/sysbio/41.3.305
506:– under control of the
494:, with moulting of the
479:strongly supported the
3973:Anthozoans inc. corals
3672:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
2730:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4453
2648:10.1098/rstb.2007.2231
2341:10.1098/rstb.2007.2233
1509:10.1098/rstb.2007.2243
1195:in a group called the
515:internal fertilization
429:, and several smaller
4370:Paleobiology Database
4103:Hexapods inc. insects
3413:Nematoda (roundworms)
2857:Journal of Morphology
2781:10.1093/molbev/msi102
2109:Nature Communications
1780:10.1186/1471-2148-2-7
1243:of organization: the
1179:Articulata hypothesis
447:phylogenetic analysis
3296:Chordata (chordates)
2926:10.1093/icb/38.6.907
2298:Nielsen, C. (2002).
1990:Paleos (palaeos.com)
1849:Invertebrate Zoology
1227:Coelomata hypothesis
1213:Darwin–Wallace Medal
437:phyla into a single
3746:Mollusca (molluscs)
3231:of the animal root
2815:(ucmp.berkeley.edu)
2721:2000PNAS...97.4453A
2705:. Special feature.
2642:(1496): 1421–1424.
2458:10.1144/jgs2021-107
2450:2022JGSoc.179..107H
2388:2018NatEE...2.1358N
2335:(1496): 1435–1443.
2192:10.1038/nature13576
2184:2014Natur.514..363S
2122:2017NatCo...8....9F
1954:2016Palgy..59..841V
1903:10.1038/nature14573
1895:2015Natur.523...75S
1657:10.1038/nature06614
1649:2008Natur.452..745D
1593:1997Natur.387R.489A
1503:(1496): 1529–1537.
1442:2020BMCEE..20..156H
1367:2022Natur.609..541L
1310:10.1144/jgs2021-107
1302:2022JGSoc.179..107H
691:A modern consensus
610:and produce mostly
401:animals, including
3959:Calcareous sponges
3144:Porifera (sponges)
2916:American Zoologist
2252:Zoological Letters
1962:10.1111/pala.12256
1551:Systematic Biology
468:constructed using
466:phylogenetic trees
445:(1992) based on a
4385:
4384:
4357:Open Tree of Life
4258:Taxon identifiers
4249:
4248:
4224:
4223:
3917:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3391:
3390:
3334:
3333:
3253:
3252:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
2545:978-0-19-960603-0
2500:Zoologica Scripta
2178:(7522): 363–366.
1742:978-0-19-850682-9
1643:(7188): 745–749.
1587:(6632): 489–493.
1361:(7927): 541–546.
1233:bilateral animals
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
969:
968:
895:
894:
886:
885:
693:phylogenetic tree
614:sperm, and their
470:18S ribosomal RNA
348:
347:
229:
108:
41:Cambrian - Recent
16:(Redirected from
4415:
4378:
4377:
4365:
4364:
4352:
4351:
4339:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4313:
4312:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4253:
4252:
3930:
3929:
3886:
3786:
3785:
3762:
3761:
3738:
3737:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3542:
3541:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3458:
3457:
3436:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3400:
3399:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3340:
3339:
3312:
3311:
3283:
3282:
3279:
3272:
3271:
3259:
3258:
3236:
3171:
3170:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3125:
3124:
3036:
3016:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2958:nematomorpha.net
2949:
2947:
2946:
2937:. Archived from
2928:
2903:
2898:. Archived from
2889:
2850:
2845:. Archived from
2834:
2829:. Archived from
2818:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2774:(5): 1175–1184.
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2715:(9): 4453–4456.
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2469:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2382:(9): 1358–1376.
2369:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2268:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2167:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1601:10.1038/387489a0
1574:
1568:
1567:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1453:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1386:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1321:
1279:
1115:
1110:
1054:
1034:
1020:
1019:
1001:
988:
987:
960:
940:
926:
925:
914:
913:
877:
857:
843:
842:
829:
815:
814:
803:
802:
791:
790:
772:
767:
754:
753:
735:
722:
721:
710:
709:
574:
566:
556:
548:
542:scientific Greek
397:) is a group of
396:
395:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
223:
132:
131:
118:
106:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
31:
21:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4373:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4342:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4260:
4250:
4245:
4220:
4146:Phylactolaemata
3934:
3924:
3923:
3909:
3900:Xenambulacraria
3876:
3832:
3809:
3775:
3757:Kryptotrochozoa
3751:
3729:
3699:
3686:
3677:Monoblastozoa (
3653:
3611:
3598:
3570:Micrognathozoa
3558:
3521:
3496:
3469:
3447:
3423:
3387:
3354:
3343:
3330:
3301:
3275:
3266:
3249:
3226:
3210:
3193:
3162:
3154:
3128:
3119:
3118:
3034:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2964:
2952:
2944:
2942:
2890:
2841:. Tardigrades.
2837:
2821:
2817:. Berkeley, CA.
2806:
2802:
2797:
2760:
2756:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2628:
2624:
2593:
2589:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2532:
2528:
2495:
2491:
2431:
2427:
2370:
2366:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2296:
2292:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2100:
2096:
2059:
2055:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1986:"Panarthropoda"
1984:
1983:
1979:
1930:
1926:
1889:(7558): 75–78.
1876:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1845:
1841:
1810:
1806:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1729:
1725:
1700:
1684:
1680:
1631:
1624:
1575:
1571:
1546:
1542:
1489:
1485:
1420:
1416:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1253:Pseudocoelomata
1229:
1215:was awarded to
1181:
1176:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1143:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
970:
896:
887:
729:Xenacoelomorpha
633:
620:spiral cleavage
618:do not undergo
592:
586:
584:Characteristics
564:
546:
544:, derived from
534:
458:common ancestor
358:
354:
265:Palaeoscolecida
222:
126:
109:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4421:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4366:
4353:
4340:
4327:
4314:
4301:
4286:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4111:Platyhelminths
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3938:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3905:Centroneuralia
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3792:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3710:
3704:
3701:Lophotrochozoa
3696:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3636:
3627:
3616:
3613:Platytrochozoa
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3575:
3572:(Limnognathia)
3566:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3526:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3359:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3268:
3267:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3201:(Triploblasts)
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3184:
3182:and relatives)
3174:
3168:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3139:
3133:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:Mesomycetozoea
3106:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3045:Diaphoretickes
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2954:"Nematomorpha"
2950:
2904:
2902:on 2010-05-10.
2864:(3): 263–285.
2851:
2849:on 2008-06-18.
2835:
2833:on 2003-03-13.
2819:
2803:
2801:
2800:External links
2798:
2796:
2795:
2754:
2693:
2671:
2622:
2609:(3): 165–176.
2587:
2573:(3): 159–163.
2551:
2544:
2526:
2507:(5): 475–482.
2489:
2425:
2364:
2315:
2308:
2290:
2237:
2213:
2153:
2094:
2075:(2): 151–172.
2053:
2026:(6): 502–510.
2007:
1977:
1948:(6): 841–849.
1924:
1864:
1857:
1839:
1826:(4): 211–223.
1804:
1748:
1741:
1723:
1698:
1678:
1622:
1569:
1558:(3): 305–330.
1540:
1483:
1414:
1339:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1228:
1225:
1221:Lophotrochozoa
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
991:
986:
984:
976:
975:
972:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
950:
947:
946:
943:
942:
930:
924:
922:
912:
910:
902:
901:
898:
897:
893:
892:
889:
888:
884:
883:
880:
879:
867:
864:
863:
860:
859:
847:
841:
839:
836:
835:
832:
831:
819:
813:
811:
801:
799:
789:
787:
779:
778:
775:
774:
757:
752:
750:
742:
741:
738:
737:
725:
720:
718:
708:
632:
629:
585:
582:
533:
530:
526:molecular data
483:of Ecdysozoa.
346:
345:
344:
343:
335:
327:
320:
319:
318:
317:
316:
311:
306:
301:
289:
288:
287:
282:
267:
261:
260:
259:
254:
249:
236:
235:
231:
230:
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
197:
190:
189:
184:
177:
176:
171:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
120:
119:
111:
110:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4420:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4241:
4240:dubious phyla
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:Hemichordates
4036:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Glass sponges
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3895:Deuterostomia
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:of Bilateria
3880:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3714:Cycliophora (
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3682:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3555:
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3550:
3547:
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3524:
3519:
3493:
3492:
3488:
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3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Panarthropoda
3450:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:Stramenopiles
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3035:(major groups
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2941:on 2003-03-13
2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:nematodes.org
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
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2816:
2814:
2809:
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2791:
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2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2493:
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2481:
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2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
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2377:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2309:0-19-850682-1
2305:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2011:
1996:on 2007-02-07
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:Palaeontology
1939:
1937:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1858:0-03-056747-5
1854:
1850:
1843:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1753:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1720:9780198571810
1717:
1713:
1709:
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1701:
1695:
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1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
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1487:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1457:
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1447:
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1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:body cavities
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Panarthropoda
1186:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1156:
1148:610 mya
1147:
1146:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
989:
982:
981:Panarthropoda
978:
977:
974:
973:
965:
964:
961:
959:
955:
949:
948:
945:
944:
941:
939:
935:
928:
927:
920:
916:
915:
908:
904:
903:
900:
899:
891:
890:
882:
881:
878:
876:
872:
866:
865:
862:
861:
858:
856:
852:
845:
844:
838:
837:
834:
833:
830:
828:
824:
817:
816:
809:
805:
804:
797:
793:
792:
785:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
771:
766:
762:
761:Deuterostomia
756:
755:
748:
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
734:
730:
724:
723:
716:
712:
711:
707:
705:
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
683:
682:Cycloneuralia
678:
674:
673:Panarthropoda
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
626:
625:onychophorans
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
591:
581:
579:
575:
573:
567:
561:
557:
555:
549:
543:
539:
529:
527:
523:
518:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:morphological
484:
482:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
451:embryological
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
394:
352:
342:
341:
336:
334:
333:
328:
325:
321:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
299:
295:
294:
293:
292:Panarthropoda
290:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
266:
262:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
237:
232:
227:
221:
218:
216:Superphylum:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
130:
125:
121:
117:
112:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
4265:
4238:Potentially
4233:
4186:
4162:
4156:Gymnolaemata
4151:Stenolaemata
4140:Ectoproctans
4138:
4109:
4080:
4056:
4050:Pterobranchs
4037:
4013:
3989:
3965:
3941:
3935:within phyla
3933:Major groups
3803:
3790:Bryozoa s.l.
3781:Lophophorata
3769:
3745:
3723:
3715:
3678:
3667:Orthonectida
3642:
3589:
3582:
3571:
3490:
3483:
3412:
3370:Scalidophora
3355:
3319:
3307:Ambulacraria
3294:
3207:(see below↓)
3187:
3179:
3143:
3094:Opisthokonta
2957:
2943:. Retrieved
2939:the original
2914:
2909:
2900:the original
2895:
2861:
2855:
2847:the original
2842:
2831:the original
2826:
2811:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2712:
2706:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2674:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2606:
2600:
2590:
2570:
2564:
2554:
2535:
2529:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2299:
2293:
2256:
2250:
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2225:
2216:
2175:
2169:
2156:
2113:
2107:
2097:
2072:
2066:
2056:
2023:
2017:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:the original
1989:
1980:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1886:
1880:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1807:
1770:
1764:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1688:
1681:
1640:
1634:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1433:
1427:
1417:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1331:. Retrieved
1293:
1287:
1230:
1201:polyphyletic
1184:
1182:
1128:
1127:
1102:
1046:
1026:
993:
954:Nematomorpha
952:
932:
907:Cryptovermes
869:
849:
821:
808:Scalidophora
795:
759:
727:
703:
699:
697:
690:
686:paraphyletic
676:
669:gastrotrichs
665:Nematomorpha
634:
593:
577:
571:
569:
559:
553:
551:
537:
535:
519:
485:
476:
474:
461:
442:
350:
349:
338:
330:
324:Saccorhytida
285:Nematomorpha
270:Cryptovermes
269:
242:Scalidophora
225:
219:
206:(unranked):
193:
180:
167:
157:Subkingdom:
29:
4290:Wikispecies
4214:Tusk shells
4199:Cephalopods
4170:Polychaetes
4117:Turbellaria
4098:Crustaceans
4074:Secernentea
4064:Chromadorea
4045:Acorn worms
4015:Echinoderms
4007:Vertebrates
3949:Demosponges
3883:is disputed
3345:Protostomia
3233:is disputed
3160:ParaHoxozoa
2827:palaeos.com
2823:"Ecdysozoa"
2686:28 February
2467:2445/186596
2226:palaeos.com
2000:17 February
1319:2445/186596
1257:Eucoelomata
1028:Onychophora
1013:Antennopoda
871:Kinorhyncha
784:Protostomia
702:and Howard
649:Kinorhyncha
641:Onychophora
419:crustaceans
413:(including
411:chelicerata
304:Onychophora
247:Kinorhyncha
210:Protostomia
174:ParaHoxozoa
4403:Superphyla
4392:Categories
4194:Gastropods
4175:Clitellata
4082:Arthropods
4021:Sea lilies
3967:Cnidarians
3885:; see also
3815:Brachiozoa
3578:Syndermata
3537:Gnathifera
3235:; see also
3180:Trichoplax
3178:Placozoa (
3165:Planulozoa
2945:2023-07-30
2231:2017-09-02
1699:019857181X
1436:(1): 156.
1333:2023-07-30
1267:References
1245:Acoelomata
1217:James Lake
1209:roundworms
1197:Articulata
1130:Kimberella
1048:Arthropoda
995:Tardigrada
851:Priapulida
823:Loricifera
657:Loricifera
653:Priapulida
645:Tardigrada
637:Arthropoda
600:Tardigrada
588:See also:
560:"shedding"
522:biologists
508:prohormone
498:– without
454:phenotypes
403:Arthropoda
399:protostome
340:Laojieella
314:Tardigrada
309:Arthropoda
257:Loricifera
252:Priapulida
224:Aguinaldo
18:Ecdysozoan
4398:Ecdysozoa
4310:Ecdysozoa
4296:Ecdysozoa
4266:Ecdysozoa
4180:Sipuncula
4127:Monogenea
4122:Trematoda
4093:Myriapods
4058:Nematodes
4002:Tunicates
3997:Lancelets
3991:Chordates
3983:Myxozoans
3890:Nephrozoa
3879:phylogeny
3679:Salinella
3634:Rouphozoa
3475:Tactopoda
3404:Nematoida
3356:Ecdysozoa
3277:Bilateria
3264:Bilateria
3245:Benthozoa
3240:Eumetazoa
3229:phylogeny
3199:Bilateria
3089:Amoebozoa
3067:Alveolata
3055:Cryptista
3030:Eukaryota
2810:. Phyla.
2484:246494357
2476:0016-7649
2404:2397-334X
2208:205239797
1919:205244325
1517:0962-8436
1460:1471-2148
1409:251646316
1393:1476-4687
1328:246494357
919:Nematoida
796:Ecdysozoa
747:Nephrozoa
715:Bilateria
631:Phylogeny
598:(four in
538:Ecdysozoa
536:The name
532:Etymology
504:epidermis
481:monophyly
423:myriapods
415:arachnids
351:Ecdysozoa
298:Lobopodia
275:Nematoida
220:Ecdysozoa
200:Nephrozoa
187:Bilateria
161:Eumetazoa
147:Kingdom:
141:Eukaryota
35:Ecdysozoa
4275:Wikidata
4204:Bivalves
4188:Molluscs
4164:Annelids
3523:Spiralia
3130:Animalia
3084:Amorphea
3062:Rhizaria
3050:Hacrobia
3040:Excavata
3025:Bacteria
2886:46920478
2878:29852696
2790:15703245
2749:10781043
2666:18192193
2420:52067372
2412:30135501
2359:18192191
2285:26605063
2200:25132546
2148:28377584
2116:(1): 9.
2089:32169826
2048:22823313
2040:17073934
1911:26106857
1799:11985779
1708:59186778
1665:18322464
1535:18192181
1478:33228518
1401:35978194
1205:Annelida
1193:Annelida
1104:Spiralia
1023:
934:Nematoda
929:
846:
818:
661:Nematoda
612:amoeboid
578:"animal"
511:ecdysone
427:Nematoda
280:Nematoda
151:Animalia
137:Domain:
4349:1206794
4323:8880788
4209:Chitons
4132:Cestoda
4069:Enoplea
3943:Sponges
3716:Symbion
3659:Mesozoa
3099:Animals
3020:Archaea
2996:Extant
2935:4620218
2717:Bibcode
2657:2394567
2521:1416582
2446:Bibcode
2384:Bibcode
2350:2614224
2276:4657359
2180:Bibcode
2139:5431905
2118:Bibcode
1950:Bibcode
1891:Bibcode
1673:4397099
1645:Bibcode
1617:4334033
1609:9168109
1589:Bibcode
1526:2614232
1469:7684930
1438:Bibcode
1363:Bibcode
1298:Bibcode
1251:), the
1015:
983:
921:
909:
810:
798:
786:
749:
717:
616:embryos
604:ecdysis
596:cuticle
554:ékdusis
547:ἔκδυσις
502:in the
500:mitosis
496:cuticle
492:ecdysis
472:genes.
407:insects
332:Acosmia
228:., 1997
4362:611099
4336:914158
4234:bolded
3077:Plants
3014:Domain
2998:animal
2933:
2884:
2876:
2788:
2747:
2737:
2664:
2654:
2542:
2519:
2482:
2474:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2357:
2347:
2306:
2283:
2273:
2259:: 18.
2206:
2198:
2171:Nature
2146:
2136:
2087:
2046:
2038:
1917:
1909:
1882:Nature
1855:
1797:
1790:102755
1787:
1739:
1718:
1706:
1696:
1671:
1663:
1636:Nature
1615:
1607:
1580:Nature
1533:
1523:
1515:
1476:
1466:
1458:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1354:Nature
1326:
1261:coelom
1259:(true
1249:coelom
1241:grades
1185:et al.
1011:
979:
917:
905:
806:
794:
782:
745:
713:
704:et al.
700:et al.
677:et al.
663:, and
513:, and
477:et al.
462:et al.
443:et al.
435:animal
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