180:
158:
1600:
465:
22:
381:. They are among the most recently discovered groups of animals. They attach themselves quite firmly to the substrate, and hence remained undiscovered for so long. The first specimen was collected in the 1970s, and described in 1983. They are found at all depths, in different sediment types, and in all latitudes.
389:
The animals have a head, mouth, and digestive system, as well as the lorica. The head (which contains the mouth and the brain), a trunk region surrounded by six plates that make up the 'lorica' or corselet and – in between these two – the neck region. Loricifera have a well developed brain and each
1246:
Howard, R. J., Giacomelli, M., Lozano-Fernandez, J., Edgecombe, G. D., Fleming, J. F., Kristensen, R. M., Ma, X., Olesen, J., Sørensen, M. V., Thomsen, P. F., Wills, M. A., Donoghue, P. C., & Pisani, D. (2022). The
Ediacaran origin of ecdysozoa: Integrating fossil and Phylogenomic Data.
533:
The newly reported animals complete their life cycle in the total absence of light and oxygen, and they are less than a millimetre in size. They were collected from a deep basin at the bottom of the
Mediterranean Sea, where they inhabit a nearly salt-saturated
418:
reproduction. Most
Loricifera are dioecious, meaning there are males and females. However, there are a few species known to be hermaphroditic, which means they contain both male and female reproductive organs. Fossils have been dated to the late Cambrian.
390:
scalid is individually connected to the brain by nerves. The armor-like lorica consists of a protective external shell or case of encircling plicae. There is no circulatory system and no endocrine system. Many of the larvae are
1551:
Fujimoto, Shinta; Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Kimura, Taeko; Ohtsuka, Susumu; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (14 November 2020). "A new genus and species of
Loricifera (Nanaloricida: Pliciloricidae) from the deep waters of Japan".
542:
reducers, contains sulphide at a concentration of 2.9 mM. Despite such harsh conditions, this anoxic and sulphidic environment is teeming with microbial life, both chemosynthetic prokaryotes that are
522:, more than 3,000 meters down, the first multicellular organisms known to spend their entire lives in an anoxic environment. Initially, it was thought that they are able to do this because their
497:. However, the fossil record of the microscopic non-mineralized group is (perhaps unsurprisingly) scarce, so it is difficult to trace out the evolutionary history of the phylum in any detail.
921:
Gad, Gunnar (17 June 2005). "Successive reduction of the last instar larva of
Loricifera, as evidenced by two new species of Pliciloricus from the Great Meteor Seamount (Atlantic Ocean)".
538:
that, because of its density (> 1.2 g/cm), does not mix with the waters above. As a consequence, this environment is completely anoxic and, due to the activity of
352:
sediment-dwelling animals with 43 described species. and approximately 100 more that have been collected and not yet described. Their sizes range from 100 μm to
1612:
Bernhard, Joan M.; Morrison, Colin R.; Pape, Ellen; Beaudoin, David J.; Todaro, M. Antonio; Pachiadaki, Maria G.; Kormas, Konstantinos Ar.; Edgcomb, Virginia P. (2015).
824:
457:, a 2022 study again showed that it belonged to the Scalidophora and told that further, more comprehensive genetic tests will be required to find its actual position in
1268:
Peel, John S. (March 2010). "A corset-like fossil from the
Cambrian Sirius Passet lagerstätte of North Greenland and its implications for cycloneuralian evolution".
861:"New records on the rich loriciferan fauna of Trezen ar Skoden (Roscoff, France): Description of two new species of Nanaloricus and the new genus Scutiloricus"
3405:
40:
4177:
3997:
399:
453:
on the introvert, flosculi, and two rings of introvert retracts. However, despite a 2015 study showing the phylum's closest relatives being the
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666:
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1381:
957:
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1659:
Danovaro, Roberto; Dell'Anno, Antonio; Pusceddu, Antonio; Gambi, Cristina; Heiner, Iben; Kristensen, Reinhardt
Mobjerg (2010).
369:
and their habitat is in the spaces between marine gravel to which they attach themselves. The phylum was discovered in 1983 by
1169:"Discovery of new fossil from half billion years ago sheds light on life on Earth: Scientists find 'unfossilizable' creature"
1152:
1112:
4195:
4015:
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1055:
530:, allowing them to respire anaerobically. However, by 2021, questions arose as to whether or not they have mitochondria.
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58:
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1862:
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4203:
1941:
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1914:
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Heiner, Iben; Sorensen, Martin
Vinther; Kristensen, Reinhardt Mobjerg (2004). "Loricifera (Girdle Wearers)".
1330:
487:
The loriciferans are believed to be miniaturized descendants of a larger organism, perhaps resembling the
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3104:
179:
4247:
4074:
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3248:
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1190:"Phylogenetic position of Loricifera inferred from nearly complete 18S and 28S rRNA gene sequences"
166:
3333:
1946:
1785:
1270:
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822:(27 April 2009) . "Loricifera, a new phylum with Aschelminthes characters from the meiobenthos".
1323:"Exceptionally preserved Cambrian loriciferans and the early animal invasion of the meiobenthos"
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4051:
3885:
3097:
1818:
514:
Three species of
Loricifera have been found in the oxygen-free sediments at the bottom of the
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3561:
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1909:
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1004:
407:
398:, and some remaining acoelomate. Development is generally direct, though there are so-called
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8:
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sp. nov. (Loricifera -Pliciloricidae) and a ghost-larva with paedogenetic reproduction".
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1614:"Metazoans of redoxcline sediments in Mediterranean deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins"
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Cardoso Neves, Ricardo; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg; Møbjerg, Nadja (5 May 2021).
36:
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1786:"Discovery of new fossil from half billion years ago sheds light on life on Earth"
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885:
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415:
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449:. The three phyla share four characters in common – chitinous cuticle, rings of
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3313:
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308:
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958:"Preliminary account of the Loriciferan fauna of the Faroe Bank (NE Atlantic)"
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3581:
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3166:
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1215:
1173:
1132:. Vol. 1. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. pp. 343–350.
845:
758:
Peel, John S.; Stein, Martin; Kristensen, Reinhardt Møbjerg (9 August 2013).
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1398:
Fang, Janet (8 April 2010). "Animals thrive without oxygen at sea bottom".
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1078:
1069:
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805:
636:
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586:
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446:
411:
402:, which differ from adults in several respects. As adults, the animals are
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2002:
1987:
1778:(Press release). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 28 January 2016.
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Yamasaki, Hiroshi; Fujimoto, Shinta; Miyazaki, Katsumi (30 June 2015).
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Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard S.; Barnes, Robert D., eds. (2004).
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2015:
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1002:(Loricifera, Pliciloricidae) from the Faroe Bank, North Atlantic".
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502:
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129:
124:
109:
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94:
1658:
760:"Life Cycle and Morphology of a Cambrian Stem-Lineage Loriciferan"
433:
Morphological studies have traditionally placed the phylum in the
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3429:
3366:
3001:
2977:
2969:
2906:
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2496:
2421:
1453:"Briny deep basin may be home to animals thriving without oxygen"
1321:
Harvey, Thomas H.P.; Butterfield, Nicholas J. (30 January 2017).
539:
374:
144:
119:
1051:"An introduction to Loricifera, Cycliophora, and Micrognathozoa"
3682:
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1980:
1967:
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378:
345:
201:
1121:
858:
4156:
3963:
3591:
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1550:
1444:
535:
331:
1611:
1500:"Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche"
852:
3629:
3121:
1661:"The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions"
1544:
825:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
365:
They are characterised by a protective outer case called a
1708:"There is one animal that seems to survive without oxygen"
3119:
1711:
1090:
1088:
751:
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1127:
989:
987:
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962:
Annales Societatis Scientiatum Færoensis Supplementum
757:
31:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
1484:
1240:
1096:
1320:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
4262:
3406:Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms
1161:
1094:
993:
1498:Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (6 April 2010).
998:(18 March 2005). "Two new species of the genus
474:adapted to an anoxic environment (stained with
1142:
1032:
812:
3105:
1819:
1497:
506:may shed some light on the group's history.
2206:
1145:Gastrotricha, Cycloneuralia, and Gnathifera
601:Heiner, Boesgaard & Kristensen, 2009
3112:
3098:
2180:
1826:
1812:
1705:
1045:
949:
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914:
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1068:
894:
884:
795:
785:
509:
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
43:, without removing the technical details.
2240:
2164:Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)
2112:
671:Fujimoto, Yamasaki, Kimura et al., 2020
463:
3137:
1965:
1833:
911:
482:
4263:
3365:
2158:Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)
2128:Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)
1720:
1706:Fox-Skelly, Jasmin (25 January 2017).
1471:
1450:
955:
691:Heiner & Møbjerg Kristensen, 2009
679:Heiner & Møbjerg Kristensen, 2009
547:, and a broad diversity of eukaryotic
3884:
3883:
3093:
2099:
1807:
1766:"The Brush Heads (Phylum Loricifera)"
1763:
422:
41:make it understandable to non-experts
4039:cf2b8ec8-33af-4fc6-9969-5d9e90483b30
2429:Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)
1776:"Can animals thrive without oxygen?"
1397:
1387:from the original on 9 October 2022.
1267:
348:of very small to microscopic marine
15:
1257:https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2021-107
1056:Integrative and Comparative Biology
920:
500:The 2017 discovery of the Cambrian
71:Phylum of tiny marine invertebrates
13:
2463:
2269:
2026:Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)
1593:
1130:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
838:10.1111/j.1439-0469.1983.tb00285.x
14:
4292:
4281:Extant Cambrian first appearances
1249:Journal of the Geological Society
651:Higgins & Kristensen, 1986
3070:Phyla with ≥1000 extant species
1598:
1143:Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (2013).
641:Higgins & Kristensen 1986
178:
87:
20:
1136:
712:Harvey & Butterfield, 2017
629:Higgins & Kristensen, 1986
429:List of bilateral animal orders
414:stages with different forms of
2257:Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)
1764:Ramel, Gordon (2 March 2020).
1451:Milius, Susan (9 April 2010).
1177:(Press release). January 2017.
410:of pliciloricids include also
1:
2100:
1472:Snyder, Alison (6 May 2021).
745:
591:Kristensen & Gad, 2004
384:
2869:Echinozoans inc. sea urchins
1727:Systematics and Biodiversity
1331:Nature Ecology and Evolution
886:10.1371/journal.pone.0250403
787:10.1371/journal.pone.0073583
7:
2926:Chelicerates inc. arachnids
2666:Phoronida (horseshoe worms)
2481:Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
2392:Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)
2281:Loricifera (corset animals)
406:. Very complex and plastic
10:
4297:
2816:Medusozoans inc. jellyfish
2562:Annelida (segmented worms)
2387:Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
2303:Onychophora (velvet worms)
1576:10.1007/s12526-020-01130-3
468:Light microscopy image of
426:
4085:
3892:
3855:
3673:
3590:
3542:
3427:
3418:
3361:
3133:
3129:
3124:phyla/divisions by domain
3066:
2864:Asterozoans inc. starfish
2766:
2759:
2710:
2661:Brachiopoda (lamp shells)
2651:
2642:Ectoprocta (moss animals)
2626:
2617:
2602:
2593:
2578:
2571:
2547:
2536:
2495:
2487:Gastrotricha (hairybacks)
2470:
2459:
2448:
2400:
2382:
2369:
2358:
2311:
2298:
2289:
2276:
2265:
2233:
2216:Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)
2202:
2191:
2176:
2152:
2143:
2123:
2108:
2095:
2060:
2035:
2011:
1996:
1988:Ctenophora (comb jellies)
1976:
1961:
1845:
1747:10.1017/S147720000800265X
1631:10.1186/s12915-015-0213-6
1207:10.1186/s40851-015-0017-0
1026:10.1016/j.jcz.2004.05.002
968:: 213–219. Archived from
943:10.1016/j.jcz.2004.09.001
394:, with some adults being
298:
293:
175:Scientific classification
173:
164:
155:
78:
2422:Rotifera (wheel animals)
2221:Priapulida (penis worms)
1103:(7th ed.). p.
167:Pliciloricus enigmaticus
3334:Thermodesulfobacteriota
2636:Entoprocta or Kamptozoa
2608:Nemertea (ribbon worms)
2329:Tardigrada (waterbears)
2322:Arthropoda (arthropods)
1352:10.1038/s41559-016-0022
1271:Journal of Paleontology
558:
2811:Anthozoans inc. corals
2510:Dicyemida or Rhombozoa
1721:Heiner, Iben (2008). "
1678:10.1186/1741-7007-8-30
1519:10.1186/1741-7007-8-32
510:In anoxic environments
503:Eolorica deadwoodensis
479:
478:). Scale bar is 50 μm.
445:constitutes the taxon
340:, corselet (armour) +
85:Middle Cambrian–Recent
4047:Paleobiology Database
3562:Neocallimastigomycota
2941:Hexapods inc. insects
2251:Nematoda (roundworms)
1005:Zoologischer Anzeiger
956:Heiner, Iben (2005).
923:Zoologischer Anzeiger
467:
3227:Coprothermobacterota
2134:Chordata (chordates)
1474:"Something wondrous"
1099:Invertebrate Zoology
1070:10.1093/icb/42.3.641
483:Evolutionary history
471:Spinoloricus cinziae
2584:Mollusca (molluscs)
2069:of the animal root
1739:2008SyBio...6..225H
1723:Rugiloricus bacatus
1568:2020MarBd..50..103F
1555:Marine Biodiversity
1414:2010Natur.464..825F
1344:2017NatEE...1...22H
1284:2010JPal...84..332P
1018:2005ZooAn.243..121H
972:on 27 December 2016
935:2005ZooAn.243..239G
877:2021PLoSO..1650403N
778:2013PLoSO...873583P
581:Kristensen, 1983
3557:Blastocladiomycota
2797:Calcareous sponges
1982:Porifera (sponges)
1194:Zoological Letters
480:
423:Taxonomic affinity
4258:
4257:
4230:Open Tree of Life
3886:Taxon identifiers
3877:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3851:
3850:
3414:
3413:
3357:
3356:
3349:Verrucomicrobiota
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2755:
2754:
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2702:
2701:
2698:
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2678:
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2051:
1292:10.1666/09-102R.1
1154:978-3-11-021938-8
1114:978-0-03-025982-1
736:
724:
723:Maas et al. 2009
713:
700:
692:
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582:
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545:primary producers
520:Mediterranean Sea
325:
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69:
68:
61:
4288:
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4250:
4238:
4237:
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4212:
4211:
4209:NHMSYS0000315889
4199:
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4185:
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4159:
4147:
4146:
4134:
4133:
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3953:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3881:
3880:
3625:Anthocerotophyta
3504:Hemimastigophora
3425:
3424:
3396:Nitrososphaerota
3363:
3362:
3339:Thermomicrobiota
3279:Kiritimatiellota
3274:Ignavibacteriota
3239:Deferribacterota
3202:Campylobacterota
3187:Bdellovibrionota
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3091:
3090:
2768:
2767:
2724:
2624:
2623:
2600:
2599:
2576:
2575:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2296:
2295:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2238:
2237:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2150:
2149:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2074:
2009:
2008:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1874:
1854:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1769:
1758:
1715:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1603:Data related to
1602:
1588:
1587:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1495:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1363:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1265:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1209:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1102:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1072:
1047:Kristensen, R.M.
1043:
1030:
1029:
996:Kristensen, R.M.
991:
982:
981:
979:
977:
953:
947:
946:
918:
909:
908:
898:
888:
856:
850:
849:
820:Kristensen, R.M.
816:
810:
809:
799:
789:
755:
734:
722:
711:
699:(unclassified)
698:
690:
678:
670:
660:
650:
640:
628:
627:Pliciloricidae
620:
610:
600:
590:
580:
565:
516:L'Atalante basin
441:; this plus the
361:
359:
344:, to bear) is a
318:
311:
304:
284:
183:
182:
160:
149:
86:
82:Temporal range:
76:
75:
64:
57:
53:
50:
44:
24:
23:
16:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4276:Ecdysozoa phyla
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4246:
4241:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4129:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4081:
4073:
4068:
4060:
4058:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4035:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3957:
3949:
3944:
3936:
3931:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3888:
3878:
3869:
3847:
3798:Gnathostomulida
3703:Xenacoelomorpha
3669:
3665:Flowering plant
3620:Marchantiophyta
3586:
3552:Chytridiomycota
3538:
3410:
3353:
3309:Planctomycetota
3269:Gemmatimonadota
3254:Elusimicrobiota
3147:Acidobacteriota
3125:
3118:
3088:
3083:
3058:
2984:Phylactolaemata
2772:
2762:
2761:
2747:
2738:Xenambulacraria
2714:
2670:
2647:
2613:
2595:Kryptotrochozoa
2589:
2567:
2537:
2524:
2515:Monoblastozoa (
2491:
2449:
2436:
2408:Micrognathozoa
2396:
2359:
2334:
2307:
2285:
2261:
2225:
2192:
2181:
2168:
2139:
2113:
2104:
2087:
2064:
2048:
2031:
2000:
1992:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1872:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1774:
1607:at Wikispecies
1596:
1594:Further reading
1591:
1549:
1545:
1496:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1449:
1445:
1422:10.1038/464825b
1396:
1392:
1384:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1266:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1186:
1182:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1147:. p. 362.
1141:
1137:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1093:
1086:
1044:
1033:
992:
985:
975:
973:
954:
950:
919:
912:
871:(5): e0250403.
857:
853:
817:
813:
756:
752:
748:
742:
739:
695:
677:Urnaloricidae
675:
625:
607:Phoeniciloricus
564:Nanaloricidae
561:
512:
485:
431:
425:
416:parthenogenetic
396:pseudocoelomate
387:
371:R.M. Kristensen
357:
353:
283:
177:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
84:
83:
80:
72:
65:
54:
48:
45:
37:help improve it
34:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4239:
4226:
4213:
4200:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4135:
4122:
4107:
4091:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4066:
4056:
4043:
4033:
4020:
4007:
3994:
3981:
3968:
3955:
3942:
3929:
3914:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3861:
3858:Incertae sedis
3853:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3803:Micrognathozoa
3800:
3795:
3793:Acanthocephala
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3679:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Lycopodiophyta
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3449:Ancyromonadida
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3401:Thermoproteota
3398:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:Pseudomonadota
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3289:Mycoplasmatota
3286:
3284:Lentisphaerota
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Fusobacteriota
3261:
3259:Fibrobacterota
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Armatimonadota
3159:
3154:
3152:Actinomycetota
3149:
3143:
3141:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3094:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2949:Platyhelminths
2945:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2776:
2774:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2743:Centroneuralia
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2548:
2542:
2539:Lophotrochozoa
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2454:
2451:Platytrochozoa
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2413:
2410:(Limnognathia)
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2364:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2106:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:(Triploblasts)
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2020:and relatives)
2012:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1971:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:Mesomycetozoea
1944:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1883:Diaphoretickes
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1717:
1716:
1702:
1701:
1655:
1654:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1543:
1483:
1464:
1443:
1390:
1313:
1278:(2): 332–340.
1260:
1239:
1180:
1160:
1153:
1135:
1120:
1113:
1084:
1063:(3): 641–651.
1031:
1012:(3): 121–138.
994:Heiner, Iben;
983:
948:
929:(4): 239–271.
910:
851:
832:(3): 163–180.
811:
749:
747:
744:
740:
738:
737:
725:
719:Orstenoloricus
714:
702:
701:
697:Extinct taxa
694:
693:
682:
681:
674:
673:
663:
653:
643:
632:
631:
624:
623:
613:
603:
593:
583:
572:
571:
560:
557:
528:hydrogenosomes
511:
508:
484:
481:
424:
421:
400:Higgins larvae
386:
383:
350:cycloneuralian
323:
322:
321:
320:
313:
309:Pliciloricidae
306:
296:
295:
291:
290:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:
258:
254:
253:
248:
241:
240:
235:
228:
227:
222:
215:
214:
209:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
171:
170:
162:
161:
153:
152:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
81:
70:
67:
66:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4293:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3582:Basidiomycota
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Glomeromycota
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Stramenopiles
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:Apusomonadida
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3390:Nanoarchaeota
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:Euryarchaeota
3373:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Spirochaetota
3322:
3320:
3319:Rhodothermota
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3249:Dictyoglomota
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:Cyanobacteria
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Chrysiogenota
3220:
3218:
3217:Chloroflexota
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:Calditrichota
3195:
3193:
3192:Caldisericota
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Atribacterota
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3079:
3078:dubious phyla
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:Hemichordates
2874:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:Glass sponges
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Deuterostomia
2731:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2719:of Bilateria
2718:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2552:Cycliophora (
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2447:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Panarthropoda
2288:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Stramenopiles
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1873:(major groups
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:(2): 225–47.
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1710:. BBC Earth.
1709:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:Axios Science
1475:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:(7290): 825.
1407:
1403:
1402:
1394:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1174:Science Daily
1170:
1164:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1049:(July 2002).
1048:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
917:
915:
907:. id 10.1371.
906:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:
821:
815:
807:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
772:(8): e73583.
771:
767:
766:
761:
754:
750:
743:
732:
731:
726:
721:
720:
715:
710:
709:
704:
703:
696:
689:
688:
684:
683:
676:
669:
668:
664:
659:
658:
657:Titaniloricus
654:
649:
648:
644:
639:
638:
634:
633:
626:
621:Heiner, 2007
619:
618:
614:
609:
608:
604:
599:
598:
597:Australoricus
594:
589:
588:
584:
579:
578:
574:
573:
568:
563:
562:
556:
554:
553:trophic level
550:
546:
541:
537:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
507:
505:
504:
498:
496:
495:
490:
477:
473:
472:
466:
462:
460:
456:
455:Panarthropoda
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Vinctiplicata
430:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
317:
316:Urnaloricidae
314:
310:
307:
303:
302:Nanaloricidae
300:
299:
297:
292:
287:
282:
279:
276:
275:
272:
269:
267:Superphylum:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
181:
176:
172:
169:
168:
163:
159:
154:
150:(total group)
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
77:
74:
63:
60:
52:
42:
38:
32:
29:This article
27:
18:
17:
4131:Nanaloricida
4117:Nanaloricida
4087:Nanaloricida
4086:
3893:
3864:
3856:
3778:Orthonectida
3773:Gastrotricha
3748:Nematomorpha
3732:
3723:Chaetognatha
3713:Hemichordate
3640:Pteridophyta
3509:Malawimonada
3383:Korarchaeota
3344:Thermotogota
3329:Synergistota
3304:Nitrospirota
3299:Nitrospinota
3244:Deinococcota
3177:Bacteroidota
3076:Potentially
3071:
3024:
3000:
2994:Gymnolaemata
2989:Stenolaemata
2978:Ectoproctans
2976:
2947:
2918:
2894:
2888:Pterobranchs
2875:
2851:
2827:
2803:
2779:
2773:within phyla
2771:Major groups
2641:
2628:Bryozoa s.l.
2619:Lophophorata
2607:
2583:
2561:
2553:
2516:
2505:Orthonectida
2480:
2427:
2420:
2409:
2328:
2321:
2280:
2250:
2208:Scalidophora
2157:
2145:Ambulacraria
2132:
2045:(see below↓)
2025:
2017:
1981:
1932:Opisthokonta
1793:. Retrieved
1790:Science News
1789:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1668:
1664:
1621:
1617:
1597:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1509:
1503:
1477:
1467:
1458:Science News
1456:
1446:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1335:
1329:
1316:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1172:
1163:
1144:
1138:
1129:
1123:
1098:
1060:
1054:
1009:
1003:
1000:Pliciloricus
999:
974:. Retrieved
970:the original
965:
961:
951:
926:
922:
868:
864:
854:
829:
823:
814:
769:
763:
753:
741:
728:
717:
706:
685:
665:
661:Gad, 2005
655:
645:
637:Pliciloricus
635:
617:Spinoloricus
615:
611:Gad, 2004
605:
595:
587:Armorloricus
585:
575:
551:at the next
549:heterotrophs
532:
524:mitochondria
513:
501:
499:
492:
486:
469:
447:Scalidophora
432:
412:paedogenetic
388:
364:
354:
341:
335:
327:
326:
280:
257:(unranked):
244:
231:
218:
208:Subkingdom:
165:
73:
55:
46:
30:
4111:Wikispecies
3985:iNaturalist
3918:Wikispecies
3833:Brachiopoda
3808:Cycliophora
3753:Onychophora
3728:Kinorhyncha
3650:Ginkgophyta
3645:Cycadophyta
3610:Chlorophyta
3600:Glaucophyta
3294:Myxococcota
3212:Chlorobiota
3207:Chlamydiota
3052:Tusk shells
3037:Cephalopods
3008:Polychaetes
2955:Turbellaria
2936:Crustaceans
2912:Secernentea
2902:Chromadorea
2883:Acorn worms
2853:Echinoderms
2845:Vertebrates
2787:Demosponges
2721:is disputed
2183:Protostomia
2071:is disputed
1998:ParaHoxozoa
1665:BMC Biology
1618:BMC Biology
1505:BMC Biology
1338:(3): 0022.
976:26 December
735:Peel, 2010
687:Urnaloricus
667:Wataloricus
647:Rugiloricus
577:Nanaloricus
476:Rose Bengal
443:Kinorhyncha
408:life cycles
261:Protostomia
225:ParaHoxozoa
4271:Loricifera
4265:Categories
3951:Loricifera
3938:Loricifera
3924:Loricifera
3894:Loricifera
3866:Parakaryon
3828:Entoprocta
3763:Arthropoda
3758:Tardigrada
3738:Priapulida
3733:Loricifera
3718:Echinoderm
3688:Ctenophora
3660:Gnetophyta
3615:Charophyta
3605:Rhodophyta
3577:Ascomycota
3572:Zygomycota
3514:Metamonada
3489:Euglenozoa
3474:Ciliophora
3182:Balneolota
3157:Aquificota
3032:Gastropods
3013:Clitellata
2920:Arthropods
2859:Sea lilies
2805:Cnidarians
2723:; see also
2653:Brachiozoa
2416:Syndermata
2375:Gnathifera
2073:; see also
2018:Trichoplax
2016:Placozoa (
2003:Planulozoa
1605:Loricifera
1562:(6): 103.
1361:2381/38658
746:References
730:Sirilorica
567:Kristensen
494:Sirilorica
439:Priapulida
427:See also:
404:gonochoric
392:acoelomate
385:Morphology
328:Loricifera
286:Kristensen
281:Loricifera
79:Loricifera
49:April 2022
4102:Q10594261
3783:Dicyemida
3655:Pinophyta
3534:Telonemia
3469:Cryptista
3459:Breviatea
3444:Amoebozoa
3439:Alveolata
3420:Eukaryote
3172:Bacillota
3018:Sipuncula
2965:Monogenea
2960:Trematoda
2931:Myriapods
2896:Nematodes
2840:Tunicates
2835:Lancelets
2829:Chordates
2821:Myxozoans
2728:Nephrozoa
2717:phylogeny
2517:Salinella
2472:Rouphozoa
2313:Tactopoda
2242:Nematoida
2194:Ecdysozoa
2115:Bilateria
2102:Bilateria
2083:Benthozoa
2078:Eumetazoa
2067:phylogeny
2037:Bilateria
1927:Amoebozoa
1905:Alveolata
1893:Cryptista
1868:Eukaryota
1584:228866331
1216:2056-306X
846:0947-5745
526:act like
459:Ecdysozoa
437:with the
294:Families
271:Ecdysozoa
251:Nephrozoa
238:Bilateria
212:Eumetazoa
198:Kingdom:
192:Eukaryota
4096:Wikidata
3903:Wikidata
3843:Annelida
3838:Mollusca
3818:Phoronid
3813:Nemertea
3788:Rotifera
3768:Flatworm
3743:Nematoda
3708:Chordate
3698:Cnidaria
3693:Placozoa
3524:Rhizaria
3499:Haptista
3479:Cercozoa
3139:Bacteria
3042:Bivalves
3026:Molluscs
3002:Annelids
2361:Spiralia
1968:Animalia
1922:Amorphea
1900:Rhizaria
1888:Hacrobia
1878:Excavata
1863:Bacteria
1795:19 April
1755:85855659
1697:20370908
1650:26652623
1538:20370917
1430:20376121
1382:Archived
1378:22874770
1370:28812727
1308:86256781
1300:40605520
1234:26605063
1079:21708760
905:33951070
865:PLOS ONE
806:23991198
765:PLoS ONE
708:Eolorica
489:Cambrian
277:Phylum:
202:Animalia
188:Domain:
3977:5967457
3823:Bryozoa
3519:Provora
3494:Jakobea
3484:Discoba
3430:Protist
3367:Archaea
3120:Extant
3047:Chitons
2970:Cestoda
2907:Enoplea
2781:Sponges
2554:Symbion
2497:Mesozoa
1937:Animals
1858:Archaea
1834:Extant
1735:Bibcode
1688:2907586
1641:4676161
1624:: 105.
1564:Bibcode
1529:2859860
1438:4340458
1410:Bibcode
1340:Bibcode
1280:Bibcode
1225:4657359
1014:Bibcode
931:Bibcode
896:8099068
873:Bibcode
797:3749095
774:Bibcode
569:, 1983
540:sulfate
491:fossil
451:scalids
375:Roscoff
373:, near
358:
35:Please
4248:101066
4222:549179
4196:722175
4075:101061
4062:230485
4059:uBio:
4036:NZOR:
4029:310840
4016:202425
3990:151833
3683:Sponge
3675:Animal
3072:bolded
1915:Plants
1852:Domain
1836:animal
1753:
1695:
1685:
1671:: 30.
1648:
1638:
1582:
1536:
1526:
1512:: 32.
1436:
1428:
1401:Nature
1376:
1368:
1306:
1298:
1232:
1222:
1214:
1200:: 18.
1151:
1111:
1077:
903:
893:
844:
804:
794:
379:France
367:lorica
346:phylum
337:lorica
330:(from
288:, 1983
4243:WoRMS
4235:97659
4183:12226
4178:IRMNG
4144:7NFCL
4070:WoRMS
4052:67129
3998:IRMNG
3909:Q5183
3592:Plant
3544:Fungi
3464:CRuMs
2234:N+L+P
1942:Fungi
1839:phyla
1751:S2CID
1580:S2CID
1434:S2CID
1385:(PDF)
1374:S2CID
1326:(PDF)
1304:S2CID
1296:JSTOR
1255:(4).
536:brine
342:ferre
332:Latin
245:Clade
232:Clade
219:Clade
4217:NCBI
4191:ITIS
4165:GBIF
4157:1538
4024:NCBI
4011:ITIS
3972:GBIF
3964:1537
3630:Moss
3122:life
2715:The
2065:The
1797:2017
1693:PMID
1646:PMID
1534:PMID
1426:PMID
1366:PMID
1230:PMID
1212:ISSN
1149:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1075:PMID
978:2016
901:PMID
842:ISSN
802:PMID
559:Taxa
360:1 mm
90:PreꞒ
4204:NBN
4170:836
4152:EoL
4139:CoL
4126:AFD
4003:172
3959:EoL
3946:AFD
3933:ADW
2572:M+K
2464:R+M
2401:M+S
2270:L+P
1743:doi
1712:BBC
1683:PMC
1673:doi
1636:PMC
1626:doi
1572:doi
1524:PMC
1514:doi
1418:doi
1406:464
1356:hdl
1348:doi
1288:doi
1253:179
1220:PMC
1202:doi
1105:776
1065:doi
1022:doi
1010:243
939:doi
927:243
891:PMC
881:doi
834:doi
792:PMC
782:doi
518:in
355:ca.
39:to
4267::
4245::
4232::
4219::
4206::
4193::
4180::
4167::
4154::
4141::
4128::
4113::
4098::
4072::
4049::
4026::
4013::
4000::
3987::
3974::
3961::
3948::
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