Eco-socialism - Knowledge

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Polanyi, along with Marx, O'Connor argues that capitalism necessarily undermines the "conditions of production" necessary to sustain the endless accumulation of capital. These conditions of production include soil, water, energy, and so forth. But they also include an adequate public education system, transportation infrastructures, and other services that are not produced directly by capital, but which capital needs in order accumulate effectively. As the conditions of production are exhausted, the costs of production for capital increase. For this reason, the second contradiction generates an underproduction crisis tendency, with the rising cost of inputs and labor, to complement the overproduction tendency of too many commodities for too few customers. Like Marx's contradiction of capital and labor, the second contradiction therefore threatens the system's existence.

4457:, who advocates increasing consumption levels under socialism, which, for Kovel, contradicts any notion of natural limits. He also criticises McNally's belief in releasing the "positive side of capital's self-expansion" after the emancipation of labor; instead, Kovel argues that a socialist society would "seek not to become larger" but would rather become "more realized", choosing sufficiency and eschewing economic growth. Kovel further adds that the socialist movement was historically conditioned by its origins in the era of industrialization so that, when modern socialists like McNally advocate a socialism that "cannot be at the expense of the range of human satisfaction", they fail "to recognize that these satisfactions can be problematic with respect to nature when they have been historically shaped by the domination of nature". 135: 4482:' movement in which workers refuse to participate in projects that are ecologically harmful. Similarly, Kovel and Hans A. Baer focus on working-class involvement in the formation of new eco-socialist parties or their increased involvement in existing Green Parties; however, he believes that, unlike many other forms of socialist analysis, "there is no privileged agent" or revolutionary class, and that there is potential for agency in numerous autonomous, grassroots individuals and groups who can build "prefigurative" projects for non-violent radical social change. He defines "prefiguration" as "the potential for the given to contain the lineaments of what is to be", meaning that "a moment toward the future exists embedded in every point of the social organism where a need arises". 3975: 4444:"superman" who would "learn how to move rivers and mountains". Kovel believes that, in Stalin's "revolution from above" and mass terror in response to the early 1930s economic crisis, Trotsky's writings "were given official imprimatur", despite the fact that Trotsky himself was eventually purged, as Stalinism attacked "the very notion of ecology... in addition to ecologies". Kovel adds that Stalin "would win the gold medal for enmity to nature", and that, in the face of massive environmental degradation, the inflexible Soviet bureaucracy became increasingly inefficient and unable to emulate capitalist accumulation, leading to a "vicious cycle" that led to its collapse. 4059:

squandering of scarce resources, the needless reproduction of effort, and cultural impoverishment". While he feels that small-scale production units are "an essential part of the path towards an ecological society", he sees them not as "an end in itself"; in his view, small enterprises can be either capitalist or socialist in their configuration and therefore must be "consistently anti-capitalist", through recognition and support of the emancipation of labour, and exist "in a dialectic with the whole of things", as human society will need large-scale projects, such as transport infrastructures.

3138: 4089:, eco-socialists and deep ecologists hold markedly opposite views. Eco-socialists like Kovel have attacked deep ecology because, like other forms of Green politics and green economics, it features "virtuous souls" who have "no internal connection with the critique of capitalism and the emancipation of labor". Kovel is particularly scathing about deep ecology and its "fatuous pronouncement" that Green politics is "neither left nor right, but ahead", which for him ignores the notion that "that which does not confront the system becomes its instrument". 174: 3121: 3319:(EIN) would be made and an inaugural meeting of the International occurred on 7 October 2007 in Paris. The meeting attracted "more than 60 activists from Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States" and elected a steering committee featuring representatives from Britain, the United States, Canada, France, Greece, Argentina, Brazil and Australia, including Joel Kovel, Michael Löwy, Derek Wall, Ian Angus (editor of 4229:, which is "necessary" but "not sufficient" because "it leaves unspoken the question of building an ecological society beyond capital". Furthermore, social ecologists and anarchists tend to focus on the state alone, rather than the class relations behind state domination (in the view of Marxists). Kovel fears that this is political, springing from historical hostility to Marxism among anarchists, and sectarianism, which he points out as a fault of the "brilliant" but "dogmatic" founder of social ecology, 2660:" between man and nature, his statement that "private ownership of the globe by single individuals will appear quite absurd as private ownership of one man by another" and his observation that a society must "hand it down to succeeding generations in an improved condition". Nonetheless, other eco-socialists feel that Marx overlooked a "recognition of nature in and for itself", ignoring its "receptivity" and treating nature as "subjected to labor from the start" in an "essentially active relationship". 3934:, which require large amounts of energy to split molecules to obtain hydrogen. Furthermore, Kovel notes that "events in nature are reciprocal and multi-determined" and can therefore not be predictably "fixed"; socially, technologies cannot solve social problems because they are not "mechanical". He posits an eco-socialist analysis, developed from Marx, that patterns of production and social organisation are more important than the forms of technology used within a given configuration of society. 5436: 12915: 2303: 5151:"started much earlier" than capitalism and suggests that eco-socialism neglects the fact that an ecological society will need to transcend the destructiveness found in "all large-scale societies", the very tendency that Kovel himself attacks among capitalists and traditional leftists who attempt to reduce nature to "linear" human models. Johns questions whether non-hierarchical social systems can provide for billions of people, and criticises eco-socialists for neglecting issues of 5016:"prior development of the democratic sphere" within the movement, because "to the degree that people are capable of self-government, so will they turn away from violence and retribution" for "a self-governed people cannot be pushed around by any alien government". In Kovel's view, it is essential that the revolution "takes place in" or spreads quickly to the United States, which "is capital's gendarme and will crush any serious threat", and that revolutionaries reject the 4242: 12878: 4222:, eco-socialists still see themselves as distinct. Kovel believes this is because social ecologists see hierarchy "in-itself" as the cause of ecological destruction, whereas eco-socialists focus on the gender and class domination embodied in capitalism and recognise that forms of authority that are not "an expropriation of human power for ... self-aggrandizement", such as a student-teacher relationship that is "reciprocal and mutual", are beneficial. 4499:

justifies this by stating that "radical criticism of the given... can be a material force", even without an alternative, "because it can seize the mind of the masses of people", leading to "dynamic" and "exponential", rather than "incremental" and "linear", victories that spread rapidly. Following this, he advocates the expansion of the dialectical eco-socialist potential of groups through sustaining the confrontation and internal cohesion of

2731: 857: 4679: 3736: 45: 4983:, they must hand it down to succeeding generations in an improved condition". Kovel and others have taken on this reading, asserting that, in an eco-socialist society, "everyone will have ... rights of use and ownership over those means of production necessary to express the creativity of human nature", namely "a place of one's own" to decorate to personal taste, some personal possessions, the body and its attendant sexual and 2790: 12927: 12903: 5450: 2315: 2286: 3024: 12890: 3454:

effectively swept away measures which had inhibited capital's aggressivity, replacing them with naked exploitation of humanity and nature." For Kovel, this "tearing down of boundaries and limits to accumulation is known as globalization", which was "a deliberate response to a serious accumulation crisis (in the 1970s) that had convinced the leaders of the global economy to install what we know as neoliberalism."

3279:, a British current affairs magazine). Yue stated in an interview that, while he often finds eco-socialist theory "too idealistic" and lacking "ways of solving actual problems", he believes that it provides "political reference for China's scientific view of development", "gives socialist ideology room to expand" and offers "a theoretical basis for the establishment of fair international rules" on the 4798:

and assets", convene "in widespread locations", and send delegates to regional, state, national and international organisations, where every level has an "executive council" that is rotated and can be recalled. From there, he asserts that "productive communities" will "form the political as well as economic unit of society" and "organize others" to make a transition to eco-socialist production.

9700: 4823:("breaking down the function of money as commodity, and redirecting funds on use-values"), the cancellation of the debt of the Global South ("breaking the back of the value function" of money) and the redirecting the "vast reservoir of mainly phony value" to reparations and "ecologically sound development". He suggests the end of military aid and other forms of support to " 4337: 4051:, for advocating "no more than a very halting and isolated first step". He thinks that their principles are "only partially realizable within the institutions of cooperatives in capitalist society" because "the internal cooperation" of cooperatives is "forever hemmed in and compromised" by the need to expand value and compete within the market. Marx also believed that 3563:, goods are not produced to meet needs but are produced to be exchanged for money that we then use to acquire other goods; as we have to keep selling in order to keep buying, we must persuade others to buy our goods just to ensure our survival, which leads to the production of goods with no previous use that can be sold to sustain our ability to buy other goods. 5117:" with eco-socialism. Like many conservative critics, Smith uses the term 'eco-socialism' to attack non-socialist environmentalists for advocating restrictions on the market-based solutions to ecological problems. He nevertheless wrongly claims that eco-socialists endorse "the Malthusian view of the relationship between man and nature", and states that 4894:

build "socially developed plans" of production for societal needs, such as efficient light-rail transport components. At the same time, Kovel argues for the transformation of essential but, under capitalism, non-productive labour, such as child care, into productive labour, "thereby giving reproductive labour a status equivalent to productive labour".

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environment is a source of communal wealth and such issues are a question of survival. Nonetheless, other eco-socialists, such as Wall, have also pointed out that capitalism disproportionately affects the poorest in the Global North as well, leading to examples of resistance such as the environmental justice movement in the US and groups like MOVE.

4073:— while Daly offers a critique of capitalism and a desire for "workers ownership", he only believes in workers ownership "kept firmly within a capitalist market", ignoring the eco-socialist desire for struggle in the emancipation of labour and hoping that the interests of labour and management today can be improved so that they are "in harmony". 4320:", despite "the failings of its twentieth century interpretations", because it "still stands for the supersession of capital" and thus "the name, and the reality" must "become adequate for this time". Eco-socialists have nonetheless often diverged with other Marxist movements. Eco-socialism has also been partly influenced by and associated with 4806:

additional "supervisory" roles over localities to monitor the development of ecosystemic integrity, and administer "society-wide services" like transport in "state-like functions", before the interim assembly can transfer responsibilities to "the level of the society as a whole through appropriate and democratically responsive committees".

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have low potential, whereas internally democratic anti-globalization "affinity groups" have a high potential through a dialectic that involves the "active bringing and holding together of negations", such as the group acting as an alternative institution ("production of an ecological/socialist alternative") and trying to shut down a

5032:, "If non-violence is not to be treated as a holy covenant or rite, then one must adopt the explicitly anti-Gandhian position of Mandela: 'I called for non-violent protest for as long as it was effective', as 'a tactic that should be abandoned when it no longer worked." Malm argues there is another phase beyond peaceful protest. 4558:. He states that these present forms of "amphibious politics", which are "half in the dirty water of the present but seeking to move on to a new, unexplored territory". Löwy also highlights acting with a post-statist view saying that eco-socialists should take inspiration from Marx's commentary on the 2845:. The book described a broad range of environmental ills but received little attention because of its political radicalism. His groundbreaking essay "Ecology and Revolutionary Thought" introduced ecology as a concept in radical politics. In 1968, he founded another group that published the influential 5023:

Although traditionally non-violent, there is growing scepticism of solely using non-violent tactics as a strategy in the eco-socialist agenda and as a way of dismantling harmful systems. Although progress has been made in the climate movement with non-violent tactics (as demonstrated by XR who pushed

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and atomization of individuals (through the "unappeasable craving" for "having and excluding others from having") under capitalism. Under eco-socialism, he therefore believes that enhancement of use-value will lead to differentiated ownership between the individual and the collective, where there are

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During such a transition, he believes that income should be guaranteed and that money will still be used under "new conditions of value... according to use and to the degree to which ecosystem integrity is developed and advanced by any particular production". Within this structure, Kovel asserts that

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In terms of trade, Kovel advocates a World People's Trade Organization (WPTO), "responsible to a confederation of popular bodies", in which "the degree of control over trade is ... proportional to involvement with production", meaning that "farmers would have a special say over food trade" and so on.

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has "bypassed" both the market and the state, and could provide "developing countries with free access to vital computer software". Furthermore, he suggests that an "open source economy" means that "the barrier between user and provider is eroded", allowing for "cooperative creativity". He links this

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If "everything has prefigurative potential", Kovel notes that forms of potential ecological production will be "scattered", and thus suggests that "the task is to free them and connect them". While all "human ecosystems" have "ecosocialist potential", Kovel points out that ones such as the World Bank

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Eco-socialists are highly critical of those Greens who favour "working within the system". While eco-socialists like Kovel recognise the ability of within-system approaches to raise awareness, and believe that "the struggle for an ecologically rational world must include a struggle for the state", he

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movements, and eco-socialist writers, like Kovel, generally believe that "violence is the rupturing of ecosystems" and is therefore "deeply contrary to ecosocialist values". Kovel believes that revolutionary movements must prepare for post-revolutionary violence from counter-revolutionary sources by

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However, Kovel sees property as "self-contradictory" because individuals emerge "in a tissue of social relations" and "nested circles", with the self at the centre and extended circles where "issues of sharing arise from early childhood on". He believes that "the full self is enhanced more by giving

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For Kovel, the main prefigurative steps "are that people ruthlessly criticize the capitalist system... and that they include in this a consistent attack on the widespread belief that there can be no alternative to it", which will then "delegitimate the system and release people into struggle". Kovel

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While many see socialism as a necessity to respond to the environmental challenges brought about by capitalism, and saw hope in the Soviet Union and other such socialist states in providing an environmental path forward, others have critiqued the history and policies of such states for their lack of

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Kovel also attacks the problems of self-sufficiency. Where Sale believes in self-sufficient regions "each developing the energy of its peculiar ecology", such as "wood in the northwest ", Kovel asks "how on earth" these can be made sufficient for regional needs, and notes the environmental damage of

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Eco-socialists are quick to assert that their focus on "production" does not mean that there will be an increase in production and labor under Eco-socialism. Kovel thinks that the emancipation of labor and the realization of use-value will allow "the spheres of work and culture to be reintegrated".

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Nonetheless, he also firmly believes in connecting these movements, stating that "ecosocialism will be international or it will be nothing" and hoping that the Ecosocialist Party can retain the autonomy of local communities while supporting them materially. With an ever-expanding party, Kovel hopes

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Like many variants of socialism and Green politics, eco-socialists recognise the importance of "the gendered bifurcation of nature" and support the emancipation of gender as it "is at the root of patriarchy and class". Nevertheless, while Kovel believes that "any path out of capitalism must also be

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argues that elected governments should abolish poverty through a citizens income scheme, regulate against social and environmental malpractice and encourage environmental good practice through state procurement. At the same time, economic and political power should be devolved as far as is possible

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Reflecting tensions within the environmental and socialist movements, there is some conflict of ideas. However, in practice a synthesis is emerging which calls for democratic regulation of industry in the interests of people and the environment, nationalisation of some key environmental industries,

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James O'Connor argues for a "second contradiction" of underproduction, to complement Marx's "first" contradiction of capital and labor. While the second contradiction is often considered a theory of environmental degradation, O'Connor's theory in fact goes much further. Building on the work of Karl

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In the course on an Eco-socialist revolution, writers like Kovel and Baer advocate a "rapid conversion to ecosocialist production" for all enterprises, followed by "restoring ecosystemic integrity to the workplace" through steps like workers ownership. He then believes that the new enterprises can

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In terms of political organisation, he advocates an "interim assembly" made up of the revolutionaries that can "devise incentives to make sure that vital functions are maintained" (such as short-term continuation of "differential remuneration" for labor), "handle the redistribution of social roles

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and other dangers to health and security. While O'Connor believes that capitalism is capable of spreading out its economic supports so widely that it can afford to destroy one ecosystem before moving onto another, he and many other eco-socialists now fear that, with the onset of globalization, the

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and arguing for the construction of "a harmonious, resource-saving and environmentally-friendly society". He also shows a knowledge of eco-socialist history, from the convergence of radical green politics and socialism and their political "red-green alliances" in the post-Soviet era. This focus on

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In Kovel's eyes, part of the eco-socialist transition is the reforming money to retain its use in "enabling exchanges" while reducing its functions as "a commodity in its own right" and "repository of value". He argues for directing money to "enhancement of use-values" through a "subsidization of

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Kovel also advises political parties attempting to "democratize the state" that there should be "dialogue but no compromise" with established political parties, and that there must be "a continual association of electoral work with movement work" to avoid "being sucked back into the system". Such

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separation of matter and consciousness, and perfectly tooled ... to the active working over of the dead, dull matter by the human hand", which led him to want to overcome Russian backwardness through rapid industrialization. This tendency was, according to Kovel, augmented by a desire to catch-up

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Eco-socialists pursue "ecological production" that, according to Kovel, goes beyond the socialist vision of the emancipation of labor to "the realization of use-values and the appropriation of intrinsic value". He envisions a form of production in which "the making of a thing becomes part of the

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These prefigurative steps go "beyond the market and the state" and base production on the enhancement of use values, leading to the internationalization of resistance communities in an 'Eco-socialist Party' or network of grassroots groups focused on non-violent, radical social transformation. An

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who believe in the self-sufficiency of "appropriate bioregional boundaries" drawn up by inhabitants of "an area", has been thoroughly critiqued by Kovel, who fears that the "vagueness" of the area will lead to conflict and further boundaries between communities. While Sale cites the bioregional

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For Kovel and other eco-socialists, community-based economics and Green localism are "a fantasy" because "strict localism belongs to the aboriginal stages of society" and would be an "ecological nightmare at present population levels" due to "heat losses from a multitude of dispersed sites, the

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Eco-socialists like Kovel use the term "Eco-socialist revolution" to describe the transition to an eco-socialist world society. In the immediate socio-political transition, he believes that four groups will emerge from the revolution, namely revolutionaries, those "whose productive activity is

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are also post-scarcity societies, and can thus imagine "the fulfillment of the social and cultural potentialities latent in a technology of abundance". The self-administration of society is now made possible by technological advancement and, when technology is used in an ecologically sensitive

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Many eco-socialists focus on a modified version of the notion of 'usufruct' to replace capitalist private property arrangements. As a legal term, usufruct refers to the legal right to use and derive profit or benefit from property that belongs to another person, as long as the property is not

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having main membership of healthcare communities as a doctor and associate membership of child-rearing communities as a father. Each locality would, in Kovel's eyes, require one community that administered the areas of jurisdiction through an elected assembly. High-level assemblies would have

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In the "Ecosocialist Manifesto" (2001), Joel Kovel and Michael Löwy suggest that capitalist expansion causes "crises of ecology" through the "rampant industrialization" and "societal breakdown" that springs "from the form of imperialism known as globalization". They believe that capitalism's

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attack the gulf between what they see as the two "varieties of environmentalism" – the environmentalism of the North, an aesthetic environmentalism that is the privilege of wealthy people who no longer have basic material concerns, and the environmentalism of the South, where people's local

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While in many ways the criticisms of eco-socialism combine the traditional criticisms of both socialism and Green politics, there are unique critiques of eco-socialism, which are largely from within the traditional socialist or Green movements themselves, along with conservative criticism.

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globalization as "part of the long struggle of the state and commercial interests to steal from those who subsist" by removing "access to the resources that sustain ordinary people across the globe". Furthermore, Kovel sees neoliberalism as "a return to the pure logic of capital" that "has

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parties, he believes, should focus on "the local rungs of the political system" first, before running national campaigns that "challenge the existing system by the elementary means of exposing its broken promises". These views on party action have been supported by other eco-socialists.

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Eco-socialists generally advocate the non-violent dismantling of capitalism and the state, focusing on collective ownership of the means of production by freely associated producers and restoration of the commons. To get to an eco-socialist society, eco-socialists advocate working-class

3442:. Wall shows that many of the world's poor have access to the means of production through "non-monetised communal means of production", such as subsistence farming, but, despite providing for need and a level of prosperity, these are not included in conventional economics measures, like 4991:

than by taking" and that eco-socialism is realized when material possessions weigh "lightly" upon the self – thus restoration of use-value allows things to be taken "concretely and sensuously" but "lightly, since things are enjoyed for themselves and not as buttresses for a shaky ego".

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through the calculation of an Ecological Price (EP) for goods. This would then be followed by a transformation of socioeconomic conditions towards ecological production, commons land and notions of usufruct (that seek to improve the common property possessed by society) to end private

4999:"distinct limits on the amount of property individuals control" and no-one can take control of resources that "would permit the alienation of means of production from another". He then hopes that the "hubris" of the notion of "ownership of the planet" will be replaced with usufruct. 2584:. Instead, eco-socialists focus on imbuing socialism with ecology while keeping the emancipatory goals of "first-epoch" socialism. Eco-socialists aim for communal ownership of the means of production by "freely associated producers" with all forms of domination eclipsed, especially 4196:

into a "forest-destroying and smoke-spewing wood-burning" city. Kovel also questions Sale's insistence on bioregions that do "not require connections with the outside, but within strict limits", and whether this precludes journeys to visit family members and other forms of travel.

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adopted a policy of proscription of other political groups in August 1991. The DSP also published a comprehensive policy resolution, "Socialism and Human Survival" in book form in 1990, with an expanded second edition in 1999 entitled "Environment, Capitalism & Socialism".

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magazine, which published that and other innovative essays on post-scarcity and on ecological technologies such as solar and wind energy, and on decentralization and miniaturization. Lecturing throughout the United States, he helped popularize the concept of ecology to the

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and Stalinism. They ground the failure of past socialist movements in "underdevelopment in the context of hostility by existing capitalist powers", which led to "the denial of internal democracy" and "emulation of capitalist productivism". Kovel believes that the forms of

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Beyond the forms of "actually existing socialism", Kovel criticises socialists in general as treating ecology "as an afterthought" and holding "a naive faith in the ecological capacities of a working-class defined by generations of capitalist production". He cites

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Such goods, in an eco-socialist analysis, produce exchange values but have no use value. Eco-socialists like Kovel stress that this contradiction has reached a destructive extent, where certain essential activities such as caring for relatives full-time and basic

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sell their stock, weakening the company and leading to cost-cutting measures that eroded the safety procedures and mechanisms at the Bhopal site. Though this did not, in Kovel's mind, make the Bhopal disaster inevitable, he believes that it illustrates the effect

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had a profound impact on the emerging ecology movement, both in the United States and abroad. He was a principal figure in the Burlington Greens in 1986–1990, an ecology group that ran candidates for city council on a program to create neighborhood democracy.

3693:'s "stark choice" between "socialism or barbarism", which was believed to be a prediction of the coming of fascism and further forms of destructive capitalism at the beginning of the twentieth century (Luxemburg was in fact murdered by the proto-fascist 4886:. With production allowing humanity to "live more directly and receptively embedded in nature", Kovel predicts that "a reorientation of human need" will occur that recognises ecological limits and sees technology as "fully participant in the life of 3965:

that cannot meet the mass energy consumption of the era; although he would still support renewable energy projects, he believes it is more important to restructure societies to reduce energy use before relying on renewable energy technologies alone.

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or social group as conspirators who construct a system that satisfies their greed and personal desires. Instead, eco-socialists suggest that the very system itself is self-perpetuating, fuelled by "extra-human" or "impersonal" forces. Kovel uses the

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In Kovel's eyes, Lenin came to oppose the nascent Bolshevik environmentalism and its champion Aleksandr Bogdanov, who was later attacked for "idealism"; Kovel describes Lenin's philosophy as "a sharply dualistic materialism, rather similar to the

4515:, allowing "a relatively free association of labor"; forming localised currencies, which he sees as "undercutting the value-basis of money"; and supporting "radical media" that, in his eyes, involve an "undoing of the fetishism of commodities". 3639:, especially oil, which are necessary to continue intensive industrial growth - in the quest for control of such resources, Kovel argues that the capitalist nations, specifically the United States, have come into conflict with the predominantly 2460:

economic/political/social structure designed to harmonize human society with non-human ecology and to fulfill human needs—as the only sufficient solution to the present-day ecological crisis, and hence the only path towards sustainability.

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through co-operatives and increased local decision making. By putting political and economic power into the hands of the people most likely to be affected by environmental injustice, it is less likely that the injustice will take place.

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thing made" so that, using a high quality meal as an analogy, "pleasure would obtain for the cooking of the meal" - thus activities "reserved as hobbies under capitalism" would "compose the fabric of everyday life" under eco-socialism.

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in Canada) and Ariel Salleh. The Committee states that it wants "to incorporate members from China, India, Africa, Oceania and Eastern Europe". EIN held its second international conference in January 2009, in association with the next

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markets and will become unnecessary – although "market phenomena" in personal exchanges and other small instances might be adopted – and communities and elected assemblies will democratically decide on the allocation of resources.

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eco-feminist", he criticises types of ecofeminism that are not anti-capitalist and can "essentialize women's closeness to nature and build from there, submerging history into nature", becoming more at place in the "comforts of the

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He posits that the WPTO should have an elected council that will oversee a reform of prices in favour of an Ecological Price (EP) "determined by the difference between actual use-values and fully realized ones", thus having low

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For Kovel and Michael Löwy, eco-socialism is "the realization of the 'first-epoch' socialisms" by resurrecting the notion of "free development of all producers", and distancing themselves from "the attenuated, reformist aims of

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system is running out of new ecosystems. Kovel adds that capitalist firms have to continue to extract profit through a combination of intensive or extensive exploitation and selling to new markets, meaning that capitalism must

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In the short-term, eco-socialists like Kovel advocate activities that have the "promise of breaking down the commodity form". This includes organizing labor, which is a "reconfiguring of the use-value of labor power"; forming

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anti-capitalist resistance but also believe that there is potential for agency in autonomous, grassroots individuals and groups across the world who can build "prefigurative" projects for non-violent radical social change.

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Even more scathingly, Kovel suggests that in "its effort to decentre humanity within nature", deep ecologists can "go too far" and argue for the "splitting away of unwanted people", as evidenced by their desire to preserve

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directly compatible with ecological production" (such as nurses, schoolteachers, librarians, independent farmers and many other examples), those "whose pre-revolutionary practice was given over to capital" (including the

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In 2007 biologist David Schwartzman identified the necessity to build a transnational ecosocialist movement as one of the critical challenges facing ecosocialists. Later in 2007, it was announced that attempts to form an

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because of their criticism of economic growth, eco-socialists are opposed to Malthusianism. This divergence stems from the difference between Marxist and Malthusian examinations of social injustice – whereas Marx blames

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party), see eco-socialism as "classless ecology", wherein eco-socialists have "given up on the working class" as the privileged agent of struggle by "borrowing bits from Marx but missing the locus of Marxist politics".

9217: 4188:– thus, for eco-socialists, bioregionalism provides no understanding of what is needed to transform society, and what the inevitable "response of the capitalist state" would be to people constructing bioregionalism. 5048:, who questions whether his argument is improved by the use of an "exotic word", argues instead that the "real socialism" is "also a green or 'eco'" one that you get to "by dint of struggle". Other socialists, like 4397:, Kovel feels that "conspiratorial" revolutionary movements "cut off from the development of society" will "find society an inert mass requiring leadership from above". From this, he notes that the anti-democratic 2666:, the English novelist, poet and designer, is largely credited with developing key principles of what was later called eco-socialism. During the 1880s and 1890s, Morris promoted his eco-socialist ideas within the 4927:

when they argue for the restoration of commons land over private property. They blame ecological degradation on the inclination to short-term, profit-inspired decisions inherent within a market system. For them,

4617:"grounded in communities of resistance", where delegates from these communities form the core of the party's activists, and these delegates and the "open and transparent" assembly they form are subject to 4036:, an assumption that, in Kovel's eyes, seems to suggest that "nature had toiled to put the gift of capital into human hands", rather than capitalism being a product of social relations in human history. 3493:

to be constructed around socially excluded areas. However, as Wall highlights, such campaigns are often ignored or persecuted precisely because they originate among the most marginalized in society: the

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believes that such "genuinely planned and self-managed (as opposed to bureaucratically planned from above) productive activities" are essential if eco-socialism is to meet its "fundamental objectives".

3355:, states that it believes "that capitalism has brought life on the planet near to the brink of catastrophe, and that a form of ecosocialism needs to emerge to replace capitalism before it is too late". 5891: 4184:

living of Native Americans, Kovel notes that such ideas are impossible to translate to populations of modern proportions, and evidences the fact that Native Americans held land in commons, rather than

2906:

Politically, Communalists advocate a network of directly democratic citizens' assemblies in individual communities/cities organized in a confederal fashion. This method used to achieve this is called

4915:) in the eighteenth century who made sure that all community members learned musical instruments, and had labourers take musical instruments to the fields and take turns playing music or harvesting. 9527:

Singh, Pritam (2022). "Green Reforms and Individual Interventions in the Green New Deal Transition to Ecosocialism". In Brownhill, Leigh; Engel-Di Mauro, Salvatore; Giacomini, Terran; Isla, Ana;

5094:" that "demonstrate that despite the interests and desires of capitalists, progress toward social justice is possible". They argue that an ecological socialism must be "built on hope, not fear". 4951:

etymology "condenses the two meanings of use – as in use-value, and enjoyment – and as in the gratification expressed in freely associated labour". The idea, according to Kovel, has roots in the

4526:

Kovel believes in building prefigurations around forms of production based on use values, which will provide a practical vision of a post-capitalist, post-statist system. Such projects include

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For Kovel, capitalism is "happy to enlist" the Green movement for "convenience", "control over popular dissent" and "rationalization". He further attacks within-system green initiatives like

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In addition, O'Connor believes that, in order to remedy environmental contradictions, the capitalist system innovates new technologies that overcome existing problems but introduce new ones.

3332: 4519:, Wall and Kovel have advocated economic localisation in the same vein as many in the Green movement, although they stress that it must be a prefigurative step rather than an end in itself. 3945:

of vehicles, "collapsing infrastructure", chronic resource depletion and the "paving over" of the "remainder of nature". In the modern world, Kovel considers the supposed efficiency of new

3473:, and then dumping the waste on the most vulnerable in society, particularly those in the Global South. Others have also noted that capitalism disproportionately affects the poorest in the 9722: 3316: 3104: 2648:

who favoured the domination of nature, eco-socialists have revisited Marx's writings and believe that he "was a main originator of the ecological world-view". Eco-socialist authors, like

3627:

United States", which subordinate peripheral nations economically and militarily. Kovel further claims that capitalism itself spurs conflict and, ultimately, war. Kovel states that the '

6793: 2954: 4939:, which benefits a minority. In their view, successful commons systems have been set up around the world throughout history to manage areas cooperatively, based on long-term needs and 1066: 3900:

has further criticised carbon trading in this way, suggesting that it augments existing class inequality and gives the "largest 'players' ... substantial control over the whole 'game

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components involve many substances and are therefore non-recyclable (and, theoretically, only simple substances could be retrieved by burning out-of-date equipment, releasing more

3096:, released "An Ecosocialist Manifesto", which has been adopted by some organisations and suggests possible routes for the growth of eco-socialist consciousness. Kovel's 2002 work, 2820:

has its roots in human social problems, and that the domination of human-over-nature stems from the domination of human-over-human. In 1958, Murray Bookchin defined himself as an

2903:, he later developed Communalism into a separate ideology which incorporates what he saw as the most beneficial elements of Anarchism, Marxism, syndicalism, and radical ecology. 7640: 2519:" goals above ecological ones, implying they are "green on the outside but red on the inside". The term is common in Australia and New Zealand, and usually attributed to either 9442: 9406: 5147:

criticises eco-socialism for not offering "suggestions about near term conservation policy" and focusing exclusively on long-term societal transformation. Johns believes that

5090:" that overlooks "the countervailing tendencies of both popular struggles and the efforts of capitalist governments to rationalize the system" and the "accomplishments of the 5045: 3054: 2440:

is fundamentally incompatible with the ecological and social requirements of sustainability. Thus, according to this analysis, giving economic priority to the fulfillment of

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campaigner, is an eco-socialist, despite the fact that Gore has never used this term and is not recognised as such by other followers of either Green politics or socialism.

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of markets does not solve the crisis "because to do so requires setting limits upon accumulation", which is "unacceptable" for a growth-orientated system; they believe that

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have been associated with the grouping. Many Marxist organisations also contain eco-socialists, as evidenced by Löwy's involvement in the reunified Fourth International and

9476:

Satgar, Vishwas; Cook, Jacklyn (2022). "Ecosocialist Activism and Movements in South Africa". In Brownhill, Leigh; Engel-Di Mauro, Salvatore; Giacomini, Terran; Isla, Ana;

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use-values" that "preserves the functioning core of the economy while gaining time and space for rebuilding it". Internationally, he believes in the immediate cessation of

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damaged. According to eco-socialists like Kovel, a modern interpretation of the idea is "where one uses, enjoys – and through that, improves – another's property", as its

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summit meeting ("resistance to capital"). Therefore, "practices that in the same motion enhance use-values and diminish exchange-values are the ideal" for eco-socialists.

4288:, a key neo-Malthusian, suggested that further enclosed and privatised land, as opposed to commons, would solve the chief environmental problem, which Hardin labeled the ' 3238: 2910:

which involves the establishment of face-to-face democratic institutions which are to grow and expand confederally with the goal of eventually replacing the nation-state.

3615:

Capitalist expansion is seen by eco-socialists as being "hand in glove" with "corrupt and subservient client states" that repress dissent against the system, governed by

3941:

of growth"; thus he believes that even in a world with hypothetical "free energy" the effect would be to lower the cost of automobile production, leading to the massive

4503:, leading to an "activation" of potentials in others that will "spread across the whole social field" as "a new set of orienting principles" that define an ideology or 9665:

Westra, Richard (2017). "Foundations and pathways to a progressive, socialist, eco-sustainable future". In Westra, Richard; Albritton, Robert; Jeong, Seongjin (eds.).

4113:" but remove people from their land. Between 1986 and 1996, Kovel notes that over three million people were displaced by "conservation projects"; in the making of the 3907:

In addition, Kovel criticises the "defeatism" of voluntarism in some local forms of environmentalism that do not connect: he suggests that they can be "drawn off into

2456:) are rejected as technical tweaks that do not confront capitalism's structural failures. Eco-socialists advocate for the succession of capitalism by eco-socialism—an 6855: 4768:

The revolution as envisaged by eco-socialists involves an immediate socio-political transition. Internationally, eco-socialists believe in a reform of the nature of

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Many eco-socialists have noted that the potential for building such projects is easier for media workers than for those in heavy industry because of the decline in

9944: 9066:

Baer, Hans A. (2022). "Conceptualizing democratic ecosocialism: A personal journey". In Brownhill, Leigh; Engel-Di Mauro, Salvatore; Giacomini, Terran; Isla, Ana;

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to develop a system that met human needs, in contrast to the capitalist system of created wants. A key development in the 1980s was the creation of the journal

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school, who believe in Adam Smith's vision of "a capitalism of small producers, freely exchanging with each other", which is self-regulating and competitive.

3685:

and causes further terrorism and believe that state counter-terrorist methods are, in Kovel and Löwy's words, "evolving into a new and malignant variation of

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movement as examples of such communities, which "are produced outside capitalist circuits" and show that "there can be no single way valid for all peoples".

11454: 5230: 3833:, or for reliance on technological fixes. The eco-socialist ideology is based on a critique of other forms of Green politics, including various forms of 11267: 6528: 5290: 4055:

within capitalism make workers into "their own capitalist ... by enabling them to use the means of production for the employment of their own labour".

5024:

the UK government to declare a climate emergency), the movement is still failing to bring about radical decarbonisation. As eco-socialist activist,

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across the Global South in the first half of the year 2000; indeed, he says that "labor's most cherished values are already immanently ecocentric".

4020:

but, for Kovel, they do not provide a critique of the expansive nature of capitalism away from localised production and ignore "questions of class,

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believes that the mainstream Green movement is too easily co-opted by the current powerful socio-political forces as it "passes from citizen-based

3306:, promulgated in 2009, is the first both ecologic and pro-socialist Constitution in the world, making the Bolivian state officially ecosocialist. 10388: 8822: 7394: 7082: 4140: 4135:, "often allying with reactionaries in a ... cryptically racist quest". Indeed, he finds traces of deep ecology in the "biological reduction" of 3363:

Merging aspects of Marxism, socialism, environmentalism and ecology, eco-socialists generally believe that the capitalist system is the cause of

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written by Murray Bookchin and first published in 1971 by Ramparts Press. It outlines the possible form anarchism might take under conditions of

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Crucially for eco-socialists, Marx mentioned the idea when he stated that human beings are no more than the planet's "usufructaries, and, like

4063: 2114: 7386: 6498: 4284:– nonetheless, eco-socialists find this attention inadequate. They point to the fact that Malthus did not thoroughly examine ecology and that 9570: 7772: 6978: 5097:

Conservatives have criticised the perceived opportunism of left-wing groups who have increased their focus on green issues since the fall of

4550:. These strategies, in Wall's words, "go beyond the market and the state" by rejecting the supposed dichotomy between private enterprise and 3897: 3559:

Eco-socialism focuses closely on Marx's theories about the contradiction between use values and exchange values. Kovel posits that, within a

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Eco-socialists criticise many within the Green movement for not being overtly anti-capitalist, for working within the existing capitalist,

9873: 5083: 4147:) and originator of the phrase "neither left nor right, but ahead". Kovel warns that, while 'ecofascism' is confined to a narrow band of 2345: 2448:

demands, is in conflict with the structural workings of capitalism. By this logic, market-based solutions to ecological crises (such as

7687: 7650: 5841: 5769: 4383: 3335:, a group on international researchers and activists. Based in Moscow and established in 1997, Praxis, as well as publishing books "by 5721: 4870:

This, for Kovel, is achieved if labor is "freely chosen and developed... with a fully realized use-value" achieved by a "negation" of

4569:", which he praises as production "for the pleasure of invention" that gives "access to resources without exchange". He believes that 9238:

Huan, Qingzhi (2010). "Eco-socialism in an Era of Capitalist Globalisation: Bridging the West and the East". In Huan, Qingzhi (ed.).

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project for adopting this. He believes that the notion of "mutual recognition ... for the process as well as the product" will avoid

10045:

Reflections on Socialism in the Twenty-First Century: Facing Market Liberalism, Rising Inequalities and the Environmental Imperative

9630:

Wallis, Victor (2022). "Technology and Ecosocialism". In Brownhill, Leigh; Engel-Di Mauro, Salvatore; Giacomini, Terran; Isla, Ana;

10150: 4428:(workers' councils) and emulated "capitalist efficiency and productivism as a means of survival", setting the stage for Stalinism. 3919:

industries who are involved in the "capitalization of nature". He labels the notion on voluntarism "ecopolitics without struggle".

823: 7210: 7060: 4689: 3746: 3538:. Conversely, Kovel suggests that Union Carbide were experiencing a decrease in sales that led to falling profits, which, due to 3045:

address environmental issues within an eco-socialist paradigm. With the rising profile of the anti-globalization movement in the

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newspaper in 1991, following a period of working within Green Alliance and Green Party groups in formation. This ceased when the

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He adds that people will be allowed to be members of any community they choose with "associate membership" of others, such as a

11398: 8864: 4846:(like pollution) and "would be set as a function of the distance traded", reducing the effects of long-distance transport like 3443: 1223: 5866: 4024:

or any other category of domination". Kovel also criticises their "fairy-tale" view of history, which refers to the abuse of "

10383: 10064: 9678: 9655: 9594: 9552: 9501: 9466: 9365: 9330: 9259: 9150: 9091: 9056: 8582: 6636: 6601: 6452: 6275: 4622: 4001:" or the "ecological wing of mainstream economics" for being "uninterested in social transformation". He further rejects the 2701:

organisation, made efforts to "integrate production with natural laws and limits" in the first decade of Soviet rule, before

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Kovel therefore thinks that these universalizing tendencies must lead to the formation of "a consciously 'Ecosocialist Party

3804: 2899:" (spelled with a capital "C" to differentiate it from other forms of communalism). While originally conceived as a form of 113: 12977: 12957: 11403: 10514: 8908: 7112: 4382:' consisted of "public ownership of the means of production", rather than meeting "the true definition" of socialism as "a 2541:

on the inside", while also citing "socialist political leanings", reflecting the use of the term "liberal" to describe the

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are unrewarded, while unnecessary commodities earn individuals huge fortunes and fuel consumerism and resource depletion.

85: 10807: 10393: 7026: 5611: 5125: 4114: 3830: 2690: 412: 9954: 7261: 5155:. Furthermore, Johns describes Kovel's argument that human hierarchy is founded on raiding to steal women as "archaic". 4899: 9620: 9396: 7841: 7788: 7150: 6903: 6871: 6836: 6806: 6772: 6238: 6159: 6127: 4121: 134: 11149: 9162:"From personal responsibility to an eco-socialist state: Political economy, popular discourses and the climate crisis" 7167: 5919: 4839:; he also envisages the high tariffs on non-ecological production providing subsidies to ecological production units. 3635:

and the United States, is caused by "oil imperialism", whereby the capitalist nations require control over sources of

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newspaper that reports on eco-socialist issues and has published two collections of essays on eco-socialist thought:

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have been formed in many countries by eco-socialists, radical Greens and other radical left groups. In Denmark, the

12799: 11200: 9986: 9828: 9578: 9450: 9313: 9243: 6964: 6925: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5053: 4794:, advertising executives and more) and "the workers whose activity added surplus value to capitalist commodities". 3701:

in the revolutionary atmosphere of Germany in 1919). With individuals now declaring the choice is "ecosocialism or

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as founding editor and the first issue in 1988. The debates ensued led to a host of theoretical works by O'Connor,

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of goods. He thinks that this will provide a "standard of transformation" for non-ecological industries, like the

4131:

Kovel believes that deep ecology has affected the rest of the Green movement and led to calls for restrictions on

3286:

He echoes much of eco-socialist thought, attacking international "environmental inequality", refusing to focus on

12894: 11543: 11257: 11105: 10705: 2338: 2294: 726: 12197: 12087: 11393: 10710: 10373: 9354:

What Every Environmentalist Needs to Know About Capitalism: A Citizen's Guide to Capitalism and the Environment

9278: 7143:

The Global Fight for Climate Justice - Anticapitalist Responses to Global Warming and Environmental Destruction

4733: 4704: 4102: 3790: 3761: 3208:, founded in June 2006. Members of the Green Party holding a number of influential positions, including former 3093: 3081: 2752: 2748: 731: 392: 99: 70: 12012: 7300: 4661:

as one of two principles necessary for building an eco-socialist future, the other being the abolition of the

2801: 12987: 11766: 11523: 11120: 10849: 10252: 9893: 9573:(2010). "Bookchin's Social Ecology and Its Contributions to the Red-Green Movement". In Huan, Qingzhi (ed.). 9194: 5464: 3868:

and the end of the separation between producers and the means of production. Many eco-socialists also oppose

3061:, in 1994, which critiques the current approach of many within Green politics, particularly deep ecologists. 2985: 2611:

basis, developing networks of grassroots individuals and groups that can radically transform society through

2260: 1183: 1129: 1104: 972: 947: 269: 10123: 10027: 6920: 6532: 12992: 12962: 12863: 12838: 12760: 11806: 10549: 10529: 10143: 9808: 9375: 6944: 5518: 5340: 4959:"where it applied to ambiguities between masters and slaves with respect to property"; it also features in 4551: 4210:

Growth Centre". These limitations, for Kovel, "keep ecofeminism from becoming a coherent social movement".

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and revolutionary impulses cannot be tackled properly "because to do so would mean abandoning the logic of

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Many eco-socialists, like Alan Roberts, have encouraged working-class action and resistance, such as the '

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Eco-socialists have based their ideas for political strategy on a critique of several different trends in

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As Kovel puts it, eco-socialism differs from Green politics at the most fundamental level because the '

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Varieties of Alternative Economic Systems: Practical Utopias for an Age of Global Crisis and Austerity

9139:

Varieties of Alternative Economic Systems: Practical Utopias for an Age of Global Crisis and Austerity

8830: 8001: 12967: 12032: 11967: 11868: 11036: 10757: 10675: 10588: 10439: 10352: 10195: 10175: 9137:(2017). "Ecosocialism for a new era". In Westra, Richard; Albritton, Robert; Jeong, Seongjin (eds.). 8257: 8252: 6310: 5824: 5727: 5479: 4772:

and the formation of a World People's Trade Organisation (WPTO) that democratizes and improves world

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as an example, which he sees as a form of producing energy that is advertised as an alternative to

2964:– which promoted a 'new party' and led to his arrest, for which he gained international notoriety. 2936:

and spurred environmentalism, postulated that capitalist technologies were chiefly responsible for

2907: 2094: 1151: 1042: 621: 597: 580: 500: 427: 8247: 4256:, and despite the fact that eco-socialists, like many within the Green movement, are described as 2568:

Eco-socialists also criticise bureaucratic and elite theories of self-described socialism such as

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Babylon and Beyond: The Economics of Anti-Capitalist, Anti-Globalist and Radical Green Movements

4613:" that is neither like a parliamentary or vanguardist party. Instead, Kovel advocates a form of 4565:

Wall suggests that open-source software, for example, opens up "a new form of commons regime in

4219: 2797: 12952: 12496: 12481: 12157: 12152: 11776: 11721: 11645: 11600: 11518: 11471: 11378: 11061: 10999: 10583: 10544: 10539: 10509: 9968: 9915: 7417: 6300: 5871: 4936: 4879: 4289: 3865: 3411: 2896: 2784: 2157: 1501: 1263: 1099: 997: 987: 604: 565: 560: 530: 30:"Green socialism" redirects here. For the model of government inspired by Muammar Gaddafi, see 12571: 9881: 9189: 8287: 3542:

conditions, translated into a drop in share values. The depreciation of share value made many

3513:

Eco-socialism disagrees with the elite theories of capitalism, which tend to label a specific

2895:

Bookchin later developed a political philosophy to complement social ecology which he called "

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Sale, K. (1996). "Principles of Bioregionalism". In Mander, Jerry; Goldsmith, Edward (eds.).

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While Malthusianism and eco-socialism overlap within the Green movement because both address

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and are alarmed by the gulf between Green politics in the Global North and the Global South.

3658: 3478: 3336: 3194: 2870:. It is one of Bookchin's major works, and its radical thesis provoked controversy for being 2682: 2537:, a New Zealand website, uses the term proudly, stating that it is "green on the outside and 2014: 1776: 1551: 1531: 1496: 1408: 1338: 1313: 783: 616: 592: 555: 545: 480: 7695: 5848: 5773: 5320: 4932:

of land strips people of their local communal resources in the name of creating markets for

3265:

of what can be called "existing socialist" regimes, notably the People's Republic of China.

2693:. The "pre-revolutionary environmental movement", encouraged by the revolutionary scientist 12456: 12162: 12117: 12002: 11771: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11444: 11247: 11185: 10931: 10864: 10831: 10827: 10640: 10554: 10474: 10378: 10342: 10226: 10092:

Karl Marx's Ecosocialism: Capital, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political Economy

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have criticised eco-socialism from within the Green movement. In a review of Joel Kovel's

2515:

The term "watermelon" is commonly applied, often pejoratively, to Greens who seem to put "

27:

Ideology merging aspects of socialism with green politics, ecology and alter-globalization

8: 12661: 12486: 12461: 12142: 11962: 11917: 11826: 11816: 11726: 11716: 11695: 11665: 11563: 11503: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11322: 11293: 11210: 11127: 11083: 11078: 11071: 10692: 10504: 10403: 10282: 10247: 9869: 9836: 8564: 6562: 6222: 5978: 5484: 5235: 4995: 4984: 4855: 4836: 4325: 4300: 3838: 3632: 3568: 3535: 3462: 3419: 3400: 3368: 3280: 3174: 2649: 2607:. Practically, eco-socialists have generated various strategies to mobilise action on an 2469: 2394: 2265: 2232: 2192: 2177: 1461: 1373: 1363: 1333: 1228: 1114: 1081: 927: 909: 899: 856: 713: 525: 422: 299: 264: 12451: 12396: 11883: 9291: 5894:[Olivier Véran Criticizes a "Watermelon Left", "Green Outside and Red Inside"]. 5365: 2039: 13002: 12882: 12843: 12581: 12536: 12521: 12306: 12077: 11844: 11791: 11751: 11620: 11610: 11589: 11429: 11330: 11272: 11158: 11100: 11014: 10874: 10854: 10839: 10793: 10747: 10737: 10697: 10327: 10180: 10011: 9718: 9558: 9507: 9097: 9040: 8965: 8886: 8426: 7830:

Eco-Socialism or Eco-Capitalism?: A Critical Analysis of Humanity's Fundamental Choices

7558: 7086: 6259: 5625: 5441: 5420: 5148: 4700: 4406: 4321: 4086: 3931: 3757: 3591: 3510:, had many members imprisoned or even killed by US authorities from the 1970s onwards. 3404: 3392: 3352: 3325: 3166: 3100:, is considered by many to be the most up-to-date exposition of eco-socialist thought. 3035: 2933: 2887:

manner, the revolutionary potential of society will be much changed. In 1982, his book

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criticise eco-socialists in general and Joel Kovel in particular for a deterministic "

4781:. Eco-socialists assert that this must be carried out with adherence to non-violence. 3607:

indefinitely to exist, which he thinks is impossible on a planet of finite resources.

1816: 12696: 12636: 12421: 12132: 11873: 11761: 11756: 11558: 11373: 11352: 11232: 11190: 11093: 11004: 10961: 10941: 10901: 10869: 10717: 10630: 10605: 10099: 10060: 10015: 9814: 9794: 9674: 9651: 9616: 9590: 9562: 9548: 9511: 9497: 9462: 9430: 9420: 9392: 9361: 9326: 9300: 9273: 9255: 9146: 9101: 9087: 9052: 8969: 8890: 8578: 8430: 8394: 8297: 8017: 8007: 7837: 7784: 7534:"Transcending the metabolic rift: A theory of crises in the capitalist world-ecology" 7439: 7146: 6950: 6899: 6867: 6832: 6802: 6768: 6693: 6632: 6597: 6566: 6448: 6381:

Gare, A. (1996). "Soviet Environmentalism: The Path Not Taken". In Benton, T. (ed.).

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In practice, Kovel describes social ecology as continuing the anarchist tradition of

3682: 3678: 3654: 3599: 3486: 3287: 3209: 3011: 3006: 2817: 2717:, who "set about to rearrange the Russian map" in ignorance of environmental limits. 2538: 2524: 2147: 2059: 1964: 1826: 1756: 1661: 1646: 1413: 1353: 1308: 1293: 1253: 1188: 967: 957: 894: 738: 651: 626: 7562: 5726:. The Global Crisis and Africa: Struggles for Alternatives. Randburg, South Africa: 5240: 4585: 3137: 12982: 12919: 12907: 12780: 12646: 12631: 12606: 12586: 12416: 12346: 12256: 12227: 12212: 12187: 12147: 12137: 12102: 12097: 12042: 12017: 12007: 11977: 11937: 11746: 11731: 11680: 11660: 11528: 11508: 11417: 11066: 11009: 10936: 10906: 10727: 10566: 10434: 10337: 10317: 10052: 10003: 9889: 9850: 9784: 9643: 9582: 9540: 9489: 9454: 9379: 9295: 9247: 9226: 9203: 9173: 9120: 9079: 9044: 8957: 8878: 8568: 8416: 8408: 7550: 7431: 6444: 6263: 6202: 6119: 5974: 5876: 5543: 5455: 5415: 5380: 5315: 5250: 4923:

Most eco-socialists, including Alier and Guha, echo subsistence eco-feminists like

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on 15 March 2019, with a placard demanding economic action be taken in response to

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local democracy and an extension of co-ops and the library principle. For example,

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Neo-Malthusians have slightly modified this analysis by increasing their focus on

2089: 1751: 1481: 12651: 12621: 12431: 12411: 12406: 12401: 12341: 12331: 12326: 12311: 12281: 12207: 12067: 12047: 12022: 11952: 11912: 11801: 11796: 11675: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11305: 11262: 11163: 11026: 10889: 10884: 10449: 10444: 10322: 10307: 10056: 9854: 7780: 7554: 7113:"Green Party of the United States – National Committee Voting – Proposal Details" 7087:"Kroniek 1990. Overzicht van de partijpolitieke gebeurtenissen van het jaar 1990" 6628: 6554: 6436: 6082: 5474: 5195: 5190: 5152: 5109:

think-tank, exemplifies the conservative critique of left Greens, attacking the "

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regime in order to preserve the main workings of the system" in times of crisis.

4143:, a founder of the German Green Party (who subsequently left when it became more 4098: 4025: 3994: 3950: 3946: 3834: 3604: 3519: 3205: 3182: 2813: 2809: 2793: 2616: 2509: 2497: 2227: 2222: 2167: 1974: 1934: 1766: 1736: 1721: 1671: 1641: 1576: 1516: 1476: 1398: 1388: 1288: 1032: 1022: 470: 465: 339: 324: 11997: 10023: 9631: 9586: 9528: 9477: 9458: 9340: 9251: 9067: 8961: 8912: 8289:

Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique

7116: 6683: 5607: 5300: 4416:", which "put the seal of authoritarianism" on the revolution; thus, for Kovel, 4386:", with the Party-State bureaucracy acting as the "alienating substitute 'public 3922:

Technological fixes to ecological problems are also rejected by eco-socialists.

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forces can have on increasing the likelihood of ecological and social problems.

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power" as it penetrates communities through "consumerism and depoliticization".

3144: 3085: 3053:, combining ecological awareness and social justice, has also become prominent. 2952:

published two books addressing the relationship between socialism and ecology –

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is "internationalized in the face of globalization", as evidenced by a wave of

4599: 4591: 4417: 4398: 4379: 4285: 4266: 4245: 3986: 3942: 3842: 3690: 3560: 3403:", while submerging "the majority of the world's people to a mere reservoir of 3296: 3220: 3069: 2919: 2851: 2714: 2710: 2663: 2657: 2604: 2516: 2505: 2485: 2457: 2430: 2386: 2182: 2074: 2044: 2034: 1959: 1929: 1924: 1914: 1801: 1781: 1741: 1711: 1651: 1591: 1566: 1506: 1193: 1002: 795: 753: 681: 676: 671: 641: 475: 304: 236: 198: 165: 12745: 12376: 12052: 10007: 9230: 9207: 9178: 9161: 9048: 8882: 8412: 7435: 7034: 6468: 5617: 5360: 2079: 12946: 12770: 12611: 12601: 12566: 12541: 12511: 12441: 12436: 12371: 12366: 12286: 12222: 12202: 12112: 12092: 12072: 11922: 11690: 11625: 11615: 11583: 11434: 11422: 11388: 11298: 11284: 11237: 10722: 10680: 10610: 10499: 10469: 10398: 10357: 10347: 10277: 9783:

Borgnäs, Kajsa; Eskelinen, Teppo; Perkiö, Johanna; Warlenius, Rikard (2015).

9647: 9544: 9493: 9083: 8021: 7443: 6207: 6188: 6143: 5924: 5892:"Olivier Véran Critique une "Gauche Pastèque", "Vert Dehors et Rouge Dedans"" 5717: 5528: 5435: 5395: 5260: 5255: 5215: 5180: 5087: 5017: 4929: 4924: 4603: 4559: 4555: 4410: 4017: 3982: 3908: 3869: 3628: 3620: 3587: 3531: 3503: 3482: 3450: 3427: 3372: 3275: 3197:). In 2016, GPUS officially adopted eco-socialist ideology within the party. 3120: 2867: 2841: 2836: 2702: 2558: 2520: 2453: 2422: 2207: 2202: 2069: 2019: 1999: 1994: 1969: 1944: 1841: 1746: 1666: 1586: 1561: 1486: 1423: 1057: 743: 701: 631: 520: 490: 417: 374: 364: 294: 12182: 9434: 5245: 4101:". Kovel thinks that this lends legitimacy to "capitalist elites", like the 3212: 1491: 12711: 12691: 12686: 12676: 12616: 12491: 12356: 12082: 12062: 12057: 12027: 11927: 11449: 11115: 11051: 10685: 10670: 10615: 10484: 10262: 9940: 9036:

Eco-Socialism For Now and the Future: Practical Utopias and Rational Action

8800: 8307: 8243: 8025: 7645: 7422: 7171: 6996: 6822: 6788: 6764: 6574: 5929: 5538: 5405: 5370: 5355: 5350: 5325: 5310: 5295: 5275: 5265: 5205: 5049: 5025: 4634: 4530:("a democratic rendering of the use-values of new technologies such as the 4512: 4433: 4421: 4009: 3923: 3846: 3718: 3595: 3543: 3539: 3514: 3507: 3474: 3348: 3089: 3046: 3042: 3027: 2949: 2945: 2706: 2653: 2645: 2620: 2612: 2550: 2441: 1949: 1899: 1894: 1879: 1836: 1821: 1791: 1716: 1701: 1676: 1636: 1596: 1571: 1536: 1451: 706: 691: 636: 505: 279: 12321: 10110: 9977: 9924: 9575:

Eco-socialism as Politics: Rebuilding the Basis of Our Modern Civilisation

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Eco-socialism as Politics: Rebuilding the Basis of Our Modern Civilisation

9240:

Eco-socialism as Politics: Rebuilding the Basis of Our Modern Civilisation

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are also rejected by eco-socialists such as Kovel, including followers of

1939: 12775: 12765: 12716: 12706: 12701: 12671: 12501: 12476: 12471: 12426: 12291: 12232: 12172: 12127: 11942: 11849: 11811: 11736: 11685: 11605: 11357: 11056: 10966: 10894: 10769: 10302: 10292: 10272: 10231: 10190: 10087: 10079: 9612: 9410: 9111:"Adapting to Climate Change: From Capitalism to Democratic Eco-Socialism" 8808: 8293: 6887: 6798: 5508: 5280: 5114: 4843: 4816: 4791: 4570: 4402: 4353: 4139:, an ideology many "organicist thinkers" have found appealing, including 4132: 4066: 4052: 4029: 3997:. At the most fundamental level, eco-socialists reject what Kovel calls " 3548: 3490: 3379:

under the supervision of repressive states and transnational structures.

3376: 3344: 2976: 2972: 2971:, an Australian Marxist, posited that people's unfulfilled needs fuelled 2585: 2426: 2172: 2054: 1889: 1851: 1831: 1771: 1731: 1696: 1631: 1621: 1601: 1556: 1471: 1441: 1403: 1298: 1141: 1071: 937: 790: 319: 309: 289: 246: 203: 6189:"Green Views of Marx: Reinterpreting, Revising, Rejecting, Transcending" 4241: 4069:, who exemplifies what eco-socialists see as the good and bad points of 3438:

that separate people from their local means of production and aggravate

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International networking by eco-socialists has already been seen in the

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that "defections" by capitalists will occur, leading eventually to the

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with the West and the "severe crisis" of the revolution's first years.

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Other eco-socialists like Derek Wall highlight how in the Global South

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in Brazil. The conference released The Belem Ecosocialist Declaration.

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Socialists, the environment and ecosocialism: a view from South Africa

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production, while also rejecting any combination of the two through a

3911:" or co-opted to the demands of capitalism, as in the case of certain 3320: 2531:. The term is also found in non-English speaking political discourse. 12833: 12828: 12755: 12576: 12361: 12316: 12251: 12107: 11711: 11650: 11538: 11408: 11279: 11205: 11170: 10994: 10921: 10859: 10817: 10645: 9790: 9670: 9639: 9536: 9485: 9416: 9322: 9142: 9075: 8863:

Boucher, Doug; Schwartzman, David; Zara, Jane; Caplan, Peter (2003).

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and retribution against former opponents or counter-revolutionaries.

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argued that the working-class remained poor because of their greater

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This often includes the restoration of commons land in opposition to

2573: 2557:"fundi" faction included eco-socialists, and eco-socialists in other 2545:

in many English-speaking countries. Red Greens are often considered "

2489: 2382: 2137: 1979: 1811: 1521: 1358: 1343: 1233: 1213: 1203: 848: 666: 146: 9039:. Palgrave Insights into Apocalypse Economics (1st ed.). Cham: 8003:

The Case Against the Global Economy: And for a Turn Toward the Local

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Earth for Sale: Reclaiming Ecology in the Age of Corporate Greenwash

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and invading Western powers, continued "the extraordinary needs of '

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who highlight the tendency for waste dumps, major road projects and

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Eco-socialists are critical of many past and existing forms of both

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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

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The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World?

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The Enemy of Nature: The End of Capitalism or the End of the World?

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The official site of "Ecosocialists Greece" Political Organization

8909:"Eco-Paganism – Eco-socialism: Severe Threats to America's Future" 6685:

The Ecology of Freedom; The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy

6441:

The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism

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and many other initiatives, especially those developed within the

4248:, 18th century economist whose ideas Malthusianism is named after. 3173:

was formed as a coalition of numerous radical parties. Within the

2824:, seeing parallels between anarchism and ecology. His first book, 2789: 12666: 12561: 11481: 10956: 10911: 10128: 9445:(2010). "On Contemporary Eco-socialism". In Huan, Qingzhi (ed.). 6930: 6484: 5469: 5118: 4912: 4586:

Internationalization of prefiguration and the eco-socialist party

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heritage meant that the Bolsheviks, who were aided into power by

4207: 4193: 3930:' to exemplify the limits of new capitalist technologies such as 3845:

and even some manifestations of radical green ideologies such as

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Eco-socialism has had a minor influence over developments in the

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projects, where citizens are "induced to provide free labor" to

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Berg, John C. (1 March 2003). "Reviews Editor's Introduction".

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elites in the South" will eventually "lead to their collapse".

4638: 4136: 4021: 3674: 3640: 3636: 3423: 3396: 2871: 2589: 2569: 1874: 515: 12926: 12902: 7339: 7279:"Ecosocialist International Network-Meeting Paris, 2010/26-27" 6355: 6116:

The Anarchist Moment: Reflections on Culture, Nature and Power

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observers would blame the avarice of those at the top of many

2314: 2285: 11226: 8846:"Joel Kovel meeting - why I'm sceptical about "eco-socialism" 5896: 4960: 4948: 4773: 4769: 4668: 4081:

Despite the inclusion of both in political factions like the

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to ponderous bureaucracies scuffling for 'a seat at the table

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to the cold exchangeability required for the accumulation of

2863: 2549:" or "fundamentalist greens", a term usually associated with 2401:. Eco-socialists generally believe that the expansion of the 1686: 10785: 8862: 8119: 8037: 8035: 7966: 7964: 7879: 7877: 6983:

Breaking the Boundaries: Towards a Feminist, Green Socialism

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Under capitalism, he suggests that technology "has been the

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Currently, many Green Parties around the world, such as the

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Eco-socialists advocate dismantling capitalism, focusing on

8374: 7731: 7729: 7574: 7572: 7398:. No. 61 (Summer 2007). pp. 10–11. Archived from 7236: 7234: 7232: 4447: 3875: 3677:". Instead, eco-socialists feel that increasing repressive 2808:

Social ecology is closely related to the work and ideas of

1119: 8107: 8006:. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books. pp. 471–484. 7455: 7453: 6065: 6063: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5044:

Some socialists are critical of the term "eco-socialism".

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While having much in common with the radical tradition of

3256: 9874:"Marxism and Ecology: Common Fonts of a Great Transition" 8757: 8745: 8675: 8651: 8627: 8615: 8603: 8591: 8509: 8461: 8437: 8362: 8314: 8264: 8209: 8197: 8095: 8083: 8059: 8047: 8032: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7925: 7913: 7889: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7797: 7753: 7641:"The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg review – tragedy and farce" 5738: 4809: 4344:

initiative is an ecological project that aims to provide

4336: 2414: 8663: 8497: 8473: 8226: 8224: 8143: 7726: 7714: 7688:"Another World Isn't Possible: A case for Eco-Socialism" 7596: 7569: 7229: 7001:

Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern

6737: 6417: 6168: 4784: 9911:"Protecting the Environment in a Participatory Economy" 9011: 9009: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8781: 7702: 7450: 7351: 7315: 7041: 6060: 6048: 5944: 5686: 4858:, thus spurring changes towards ecological production. 4487: 4311: 4200: 4179:

Bioregionalism, a philosophy developed by writers like

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as well, leading to examples of resistance such as the

2705:

attacked ecologists and the science of ecology and the

2689:, although many such people were later purged from the 8449: 8338: 7584: 7489: 7477: 7189:""The rich consume and the poor suffer the pollution"" 6003: 8988: 8927: 8769: 8733: 8721: 8687: 8639: 8545: 8533: 8521: 8221: 8071: 7976: 7901: 7809: 7741: 7665: 7608: 7327: 7246: 7081: 6405: 6393: 6038: 5983:

Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South

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Furthermore, Kovel quotes Trotsky, who believed in a

3860:' of Green politics (and the 'Ten Key Values' of the 3465:

blame globalization for creating increased levels of

2685:

attempted to integrate ecological consciousness into

9000: 8976: 8485: 8350: 8131: 7620: 7501: 6725: 6713: 6317: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 5858: 5431: 4645:, will signify that "the turning point is reached". 9215:Harris, Jerry (2022). "The Dangers of Ecofascism". 8185: 7465: 7363: 7061:"Ecosocialist International Founded - UK Indymedia" 6531:. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. 16 June 2004. Archived from 6329: 5750: 5698: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 4994:This, for Kovel, reverses what Marxists see as the 4842:The EP would also internalize the costs of current 4534:, and a continual involvement in wider struggle"), 4097:by removing the groups that have lived there "from 9786:The Politics of Ecosocialism: Transforming welfare 9765:"After Bali: The Global Fight for Climate Justice" 7007: 6362: 5973: 5809: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 4890:", thus removing it from profit-making exercises. 3359:Critique of capitalist expansion and globalization 3295:, published in September 2006, which according to 3165:), contain strong eco-socialist elements. Radical 3111:Influence on current green and socialist movements 2472:by freely associated producers, and restoring the 9945:"The Double Objective of Democratic Ecosocialism" 9713:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 9412:Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice 9218:Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 8326: 6015: 4918: 4621:and regular rotation of members. He holds up the 4237:Opposition to Malthusianism and neo-Malthusianism 3611:Role of the state and transnational organizations 3193:(in Canada but not necessarily affiliated to the 3059:Ecosocialism: From Deep Ecology to Social Justice 2496:Greens" – adherents to Green politics with clear 12944: 9898:The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy 9894:"Is de-growth compatible with a market economy?" 8815: 7183: 7181: 7168:"Person of the year: The man making China green" 5834: 5772:. Media Watch. 13 September 2004. Archived from 5557: 4470:'Eco-socialist revolution' is then carried out. 10389:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas 9987:"Uniting to Win: Labor-Environmental Alliances" 9159: 6761:The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology 6352:"Green Left (Green Party of England and Wales)" 5785: 5783: 5638: 5569: 2565:, have been described in the press as fundies. 408:Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas 9343:(2007). "Eco-socialism and Central Planning". 9108: 4012:who believe in "regulated markets" checked by 3969: 3534:Corporation in Bhopal, for seemingly isolated 3309: 10801: 10144: 9351: 9190:"Soviet environmentalism: the path not taken" 7254:"Why "ecosocialism"? Some Comments on a Word" 7178: 7031:Green Left (Green Party of England and Wales) 5680: 5668: 5656: 4213: 4174: 3481:movement in the United States, consisting of 3271:State Environmental Protection Administration 2339: 817: 9381:Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism 9374: 8901: 7578: 7519: 7273: 7271: 6995: 6256:Marx and Nature: A Red and Green Perspective 5780: 4705:introducing citations to additional sources 3762:introducing citations to additional sources 3694: 3653:soldiers guarding a burning oil well in the 3502:, campaigning for ecological revolution and 2878:in its faith in the liberatory potential of 2816:. Social ecologists assert that the present 71:introducing citations to additional sources 9835: 9518: 8856: 8557: 8281: 8279: 7240: 6461: 6291: 6289: 6287: 4978: 4076: 4008:The school is represented by thinkers like 3709:Tensions within the eco-socialist discourse 3160: 2444:while staying within ecological limits, as 10808: 10794: 10151: 10137: 10028:"Why Ecosocialism: For a Red Green Future" 9984: 9961: 9888: 9475: 8939: 8837: 8386: 7682: 7680: 7293: 7283:Ecosocialist International Network Website 7085:; Nieboer, Marjolein; Noomen, Ida (1991). 6850: 6848: 6815: 6781: 5744: 5630:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4669:Revolution and transition to eco-socialism 3665:Eco-socialists believe that state or self- 3422:, increasing hunger and the likelihood of 2835:Lewis Herber in 1962, a few months before 2346: 2332: 824: 810: 9749:Learn how and when to remove this message 9299: 9177: 9124: 9032: 8699: 8420: 8395:"Creating an ecological socialist future" 8163:"Media Reports: China's Great Green Wall" 7423:Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice 7268: 6918: 6346: 6344: 6206: 6081: 6075: 5908: 5602: 5158: 4598:which divides workers. Kovel posits that 4578:, asserting that "Marx would have been a 4460: 4405:, were a minority who, when faced with a 3726:Critique of other forms of green politics 3554: 2771:Learn how and when to remove this message 9352:Magdoff, F. & Foster, J. B. (2011). 9160:Flanagan, Erin; Raphael, Dennis (2023). 9109:Barkdull, John; Harris, Paul G. (2024). 8705: 8276: 8236: 7995: 7993: 7991: 7375: 6755: 6749: 6681: 6435: 6284: 5864: 5113:" of the Green movement and conflating " 4861: 4835:for forms of ecological production like 4695:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4657:highlights the necessity to abolish the 4448:Critique of the wider socialist movement 4335: 4240: 3973: 3876:Opposition to reformism and technologism 3752:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3645: 3426:; furthermore, forests are increasingly 3291:eco-socialism has informed in the essay 3022: 2788: 133: 61:Relevant discussion may be found on the 11263:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Gonzalo Thought 9964:"Green Unionism In Theory and Practice" 9841:"Capitalism and Ecological Destruction" 9810:Environment, Capitalism & Socialism 8843: 8285: 8242: 7821: 7677: 7415: 6946:Environment, Capitalism & Socialism 6886: 6880: 6854: 6845: 6615: 6613: 6253: 6247: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5961: 5959: 4369:and the productivist structures of the 4332:Critique of actually existing socialism 4316:Eco-socialists choose to use the term " 3257:Influence on existing socialist regimes 14: 12945: 11268:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path 9939: 9908: 9868: 9664: 9636:The Routledge Handbook On Ecosocialism 9629: 9533:The Routledge Handbook On Ecosocialism 9482:The Routledge Handbook On Ecosocialism 9441: 9405: 9214: 9133: 9072:The Routledge Handbook On Ecosocialism 8865:"Another Look at the End of the World" 8570:Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature 8563: 8551: 8455: 8344: 8149: 8125: 8113: 7827: 7765: 7708: 7671: 7638: 7614: 7321: 7165: 7105: 7013: 6989: 6977: 6971: 6341: 6227:Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature 6221: 6142: 6136: 6069: 5716: 4810:Transnational trade and capital reform 4665:, as detailed by John Bellamy Foster. 3961:" against over-selling the virtues of 3957:). He is quick to warn "environmental 3949:commodities is a "plain illusion", as 3619:"under the overall supervision of the 3371:and environmental degradation through 2429:, under the supervision of repressive 12808:International socialist organizations 10789: 10384:Federation of Green Parties of Africa 10132: 10086: 10041:"Ecosocialism: A Radical Alternative" 9569: 9526: 9308: 9268: 8994: 8982: 8933: 8787: 8775: 8763: 8751: 8739: 8727: 8693: 8681: 8657: 8645: 8633: 8621: 8609: 8597: 8539: 8527: 8515: 8467: 8443: 8368: 8320: 8270: 8230: 8215: 8203: 8101: 8089: 8077: 8065: 8053: 8041: 7988: 7982: 7970: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7907: 7895: 7883: 7868: 7856: 7815: 7803: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7720: 7626: 7602: 7590: 7531: 7507: 7495: 7483: 7471: 7159: 7137: 7131: 6821: 6787: 6743: 6731: 6719: 6587: 6505:. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu. Archived from 6423: 6323: 6186: 6174: 6113: 6107: 6087:Environmentalism and Political Theory 6042: 6009: 5914: 5710: 5704: 5692: 4785:Immediate aftermath of the revolution 4623:Zapatista Army of National Liberation 3395:, "reducing the sensuous vitality of 3215:and Derek Wall, as well as prominent 2115:International socialist organizations 1063:To each according to his contribution 403:Federation of Green Parties of Africa 10038: 10022: 9762: 9693: 9603: 9519:Schwartzman, David (February 2008), 9339: 9237: 9187: 9065: 9015: 8945: 8799: 8669: 8503: 8491: 8479: 8392: 8380: 8356: 8332: 8191: 8137: 7999: 7735: 7459: 7369: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7047: 6619: 6610: 6553: 6501:A Short Biography of Murray Bookchin 6411: 6399: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6335: 6295: 6054: 5956: 5950: 5889: 5756: 5644: 5563: 5007:Most eco-socialists are involved in 4672: 4424:"resorted to terror", shut down the 4312:Critique of other forms of socialism 4201:Critique of variants of eco-feminism 4155:" who involved themselves alongside 3864:) do not include the demand for the 3729: 3575:"Second contradiction" of capitalism 3333:Praxis Research and Education Center 3293:On Socialist Ecological Civilisation 3247:The Global Fight for Climate Justice 3219:candidate and human rights activist 3189:. Red Greens feature heavily in the 2753:adding citations to reliable sources 2724: 38: 12889: 10394:Federation of Young European Greens 7166:Byrnes, Sholto (18 December 2006). 6215: 5126:Vice President of the United States 4361:environmental planning and policy. 4328:, especially in the United States. 4296:"Two varieties of environmentalism" 4115:national parks of the United States 3185:have organized themselves into the 2691:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 2656:, point to Marx's discussion of a " 2576:and what other critics have termed 413:Federation of Young European Greens 24: 10158: 10076:"Essays, Articles, and Interviews" 9813:. Sydney: Resistance Books. 1999. 8173:from the original on 14 April 2009 7260:. 27 November 2012. Archived from 6949:. Sydney: Resistance Books. 1999. 6645: 5847:. 28 February 2007. Archived from 4124:were killed in the development of 3643:nations where oil is often found. 3317:Ecosocialist International Network 3105:International Ecosocialist Network 3057:also released his important work, 2932:model that predicted catastrophic 25: 13019: 10073: 10049:Springer International Publishing 9689: 8248:"Revolutionary and Socialist Art" 7381: 7195:. 27 October 2006. Archived from 6794:The Alternative in Eastern Europe 6682:Bookchin, Murray (January 2005). 4648: 3926:has updated the thesis of 1970s ' 3418:that take water from traditional 2955:The Alternative in Eastern Europe 12925: 12913: 12901: 12888: 12877: 12876: 10702:List of environmental incidents 10114:: Derek Wall's Ecosocialist Blog 9839:; Clark, Brett (November 2009). 9829:Democratic Socialist Perspective 9698: 9301:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01735.x 8911:. Policy Counsel. Archived from 8793: 8155: 7285:. 1 October 2010. Archived from 7258:climateandcapitalism.blogspot.de 7067:. 1 October 2007. Archived from 6965:Democratic Socialist Perspective 6926:Democratic Socialist Perspective 6590:Thinking through the Environment 6258:. New York: St. Martin's Press ( 5865:Macomber, Shawn (13 July 2007). 5448: 5434: 5107:Competitive Enterprise Institute 4688:relies largely or entirely on a 4677: 4493: 4373:of socialism", such as forms of 3745:relies largely or entirely on a 3734: 3414:structures economies to produce 3202:Green Party of England and Wales 3136: 3119: 3078:Green Party of the United States 3018: 2729: 2313: 2301: 2284: 855: 723:List of environmental incidents 172: 54:relies largely or entirely on a 43: 12732: 12243: 11899: 11860: 11836: 11544:Dictatorship of the proletariat 9962:Jakopovich, Dan (Spring 2007). 9579:Springer Science+Business Media 9451:Springer Science+Business Media 9244:Springer Science+Business Media 9025: 7639:Feigel, Lara (9 January 2019). 7632: 7525: 7416:Cleaver, Kathleen Neal (1993). 7409: 7203: 7075: 7053: 7019: 6937: 6912: 6675: 6581: 6547: 6521: 6491: 6429: 6180: 5883: 5002: 4348:forest strips to hold back the 4151:intellectuals and "disaffected 3269:, deputy director of the PRC's 3253:with a foreword by Derek Wall. 2740:needs additional citations for 2615:"prefigurative projects" for a 2504:(red greens are in contrast to 2492:. They are often described as " 2436:Eco-socialism asserts that the 11787:Organizational self-management 10374:Asia Pacific Greens Federation 9827:on 21 August 2008 – via 9763:Bond, Patrick (4 March 2008). 9521:Ecosocialism or Ecocatastrophe 9321:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: 6963:on 21 August 2008 – via 6921:"Green politics at an impasse" 4943:instead of short-term profit. 4919:Commons, property and usufruct 4103:United States State Department 3498:radical green religious group 3094:Reunified Fourth International 2948:dissident writer and activist 2913: 2720: 2631: 2433:and transnational structures. 393:Asia Pacific Greens Federation 13: 1: 11767:Free association of producers 11524:Critique of political economy 10815: 10253:Bright green environmentalism 9909:Hahnel, Robin (Spring 2004). 9195:Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 9126:10.1080/10455752.2024.2389053 8844:Hampton, Paul (28 May 2007). 8829:. 7 June 2007. Archived from 6860:The Self-Managing Environment 5550: 5465:Critique of political economy 5054:Alliance for Workers' Liberty 4574:to Marxism and the notion of 4384:free association of producers 3076:and former candidate for the 2986:Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 2681:, some environmentalists and 2636:Contrary to the depiction of 948:Critique of political economy 270:Bright green environmentalism 12864:Socialist calculation debate 12839:Economic calculation problem 11807:Socialist mode of production 10465:Corporate political activism 10057:10.1007/978-3-030-33920-3_10 9855:10.14452/MR-061-06-2009-10_1 9634:; Turner, Terisa E. (eds.). 9531:; Turner, Terisa E. (eds.). 9480:; Turner, Terisa E. (eds.). 9274:"Slaying the Growth Monster" 9070:; Turner, Terisa E. (eds.). 7555:10.1080/03066150.2010.538579 6688:(Paper ed.). Chico CA: 5890:Guez, Ariel (25 July 2022). 5519:Marxist philosophy of nature 5035: 3204:has an eco-socialist group, 3051:environmentalism of the poor 2812:and influenced by anarchist 2796:who developed the theory of 2668:Social Democratic Federation 2218:Socialist calculation debate 2188:List of socialist economists 2163:Economic calculation problem 1048:Socialist mode of production 905:Socialist calculation debate 486:Corporate political activism 7: 12978:History of environmentalism 12958:Anti-globalization movement 12932:Organized Labour portal 11661:Socialisation of production 10258:Criticisms of globalization 10032:Great Transition Initiative 9995:Capitalism Nature Socialism 9587:10.1007/978-90-481-3745-9_8 9459:10.1007/978-90-481-3745-9_3 9252:10.1007/978-90-481-3745-9_1 9116:Capitalism Nature Socialism 8962:10.1080/0739314032000071262 8870:Capitalism Nature Socialism 8400:Capitalism Nature Socialism 7093:(in Dutch). Groningen: DNPP 5900:(in French). Archived from 5823:. Rats Nest. Archived from 5427: 5135:Some environmentalists and 5067:Capitalism Nature Socialism 4955:and was first mentioned in 4548:anti-globalization movement 4380:actually existing socialism 4161:anti-globalization movement 3970:Critique of green economics 3617:international organisations 3528:multi-national corporations 3310:International organizations 3299:"sparked debate" in China. 3191:Green Party of Saskatchewan 2997:, Paul Burkett and others. 2644:and fellow socialists as a 2640:by some environmentalists, 2479: 275:Criticisms of globalization 10: 13024: 12168:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin 11993:Victor Prosper Considerant 10201:Politics of climate change 9033:Albritton, Robert (2019). 7542:Journal of Peasant Studies 7348:, pp. 84–85, 155–156. 6309:. Vol. 3 – via 5920:"Even Greens need leaders" 5867:"The Man Who Saw Tomorrow" 4911:communities (organised by 4214:Critique of social ecology 4175:Critique of bioregionalism 4163:, it may be "imposed as a 4062:He highlights the work of 3520:Bhopal industrial disaster 3391:, habitat destruction and 3235:Ecosocialism or Barbarism? 3187:Nordic Green Left Alliance 3002:Democratic Socialist Party 2782: 2626: 2438:capitalist economic system 214:Politics of climate change 143:Global Climate Strike 2021 32:Third International Theory 29: 12872: 12821: 12798: 12730: 12241: 12033:William Batchelder Greene 11968:Francisco Largo Caballero 11897: 11858: 11834: 11825: 11704: 11494: 11366: 11321: 11143: 10979: 10838: 10825: 10440:Climate change mitigation 10417: 10366: 10240: 10209: 10176:Climate change litigation 10168: 10008:10.1080/10455750902941102 9231:10.1163/15691497-12341642 9208:10.1080/10455759309358566 9179:10.1177/19427786221138965 9049:10.1007/978-3-030-05183-9 8883:10.1080/10455750308565538 8805:How to blow up a pipeline 8413:10.1080/10455750009358911 8258:Marxists Internet Archive 8253:Literature and Revolution 7436:10.1080/10402659308425758 7387:"Why Ecosocialism Today?" 6653:"Post-Scarcity Anarchism" 6311:Marxists Internet Archive 6187:Breen, Sheryl D. (2014). 5728:Rosa Luxemburg Foundation 5681:Magdoff & Foster 2011 5669:Magdoff & Foster 2011 5657:Magdoff & Foster 2011 5613:An ecosocialist manifesto 5480:Eco-social market economy 5030:How to Blow Up a Pipeline 4874:, and he exemplifies the 4507:'party-life' formation". 4473: 4324:as well as some forms of 4227:non-violent direct action 4041:community-based economics 2967:At around the same time, 2938:environmental degradation 2884:post-industrial societies 2827:Our Synthetic Environment 2578:bureaucratic collectivism 2500:views, often inspired by 2419:environmental degradation 2213:Socialism and LGBT rights 1157:Socialist-oriented market 1105:Socialist planned economy 1008:Material balance planning 461:Climate change mitigation 189:Climate change litigation 12178:Friedrich Wilhelm Schulz 11671:Socialist market economy 10577:Environmental skepticism 10480:Ecological modernization 10409:World Ecological Parties 9985:Jakopovich, Dan (2009). 9769:Socialist Project Canada 9648:10.4324/9780429341427-33 9545:10.4324/9780429341427-26 9494:10.4324/9780429341427-21 9084:10.4324/9780429341427-29 7532:Moore, Jason W. (2011). 7027:"EcoSocialist Manifesto" 6919:Macdonald, Lisa (1996). 6864:Rowman & Littlefield 6561:. Berkeley, California: 6529:"Ecology and Revolution" 6208:10.1177/2158244013520609 5524:Radical environmentalism 4907:He cites the example of 4659:social division of labor 4077:Critique of deep ecology 4047:and some members of the 3598:, but creates long-term 3084:nomination in 2000, and 2908:libertarian municipalism 2831:was published under the 2683:environmental scientists 1152:Socialist market economy 1077:Workers' self-management 1043:Socialism in one country 890:Age of the Enlightenment 598:Environmental skepticism 501:Ecological modernization 428:World Ecological Parties 11889:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 11879:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 11559:Equality of opportunity 11514:Criticism of capitalism 11258:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 11015:Left-wing laissez-faire 10425:Carbon fee and dividend 8823:"What is ecosocialism?" 8286:McNally, David (1993). 6559:Post-scarcity anarchism 6383:The Greening of Marxism 6148:The Greening of Marxism 5616:. Paris. Archived from 4371:bureaucratic variations 3304:Constitution of Bolivia 2882:. Bookchin argues that 2859:Post-Scarcity Anarchism 2713:of the state biologist 2450:environmental economics 2446:sustainable development 2405:system is the cause of 2153:Criticism of capitalism 1164:Participatory economics 998:Labour-time calculation 446:Carbon fee and dividend 12552:José Carlos Mariátegui 12497:E. M. S. Namboodiripad 12482:Martin Luther King Jr. 12158:Luis Emilio Recabarren 12153:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 12088:Alexandre Ledru-Rollin 11777:Labor-time calculation 11742:Decentralized planning 11646:Proletarian revolution 11601:State-owned enterprise 11519:Criticism of socialism 10515:effects of agriculture 10039:Löwy, Michael (2020). 9969:Synthesis/Regeneration 9916:Synthesis/Regeneration 8383:, pp. 77–78, 183. 7828:Sarkar, Saral (1999). 6828:Socialism and Survival 6254:Burkett, Paul (1999). 5872:The American Spectator 5845:No Watermelons Allowed 5745:Satgar & Cook 2022 5159:List of eco-socialists 5105:Jr., President of the 4979: 4461:Eco-socialist strategy 4357: 4290:tragedy of the commons 4249: 3990: 3866:emancipation of labour 3695: 3662: 3555:Use and exchange value 3412:free-market capitalist 3337:libertarian socialists 3321:Climate and Capitalism 3263:environmental policies 3161: 3157:Dutch Green Left Party 3107:was founded in Paris. 3031: 2961:Socialism and Survival 2889:The Ecology of Freedom 2805: 2785:Communalism (Bookchin) 2371:ecological materialism 2158:Criticism of socialism 1110:Decentralized planning 1013:Peer‑to‑peer economics 536:effects of agriculture 150: 12895:Socialism WikiProject 12657:Léopold Sédar Senghor 12352:Cornelius Castoriadis 12218:Alfred Russel Wallace 11983:Nikolay Chernyshevsky 11948:Louis Auguste Blanqui 11908:Stephen Pearl Andrews 11737:Cooperative ownership 11253:Maoism–Third Worldism 10596:Fossil fuel phase-out 10460:Conservation movement 10119:Ecosocialist Horizons 8949:New Political Science 8128:, pp. 38–40, 97. 7311:on 22 September 2020. 6268:10.1057/9780312299651 5879:on 10 September 2016. 5842:"This could be it..." 5271:Joan Herrera i Torres 4862:Ecological production 4339: 4246:Thomas Robert Malthus 4244: 4165:revolution from above 4153:white power skinheads 4064:steady-state theorist 4034:Scientific Revolution 3977: 3649: 3479:environmental justice 3449:Wall therefore views 3351:Library and opposing 3195:Green Party of Canada 3103:In October 2007, the 3026: 2792: 2523:or, more frequently, 2375:revolutionary ecology 617:Fossil fuel phase-out 481:Conservation movement 139:Socialist Alternative 137: 12988:Political ideologies 12920:Communism portal 12908:Socialism portal 12859:Socialism by country 12457:Pablo Iglesias Posse 12163:Henri de Saint-Simon 12118:Nikolay Mikhaylovsky 11772:Industrial democracy 11579:History of socialism 11574:History of communism 11569:History of anarchism 10475:Ecological economics 10379:European Green Party 10343:Green libertarianism 10227:Grassroots democracy 10096:Monthly Review Press 10051:. pp. 199–210. 9943:(1 September 2023). 9870:Foster, John Bellamy 9837:Foster, John Bellamy 9776:(video presentation) 9719:improve this article 9673:. pp. 183–203. 9642:. pp. 290–300. 9581:. pp. 123–140. 9539:. pp. 234–241. 9488:. pp. 179–188. 9358:Monthly Review Press 9279:Conservation Biology 9188:Gare, Arran (1993). 9078:. pp. 253–261. 8715:Monthly Review Press 8575:Monthly Review Press 8565:Foster, John Bellamy 8393:Gare, Arran (2000). 7405:on 8 September 2016. 7264:on 10 December 2022. 7199:on 27 November 2020. 7145:. IMG Publications. 7065:www.indymedia.org.uk 6625:Postmodern Anarchism 6588:Smith, Mark (1999). 6471:Anarchism in America 6447:. pp. 119–120. 6231:Monthly Review Press 6223:Foster, John Bellamy 6114:Clark, John (1984). 5979:Martinez-Alier, Joan 5770:"Stolen watermelons" 5500:Green libertarianism 5490:Ecological economics 5485:Ecological democracy 5058:third camp socialist 4980:boni patres familias 4701:improve this article 4641:who, in joining the 4536:open-source software 4265:on class injustice, 4071:ecological economics 4049:cooperative movement 3999:ecological economics 3758:improve this article 3536:industrial accidents 3522:as an example. Many 3226:Socialist Resistance 2979:further called upon 2975:. Fellow Australian 2942:population pressures 2929:The Limits to Growth 2800:and the ideology of 2749:improve this article 2308:Communism portal 2291:Socialism portal 983:Industrial democracy 933:Collective ownership 496:Ecological economics 398:European Green Party 360:Green libertarianism 242:Grassroots democracy 67:improve this article 12993:Political movements 12963:Economic ideologies 12662:George Bernard Shaw 12572:François Mitterrand 12487:Alexandra Kollontai 12462:Jayaprakash Narayan 12143:Constantin Pecqueur 11963:Philippe Buonarroti 11918:John Goodwyn Barmby 11817:Workplace democracy 11727:Calculation in kind 11717:Anarchist economics 11666:Socialist economics 11564:Equality of outcome 11504:Anarchist economics 11211:Ho Chi Minh Thought 11084:Libertarian Marxism 11079:Left-libertarianism 10676:transport hierarchy 10520:effects of aviation 10404:Global Young Greens 10283:Ecoauthoritarianism 10248:Alter-globalization 10112:Another Green World 9957:on 9 February 2024. 9878:greattransition.org 9872:(14 October 2015). 9731:footnote references 9292:2003ConBi..17..937J 8897:on 12 January 2013. 8766:, pp. 269–270. 8754:, pp. 268–269. 8684:, pp. 234–241. 8672:, pp. 257–258. 8660:, pp. 237–238. 8636:, pp. 273–274. 8624:, pp. 272–273. 8612:, pp. 216–219. 8600:, pp. 268–275. 8518:, pp. 263–268. 8506:, pp. 188–189. 8482:, pp. 178–181. 8470:, pp. 255–256. 8446:, pp. 271–273. 8371:, pp. 238–241. 8323:, pp. 229–230. 8273:, pp. 225–226. 8218:, pp. 220–221. 8206:, pp. 218–219. 8116:, pp. 147–150. 8104:, pp. 195–199. 8092:, pp. 196–197. 8056:, pp. 193–194. 8044:, pp. 192–193. 7973:, pp. 189–190. 7958:, pp. 190–191. 7946:, pp. 186–187. 7934:, pp. 184–185. 7922:, pp. 182–183. 7898:, pp. 177–179. 7886:, pp. 174–175. 7871:, pp. 171–172. 7859:, pp. 169–170. 7806:, pp. 135–136. 7762:, pp. 176–177. 7738:, pp. 166–167. 7723:, pp. 185–186. 7605:, pp. 282–283. 7522:, pp. 158–177. 7462:, pp. 156–157. 7418:"Philadelphia fire" 7360:, pp. 155–156. 7174:on 29 January 2007. 7050:, pp. 154–155. 7037:on 11 January 2007. 6746:, pp. 123–127. 6426:, pp. 224–225. 6358:on 5 December 2006. 6177:, pp. 231–232. 6057:, pp. 296–297. 5953:, pp. 295–296. 5720:(6 December 2009). 5695:, pp. 173–187. 5620:on 11 January 2007. 5236:John Bellamy Foster 5153:population pressure 5141:The Enemy of Nature 5028:states in his book 4996:commodity fetishism 4985:reproductive rights 4856:automobile industry 4837:organic agriculture 4594:and the globalized 4326:Christian socialism 4301:Joan Martinez-Alier 3932:hydrogen fuel cells 3659:US invasion of Iraq 3633:Islamist extremists 3463:Joan Martinez Alier 3416:export-geared crops 3383:expansion "exposes 3288:technological fixes 3175:European Parliament 3167:Red-green alliances 3036:socialist feminists 2862:is a collection of 2650:John Bellamy Foster 2470:means of production 2395:alter-globalization 2381:merging aspects of 2193:Market abolitionism 2178:Left-libertarianism 1115:Inclusive Democracy 1082:Workplace democracy 928:Calculation in kind 910:Socialist economics 900:Revolutions of 1848 697:transport hierarchy 541:effects of aviation 423:Global Young Greens 300:Ecoauthoritarianism 265:Alter-globalization 12998:Political theories 12844:Marxist philosophy 12761:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 12582:Gamal Abdel Nasser 12537:Alasdair MacIntyre 12307:Simone de Beauvoir 12078:Ferdinand Lassalle 11845:Tommaso Campanella 11792:Production for use 11752:Economic democracy 11621:Mode of production 11611:Left-wing politics 11590:The Internationale 11273:Xi Jinping Thought 10698:Low-carbon economy 10328:Green conservatism 10181:Fossil fuels lobby 9884:on 3 October 2023. 9453:. pp. 33–44. 9345:Socialist Register 9145:. pp. 33–51. 9041:Palgrave Macmillan 8915:on 10 October 2007 8068:, p. 125–133. 7653:on 15 January 2019 7289:on 12 August 2012. 7119:on 21 October 2016 6892:Abandon Affluence! 6535:on 12 January 2012 6260:Palgrave Macmillan 5932:on 30 October 2007 5819:A Blogroll, please 5442:Environment portal 5421:Gerrard Winstanley 5321:Jean-Luc Mélenchon 5149:species extinction 4407:counter-revolution 4395:Russian Revolution 4358: 4322:agrarian socialism 4254:over-industrialism 4250: 4087:German Green Party 3991: 3963:renewable energies 3663: 3393:resource depletion 3326:World Social Forum 3210:Principal Speakers 3171:Red-Green Alliance 3092:and member of the 3034:The 1990s saw the 3032: 2934:resource depletion 2806: 2695:Aleksandr Bogdanov 2679:Russian Revolution 2555:German Green Party 2527:, both critics of 2399:anti-globalization 2198:Marxist philosophy 1018:Production for use 988:Input–output model 953:Economic democracy 719:Low-carbon economy 345:Green conservatism 194:Fossil fuels lobby 151: 13008:Political ecology 12940: 12939: 12813:Socialist parties 12794: 12793: 12697:Ram Manohar Lohia 12637:Gaetano Salvemini 12422:Mikhail Gorbachev 12133:Antonie Pannekoek 11762:Equal opportunity 11757:Economic planning 11490: 11489: 11379:African-Caribbean 11367:Regional variants 11094:Council communism 10962:Saint-Simonianism 10783: 10782: 10718:Political ecology 10636:industrial policy 10217:Ecological wisdom 10066:978-3-030-33920-3 10026:(December 2018). 9890:Fotopoulos, Takis 9778:on 21 March 2023. 9759: 9758: 9751: 9680:978-1-315-39734-4 9657:978-0-429-34142-7 9596:978-90-481-3745-9 9554:978-0-429-34142-7 9503:978-0-429-34142-7 9468:978-90-481-3745-9 9367:978-1-58367-241-9 9332:978-1-84277-871-5 9261:978-90-481-3745-9 9246:. pp. 3–12. 9152:978-1-315-39734-4 9093:978-0-429-34142-7 9058:978-3-030-05183-9 8790:, pp. 74–76. 8584:978-1-58367-012-5 8152:, pp. 48–49. 7711:, pp. 34–36. 7593:, pp. 38–41. 7498:, pp. 61–62. 7486:, pp. 26–38. 7336:, pp. 79–81. 7324:, pp. 41–43. 6831:. Heretic Books. 6638:978-0-7391-0522-1 6603:978-0-415-21172-7 6475:. 9 January 2007 6454:978-1-55164-018-1 6414:, pp. 73–74. 6402:, pp. 71–72. 6277:978-0-312-29965-1 6072:, pp. 38–39. 6012:, pp. 26–50. 5975:Guha, Ramachandra 5904:on 29 April 2023. 5231:Sabrina Fernandes 5080:David Schwartzman 4953:Code of Hammurabi 4909:Paraguayan Indian 4766: 4765: 4751: 4596:division of labor 4393:In analysing the 3823: 3822: 3808: 3679:counter-terrorism 3655:Rumaila oil field 3600:radioactive waste 3487:ethnic minorities 3420:subsistence farms 3276:The New Statesman 3012:Australian Greens 3007:Green Left Weekly 2818:ecological crisis 2781: 2780: 2773: 2642:social ecologists 2586:gender inequality 2525:Warren T. Brookes 2367:socialist ecology 2356: 2355: 2148:Communist society 2120:Socialist parties 1379:Saint-Simonianism 968:Equal opportunity 958:Economic planning 895:French Revolution 834: 833: 739:Political ecology 657:industrial policy 232:Ecological wisdom 132: 131: 117: 16:(Redirected from 13015: 12968:Environmentalism 12930: 12929: 12918: 12917: 12916: 12906: 12905: 12892: 12891: 12880: 12879: 12781:Yanis Varoufakis 12734: 12647:Jean-Paul Sartre 12632:Bertrand Russell 12607:Sylvia Pankhurst 12587:Jawaharlal Nehru 12452:Dolores Ibárruri 12417:Einar Gerhardsen 12397:Alexander Dubček 12347:Nikolai Bukharin 12257:Salvador Allende 12245: 12228:Wilhelm Weitling 12213:Suzanne Voilquin 12198:William Thompson 12188:Lysander Spooner 12148:Georgi Plekhanov 12138:Giovanni Pascoli 12103:Errico Malatesta 12098:Helen Macfarlane 12043:Alexander Herzen 12018:Friedrich Engels 12013:Prosper Enfantin 12008:W. E. B. Du Bois 11978:Edward Carpenter 11938:Eduard Bernstein 11901: 11884:Sylvain Maréchal 11862: 11838: 11832: 11831: 11797:Public ownership 11747:Direct democracy 11732:Common ownership 11696:Workers' council 11681:State capitalism 11596:Internationalism 11529:Critique of work 11509:Anti-revisionism 11186:Marxism–Leninism 11020:Left-wing market 10977: 10976: 10937:Social democracy 10820: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10787: 10786: 10728:Renewable energy 10567:Environmentalism 10435:Circular economy 10338:Green liberalism 10318:Environmentalism 10162: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10130: 10129: 10107: 10083: 10078:. Archived from 10074:Moore, Jason W. 10070: 10035: 10019: 9991: 9981: 9980:on 2 March 2023. 9976:. Archived from 9958: 9953:. Archived from 9936: 9934: 9932: 9923:. Archived from 9905: 9885: 9880:. Archived from 9865: 9863: 9861: 9832: 9823:. Archived from 9804: 9779: 9777: 9771:. Archived from 9754: 9747: 9743: 9740: 9734: 9702: 9701: 9694: 9684: 9661: 9626: 9600: 9566: 9523: 9515: 9472: 9438: 9402: 9386: 9371: 9348: 9336: 9320: 9305: 9303: 9265: 9234: 9225:(5–6): 451–465. 9211: 9183: 9181: 9156: 9130: 9128: 9105: 9062: 9019: 9013: 8998: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8893:. Archived from 8860: 8854: 8853: 8850:Workers' Liberty 8841: 8835: 8834: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8749: 8743: 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8718: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8561: 8555: 8549: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8519: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8424: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8283: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8178: 8169:. 3 March 2001. 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8030: 8029: 7997: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7694:. Archived from 7684: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7649:. Archived from 7636: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7538: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7448: 7447: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7391: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7307:. Archived from 7297: 7291: 7290: 7275: 7266: 7265: 7250: 7244: 7241:Schwartzman 2008 7238: 7227: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7213:. Archived from 7211:"Bolivia (2009)" 7207: 7201: 7200: 7185: 7176: 7175: 7170:. Archived from 7163: 7157: 7156: 7135: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7115:. Archived from 7109: 7103: 7102: 7100: 7098: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7033:. Archived from 7023: 7017: 7011: 7005: 7004: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6959:. Archived from 6941: 6935: 6934: 6933:on 19 July 2008. 6929:. Archived from 6916: 6910: 6909: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6852: 6843: 6842: 6819: 6813: 6812: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6706: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6668: 6659:. Archived from 6649: 6643: 6642: 6617: 6608: 6607: 6585: 6579: 6578: 6555:Bookchin, Murray 6551: 6545: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6445:Black Rose Books 6437:Bookchin, Murray 6433: 6427: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6354:. Archived from 6348: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6293: 6282: 6281: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6120:Black Rose Books 6111: 6105: 6104: 6083:Eckersley, Robyn 6079: 6073: 6067: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6013: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5971: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5928:. Archived from 5918:(12 July 2007). 5912: 5906: 5905: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5875:. Archived from 5862: 5856: 5855: 5854:on 22 July 2011. 5853: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5830:on 4 March 2005. 5829: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5793:. Archived from 5791:"The Watermelon" 5787: 5778: 5777: 5776:on 20 July 2012. 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5734:on 2 March 2023. 5730:. Archived from 5714: 5708: 5702: 5696: 5690: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5629: 5621: 5600: 5567: 5561: 5544:Yellow socialism 5470:Diggers movement 5458: 5456:Socialism portal 5453: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5416:Raymond Williams 5381:Pernille Skipper 5366:Manuel Sacristán 5316:David McReynolds 5291:Dimitri Lascaris 5251:Ramachandra Guha 5137:conservationists 5123:Democratic Party 4982: 4848:carbon emissions 4761: 4758: 4752: 4750: 4709: 4681: 4673: 4612: 4544:public libraries 4506: 4501:human ecosystems 4415: 4389: 4367:social democracy 4342:Great Green Wall 4305:Ramachandra Guha 4186:private property 4181:Kirkpatrick Sale 4117:, three hundred 4045:E. F. Schumacher 3928:limits to growth 3917:waste management 3903: 3888: 3841:, deep ecology, 3818: 3815: 3809: 3807: 3766: 3738: 3730: 3700: 3594:, non-renewable 3592:carbon-intensive 3496:African-American 3459:Ramachandra Guha 3365:social exclusion 3164: 3140: 3123: 3070:social scientist 2995:Carolyn Merchant 2940:, as opposed to 2901:social anarchism 2776: 2769: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2733: 2725: 2672:Socialist League 2609:internationalist 2597:private property 2582:state capitalism 2553:even though the 2529:environmentalism 2510:green anarchists 2466:common ownership 2407:social exclusion 2348: 2341: 2334: 2320:Organized Labour 2318: 2317: 2306: 2305: 2304: 2289: 2288: 2233:Workers' council 1870:Gracchi Brothers 1394:Social democracy 1137:Market socialism 1125:Project Cybersyn 1053:Soviet democracy 1038:Social ownership 993:Internationalism 973:Free association 943:Common ownership 859: 836: 835: 826: 819: 812: 749:Renewable energy 588:Environmentalism 456:Circular economy 355:Green liberalism 335:Environmentalism 176: 153: 152: 127: 124: 118: 116: 75: 47: 39: 21: 13023: 13022: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13013: 13012: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12936: 12924: 12914: 12912: 12900: 12868: 12817: 12790: 12726: 12652:Arthur Scargill 12622:Pierre Renaudel 12432:Antonio Gramsci 12412:Muammar Gaddafi 12407:Faiz Ahmad Faiz 12402:Albert Einstein 12342:Aristide Briand 12332:Murray Bookchin 12327:Grace Lee Boggs 12312:Walter Benjamin 12282:Chiang Kai-shek 12262:Inejirō Asanuma 12237: 12208:Benjamin Tucker 12068:Peter Kropotkin 12048:Thomas Hodgskin 12023:Charles Fourier 12003:Théodore Dézamy 11953:Philippe Buchez 11913:Mikhail Bakunin 11893: 11869:Gracchus Babeuf 11854: 11821: 11802:Social dividend 11700: 11676:Socialist state 11641:Post-capitalism 11636:Planned economy 11631:Nationalization 11496: 11486: 11362: 11317: 11147: 11139: 11037:Insurrectionary 10983: 10975: 10841: 10834: 10821: 10816: 10814: 10784: 10779: 10450:Climate justice 10445:Climate finance 10413: 10362: 10323:Green anarchism 10308:Eco-nationalism 10236: 10205: 10164: 10160: 10157: 10082:on 10 May 2011. 10067: 9989: 9930: 9928: 9927:on 2 March 2023 9859: 9857: 9821: 9807: 9801: 9775: 9755: 9744: 9738: 9735: 9716: 9707:This article's 9703: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9681: 9658: 9623: 9597: 9555: 9504: 9469: 9427: 9399: 9384: 9368: 9333: 9318: 9272:(29 May 2003). 9270:Johns, David M. 9262: 9166:Human Geography 9153: 9094: 9059: 9028: 9023: 9022: 9014: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8944: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8907: 8906: 8902: 8861: 8857: 8842: 8838: 8833:on 8 July 2011. 8821: 8820: 8816: 8798: 8794: 8786: 8782: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8738: 8734: 8726: 8722: 8704: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8585: 8562: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8538: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8514: 8510: 8502: 8498: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8442: 8438: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8319: 8315: 8304: 8296:. p. 207. 8284: 8277: 8269: 8265: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8176: 8174: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8124: 8120: 8112: 8108: 8100: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8048: 8040: 8033: 8014: 7998: 7989: 7981: 7977: 7969: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7942: 7938: 7930: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7844: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7798: 7791: 7781:South End Press 7770: 7766: 7758: 7754: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7727: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7698:on 27 May 2009. 7686: 7685: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7654: 7637: 7633: 7625: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7570: 7536: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7451: 7414: 7410: 7402: 7389: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7230: 7220: 7218: 7217:on 26 July 2011 7209: 7208: 7204: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7164: 7160: 7153: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7106: 7096: 7094: 7080: 7076: 7059: 7058: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7012: 7008: 6994: 6990: 6976: 6972: 6957: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6853: 6846: 6839: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6757:Commoner, Barry 6754: 6750: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6726: 6718: 6714: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6639: 6629:Lexington Books 6618: 6611: 6604: 6586: 6582: 6552: 6548: 6538: 6536: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6512: 6510: 6503:by Janet Biehl" 6497: 6496: 6492: 6478: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6350: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6294: 6285: 6278: 6252: 6248: 6241: 6220: 6216: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6141: 6137: 6130: 6112: 6108: 6101: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5997: 5972: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5935: 5933: 5913: 5909: 5888: 5884: 5863: 5859: 5851: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5827: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5623: 5622: 5601: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5475:Eco-communalism 5454: 5447: 5440: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5391:Chlöe Swarbrick 5196:Jabari Brisport 5191:Murray Bookchin 5176:Abdullah Öcalan 5161: 5038: 5005: 4972:Napoleonic Code 4921: 4900:Istvan Meszaros 4864: 4812: 4787: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4716:"Eco-socialism" 4710: 4708: 4694: 4682: 4671: 4651: 4625:(EZLN) and the 4615:political party 4610: 4588: 4504: 4496: 4476: 4463: 4450: 4413: 4387: 4334: 4314: 4298: 4282:overconsumption 4239: 4231:Murray Bookchin 4216: 4203: 4177: 4099:time immemorial 4079: 4039:Other forms of 4026:natural capital 3995:green economics 3972: 3947:post-industrial 3901: 3886: 3878: 3835:green economics 3819: 3813: 3810: 3773:"Eco-socialism" 3767: 3765: 3751: 3739: 3728: 3711: 3613: 3586:O'Connor cites 3577: 3557: 3361: 3353:war in Chechnya 3347:", running the 3343:, anarchists, 3312: 3259: 3183:Northern Europe 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3132: 3131: 3124: 3113: 3021: 3000:The Australian 2922:, suggesting a 2916: 2814:Peter Kropotkin 2810:Murray Bookchin 2794:Murray Bookchin 2787: 2777: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2746: 2734: 2723: 2634: 2629: 2617:post-capitalist 2506:eco-capitalists 2498:anti-capitalist 2482: 2363:green socialism 2361:(also known as 2352: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2283: 2276: 2275: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2228:Socialist state 2223:Socialist Party 2168:Economic system 2133: 2125: 2124: 2110: 2100: 2099: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1244:Democratic road 1179: 1169: 1168: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1033:Social dividend 1023:Sharing economy 923: 915: 914: 885: 877: 830: 801: 800: 471:Climate justice 466:Climate finance 441: 433: 432: 388: 380: 379: 340:Green anarchism 325:Eco-nationalism 260: 252: 251: 227: 219: 218: 184: 128: 122: 119: 82:"Eco-socialism" 76: 74: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13021: 13011: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12973:Green politics 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12938: 12937: 12935: 12934: 12922: 12910: 12898: 12886: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12825: 12823: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12804: 12802: 12796: 12795: 12792: 12791: 12789: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12741:Pedro Castillo 12737: 12735: 12728: 12727: 12725: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12682:E. P. Thompson 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12642:Bernie Sanders 12639: 12634: 12629: 12627:B. T. Ranadive 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12592:Ernst Niekisch 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12557:Adrien Marquet 12554: 12549: 12547:Nelson Mandela 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12527:Rosa Luxemburg 12524: 12519: 12517:Vladimir Lenin 12514: 12509: 12507:Henri Lefebvre 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12467:Russell Jacoby 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12447:Saddam Hussein 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12387:Eugene V. Debs 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12337:Bertolt Brecht 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12297:Henri Barbusse 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12272:Clement Attlee 12269: 12267:Hafez al-Assad 12264: 12259: 12254: 12248: 12246: 12239: 12238: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12193:Fred M. Taylor 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12123:William Morris 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11988:James Connolly 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11933:Edward Bellamy 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11904: 11902: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11874:Victor d'Hupay 11871: 11865: 11863: 11856: 11855: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11841: 11839: 11829: 11823: 11822: 11820: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11782:Labour voucher 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11708: 11706: 11702: 11701: 11699: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11593: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11549:Egalitarianism 11546: 11541: 11536: 11534:Class struggle 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11500: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11460:In one country 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11426: 11425: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11401: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11343: 11333: 11327: 11325: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11313: 11303: 11302: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11290: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11277: 11276: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11223: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11183: 11173: 11168: 11167: 11166: 11155: 11153: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11118: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11097: 11096: 11089:Left communism 11081: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11023: 11022: 11017: 11007: 11002: 10991: 10989: 10974: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10846: 10844: 10836: 10835: 10826: 10823: 10822: 10813: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10790: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10777: 10775:Water conflict 10772: 10767: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10708: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10689: 10688: 10683: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10641:infrastructure 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10598: 10593: 10592: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10550:pricing reform 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10455:Climate target 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10421: 10419: 10418:Related topics 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10370: 10368: 10364: 10363: 10361: 10360: 10355: 10353:Social ecology 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10288:Eco-capitalism 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10244: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10222:Social justice 10219: 10213: 10211: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10196:List of topics 10193: 10188: 10186:Green politics 10183: 10178: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10161:Green politics 10156: 10155: 10148: 10141: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10108: 10084: 10071: 10065: 10036: 10020: 9982: 9959: 9950:Monthly Review 9937: 9906: 9886: 9866: 9846:Monthly Review 9833: 9819: 9805: 9799: 9780: 9757: 9756: 9711:external links 9706: 9704: 9697: 9691: 9690:External links 9688: 9686: 9685: 9679: 9662: 9656: 9627: 9622:978-0745323909 9621: 9601: 9595: 9567: 9553: 9524: 9516: 9502: 9473: 9467: 9439: 9425: 9403: 9398:978-1572302730 9397: 9389:Guilford Press 9372: 9366: 9349: 9337: 9331: 9306: 9286:(3): 937–939. 9266: 9260: 9235: 9212: 9185: 9172:(3): 244–259. 9157: 9151: 9131: 9106: 9092: 9063: 9057: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9020: 9018:, p. 294. 8999: 8997:, p. 938. 8987: 8975: 8956:(1): 129–143. 8938: 8936:, p. 939. 8926: 8900: 8877:(3): 123–131. 8855: 8836: 8827:LeftClick Blog 8814: 8792: 8780: 8778:, p. 271. 8768: 8756: 8744: 8742:, p. 268. 8732: 8730:, p. 254. 8720: 8711:Beyond Capital 8698: 8696:, p. 274. 8686: 8674: 8662: 8650: 8648:, p. 235. 8638: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8590: 8583: 8577:. p. ix. 8567:(March 2000). 8556: 8544: 8542:, p. 267. 8532: 8530:, p. 253. 8520: 8508: 8496: 8494:, p. 296. 8484: 8472: 8460: 8458:, p. 198. 8448: 8436: 8385: 8373: 8361: 8359:, p. 257. 8349: 8347:, p. 463. 8337: 8325: 8313: 8302: 8275: 8263: 8235: 8233:, p. 224. 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8154: 8142: 8140:, p. 167. 8130: 8118: 8106: 8094: 8082: 8080:, p. 195. 8070: 8058: 8046: 8031: 8012: 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(2009). 7130: 7104: 7083:Lucardie, Paul 7074: 7071:on 1 May 2013. 7052: 7040: 7018: 7006: 6988: 6970: 6955: 6936: 6911: 6905:978-0862323127 6904: 6879: 6873:978-0847662111 6872: 6844: 6838:978-0946097029 6837: 6814: 6808:978-0860910060 6807: 6780: 6774:978-0394423500 6773: 6748: 6736: 6734:, p. 124. 6724: 6722:, p. 131. 6712: 6698: 6674: 6663:on 16 May 2008 6644: 6637: 6609: 6602: 6580: 6563:Ramparts Press 6546: 6520: 6490: 6460: 6453: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6387:Guilford Press 6373: 6361: 6340: 6338:, p. 155. 6328: 6326:, p. 232. 6316: 6283: 6276: 6246: 6240:978-1583670125 6239: 6214: 6179: 6167: 6161:978-1572301191 6160: 6152:Guilford Press 6146:, ed. (1996). 6135: 6129:978-0920057070 6128: 6106: 6099: 6089:. Albany, NY: 6074: 6059: 6047: 6014: 6002: 5995: 5955: 5943: 5907: 5882: 5857: 5833: 5808: 5797:on 21 May 2013 5779: 5761: 5759:, p. 3–4. 5749: 5747:, p. 182. 5737: 5718:Ngwane, Trevor 5709: 5707:, p. 163. 5697: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5568: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5534:Social-ecology 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5514:Green New Deal 5511: 5505:Green politics 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5445: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5401:Peter Tatchell 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5341:James O'Connor 5338: 5336:William Morris 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5306:Caroline Lucas 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5241:Alberto Garzón 5238: 5233: 5228: 5226:Jutta Ditfurth 5223: 5218: 5213: 5211:Barry Commoner 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5166:Elmar Altvater 5162: 5160: 5157: 5145:David M. Johns 5130:climate change 5092:labor movement 5037: 5034: 5004: 5001: 4941:sustainability 4920: 4917: 4876:Food Not Bombs 4872:exchange-value 4863: 4860: 4850:and increased 4811: 4808: 4786: 4783: 4764: 4763: 4699:. Please help 4685: 4683: 4676: 4670: 4667: 4663:metabolic rift 4653:The economist 4650: 4649:Two principles 4647: 4600:class struggle 4592:trade unionism 4587: 4584: 4495: 4492: 4475: 4472: 4462: 4459: 4449: 4446: 4333: 4330: 4313: 4310: 4297: 4294: 4286:Garrett Hardin 4258:neo-Malthusian 4238: 4235: 4220:social ecology 4215: 4212: 4202: 4199: 4176: 4173: 4167:to install an 4159:groups in the 4078: 4075: 3987:climate change 3971: 3968: 3943:overproduction 3894:carbon trading 3877: 3874: 3862:US Green Party 3851:social ecology 3843:bioregionalism 3821: 3820: 3756:. Please help 3742: 3740: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3716:Scottish Green 3710: 3707: 3691:Rosa Luxemburg 3621:western powers 3612: 3609: 3576: 3573: 3556: 3553: 3530:, such as the 3524:anti-corporate 3360: 3357: 3311: 3308: 3297:China Dialogue 3258: 3255: 3221:Peter Tatchell 3177:, a number of 3143: 3142: 3135: 3134: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3090:anthropologist 3020: 3017: 2991:James O'Connor 2920:Barry Commoner 2918:In the 1970s, 2915: 2912: 2852:counterculture 2798:social ecology 2783:Main article: 2779: 2778: 2737: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2715:Trofim Lysenko 2711:pseudo-science 2709:fell into the 2677:Following the 2664:William Morris 2658:metabolic rift 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2605:exchange value 2543:political left 2535:The Watermelon 2517:social justice 2486:green politics 2481: 2478: 2387:green politics 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2310: 2298: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2183:Libertarianism 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2134: 2132:Related topics 2131: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2111: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1102: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1003:Labour voucher 1000: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 886: 883: 882: 879: 878: 876: 875: 870: 864: 861: 860: 852: 851: 845: 844: 832: 831: 829: 828: 821: 814: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 796:Water conflict 793: 788: 787: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 751: 746: 741: 736: 735: 734: 729: 721: 716: 711: 710: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 662:infrastructure 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 619: 614: 613: 612: 607: 602: 601: 600: 585: 584: 583: 578: 573: 571:pricing reform 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 476:Climate target 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 440:Related topics 439: 438: 435: 434: 431: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 378: 377: 372: 370:Social ecology 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 305:Eco-capitalism 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 250: 249: 244: 239: 237:Social justice 234: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 217: 216: 211: 209:List of topics 206: 201: 199:Green politics 196: 191: 185: 182: 181: 178: 177: 169: 168: 166:Green politics 162: 161: 141:banner at the 130: 129: 65:. Please help 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13020: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12953:Eco-socialism 12951: 12950: 12948: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12921: 12911: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12897: 12896: 12887: 12885: 12884: 12875: 12874: 12871: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12820: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12801: 12800:Organizations 12797: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12771:Lula da Silva 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12729: 12723: 12720: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12612:Fred Paterson 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12602:George Orwell 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12567:Salama Moussa 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12542:Nestor Makhno 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12522:György Lukács 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12512:Claude Lefort 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12442:Eric Hobsbawm 12440: 12438: 12437:Safdar Hashmi 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12372:Jeremy Corbyn 12370: 12368: 12367:G. D. H. Cole 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12287:Deng Xiaoping 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12249: 12247: 12240: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12223:Josiah Warren 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12203:Pyotr Tkachev 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12113:Louise Michel 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12093:Pierre Leroux 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12073:Paul Lafargue 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12049: 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11691:Welfare state 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11626:Nanosocialism 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11616:Mixed economy 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11585: 11584:Impossibilism 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11554:Equal liberty 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11493: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11457: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11423:Eurocommunism 11421: 11420: 11419: 11416: 11410: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11320: 11312: 11309: 11308: 11307: 11304: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11286: 11285:Neo-Stalinism 11283: 11282: 11281: 11278: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11238:Khrushchevism 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11154: 11151: 11146: 11145:Authoritarian 11142: 11136: 11133: 11129: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11032:Individualist 11030: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10982: 10978: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10927:Revolutionary 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10847: 10845: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10811: 10806: 10804: 10799: 10797: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10758:refurbishment 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10723:Progressivism 10721: 10719: 10716: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10682: 10679: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10603: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10507: 10506: 10505:Environmental 10503: 10501: 10500:Eco-terrorism 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470:Eco-investing 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10399:Global Greens 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10369: 10367:Organizations 10365: 10359: 10358:Queer ecology 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10348:Green Zionism 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10313:Eco-socialism 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10278:Disinvestment 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10154: 10149: 10147: 10142: 10140: 10135: 10134: 10131: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10024:Löwy, Michael 10021: 10017: 10013: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9988: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9942: 9941:Hickel, Jason 9938: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9826: 9822: 9820:9780909196998 9816: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9802: 9800:9781138810464 9796: 9792: 9788: 9787: 9781: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9753: 9750: 9742: 9732: 9728: 9727:inappropriate 9724: 9720: 9714: 9712: 9705: 9696: 9695: 9682: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9632:Löwy, Michael 9628: 9624: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9530: 9529:Löwy, Michael 9525: 9522: 9517: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9478:Löwy, Michael 9474: 9470: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9443:Pepper, David 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9426:0-203-42336-4 9422: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9408: 9407:Pepper, David 9404: 9400: 9394: 9390: 9383: 9382: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9363: 9359: 9355: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9341:Löwy, Michael 9338: 9334: 9328: 9324: 9317: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9280: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9180: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9068:Löwy, Michael 9064: 9060: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9017: 9012: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9004: 8996: 8991: 8985:, p. 62. 8984: 8979: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8950: 8942: 8935: 8930: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8840: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8818: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8801:Malm, Andreas 8796: 8789: 8784: 8777: 8772: 8765: 8760: 8753: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8729: 8724: 8716: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8642: 8635: 8630: 8623: 8618: 8611: 8606: 8599: 8594: 8586: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8566: 8560: 8554:, p. 39. 8553: 8548: 8541: 8536: 8529: 8524: 8517: 8512: 8505: 8500: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8464: 8457: 8452: 8445: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8353: 8346: 8341: 8334: 8329: 8322: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8303:9780860916062 8299: 8295: 8291: 8290: 8282: 8280: 8272: 8267: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8232: 8227: 8225: 8217: 8212: 8205: 8200: 8194:, p. 69. 8193: 8188: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8127: 8122: 8115: 8110: 8103: 8098: 8091: 8086: 8079: 8074: 8067: 8062: 8055: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8013:9780871563521 8009: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7984: 7979: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7940: 7933: 7928: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7845: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7768: 7761: 7756: 7749: 7744: 7737: 7732: 7730: 7722: 7717: 7710: 7705: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7683: 7681: 7673: 7668: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7623: 7616: 7611: 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7580: 7579:O'Connor 1998 7575: 7573: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7520:O'Connor 1998 7516: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7474:, p. 28. 7473: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7419: 7412: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7395:New Socialist 7388: 7384: 7378: 7371: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7323: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7134: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7092: 7091:Jaarboek DNPP 7088: 7084: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7049: 7044: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7015: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6956:9780909196998 6952: 6948: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6883: 6875: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6856:Roberts, Alan 6851: 6849: 6840: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6824: 6823:Bahro, Rudolf 6818: 6810: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6789:Bahro, Rudolf 6784: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6721: 6716: 6701: 6699:9781904859260 6695: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6678: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6627:. Lexington: 6626: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6605: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6550: 6534: 6530: 6524: 6509:on 3 May 2012 6508: 6504: 6502: 6494: 6486: 6474: 6472: 6464: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6413: 6408: 6401: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6377: 6371:, p. 70. 6370: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6279: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6242: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6163: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6139: 6131: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6102: 6100:9780791410141 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6064: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6011: 6006: 5998: 5996:9781853833298 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5947: 5931: 5927: 5926: 5925:New Statesman 5921: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5826: 5822: 5820: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5701: 5694: 5689: 5683:, p. 97. 5682: 5677: 5671:, p. 96. 5670: 5665: 5659:, p. 30. 5658: 5653: 5646: 5641: 5633: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5529:Red socialism 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5451: 5446: 5443: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5396:Alan Thornett 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5261:Howie Hawkins 5259: 5257: 5256:Donna Haraway 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5216:Jeremy Corbyn 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5181:Rudolph Bahro 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5103:Fred L. Smith 5100: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088:catastrophism 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5018:death penalty 5014: 5010: 5000: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4986: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4937:globalization 4935: 4931: 4930:privatization 4926: 4925:Vandana Shiva 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4844:externalities 4840: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4807: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4793: 4782: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4760: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4718: – 4717: 4713: 4712:Find sources: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4690:single source 4686:This section 4684: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4666: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4560:Paris Commune 4557: 4556:mixed economy 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4494:Prefiguration 4491: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4456: 4455:David McNally 4445: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4411:war communism 4408: 4404: 4403:World War One 4400: 4396: 4391: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4187: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4169:authoritarian 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:Herbert Gruhl 4138: 4134: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018:civil society 4015: 4011: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3983:San Francisco 3980: 3979:School strike 3976: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3909:individualism 3905: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3884: 3873: 3871: 3870:Malthusianism 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3817: 3806: 3803: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3775: – 3774: 3770: 3769:Find sources: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3747:single source 3743:This section 3741: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3692: 3689:". They echo 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3629:War on Terror 3626: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3588:nuclear power 3584: 3581: 3572: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3552: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3532:Union Carbide 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504:animal rights 3501: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483:working-class 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457:Furthermore, 3455: 3452: 3447: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3373:globalization 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3307: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243:Sheila Malone 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3181:parties from 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3146: 3139: 3129: 3122: 3108: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3019:1990s onwards 3016: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3004:launched the 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2868:post-scarcity 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2842:Silent Spring 2838: 2837:Rachel Carson 2834: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2775: 2772: 2764: 2761:February 2023 2754: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2738:This section 2736: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2703:Joseph Stalin 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2559:Green Parties 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:Petr Beckmann 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2454:green economy 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:globalization 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2385:with that of 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2359:Eco-socialism 2349: 2344: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2251:Related lists 2249: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2208:Progressivism 2206: 2204: 2203:Nanosocialism 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2109: 2108:Organizations 2104: 2103: 2096: 2095:Ocasio-Cortez 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2015:van der Lubbe 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1552:Chernyshevsky 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436:Intellectuals 1433: 1432: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1369:Revolutionary 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1304:Laissez-faire 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 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ecology 373: 371: 368: 366: 365:Green Zionism 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 330:Eco-socialism 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 295:Disinvestment 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 262: 256: 255: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 223: 222: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 186: 180: 179: 175: 171: 170: 167: 164: 163: 159: 155: 154: 148: 144: 140: 136: 126: 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: – 83: 79: 78:Find sources: 72: 68: 64: 58: 57: 56:single source 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12893: 12881: 12712:Clara Zetkin 12692:Leon Trotsky 12687:Ernst Toller 12677:R. H. Tawney 12617:Karl Polanyi 12492:James Larkin 12357:Noam Chomsky 12083:Pyotr Lavrov 12063:Karl Kautsky 12058:Mother Jones 12038:Charles Hall 12028:Emma Goldman 11998:Claire Démar 11928:August Bebel 11722:Basic income 11225: 11101:Luxemburgism 11052:Neozapatismo 11000:Collectivist 10879: 10850:21st century 10485:Ecomodernism 10312: 10263:Deep ecology 10241:Perspectives 10210:Four pillars 10111: 10091: 10088:Saito, Kohei 10080:the original 10044: 10031: 10002:(2): 74–96. 9999: 9993: 9978:the original 9973: 9967: 9955:the original 9948: 9929:. Retrieved 9925:the original 9920: 9914: 9901: 9897: 9882:the original 9877: 9858:. Retrieved 9844: 9825:the original 9809: 9785: 9773:the original 9768: 9745: 9736: 9721:by removing 9708: 9666: 9635: 9608: 9574: 9571:Tokar, Brian 9532: 9520: 9481: 9446: 9411: 9380: 9376:O'Connor, J. 9356:. 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Wells 12672:Sun Yat-sen 12502:Jack Layton 12477:Kim Il Sung 12472:Kim Jong-il 12427:Maxim Gorky 12377:Marcel Déat 12292:Jiang Zemin 12233:Oscar Wilde 12173:George Sand 12128:Robert Owen 12053:Jean Jaurès 11943:Louis Blanc 11850:Thomas More 11812:Technocracy 11686:Trade union 11656:Revisionism 11606:Land reform 11477:Third World 11404:Nationalist 11191:Brezhnevism 11164:Nechayevism 11106:Mao-Spontex 11072:Syndicalist 11062:Communalism 11057:Platformism 11010:Free-market 10981:Libertarian 10967:Technocracy 10917:Nationalist 10895:Syndicalism 10770:War on coal 10753:engineering 10743:development 10733:Sustainable 10631:imperialism 10606:development 10584:Stewardship 10303:Ecofeminism 10293:Ecocentrism 10273:Dirty hands 10232:Nonviolence 10191:Green party 10169:Core topics 9739:August 2019 9613:Pluto Press 9605:Wall, Derek 9310:Kovel, Joel 9135:Devine, Pat 8809:Verso Books 8552:Devine 2017 8456:Westra 2017 8345:Harris 2022 8294:Verso Books 8244:Trotsky, L. 8150:Pepper 1993 8126:Pepper 1993 8114:Pepper 1993 7709:Pepper 2010 7672:Harris 2022 7615:Wallis 2022 7549:(1): 1–46. 7383:Kovel, Joel 7322:Pepper 2010 7014:Pepper 1993 6799:Verso Books 6621:Call, Lewis 6144:Benton, Ted 6070:Devine 2017 5936:10 February 5916:Lynas, Mark 5361:Raül Romeva 5346:David Orton 5281:Naomi Klein 5186:Hugo Blanco 5121:, a former 5064:Writing in 5056:(a British 4934:neo-liberal 4888:eco-systems 4817:speculation 4792:bourgeoisie 4571:open source 4552:state-owned 4354:Gobi Desert 4275:birth rates 4192:converting 4133:immigration 4067:Herman Daly 4030:materialism 3898:Brian Tokar 3831:voluntarism 3657:during the 3631:', between 3569:subsistence 3485:people and 3451:neo-liberal 3434:to produce 3377:imperialism 3281:environment 3217:Green Party 3039:Mary Mellor 2989:(CNS) with 2977:Ted Trainer 2973:consumerism 2946:East German 2914:1970s–1990s 2897:Communalism 2802:communalism 2721:1950s–1960s 2699:Proletkul't 2632:1880s–1930s 2458:egalitarian 2442:human needs 2427:imperialism 2295:WikiProject 2173:French Left 1965:Spiridonova 1864:Politicians 1777:Castoriadis 1457:Saint-Simon 1409:Third World 1404:Syndicalism 1339:Nationalist 1314:Libertarian 1279:Free-market 1142:Lange model 1130:Soviet-type 1100:Communalism 1072:Vanguardism 1028:Spontaneism 938:Cooperative 884:Development 791:War on coal 774:engineering 764:development 754:Sustainable 652:imperialism 627:development 605:Stewardship 320:Ecofeminism 310:Ecocentrism 290:Dirty hands 247:Nonviolence 204:Green party 183:Core topics 149:, Australia 12947:Categories 12883:Categories 12786:Xi Jinping 12722:J. Posadas 12392:John Dewey 12382:Guy Debord 12302:Jyoti Basu 12183:Eugène Sue 11497:and issues 11495:Key topics 11472:Sri Lankan 11445:Melanesian 11440:Indonesian 11389:Bolivarian 11311:Lassallism 11299:Tkachevism 11176:Bolshevism 11150:from above 11135:Third camp 11111:Trotskyism 10986:from below 10952:Icarianism 10947:Fourierism 10932:Scientific 10865:Democratic 10840:Schools of 10572:opposition 10560:technology 10490:Eco-tariff 10430:Carbon tax 10333:Green left 10298:Ecofascism 10104:B06VSFFLDR 9347:: 294–309. 8995:Johns 2003 8983:Kovel 2007 8934:Johns 2003 8788:Kovel 2007 8776:Kovel 2007 8764:Kovel 2007 8752:Kovel 2007 8740:Kovel 2007 8728:Kovel 2007 8694:Kovel 2007 8682:Kovel 2007 8658:Kovel 2007 8646:Kovel 2007 8634:Kovel 2007 8622:Kovel 2007 8610:Kovel 2007 8598:Kovel 2007 8540:Kovel 2007 8528:Kovel 2007 8516:Kovel 2007 8468:Kovel 2007 8444:Kovel 2007 8422:1959.3/742 8369:Kovel 2007 8321:Kovel 2007 8292:. 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N. 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