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when it wants to make sure the user wishes to quit without saving, is "?". It does not report the current filename or line number, or even display the results of a change to the text, unless requested. Older versions (c. 1981) did not even ask for confirmation when a quit command was issued without
854:
A while later a demand arose for another special-purpose program, gres, for substitution: g/re/s. Lee McMahon undertook to write it, and soon foresaw that there would be no end to the family: g/re/d, g/re/a, etc. As his concept developed it became
405:
run ed as the editor if the EDITOR and VISUAL environment variables are not defined. If something goes wrong, ed is sometimes the only editor available. This is often the only time when it is used interactively.
551:
command also goes into insert mode, and will insert the entered text (a single empty line in our case) before line two. All commands may be prefixed by a line number to operate on that line.
570:
means the last line). In return, ed lists all lines, from first to last. These lines are ended with dollar signs, so that white space at the end of lines is clearly visible.
871:
547:, inserting the characters that follow and is terminated by a single dot on a line. The two lines that are entered before the dot end up in the file buffer. The
573:
Once the empty line is inserted in line 2, the line which reads "This is line number two." is now actually the third line. This error is corrected with
401:
available, and as such is useful for people who have to work with multiple versions of Unix. On Unix-based operating systems, some utilities like
184:
operating systems. It was one of the first parts of the Unix operating system that was developed, in August 1969. It remains part of the
730:
601:
will apply it to the correct line; following the command is the text to be replaced, and then the replacement. Listing all lines with
366:
was precious. As computer technology improved and these constraints were loosened, editors with more visual feedback became the norm.
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780:
884:
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824:
783:(June 1970), reprinted as "QED Text Editor Reference Manual", MHCC-004, Murray Hill Computing, Bell Laboratories (October 1972).
2141:
251:. Regular expressions are also implemented in ed, though their implementation is considerably less general than that in qed.
236:
647:
with its description (errorstr) merely a single question mark, noting "the experienced user will know what is wrong."
115:
900:
452:
and descendants, for example) use ed-like syntax. These editors, however, are typically more limited in function.
2311:
2306:
1668:
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345:) "the most user-hostile editor ever created", even when compared to the contemporary (and notoriously complex)
460:
Here is an example transcript of an ed session. For clarity, commands and text typed by the user are in normal
240:
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1021:
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the user saving changes. This terseness was appropriate in the early versions of Unix, when consoles were
2301:
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2174:
2134:
2038:
936:
2232:
2195:
2074:
1994:
1640:
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964:
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314:
58:
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2316:
2190:
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1701:
1625:
76:
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1229:
1219:
558:, the lowercase L stands for the list command. The command is prefixed by a range, in this case
192:
standards for Unix-based operating systems, alongside the more sophisticated full-screen editor
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8:
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The ed text editor was one of the first three key elements of the Unix operating system—
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321:
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available on essentially all Unix systems (and mandatory on systems conforming to the
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799:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the
Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
543:
command appends text (all ed commands are single letters). The command puts ed in
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1981:
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In current practice, ed is rarely used interactively, but does find use in some
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later described as the "definitive" ed, and aspects of ed went on to influence
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Project has numerous jokes around ed hosted on its website. In addition, the
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The ed commands are often imitated in other line-based editors. For example,
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editors in the 1980s. ed can be found on virtually every version of Unix and
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849:
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was inspired by a common special use of qed and later ed, where the command
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systems. Thompson's versions of qed were notable as the first to implement
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provides a simple prompt and enables more useful feedback messages. The
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239:. Thompson was very familiar with qed, and had reimplemented it on the
233:
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53:
41:
1007:
Programmer's Manual, Volume 1, a direct descendant of the original ed.
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a ed is the standard Unix text editor. This is line number two. . 2i
1989:
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349:. For example, the message that ed will produce in case of error,
1999:
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244:
963:: edit text – Shell and Utilities Reference,
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914:
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920:
656:
640:
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326:
powerful automation can be achieved by feeding commands from
293:
rints the lines containing matches. The Unix stream editor,
221:
185:
2221:
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2058:
2015:
1943:
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1883:
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270:
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88:
26:
1908:
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1321:
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632:
410:
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659:, the standard MS-DOS line editor which was inspired by
444:
has a somewhat similar syntax, and text editors in many
1785:
1143:
779:
D. M. Ritchie and K. L. Thompson, "QED Text Editor",
152:
566:. A range is two line numbers separated by a comma (
161:
158:
413:has a few switches to enhance the feedback. Using
333:(In)famous for its terseness, ed, compatible with
974:Manual page from Unix First Edition describing ed
2288:
869:
619:, the number of characters written to the file.
385:. For interactive use, ed was subsumed by the
297:implemented many of the scripting features of
2135:
1709:
1037:
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842:
763: – Shell and Utilities Reference,
2142:
2128:
1716:
1702:
1676:
1044:
1030:
25:
850:"On the Early History and Impact of Unix"
805:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
721:
719:
717:
1018:section 3.1 describes the history of ed.
865:
863:
368:
199:
815:
792:
301:that were not supported by ed on Unix.
2289:
714:
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512:ed is the standard Unix text editor.$
475:ed is the standard Unix text editor.$
2123:
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1025:
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786:
752:
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605:the line is shown now to be correct.
527:The end result is a simple text file
228:. Many features of ed came from the
697:Where GREP Came From – Computerphile
534:ed is the standard Unix text editor.
269:. The non-interactive Unix command
232:text editor developed at Thompson's
1003:: text editor –
986:: text editor –
732:The Daemon, the Gnu and the Penguin
13:
830:from the original on June 15, 2023
747:
237:University of California, Berkeley
16:Line-oriented text editor for Unix
14:
2343:
1016:A History of UNIX before Berkeley
950:
937:"The GNU C Library - Error Codes"
421:switch is defined in POSIX since
146:(pronounced as distinct letters,
2149:
2103:
2102:
1675:
1654:
1653:
539:Started with an empty file, the
148:
929:
906:
704:from the original on 2021-12-11
531:containing the following text:
894:
809:
773:
687:
611:writes the buffer to the file
597:, a substitution command. The
409:The version of ed provided by
1:
965:The Single UNIX Specification
818:"The Art of Unix Programming"
765:The Single UNIX Specification
681:
694:Computerphile (2018-07-06),
518:This is line number three.$
7:
650:
536:This is line number three.
304:
68:1973, 50–51 years ago
10:
2348:
481:This is line number two.$
455:
59:AT&T Bell Laboratories
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2098:
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2008:
1980:
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1738:
1649:
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1539:
1518:
1475:
1314:
1258:
1207:
1066:
870:Donald A. Norman (1981).
644:
574:
487:
315:Single Unix Specification
126:
114:
102:
82:
72:
64:
52:
40:
32:
24:
623:will end an ed session.
562:which is a shortcut for
464:, and output from ed is
309:Features of ed include:
265:, which in turn spawned
2248:Associated institutions
639:documentation notes an
615:making ed respond with
2312:Unix SUS2008 utilities
2307:Standard Unix programs
1728:command-line interface
1669:Unix SUS2008 utilities
1664:Standard Unix programs
1056:command-line interface
901:Administering SQL*Plus
872:"The truth about UNIX"
816:Raymond, Eric (2003).
378:
2184:Programming languages
2170:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
903:. Accessed 7/23/2016.
676:List of Unix commands
372:
289:xpression search and
200:History and influence
2332:Console applications
2026:Software development
1557:Software development
220:in August 1969 on a
627:Cultural references
322:regular expressions
249:regular expressions
21:
2302:MacOS text editors
379:
226:AT&T Bell Labs
42:Original author(s)
19:
2297:Unix text editors
2284:
2283:
2158:Operating systems
2117:
2116:
1691:
1690:
967:, Version 4 from
923:General Commands
767:, Version 4 from
666:Sam (text editor)
339:Teletype Model 33
255:Dennis M. Ritchie
139:
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1846:User environment
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1259:User environment
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883:. Archived from
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739:. Archived from
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84:Operating system
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2317:Plan 9 commands
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1867:Text processing
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1315:Text processing
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1011:GNU ed homepage
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727:Salus, Peter H.
724:
715:
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362:were slow, and
337:terminals like
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65:Initial release
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2239:Thompson shell
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1959:Shell builtins
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1732:shell builtins
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1477:Shell builtins
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1060:shell builtins
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1026:
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988:Version 7 Unix
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971:
969:The Open Group
952:
951:External links
949:
947:
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905:
893:
890:on 2014-04-16.
859:
841:
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794:McIlroy, M. D.
785:
772:
769:The Open Group
746:
743:on 2010-05-05.
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343:Peter H. Salus
331:
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328:standard input
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257:produced what
216:—developed by
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109:Cross-platform
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2327:1971 software
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2068:Miscellaneous
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885:the original
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832:. Retrieved
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781:MM-70-1373-3
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741:the original
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440:versions of
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259:Doug McIlroy
253:
218:Ken Thompson
203:
141:
140:
54:Developer(s)
47:Ken Thompson
2322:Line editor
1990:ip/ipconfig
1739:File system
1067:File system
941:www.gnu.org
545:insert mode
520:w text.txt
483:w text.txt
277:performs a
174:line editor
134:MIT License
121:Text editor
35:text editor
2291:Categories
1982:Networking
1659:Categories
880:Datamation
708:2020-10-21
682:References
671:Editor war
641:error code
609:w text.txt
466:emphasized
442:Windows NT
234:alma mater
190:Open Group
73:Written in
2255:Bell Labs
2009:Searching
1825:Processes
1519:Searching
1208:Processes
432:in early
415:ed -v -p:
356:teletypes
206:assembler
182:Unix-like
93:Unix-like
2205:Software
2109:Category
1879:basename
1327:basename
834:June 14,
825:Archived
796:(1987).
729:(2005).
702:archived
651:See also
613:text.txt
529:text.txt
425:(1987).
403:SQL*Plus
375:man page
335:teletype
305:Features
132:Plan 9:
104:Platform
2175:Inferno
2085:fortune
2000:netstat
1995:ip/ping
1924:strings
1432:strings
1352:dirname
1276:logname
1225:crontab
737:Groklaw
643:called
456:Example
285:egular
245:Multics
172:) is a
128:License
2260:Google
2107:
1853:passwd
1725:Plan 9
1412:printf
1337:csplit
1079:chattr
1005:Plan 9
992:Manual
925:Manual
438:32-bit
434:MS-DOS
377:for ed
364:memory
360:modems
281:lobal
275:g/re/p
212:, and
210:editor
97:Plan 9
2276:UTF-8
2269:Other
2212:Belle
2090:sleep
2054:strip
1939:troff
1919:spell
1816:touch
1806:split
1791:mkdir
1751:chgrp
1746:chmod
1636:sleep
1590:strip
1570:ctags
1505:unset
1485:alias
1467:xargs
1447:troff
1407:patch
1402:paste
1377:iconv
1306:write
1296:uname
1199:umask
1189:touch
1179:split
1174:rmdir
1149:mkdir
1134:fuser
1099:cksum
1094:chgrp
1089:chown
1084:chmod
999:ed(1)
982:ed(1)
921:Linux
915:ed(1)
888:(PDF)
875:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
821:(PDF)
803:(PDF)
657:Edlin
637:glibc
591:three
504:three
473:. ,l
450:LPMud
430:EDLIN
399:Linux
395:Emacs
222:PDP-7
214:shell
186:POSIX
2222:grep
2165:Unix
2059:yacc
2016:grep
1972:test
1967:echo
1944:uniq
1929:tail
1914:sort
1904:join
1889:diff
1884:comm
1832:kill
1781:gzip
1776:file
1682:List
1621:expr
1595:yacc
1580:make
1531:grep
1526:find
1510:wait
1500:test
1495:echo
1452:uniq
1437:tail
1427:sort
1417:read
1392:more
1382:join
1372:head
1367:fold
1347:diff
1332:comm
1291:tput
1286:talk
1281:mesg
1271:exit
1250:time
1240:nice
1235:kill
1194:type
1129:file
1053:Unix
855:sed…
836:2023
631:The
564:1,$
462:face
446:MUDs
423:XPG2
393:and
373:The
347:TECO
271:grep
243:and
241:CTSS
188:and
180:and
178:Unix
176:for
116:Type
89:Unix
31:The
2227:sam
2080:cal
2044:lex
2039:hoc
1909:sed
1899:eqn
1874:awk
1858:who
1811:tee
1796:pwd
1756:cmp
1616:cal
1575:lex
1547:man
1422:sed
1342:cut
1322:awk
1301:who
1266:env
1184:tee
1164:pwd
1159:pax
1104:cmp
1074:cat
633:GNU
585:two
510:,l
498:two
411:GNU
387:sam
351:and
299:qed
295:sed
230:qed
224:at
2293::
2217:ed
2196:Go
2075:bc
2049:nm
2034:ar
1949:wc
1934:tr
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1837:ps
1801:rm
1786:ls
1771:du
1766:dd
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1565:ar
1490:cd
1462:wc
1457:vi
1442:tr
1397:nl
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1362:ex
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1220:bg
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1109:cp
959:ed
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749:^
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661:ed
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2191:B
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