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rates continue to be on a steady increase at about 4.1% each year. The sheer increase in numbers shows that there are clearly improvements of children in Iraq having access to education. However, the dramatic increase of the number of students in primary education has had some negative and straining effects for the education system. The budget for education makes up about only 5.7% of government spending and continues to stay at or below this percentage. Investments for schools has also been on the decline. As a result, the country now ranks at the bottom of Middle East countries in terms of education. The little funding for education makes it more difficult to improve the quality and resources for education. At the same time, UNICEF investigated portions of spending for education and found that some of the money has gone to waste. They found that dropout rates are increasing as well as repetition rates for children. In both Iraq Centre and KRI, the rates for dropouts are about 1.5% to 2.5%. While the rate for dropouts for boys was around 16.5%, girls were at 20.1% where it could be due to economic or family reasons. For repetition rates, percentages have almost reached 17% among all students. As a result, almost 20% of the funding for education was lost to dropouts and repetition for the year 2014–2015.
410:
converted into refugee shelters or military bases in 2014 as conflict began to increase. The resources for education become more strained and make it harder for children to go to school and finish receiving their education. However, in 2017, there were efforts being made to open up 47 schools that had previously been closed. There has been more success in Mosul where over 380,000 are going to school again. Depending on where children live, they may or may not have the same access to education as other children. There are also the differing enrollment rates between boys and girls. UNICEF found that in 2013–2014, enrollment numbers for boys was at about five million while girls were at about 4.2 million. While the out-of-school rate for girls is at about 11%, boys are at less than half of that. However, the rate of enrollments for girls has been increasing at a higher rate than for boys. In 2015–2016, the enrollment numbers for girls increased by 400,000 from the previous year where a large number of them were located in Iraq Centre. Not only that, UNICEF found that the increase of girls going to school was across all levels of education. Therefore, the unequal enrollment numbers between boys and girls could potentially change so that universal education can be achieved by all at equal rates.
522:
331:
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found that the education system in Iraq had issues with standard-built school buildings, having enough teachers, implementing a standardised curricula, textbooks and technologies that are needed to help reach its educational goals. Teachers are important resources that are starting to become more and more strained with the rising number of students. Iraq Centre has a faster enrollment growth rate than teacher growth. Teachers begin to have to take in more and more students which can produce a bigger strain on the teacher and quality of education the children receive. Another large resource for education is libraries that can increase literacy and create a reading culture. However, this can only be improved through a restructuring of the education system.
879:) included expanded access, decreased illiteracy, increased gender parity, and the rise of the reputation of Iraq as a centre of education in the Arab region. Primary education was made free and compulsory after the 1958 revolution, and secondary and higher education would be dramatically expanded as well after the nationalization of oil in the 1970s. The Baath party is also known to have "popularized women's education" during their rule, and women's literacy rates became the highest among Muslim- majority countries. In terms of curriculum, emphasis was placed on cohering an Iraq nationalist identity around loyalty to the state and "a narrow ideal of nationalism that bolstered Sunni minority rule over a Shi'ite majority and large Kurdish population."
414:
ISIL. This causes a disruption for children who are attempting to go to school and holds them back from completing their education, no matter what level they are at. Internally displaced children are specifically recorded to track children who have been forced to move within their country due to these types of conflicts. About 355,000 of internally displaced children are not in the education system. 330,000 of those children live in Iraq Centre. The rates among internally displaced children continue to remain higher in Iraq Centre than other areas such as the KRI.
3339:
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among Middle
Eastern countries. Saddam established and controlled the "National Campaign for the Eradication of Illiteracy" and the campaign for "Compulsory Free Education in Iraq," and largely under his auspices, the government established universal free schooling up to the highest education levels; hundreds of thousands learned to read in the years following the initiation of the program. The government also supported families of soldiers, granted
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120:
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total. The number of primary-school teachers increased by 40 per cent over this period. At the secondary level, the number of students increased by 46 per cent, and the number of female students increased by 55 per cent, from 29 to 36 per cent of the total. Baghdad, which had about 29 per cent of the population, had 26 per cent of the primary students, 27 per cent of the female primary students, and 32 per cent of the secondary students.
181:
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24:
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974:, the government faced a dilemma regarding education. Despite the shortage of wartime manpower, the regime was unwilling to tap the pool of available university students, arguing that these young people were Iraq's hope for the future. As of early 1988, therefore, the government routinely exempted students from military service until graduation, a policy it adhered to rigorously.
395:
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Emergency School
Construction Rehabilitation Project- Supplemental Grant for Marshland Schools (US$ 6 million): Since October 2006, the grant provides additional funding for the Emergency School Construction and Rehabilitation Project to construct around 33 new schools in the Marshland areas of Iraq.
417:
With the overall increase of enrollment rates, there continues to be a large strain on the resources for education. UNICEF notes that without an increase on expenditures for education, the quality of education will continue to decrease. Early in the 2000s, the UNESCO International Bureau of
Education
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and embargo against the U.S. and the West due to its support of Israel, and as a result, skyrocketing revenues enabled Saddam to expand his agenda, which included expansion of education and eradication of illiteracy. Within just a few years, Iraq was providing social services that were unprecedented
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is available to those who do not pass the exam, few students elect that option because of its poor quality. Boys and girls generally attend separate schools beginning with seventh grade. In 2005 obstacles to further reform were poor security conditions in many areas, a centralized system that lacked
409:
Other statistics show that regional differences can attribute to lower or higher enrollment rates for children in primary education. For example, UNICEF found that areas with conflict like
Saladin had "more than 90% of school-age children" not in the education system. In addition, some schools were
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Education was provided by the government through a centrally organized school system. In the early 1980s, the system included a six-year primary (or elementary) level known as the first level. The second level, also six years, consisted of an intermediate-secondary and an intermediate-preparatory,
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is widespread in comparison with before, standing at 39% of the rural population. Almost 22% of the adult population in Iraq has never attended school, 46% attended only primary school and a mere 9% have secondary school as the highest level completed. As far as gender equity, 47% of women in Iraq
413:
Although the numbers suggest a dramatic increase of enrollment rates for primary education in total, a large number of children still remain out of the education system. Many of these children fall under the category of internally displaced children due to the conflict in Syria and the takeover by
405:
In general, the education of Iraq has been improving since the MDGs were implemented. For example, enrollment numbers nearly doubled from 2000 to 2012. It went from 3.6 million to six million. The latest statistic from 2015 to 2016 showed that almost 9.2 million children were in school. Enrollment
642:
Emergency School
Construction Rehabilitation Project (US$ 60 million): Since October 2004, the project is meant to construct 55 school buildings and rehabilitate 133 schools. The rehabilitation of 133 schools is complete, at an average cost of US$ 181 per student, and benefits 45,000 pupils while
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The number of students enrolled in primary and secondary schools was highest in the central region of the country and lowest in the north, although the enrollment of the northern schools was only slightly lower than that of the south. Before the war, the government had made considerable gains in
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This social history is confirmed in the efforts of the government to generalize opportunities for basic education throughout the country. Between 1976 and 1986, the number of primary-school students increased by 30 per cent; female students increased by 45 per cent, from 35 to 44 per cent of the
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appointed a national curriculum commission to revise curricula in all subject areas. Because of underfunding by the
Hussein regime, in 2003 an estimated 80 per cent of Iraq's 15,000 school buildings needed rehabilitation and lacked basic sanitary facilities, and most schools lacked libraries and
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Third
Emergency Education Project (US$ 100 million): The funds are from the International Development Agency (IDA), in collaboration with the World Bank. This project is in progress as of July 2008 and aims to develop a national school construction and maintenance program as well as offer
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The impact of government policies on the class structure and stratification patterns can be imputed from available statistics on education and training as well as employment and wage structures. Owing to the historic emphasis on the expansion of educational facilities, the leaders of the
804:
795:, deans of colleges, general managers, administrators, supervisors and school headmasters". Critics state that education in Iraqi Kurdistan is "overshadowed by political rivalry, media propaganda, fake patriotism, nationalist sentiments and party affiliation".
426:
It is generally agreed upon that before 1980, this
Educational system in Iraq was one of the best in the region in addressing both access and equality. However, the situation began to deteriorate rapidly due to several wars and economic sanctions. According to
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This stems from the fact that the country's economy was mismanaged for 40 years, and a country that once held a bright private sector and an educated population has come to have one of the lowest human development indicators in the region.
951:. The latter was not yet in existence in early 1988 but both were designed ultimately to accommodate 50,000 students. In addition, at the end of December 1987, the government announced plans to create four more universities: one in
904:. Vocational education, which had been notoriously inadequate in Iraq, received considerable official attention in the 1980s. The number of students in technical fields had increased threefold since 1977, to over 120,090 in 1986.
818:
period) and offered both public and private educational paths. In the early 1970s, education became public and free at all levels, and mandatory at the primary level. Two ministries came to manage the education system in Iraq: the
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The major pillar above that includes the category of education is that of "improving quality of life", as "healthy citizens tend to be productive citizens that will be able to take advantage of the opportunities provided in a
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Emergency
Textbook Provision Project (US$ 40 million): Since May 2004, the project is intended to finance and distribute 69 million textbooks for 6 million students spread across all of the governorates for the 2004/05
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of Iraq the new vision for Iraq intends to "transform Iraq into a peaceful, unified federal democracy and a prosperous, market-oriented regional economic powerhouse that is fully integrated into the global economy."
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The Baath regime also seemed to have made progress since the late 1960s in reducing regional disparities, although they were far from eliminated and no doubt were more severe than official statistics would suggest.
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has contracted through the US Supplemental Budget for Iraq. Although these programs are a great beginning, they do not reach the level as assessed by the
October 2003 UN/WB Needs Assessment Study ($ 4.8 billion).
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and the fall of the former Saddam Hussein regime, Iraqis with the help of international agencies and foreign governments, have been attempting to create frameworks that would begin to address the issues at hand.
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each of three years. Graduates of these schools could enroll in a vocational school, one of the teacher training schools or institutes, or one of the various colleges, universities, or technical institutes.
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and indeed much of Iraq's urban middle class were able to move from rural or urban lower-class origins to middle and even top positions in the state apparatus, the public sector, and the society at large.
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As of 2018, 92% of children were enrolled in primary school. However, only just over half of low-income children complete primary school, and less than a quarter complete secondary school. Iraq's
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Since May 2003, international agencies have been involved in supporting education in Iraq, but fragmented data has not allowed these numbers to be integrated into the governmental budget. The
513:." The exact strategy towards education includes "investing in human capital with a focus on adult literacy, vocational training, and actions to reduce drop-out rates at the primary level".
827:(MOHSR). The MOHSR is in charge of tertiary education and research centres, while the MOE is predominantly in charge of primary and secondary schooling and its related fields of influence.
722:, the Coalition Provisional Authority official tasked with reconstructing the Iraqi university system, asked for $ 1 billion to rebuild the universities but only received $ 8 million.
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This would go to benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 children in that region and create near-term employment opportunities within construction. Local stakeholders are involved (i.e. NGOs).
1331:"International Assistance and National and Individual Contributions in the Development of Education for Library, Information and Archival Studies: Some Evidence from a Case Study"
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Before Iraq faced economic sanctions from the UN, it already had an advanced and successful education system. However, it has now been "de-developing" in its educational success.
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accountability for teachers and administrators, and the isolation in which the system functioned for the previous 30 years. Few private schools exist. (One notable example: The
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A distance learning via satellite television project is underway with UN agencies to produce programs for displaced persons (US$ 5 million, but not part of the Iraq Trust Fund).
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reports that Iraq previously had one of the best educational performances in the Middle Eastern/West Asian region. In primary school, gross enrollment rate used to be 100%, and
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was 84 per cent for males and 64 per cent for females, with UN figures suggesting a small fall in literacy of Iraqis aged 15–24 between 2000 and 2008, from 84.8% to 82.4%.
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The number of students seeking to pursue higher education in the 1980s increased dramatically. Accordingly, in the mid-1980s, the government made plans to expand
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Since 2003 and the fall of the dictatorial regime, the war against Saddam Hussein and sectarian conflict has further destabilized the education system in Iraq.
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Since then, major problems have emerged that are hindering the system which includes a lack of resources, the politicization of the educational system, uneven
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Poor quality of inputs includes: science labs, libraries, equipment, an outdated curriculum, lack of teacher training and food sources, and staff absenteeism
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Since the bombing at Samar’a in 2006, the displacement of both teachers and students has been another factor in the destabilization of the system.
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are either fully or partly illiterate, as women’s education suffers from differences across regions, and especially between the North and South.
431:’s 2003 Situation Analysis of education in Iraq, the educational system in the Centre/South worsened despite the provision of basics through the
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levels were high. The illiteracy rate was 20% in 1987. However, education has suffered since the 1980s and especially the 1990s following the
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Despite endless daily challenges, the education system in Iraq continues to function. Actions thus far include but are not limited to:
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705:, with substantial international assistance, undertook a complete reform of Iraq's education system. Among immediate goals were the
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which, at the time, dominated the country's oil sector. A year later, world oil prices rose dramatically as a result of the
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There is currently an insufficient supply of schools, and most schools suffer from poor conditions, some of which include:
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and professorial titles". Loyal political party members with fake university titles hold "high official ranks from
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de Santisteban, Agustin Velloso (2005). "Sanctions, War, Occupation and the De-Development of Education in Iraq".
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lessening the extreme concentration of primary and secondary educational facilities in the main cities, notably
745:, after which a national examination determines the possibility of continuing into the upper grades. Although a
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439:(Kurdistan) did not suffer as much due to rehabilitation and reconstruction programs organized through several
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in northern Iraq faces many problems. There is a large number of people who have "fake and bogus awards like
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In the 1990s, school attendance decreased drastically as education funding was cut and economic conditions
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932:, taken together, enrolled 26 per cent of all students in higher education in the academic year 1983–84.
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in Northern Iraq.) Before the occupation of 2003, some 240,000 persons were enrolled in institutions of
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2751 schools were damaged severely and require rehabilitation, and 2400 schools experienced looting
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from curricula and substantial increases in teacher salaries and training programs, which the
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patterns vary, which places a burden on the system as it cannot deal with changing demands
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1455:"Lessons in Academic Rescue: An International Higher Education Response in Post-war Iraq"
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606:(where the students continue forward with the Iraqi education system and testing), and
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Teacher absenteeism and that of girls reached a high level, due to the security threat
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Iraq Reimposes Freeze on Medical Diplomas In Bid to Keep Doctors From Fleeing Abroad
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The National Development Strategy (NDS) contains four major areas of concentration:
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Gap of 3590 schools in 2003 resulted in double or triple shifts in school buildings
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World Bank External Website, Iraq, Project Status Sheets <www.worldbank.org>
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Current Projects financed by the Iraq Trust Fund, include but are not limited to:
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1009:"Iraq: Education in transition, needs and challenges 2004 - Iraq | ReliefWeb"
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729:. After the regime change, the system included about 6 million students in
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Challenges & problems per the current conditions of education in Iraq
2004:
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Distance learning programs for out-of-school children (i.e. in Syria)
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Education personals were targeted, kidnapped, attacked, and or killed
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oversaw the nationalization of international oil interests, and the
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Schools in dangerous areas were forced to close for extended periods
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UNESCO. Situation Analysis of Education in Iraq. Paris: 2003, p.56
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Miller, Jim; Celeste Riendeau; Jessica Rosen (16 September 2013).
1080:"Deep inequality continues to shape the lives of children in Iraq"
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation (2005-06-30),
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have two trust funds that go to help Iraq specifically, while
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583:~65% of the displaced are males while girls tend to drop out
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of teachers and students, security threats, and corruption.
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1799:
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The Iraq War player profile: Saddam Hussein's Rise to Power
1531:"Literacy rates of 15-24 years old, both sexes, percentage"
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Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone
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in the west. Details of these universities were not known.
346:
1568:"It's Time to Eradicate Corruption in Kurdistan's Schools"
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Iraq established its education system in 1921 (during the
1273:"UNESCO Director Concerned About New School Year in Iraq"
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Current structure, status, and scale of education in Iraq
1509:. Internet Archive. New York: Vintage Books. p. 5.
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Insufficient jobs for university graduates, and falling
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Almost 1000 schools are built from mud, straw, or tents
810:
Promoting women's literacy and education in the 1970s
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promoting women's literacy and education in the 1970s
1477:"Iraq unrest: Car bombs rock Baghdad Shia districts"
1302:"Iraq must invest in education to secure its future"
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Education under the Baathist regime before the 1990s
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Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
580:~320,000 students are displaced (200,000 internally)
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Bombings in Baghdad claimed the lives of 16 students
1667:Masri, Safwan M. (2017). "A Different Trajectory".
1586:Masri, Safwan M. (2017). "A Different Trajectory".
205:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1432:"Bogus university graduates clog Iraqi job market"
536:About 70% of schools lack clean water and latrines
707:removal of previously pervasive Baathist ideology
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989:Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq
798:
688:Increasing collaboration with external partners
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614:Current resources devoted to education in Iraq
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1241:"THE COST AND BENEFITS OF EDUCATION IN IRAQ"
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713:was unable to provide in the 1990s. The new
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52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1701:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1620:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1051:"Why has illiteracy rate gone up in Iraq?"
504:Strengthening good governance and security
376:, and general instability in the country.
143:. Please do not remove this message until
2090:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
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737:and 300,000 teachers and administrators.
283:Learn how and when to remove this message
265:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
102:Learn how and when to remove this message
1914:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
1417:National Development Strategy 2005-2007
1403:National Development Strategy 2005-2007
1389:National Development Strategy 2005-2007
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139:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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324:Arabic, Kurdish, Turkmen, Neo-Aramaic
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1319:
1116:
727:forced children into the workforce
658:
74:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
3385:
1713:
1290:
1261:
1164:
1130:International Review of Education
955:in the central area, one each at
764:estimates that in 2000 the adult
643:creating 3,000 construction jobs.
525:University students in Iraq, 2016
486:Strengthening the foundations of
33:This article has multiple issues.
3347:
3338:
3337:
2942:
2932:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2218:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
1792:
1736:
1430:Adnan Abu Zeed (February 2015).
1391:, Republic of Iraq, p. viii
179:
118:
84:guide to writing better articles
63:
22:
2697:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2120:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2110:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
1849:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
1660:
1640:
1628:
1560:
1523:
1496:
1487:
1469:
1446:
1423:
1409:
1395:
1380:
1371:
703:Coalition Provisional Authority
679:Provision of learning resources
190:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
3305:British Indian Ocean Territory
1980:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1503:Chandrasekaran, Rajiv (2007).
1300:Hawkins, Peter (27 May 2017).
1102:"Iraq Literacy Rate 2000-2023"
1094:
1026:
943:in the north and to establish
586:~20,000 teachers are displaced
472:National Development Strategy
1:
2239:
994:
773:Kurdistan Regional Government
752:Classical School of the Medes
651:capacity-building activities.
2476:in ISIL-controlled territory
2364:
1637:, CBC News, 29 December 2006
1536:Millennium Development Goals
799:Iraqi Education Under Saddam
336:Al-Kindy College of Medicine
302:Ministry of Education (Iraq)
7:
2650:
2542:
2387:Council of Representatives
2125:Weapons of mass destruction
1812:
977:
685:Organizational chart reform
386:
145:conditions to do so are met
10:
3390:
2115:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
1415:
1401:
1386:
670:120,000 teachers recruited
667:3600 schools rehabilitated
545:Centralized administration
3333:
3292:
3252:
2994:
2908:
2807:
2662:
2658:
2645:
2550:
2537:
2372:
2359:
2247:
2234:
2055:
1972:
1824:
1820:
1807:
1754:Federal Research Division
1592:. New York. p. 260.
1150:10.1007/s11159-005-0587-8
970:With the outbreak of the
963:in the south, and one at
842:, which stemmed from the
836:Iraq National Oil Company
673:Focus on girls' education
320:
315:
307:
300:
3054:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2466:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2377:Administrative divisions
1670:Tunisia: an Arab anomaly
1654:15 November 2013 at the
1589:Tunisia: an Arab anomaly
3315:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2025:Mandate for Mesopotamia
1899:First Babylonian Empire
1459:Science & Diplomacy
1347:10.1515/libri-2015-0110
984:List of schools in Iraq
918:Mustansiriya University
511:market-oriented economy
383:is estimated at 82-85%
350:is administered by the
2184:Insurgency (2011–2013)
2105:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1909:Middle Assyrian Empire
1650:, PBS Online Newshour
1034:"World Bank Open Data"
851:to everyone, and gave
811:
793:university chancellors
761:The CIA World Factbook
739:Education is mandatory
622:(~US$ 80 million) and
526:
470:According to the 2005
433:Oil for Food Programme
402:
338:
2471:in post-invasion Iraq
2177:U.S. troop withdrawal
1939:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1329:Johnson, Ian (2016).
937:Salahaddin University
821:Ministry of Education
806:
715:Ministry of Education
699:2003 invasion of Iraq
598:is located mostly in
596:External displacement
524:
452:internal displacement
397:
352:Ministry of Education
333:
3229:United Arab Emirates
2420:Council of Ministers
2302:Mesopotamian Marshes
1548:on 17 September 2018
945:Ar-Rashid University
869:Baathist era in Iraq
853:subsidies to farmers
849:free hospitalization
771:Education under the
552:in many universities
199:improve this article
3256:limited recognition
2682:Mesopotamian Arabic
2488:Freedom of religion
1934:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1904:Old Assyrian Period
1889:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1142:2005IREdu..51...59S
374:American occupation
297:
214:"Education in Iraq"
132:of this article is
2613:Telecommunications
2588:Foreign Investment
2525:Wars and conflicts
2461:in pre-Saddam Iraq
2425:Presidency Council
2211:2019–2021 protests
2140:Invasion of Kuwait
1964:Sassanid Asorestan
1959:Parthian Babylonia
1954:Seleucid Babylonia
1949:Achaemenid Assyria
1864:Jemdet Nasr period
1483:. 24 January 2012.
914:Baghdad University
812:
590:Internal migration
550:academic standards
527:
403:
339:
295:
3374:Education in Iraq
3361:
3360:
3298:other territories
2989:Education in Asia
2956:
2955:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2890:Mandaean New Year
2641:
2640:
2533:
2532:
2515:Political parties
2410:Foreign relations
2355:
2354:
2262:Lower Mesopotamia
2257:Upper Mesopotamia
2230:
2229:
2226:
2225:
1990:Abbasid Caliphate
1985:Umayyad Caliphate
1894:Isin-Larsa period
1720:UNESCO fact sheet
1680:978-0-231-54502-0
1599:978-0-231-54502-0
1570:. 3 October 2016.
1516:978-0-307-27883-8
1257:on 4 August 2018.
1057:. 5 December 2018
741:only through the
676:Curriculum reform
492:Revitalizing the
328:
327:
321:Primary languages
311:Ali Hamed Mokhlef
296:Education in Iraq
293:
292:
285:
275:
274:
267:
249:
173:
172:
165:
112:
111:
104:
78:used on Knowledge
76:encyclopedic tone
56:
3381:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3310:Christmas Island
2996:Sovereign states
2983:
2976:
2969:
2960:
2959:
2946:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2578:
2539:
2538:
2390:
2361:
2360:
2347:Sinjar Mountains
2337:Zagros Mountains
2277:Hamrin Mountains
2236:
2235:
2199:Mosul liberation
2172:Iraqi insurgency
2094:National Command
2083:
1919:Simurrum culture
1822:
1821:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1761:
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1625:
1619:
1611:
1583:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1544:. Archived from
1527:
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1500:
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1473:
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1283:
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1259:
1258:
1256:
1250:. Archived from
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1237:
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1038:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1005:
844:1973 Oil Boycott
830:On 1 June 1972,
756:higher education
747:vocational track
711:Ba'athist regime
298:
294:
288:
281:
270:
263:
259:
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183:
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107:
100:
96:
93:
87:
86:for suggestions.
82:See Knowledge's
67:
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59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
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3382:
3380:
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3329:
3297:
3288:
3269:Northern Cyprus
3255:
3248:
2990:
2987:
2957:
2952:
2896:
2880:Public holidays
2803:
2654:
2637:
2576:
2546:
2529:
2388:
2368:
2351:
2282:Iraqi Kurdistan
2272:Euphrates river
2243:
2222:
2189:War (2014–2017)
2135:Operation Opera
2081:
2051:
2047:Arab Federation
2035:Kingdom of Iraq
1968:
1944:Fall of Babylon
1879:Akkadian Empire
1854:Samarra culture
1839:Hassuna culture
1816:
1803:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1749:Country Studies
1746:
1737:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1656:Wayback Machine
1646:Jessica Moore,
1645:
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1027:
1018:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1002:
997:
980:
873:1958 revolution
865:
840:1973 oil crisis
816:British Mandate
801:
777:Iraqi Kurdistan
695:
661:
659:Current actions
616:
519:
500:quality of life
488:economic growth
424:
389:
316:General details
289:
278:
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72:This article's
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2630:
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2618:Transportation
2615:
2610:
2608:Stock Exchange
2605:
2603:Reconstruction
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2583:Infrastructure
2580:
2572:
2567:
2562:
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2449:
2442:Prime Minister
2439:
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2201:
2196:
2186:
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2169:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2150:1991 uprisings
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2100:Saddam Hussein
2097:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2030:Mandatory Iraq
2027:
2022:
2019:Mamluk dynasty
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
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1967:
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1961:
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1946:
1941:
1936:
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1901:
1896:
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1884:Gutian dynasty
1881:
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1714:External links
1712:
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1635:Saddam Hussein
1627:
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1542:United Nations
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832:Saddam Hussein
823:(MOE) and the
808:Saddam Hussein
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718:laboratories.
697:Following the
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3279:South Ossetia
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2754:Iraqi Turkmen
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1743:public domain
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769:
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766:literacy rate
763:
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735:twelfth grade
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438:
437:Northern Iraq
434:
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411:
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384:
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381:literacy rate
377:
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216: –
215:
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188:This article
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29:
20:
19:
16:
3294:Dependencies
3224:Turkmenistan
3189:Saudi Arabia
3083:
2839:
2782:Christianity
2664:Demographics
2598:Oil reserves
2593:Oil Industry
2560:Central Bank
2456:Human rights
2382:Constitution
2327:Tigris river
2307:Persian Gulf
2015:Ottoman Iraq
2000:Qara Qoyunlu
1834:Ubaid period
1748:
1735:
1673:. New York.
1669:
1662:
1642:
1630:
1588:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1534:
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1471:
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1458:
1448:
1436:. Retrieved
1434:. Al-Monitor
1425:
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1397:
1388:
1382:
1373:
1338:
1334:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1252:the original
1247:
1136:(1): 59–71.
1133:
1129:
1106:. Retrieved
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1059:. Retrieved
1054:
1028:
1017:. Retrieved
1015:. 2004-12-31
1012:
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969:
961:Al Qadisiyah
934:
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731:kindergarten
724:
720:John Agresto
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197:Please help
192:verification
189:
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98:
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73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
3353:Asia portal
3254:States with
3174:Philippines
3114:South Korea
3109:North Korea
3004:Afghanistan
2938:WikiProject
2739:Marsh Arabs
2724:Circassians
2405:Foreign aid
2297:Mesopotamia
1859:Uruk period
1438:24 February
1341:(1): 3–10.
885:Baath Party
743:sixth grade
441:UN agencies
3234:Uzbekistan
3209:Tajikistan
3124:Kyrgyzstan
3104:Kazakhstan
3024:Bangladesh
3014:Azerbaijan
2855:Television
2835:Literature
2797:Irreligion
2772:Secularism
2709:Minorities
2577:(currency)
2570:Corruption
2415:Government
2206:Insurgency
2005:Aq Qoyunlu
1826:Chronology
1552:30 January
1538:Indicators
1356:10059/1611
1311:18 October
1306:Al Jazeera
1282:16 October
1248:unicef.org
1055:al-monitor
1019:2023-08-08
995:References
871:(from the
859:(UNESCO).
789:ministries
624:World Bank
498:Improving
462:Since the
456:Illiteracy
448:emigration
225:newspapers
130:neutrality
38:improve it
3320:Hong Kong
3274:Palestine
3199:Sri Lanka
3194:Singapore
3074:Indonesia
2875:Squatting
2840:Education
2787:Mandaeism
2756:/Turkoman
2734:Mandaeans
2719:Assyrians
2714:Armenians
2677:Languages
2565:Companies
2520:Judiciary
2430:President
2400:Elections
2395:Democracy
2241:Geography
2157:Sanctions
2075:2003–2011
2070:1968–2003
2065:1958–1968
1924:Babylonia
1697:cite book
1689:974992445
1616:cite book
1608:974992445
1365:147693908
1158:144395039
775:(KRG) in
343:Education
153:July 2014
141:talk page
92:July 2014
44:talk page
3368:Category
3343:Category
3264:Abkhazia
3214:Thailand
3169:Pakistan
3149:Mongolia
3144:Maldives
3139:Malaysia
3039:Cambodia
2918:Category
2767:Religion
2744:Persians
2628:Railways
2623:Airlines
2505:Military
2366:Politics
2342:Wildlife
2332:Umm Qasr
2162:Iraq War
2145:Gulf War
2057:Republic
2010:Safavids
1973:638–1958
1652:Archived
1481:BBC News
1420:, p. xii
1082:. unicef
978:See also
965:Al Anbar
957:Al Kufah
947:outside
733:through
387:Overview
366:Gulf war
362:literacy
308:Minister
255:May 2010
134:disputed
3239:Vietnam
3154:Myanmar
3134:Lebanon
3064:Georgia
3019:Bahrain
3009:Armenia
2948:Commons
2865:Smoking
2830:Culture
2825:Cuisine
2808:General
2792:Yazidis
2749:Solluba
2702:Persian
2692:Kurdish
2687:Aramaic
2652:Society
2633:Tourism
2544:Economy
2292:Islands
2267:Borders
2092: (
2082:present
2017:(incl.
1929:Assyria
1874:Subartu
1814:History
1406:, p. xi
1138:Bibcode
1108:21 June
1086:21 June
1061:21 June
949:Baghdad
910:Baghdad
902:Baghdad
875:to the
239:scholar
3284:Taiwan
3219:Turkey
3184:Russia
3119:Kuwait
3099:Jordan
3089:Israel
3049:Cyprus
3034:Brunei
3029:Bhutan
2928:Portal
2870:Sports
2845:Health
2820:Cinema
2672:Iraqis
2575:Dinar
2510:Police
2312:Places
1802:topics
1745:.
1722:(2003)
1687:
1677:
1606:
1596:
1513:
1363:
1156:
953:Tikrit
928:, and
701:, the
600:Jordan
429:UNESCO
372:, the
358:UNESCO
241:
234:
227:
220:
212:
3325:Macau
3244:Yemen
3204:Syria
3179:Qatar
3159:Nepal
3094:Japan
3069:India
3059:Egypt
3044:China
2860:Music
2850:Media
2777:Islam
2729:Kurds
2555:Banks
2493:Women
2287:Lakes
2080:2011–
2040:Kings
1869:Sumer
1361:S2CID
1335:Libri
1255:(PDF)
1244:(PDF)
1154:S2CID
941:Erbil
930:Erbil
926:Mosul
922:Basra
639:year.
628:USAID
608:Egypt
604:Syria
246:JSTOR
232:books
3164:Oman
3129:Laos
3084:Iraq
3079:Iran
2760:Jews
2483:LGBT
2447:List
2435:List
1800:Iraq
1703:link
1685:OCLC
1675:ISBN
1622:link
1604:OCLC
1594:ISBN
1554:2011
1511:ISBN
1465:(3).
1440:2015
1313:2018
1284:2018
1110:2023
1088:2023
1063:2023
959:and
785:PhDs
450:and
347:Iraq
218:news
127:The
3296:and
2815:Art
2500:Law
1351:hdl
1343:doi
1277:NPR
1146:doi
972:war
939:in
791:to
781:MAs
345:in
201:by
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