Jews as the chosen people

3681:"Few beliefs have been subject to as much misunderstanding as the 'Chosen People' doctrine. The Torah and the Prophets clearly stated that this does not imply any innate Jewish superiority. In the words of Amos (3:2) 'You alone have I singled out of all the families of the earth—that is why I will call you to account for your iniquities.' The Torah tells us that we are to be "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" with obligations and duties which flowed from our willingness to accept this status. Far from being a license for special privilege, it entailed additional responsibilities not only toward God but to our fellow human beings. As expressed in the blessing at the reading of the Torah, our people have always felt it to be a privilege to be selected for such a purpose. For the modern traditional Jew, the doctrine of the election and the covenant of Israel offers a purpose for Jewish existence which transcends its own self interests. It suggests that because of our special history and unique heritage we are in a position to demonstrate that a people that takes seriously the idea of being covenanted with God can not only thrive in the face of oppression, but can be a source of blessing to its children and its neighbors. It obligates us to build a just and compassionate society throughout the world and especially in the 4094: 3697:"Originally the text read that God has not made us like the nations who "bow down to nothingness and vanity, and pray to an impotent god", ... In the Middle Ages these words were censored, since the church believed they were an insult to Christianity. Omitting them tends to give the impression that the Aleinu teaches that we are both different and better than others. The actual intent is to say that we are thankful that God has enlightened us so that, unlike the pagans, we worship the true God and not idols. There is no inherent superiority in being Jewish, but we do assert the superiority of monotheistic belief over paganism. Although paganism still exists today, we are no longer the only ones to have a belief in one God." 3730: 2452: 4191:, Beker expresses the view that the concept of chosenness is the driving force behind Jewish-Gentile relations, explaining both the admiration and, more pointedly, the envy and the hatred which the world has felt towards the Jews in both religious and secular terms. Beker argues that while Christianity has modified its doctrine on the displacement of the Jews, Islam has neither reversed nor reformed its theology concerning the succession of both the Jews and the Christians. According to Beker, this presents a major barrier to conflict resolution in the Arab-Israeli conflict. 3465:"It is our duty to praise the Master of all, to exalt the Creator of the Universe, who has not made us like the nations of the world and has not placed us like the families of the earth; who has not designed our destiny to be like theirs, nor our lot like that of all their multitude. We bend the knee and bow and acknowledge before the Supreme King of Kings, the Holy One, blessed be he, that it is he who stretched forth the heavens and founded the earth. His seat of glory is in the heavens above; his abode of majesty is in the lofty heights. 3710:

brotherhood, Justice, truth and peace on earth. This is our Messianic goal." In 1999 the Reform movement stated, "We affirm that the Jewish people are bound to God by an eternal covenant, as reflected in our varied understandings of Creation, Revelation and Redemption. ... We are Israel, a people aspiring to holiness, singled out through our ancient covenant and our unique history among the nations to be witnesses to God's presence. We are linked by that covenant and that history to all Jews in every age and place."

3901: 3653:). This spiritual vocation consists of two complementary functions, described as "Goy Kadosh", that of a holy nation, and "Mamlekhet Kohanim", that of a kingdom of priests. The first term denotes the development of communal separateness or differences in order to achieve a collective self-transcendence. ... The second term implies the obligation of this brotherhood of the spiritual elite toward the rest of mankind; priesthood is defined by the prophets as fundamentally a teaching vocation." 7119: 3374: 3663: 3526: 4019:"The idea of Israel as God's chosen people ... is a key concept in rabbinic Judaism. Yet it is particularly problematic for many Jews today, in that it seems to fly in the face of monotheistic belief that all humanity is created in the divine image—and hence, all humanity is equally loved and valued by God. ... I find it difficult to conceive of a feminist Judaism that would incorporate it in its teaching: the valuing of one people 7133: 36: 4015:. She writes that as a politically liberal feminist, she must reject distinctions made between men and women, homosexuals and heterosexuals, Jews and non-Jews, and to some extent even distinctions between the Sabbath and the other six days of the week. She thus rejects the idea of chosenness as unethical. She also rejects Jewish theology in general, and instead holds to a form of religious humanism. Falk writes: 3600:"Yes, I do believe that the chosen people concept as affirmed by Judaism in its holy writ, its prayers, and its millennial tradition. In fact, I believe that every people—and indeed, in a more limited way, every individual—is "chosen" or destined for some distinct purpose in advancing the designs of Providence. Only, some fulfill their mission and others do not. Maybe the 3823:. Khein basically read the Tanya backwards; since the souls of idol worshipers are known to be evil, according to the Tanya, while the Jewish souls are known to be good, he concluded that truly altruistic people are really Jewish, in a spiritual sense, while Jewish nationalists and class oppressors are not. By this logic, he claimed that 3366:"But thus shall ye deal with them; ye shall destroy their altars, and break down their images, and cut down their groves, and burn their graven images with fire. For thou art a holy people unto the LORD thy God: the LORD thy God hath chosen thee to be His own treasure, out of all peoples that are upon the face of the earth." 5354: 3875:

philosopher, considered all people, who sincerely profess an ethical religion, to be part of a greater "spiritual Israel". He explicitly included Christians and Muslims in this category. Meiri rejected all Talmudic laws that discriminate between the Jews and non-Jews, claiming that they only apply to

3854:, one can find "potential Jews" among all nations, whose souls are illuminated by the leap of "holy faith", which "activated" the Jewishness in their souls. These people would otherwise convert to Judaism, but prefer not to do so. Instead, they recognize the Divine unity within their pagan religions. 3428:

Most Jewish texts do not state that "God chose the Jews" by itself. Rather, this is usually linked with a mission or purpose, such as proclaiming God's message among all the nations, even though Jews cannot become "unchosen" if they shirk their mission. This implies a special duty, which evolves from

3924:

itself, he argues that God's choice of Israel was not unique (he had chosen other nations before choosing the Hebrew nation) and that the choice of the Jews is neither inclusive (it does not include all of the Jews, but only the 'pious' ones) nor exclusive (it also includes 'true gentile prophets').

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According to the Torah, the nations which inhabited Can'an after Jacob left there, violated God's laws and were to be vomited out of the land as a result, however their iniquity was not sufficiently great to deserve that result until a few hundred years later, which was when God then brought Jacob's

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also criticises the idea of chosenness, for many of the same reasons as Falk. A politically liberal lesbian, Plaskow rejects most distinctions made between men and women, homosexuals and heterosexuals, and Jews and non-Jews. In contrast to Falk, Plaskow does not reject all concepts of difference as

3545:

It is now abundantly clear that the pledges Hashem made to Avraham and his descendants would be fulfilled exclusively first in Yitzchak and then in Yaakov, Yitzchak son. This is confirmed by a passage that states, "He is ever mindful of His covenant ... that He made with Avraham, swore to Yitzchak,

3521:

How do we understand "A Gentile who consecrates his life to the study and observance of the Law ranks as high as the high priest", says R. Meïr, by deduction from Lev. xviii. 5; II Sam. vii. 19; Isa. xxvi. 2; Ps. xxxiii. 1, cxviii. 20, cxxv. 4, where all stress is laid not on Israel, but on man or

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is inaugurated over a cup of wine, the text reads, "For you have chosen us and sanctified us out of all the nations, and have given us the Sabbath as an inheritance in love and favour. Praised are you, Lord, who hallows the Sabbath." In the "Kiddush" recited on festivals it reads, "Blessed are You

3580:

The Nation of Israel is likened to the olive. Just as this fruit yields its precious oil only after being much pressed and squeezed, so Israel's destiny is one of great oppression and hardship, in order that it may thereby give forth its illuminating wisdom. Poverty is the quality most befitting

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has a relationship with other peoples—rather, Judaism held that God had entered into a covenant with all humankind, and that Jews and non-Jews alike have a relationship with God. Biblical references as well as rabbinic literature support this view: Moses refers to the "God of the spirits of all

4375:, "We asked: “To what extent do you believe that the Jews are the ‘chosen people’?” As shown in Figure 34, roughly two thirds of the Jewish respondents (64.3%) believe “very strongly” or “quite strongly” that the Jews are indeed the chosen people, while one third (32.7%) do not share this view." 3494:

states that "Humanity was produced from one man, Adam, to show God's greatness. When a man mints a coin in a press, each coin is identical. But when the King of Kings, the Holy One, blessed be He, creates people in the form of Adam not one is similar to any other." The Tosefta, a collection of

3303:

4209:

The Israeli philosopher Ze'ev Levy writes that chosenness can be "(partially) justified only from the historical angle" with respect to its spiritual and moral contribution to Jewish life through the centuries as "a powerful agent of consolation and hope". He points out, however, that modern

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views the concept of chosenness as follows: "Throughout the ages it has been Israel's mission to witness to the Divine in the face of every form of paganism and materialism. We regard it as our historic task to cooperate with all men in the establishment of the kingdom of God, of universal

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similarly argues that God made Israel the "holy nation" to exclusively uphold the promises made to their "pious forefathers". They argue that Jewish supremacist views are unsound, with Jews being frequently described as a small people that engaged in "perverse" moral conduct in the Bible.

3649:"The chosenness of Israel relates exclusively to its spiritual vocation embodied in the Torah; the doctrine, indeed, was announced at Sinai. Whenever it is mentioned in our liturgy—such as the blessing immediately preceding the Shema....it is always related to Torah or Mitzvot ( 4132:, believe that God has not rejected Israel as his chosen people and that the Jews will in fact accept Jesus as their Messiah at his Second Coming, resulting in their salvation. The view that the Jews still retain their status as the chosen people is also associated with 3633:. He is also promised that his descendants will become a numerous people. But nowhere does the Bible tell us why Abraham rather than someone else was chosen. The implication is that God chooses whom He wishes and that He owes no accounting to anyone for His choices." 3550:

The Gemara states this regarding a non-Jew who studies Torah and regarding this, see Shita Mekubetzes, Bava Kama 38a who says that this is an exaggeration. In any case, this statement was not extolling the non-Jew. The Rishonim explain that it is extolling the Torah.

4035:

A number of responses to these views have been made by Reform and Conservative Jews; they hold the view that these criticisms are against teachings that do not exist within liberal forms of Judaism, and such teachings are rare in Orthodox Judaism (outside certain

5351: 3948:

is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses, the Bible a collection of honorable, but still primitive legends which are nevertheless pretty childish. No interpretation no matter how subtle can (for me) change this.... For me the

3407:"The Lord did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because you were more in number than any people; for you were the fewest of all people; but because the Lord loved you, and because he would keep the oath which he had sworn unto your ancestors." 4670: 3790:

are naturally good-hearted people. Rabbi Yosef Jacobson, a popular contemporary Chabad lecturer, teaches that in today's world most non-Jews belong to the category of righteous Gentiles, effectively rendering the Tanya's attitude anachronistic.

3612:

for bringing parliamentary rule into the world, and the Americans for piloting democracy in a pluralistic society. The Jews were chosen by God to be 'peculiar unto Me' as the pioneers of religion and morality; that was and is their national

4011:, has been accepted by many Reform and Reconstructionist Jews. Falk rejects all concepts which are related to hierarchy or distinction; she sees any distinction as leading to the acceptance of other kinds of distinctions, thus leading to 3260:. Isaiah and Jeremiah viewed God's loving choice of Israel as a means to teaching monotheism, combatting idolatry, curbing human arrogance, ending violence, lust, greed, extreme chauvinism and warfare, and ushering in a new society. 3773:, an early Tanya commentator, wrote that the souls of righteous Gentiles are more similar to the Jewish souls, and are generally good and not egoistic. This teaching was accepted by Schneerson and is considered normative in Chabad. 4165:

describes the "People of God" as referring to all people who have faith in Christ and are baptized. They have characteristics "that distinguish it from all other religious, ethnic, political, or cultural groups found in history".

3781:

According to the author of the Tanya himself, a righteous non-Jew can achieve a high level of spirituality, similar to an angel, although his soul is still fundamentally different in character, but not value, from a Jewish one.

3925:

Finally, he argues that God's choice is not unconditional. Recalling the numerous times God threatened the complete destruction of the Hebrew nation, he asserts that this choice is neither absolute, nor eternal, nor necessary.

3514:

According to the Rabbis, "Israel is of all nations the most willful or headstrong one, and the Torah was to give it the right scope and power of resistance, or else the world could not have withstood its fierceness."

3879:

Meiri applied his idea of "spiritual Israel" to the Talmudic statements about unique qualities of the Jewish people. For example, he believed that the famous saying that Israel is above astrological predestination

3299:, a Yemenite Jewish theologian of the 12th century, "God permitted to some people that which he forbade to others ... God sends a prophet to every people according to their own language." (Levine, 1907/1966) The 4187:, regarded the idea of the chosen people as Judaism's defining concept and "the central unspoken psychological, historical, and theological problem which is at the heart of Jewish-Gentile relations." In his book 3295:. Jewish tradition is clear that there were interactions of non-Jewish prophets with God which are not recounted in the Torah. Based on these statements and stories, some rabbis theorized that, in the words of 4075:(2:47 and 2:122). However, Muslim scholars point out that this status did not confer upon Israelites any racial superiority, and was only valid so long as the Israelites maintain their covenant with God. 3362:, the Torah states: "when the Lord delivers the Israelites to the land, the other nations will be cast out, and "thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them" Deuteronomy 7:5-7:6, 3981:(prayer books). For example, the original blessing recited before reading from the Torah contains the phrase, "asher bahar banu mikol ha’amim"—"Praised are you Lord our God, ruler of the Universe, 3490:, a Yemenite Jewish theologian of the 12th century, "God permitted to every people something he forbade to others... God sends a prophet to every people according to their own language." The 3396:"And I will establish My covenant between Me and you and your descendants after you in their generations, for an everlasting covenant, to be God to you and your descendants after you." 4000:, includes the traditional blessings as an option, and some modern Reconstructionist writers have opined that the traditional formulation should be embraced because it is not racist. 3248:—maintain the belief that the Jews have been chosen by God for a purpose. Sometimes this choice is seen by believers as charging the Jewish people with a specific mission—to be a 3993:. It states that the idea of chosenness is "morally untenable", because anyone who has such beliefs "implies the superiority of the elect community and the rejection of others." 3957:

to whom I gladly belong and with whose mentality I have a deep affinity have no different quality for me than all other people.... I cannot see anything “chosen” about them.

1094: 3765:. The original text of the Tanya refers to the "idol worshippers" and does not mention the "nations of the world" at all, although such interpretation was endorsed by 3388:"Now therefore, if you will obey my voice indeed, and keep my covenant, then you shall be a peculiar treasure unto me from all the peoples, for all the earth is mine." 3876:

the ancient idolators, who had no sense of morality. The only exceptions are a few laws related directly or indirectly to intermarriage, which Meiri did recognize.

4964: 1672: 1327: 1022: 5439: 5391: 3370:

A similar passage speaking of Israel as the chosen people follows prohibitions on baldness and cutting yourself in mourning, "For thou art a holy people".

3124: 3985:

by giving us the Torah." The Reconstructionist version is rewritten as "asher kervanu la’avodato", "Praised are you Lord our God, ruler of the Universe,

3358:

descendants back to the land, with a warning that they too would be cast out if they violated God's rules regarding idolatry and other 'abominations'. In

1214: 4660:

Weber's "System der Altsynagogalen Theologie", etc., pp. 59–69, is full of glaring errors and misstatements on the subject of Israel as the chosen people

4603: 5410: 2422: 3581:

Israel as the chosen people. Only on account of its good works is Israel among the nations "as the lily among thorns", or "as wheat among the chaff."

3860:, an influential philosopher and mystic of the 15th century, believed that righteous non-Jews are spiritually identical to the righteous Jews. Rabbi 186: 6623: 1209: 7013: 1457: 3275:

humankind, and that Jews and non-Jews alike have a relationship with God. Biblical references as well as rabbinic literature support this view:

3509:

The following section contains information from the Jewish Encyclopedia, originally published between 1901–1906, which is in the public domain.

3448:

reads, "Praised are You, Lord our God, King of the Universe, Who has chosen us out of all the nations and bestowed upon us His Torah." In the "

5696: 1711: 4826: 6973: 3469:

Sometimes this choice is seen as charging the Jewish people with a specific mission—to be a light unto the nations, and to exemplify the

3160: 696: 659: 5491: 3566:(translated here as "inside" instead of as "pearls"; thus that the Torah is introspectively absorbed into the person), which refers to 2750: 1635: 7171: 5520: 3977:

beliefs among Jews, thus, it must be excised from Jewish theology. This rejection of chosenness is made explicit in the movement's

3884:) also applied to the followers of other ethical faiths. He also considered countries, inhabited by decent moral non-Jews, such as 1658: 5054: 3753:

rabbis offered alternative readings of the Tanya, did not take this teaching literally, and even managed to reconcile it with the

7019: 5458: 4154: 1008: 752: 4695: 3850:

also believed that Jewishness is a level of consciousness, and not an intrinsic inborn quality. He wrote that, according to the

3749:, contain statements to the effect that the Jewish soul is qualitatively different from the non-Jewish soul. A number of known 7519: 6119: 5573: 5431: 5374: 3667: 3577:

In any case, in Midrash Rabba this statement is made with an important addition: a non-Jew who converts and studies Torah etc.

2415: 1585: 1520: 1402: 6114: 5334: 5315: 5197: 5087: 701: 3457:... who have chosen us from among all nations, raised us above all tongues, and made us holy through His commandments." The 5173:

Avi Beker, The Chosen: The History of an Idea, and the Anatomy of an Obsession, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, Preface

3596:, former Chief Rabbi of the United Synagogue of Great Britain (Modern Orthodox Judaism), described chosenness in this way: 1144: 6023: 4446: 6134: 6129: 5553: 5415: 4413: 4402: 4175: 1412: 1229: 1219: 459: 4968: 2451: 7314: 6946: 5823: 4922: 3562:" (it is more precious than pearls). This is explained elsewhere in the Gemara to mean that the Torah is more precious 1808: 1758: 1723: 1417: 1282: 1149: 17: 7200: 5974: 5828: 4218:

of all human cultures." He continues that "there are no inferior and superior people or cultures but only different,

4093: 2408: 1500: 1462: 1437: 1357: 1342: 1189: 1129: 1084: 75: 5436: 4842: 3920:, Spinoza mounts an argument against a naive interpretation of God's choice of the Jews. Bringing evidence from the 3419:"You only have I singled out of all the families of the earth: therefore will I visit upon you all your iniquities." 5883: 5791: 4214:

theories "do not merely proclaim the inherent universal equality of all people human beings; they also stress the

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The Contemporary Rivalry over the Chosen People: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Perspectives – Avi Beker

4372: 3308:, an important supplement to the Mishnah, also states: "Righteous people of all nations have a share in the 7164: 7088: 6956: 6951: 6139: 6124: 5888: 5843: 5588: 5365: 4204: 3629:

himself was not earned. ... We are simply told that God commanded Abraham to leave his place of birth and

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outside the community of Israel. Based on these statements, some rabbis theorized that, in the words of

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inherently leading to unethical beliefs, and holds to a more classical form of Jewish theism than Falk.

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criticized Jewish chosenness as "carnal." He reasoned that Israel was chosen "according to the flesh."

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the belief that Jews have been pledged by the covenant which God concluded with the biblical patriarch

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important post-Talmudic discourses, also states: "Righteous people of all nations have a share in the

3271:

has a relationship with other peoples—rather, Judaism holds that God had entered into a covenant with

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OzTorah – Isn't it arrogant and exclusionist for Jews to regard themselves as the Chosen People?

4226:, "which does not go hand in hand with otherness, that is, with unconditional respect of otherness". 3966: 2957: 2861: 2735: 2644: 2508: 2391: 2084: 1935: 1876: 767: 5383: 5040: 7514: 7240: 7043: 6874: 6173: 6048: 5075: 5025: 4066: 2922: 2094: 2074: 1184: 664: 205: 57: 4854:

Federation of Reconstructionist Congregations and Havurot, newsletter, September 1986, pages D, E.

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Judaism and Chosenness: On Some Controversial Aspects from Spinoza to Contemporary Jewish Thought

4322:

Sharoni, Simona, "Feminist Reflections on the Interplay between Racism and Sexism in Israel", in

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where we may teach by example what it means to be a 'covenant people, a light unto the nations.'"

3642: 3012: 2531: 2235: 2225: 2190: 2069: 2059: 1842: 1013: 955: 789: 468: 425: 140: 7395: 7224: 7032: 7002: 6065: 5307: 5076:"Anti-Judaism, Philosemitism, and Protestant New Testament Studies: Perspectives and Questions" 3487: 3473:

with God as described in the Torah. This view, however, does not always preclude a belief that

3296: 3249: 3042: 2982: 2952: 2712: 2649: 2354: 2089: 2003: 1069: 621: 240: 210: 7288: 7058: 6979: 6761: 6468: 6351: 6092: 6082: 6075: 6060: 5946: 5405: 5299: 4262: 4184: 3857: 3804: 3601: 2992: 2962: 2856: 2245: 2240: 2185: 1973: 888: 616: 603: 498: 215: 4814:

Philosophy and Rabbinic Culture: Jewish Interpretation and Controversy in Medieval Languedoc

4298: 3534: 7422: 7380: 7335: 7093: 7083: 6586: 5558: 4252: 3674: 3241: 3104: 2846: 2811: 2694: 2316: 2268: 2008: 1866: 679: 544: 533: 491: 5121: 8: 7417: 7251: 6741: 6709: 6635: 6544: 6490: 6097: 5897: 5631: 5596: 5378: 5298:(1990). "The Rhetoric of Chosenness and the Fabrication of American Jewish Identity". In 5267: 4939: 4885: 3900: 3828: 3812: 3729: 3593: 3470: 3253: 3233: 3213: 3205: 3109: 2594: 2462: 2369: 2064: 737: 609: 512: 505: 435: 323: 198: 7407: 7308: 7234: 7073: 7068: 6879: 6601: 6478: 6473: 6458: 6428: 6381: 6304: 6210: 6070: 5643: 5548: 5515: 5051: 4118: 3953:

like all other religions is an incarnation of the most childish superstitions. And the

3847: 3754: 3618: 3518:"The Lord offered the Law to all nations; but all refused to accept it except Israel." 3264: 3119: 3114: 3084: 3037: 3017: 2866: 2841: 2619: 2589: 2546: 2220: 2170: 2117: 2112: 2026: 1896: 1164: 993: 747: 672: 526: 92: 6356: 6232: 4117:

Some Christians believe that the Jews were God's chosen people, but because of Jewish

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The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord – a Christian Identity movement

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Federation of Reconstructionist Congregations and Havurot, September 1986, pages D, E

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by giving us the Torah." In the mid-1980s, the Reconstructionist movement issued its

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Not all Reconstructionists accept this view. The newest siddur of the movement,

3970: 3950: 3938: 3851: 3816: 3746: 3570:(translated as "the most inner of places"), that is the Holy of Holies where the 3437:. In this view, Jews are charged with living a holy life as God's priest-people. 3267:, the status as a "chosen people" within Judaism does not preclude a belief that 3182: 3032: 2881: 2773: 2689: 2679: 2296: 2255: 2250: 2230: 2152: 2146: 2079: 2031: 1871: 1852: 1003: 727: 644: 627: 171: 5400: 3378: 7493: 7437: 7427: 7220: 7180: 7137: 7112: 6933: 6840: 6798: 6778: 6766: 6746: 6660: 6650: 6618: 6611: 6591: 6562: 6534: 6529: 6495: 6405: 6329: 6319: 6257: 6055: 6003: 5914: 5909: 5671: 5666: 5601: 5530: 5247:

JPS, 1993. The most thorough academic study of the Jewish liturgy ever written.

4141: 4028: 3911: 3865: 3861: 3762: 3706: 3682: 3609: 3412: 3245: 3229: 3209: 3099: 2967: 2937: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2871: 2851: 2669: 2396: 2195: 2050: 1930: 1909: 1886: 1881: 1859: 1847: 1442: 923: 857: 822: 800: 732: 575: 553: 415: 394: 370: 136: 118: 51: 46: 4361: 3444:, chosenness is referred to in a number of ways. The blessing for reading the 3212:. Israelites being properly the chosen people of God is found directly in the 7508: 7447: 7390: 7375: 7330: 6906: 6751: 6678: 6485: 6419: 6392: 6341: 6289: 6262: 6237: 6227: 5988: 5934: 5868: 5848: 5838: 5833: 5806: 5752: 5681: 5626: 5259: 5241: 4989: 4504: 4493: 4482: 4457: 4257: 4223: 4088: 3954: 3690: 3332: 3201: 3089: 2972: 2947: 2344: 2339: 1545: 1472: 998: 847: 842: 837: 827: 805: 757: 519: 358: 263: 225: 176: 4785:ר' אברהם חן, במלכות היהדות (Rabbi Abraham Chen, "In the Kingdom of Judaism") 4283:

God's Chosen People: a Theological Interpretation of the Book of Deuteronomy

4071:

The children of Israel enjoy a special status in the Islamic holy book, the

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and confirmed in a decree for Yaakov, for Yisrael, as an eternal covenant."

3320: 3221: 3027: 2876: 2609: 2561: 2374: 2200: 2041: 2036: 1994: 1947: 1041: 908: 893: 852: 817: 430: 272: 5080:

Protestant Bible Scholarship: Antisemitism, Philosemitism and Anti-Judaism

4299:

The Jews as a Chosen People: Tradition and Transformation, S. Leyla Gurkan

7478: 7385: 7347: 7245: 6896: 6411: 6336: 6314: 6217: 5811: 5740: 5735: 5723: 5713: 5452: 5250: 5232:, 1999 Pittsburgh convention of the Central Conference of American Rabbis 4004: 3638: 3434: 3411:

The obligation imposed upon the Israelites was emphasized by the prophet

3359: 2977: 2942: 2755: 2740: 2674: 2634: 2492: 2359: 2301: 1966: 872: 867: 862: 832: 4023:

others is all too analogous to the privileging of one sex over another."

7473: 7230: 6990: 6697: 6279: 5873: 5621: 5543: 4755: 4432: 4425: 3945: 3872: 3835:

and other totalitarians do not, and many Zionists, whom he compared to

3693:

comments on the excised sentence in the Aleinu prayer mentioned above:

3630: 3540: 3530: 3373: 3263:

While the concept of "chosenness" may be understood by some to connote

3197: 3002: 2788: 2778: 2684: 2654: 2629: 2551: 2477: 2017: 1031: 960: 918: 742: 722: 286: 193: 113: 5264:

Or Hadash: A Commentary on Siddur Sim Shalom for Shabbat and Festivals

3604:

were chosen for their unique contributions to art and philosophy, the

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A People apart: chosenness and ritual in Jewish philosophical thought

5279: 5190:

A People apart: chosenness and ritual in Jewish philosophical thought

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God promises that he will never exchange his people with any other:

933: 7468: 7298: 6630: 6572: 6517: 6512: 6183: 5469: 5455:. Exposes fraudulent or distorted Talmud quotes used by antisemites 4324:

Challenging racism and sexism: alternatives to genetic explanations

4189:

The Chosen: The History of an Idea, and the Anatomy of an Obsession

3742: 2886: 2566: 2349: 1959: 1891: 717: 230: 181: 5062: 5014:

The Collegeville Bible Commentary: Based on the New American Bible

3404:"And you shall be unto me a kingdom of priests, and a holy nation" 7149: 6845: 6729: 6724: 6714: 6702: 6522: 6507: 6451: 6386: 6361: 6324: 6188: 5863: 5762: 5686: 5578: 5504: 4827:"Spinoza and the Philosophical Impossibility of a Chosen People." 4110: 4101:, 16th century (Blaffer Foundation Collection, Houston, Texas). 3820: 3808: 3626: 3491: 3483: 3453: 3449: 3430: 3305: 3300: 3292: 3284: 3174: 2783: 2325: 2291: 2160: 1954: 943: 938: 810: 596: 592: 588: 337: 332: 309: 291: 166: 161: 151: 129: 104: 4843:“Einstein's 'I don't believe in God' letter has sold on eBay..." 3291:

is explicitly told to go prophesize to the non-Jewish people of

6916: 6783: 6719: 5423: 5362: 5218:

Emet Ve-Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism

4711:

Emet Ve-Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism

4326:, Ethel Tobach, Betty Rosoff (Eds), Feminist Press, 1994, p 319 4230: 4041: 4037: 4003:

An original prayer book by the Reconstructionist feminist poet

3978: 3974: 3973:, said that the idea that God chose the Jewish people leads to 3868: 3750: 3479: 3458: 3441: 3280: 3129: 1985: 1980: 1940: 1925: 1036: 928: 348: 314: 300: 235: 5448: 4229:

Some people have said that Judaism's chosen people concept is

4052:, which do not have a problem with the concept of chosenness. 3558:(high priest), because this statement is based on the verse, " 6867: 6862: 6816: 6771: 6692: 6687: 5951: 5706: 5676: 4222:, ones." He concludes that the concept of chosenness entails 4072: 3921: 3787: 3589: 3445: 3433:, their ancestor, and again with the entire Jewish nation at 3288: 3276: 3257: 2513: 948: 377: 281: 250: 5401:

When God Wanted to Destroy the Chosen People, Dr Gili Kugler

5063:

Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association Ltd (UK)

4911:

Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism form a Feminist Perspective

4317:

Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1987, Volume 17; Volume 1987

6966: 5500: 4739: 4331:

Chosen: the history of an idea, the anatomy of an obsession

3193: 100: 5411:

Some are Chosen, All are Loved. Rabbi Gilbert S. Rosenthal

4338:

Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

4515:

Translation by Philip Birnbaum, "High Holyday Prayerbook"

4183:, an Israeli scholar and former Secretary General of the 4044:). A separate criticism stems from the very existence of 3836: 3608:

for their pioneering services in law and government, the

3474: 3461:

prayer refers to the concept of Jews as a chosen people:

3268: 4990:

Is the Quran Anti-Semitic?: The Semites, a Chosen People

4170:

Influence on Judaism's relationship with other religions

5122:"Deuteronomy 7 Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary" 4233:

because it implies that Jews are superior to non-Jews.

3969:

rejects the concept of chosenness. Its founder, Rabbi

3670:, the main rabbinical seminary of Conservative Judaism 3720:

Kabbalah § Distinction between Jews and non-Jews

3279:

refers to the "God of the spirits of all flesh", the

4600:

The essential Maimonides. Translations of the Rambam

3910:

One Jewish critic of chosenness was the philosopher

1964: 1945: 368: 5016:, Robert J. Karris, Liturgical Press, 1992, p. 1042 5432:Anti-Defamation League paper on Christian Identity 4683:The Body of Faith, Judaism as a Corporeal Election 3196:as a subset, via partial descent from the ancient 5425:How does Jewish Pride differ from Nazi Supremacy? 4965:"The Jews and the Qur'an - AskMusa.org - English" 4758:Convention, Central Conference of American Rabbis 3777:Different in character but not different in value 7506: 4580:Sifra, Aḥare Mot, 86b; Bacher, "Ag. Tan." ii. 31 3287:outside the community of Israel and the prophet 27:Religious belief in a unique divine relationship 5324: 5187: 5002:Liberation and reconciliation: a Black theology 3769:and is popular in contemporary Chabad circles. 3961: 3554:Tosfos explains that it uses the example of a 3335:" is free translated from the biblical terms ʿ 7165: 5485: 5417:The Chosen People: Reclaiming Our Sacred Myth 4865:The Chosen People: Reclaiming Our Sacred Myth 4696:"Seventy Faces: Articles of Faith, Volume 1." 3677:views the concept of chosenness in this way: 3220:(בָּחַר), and is alluded to elsewhere in the 3154: 2416: 7206: 3839:, are merely "Jewish by birth certificate". 3786:, the third rebbe of Chabad, wrote that the 3452:", a prayer of sanctification, in which the 3232:19:6. Much is written about these topics in 47:texts from within a religion or faith system 7345: 6974:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 5304:American pluralism and the Jewish community 4055: 3933:In a German-language letter to philosopher 3323:believe that Jews are the "chosen people". 3224:using other terms such as "holy people" as 660:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire 7172: 7158: 5492: 5478: 5230:Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism 4752:Statement of Principles for Reform Judaism 3502: 3326: 3161: 3147: 2423: 2409: 5284:, Mesorah Publications, 2nd edition, 1986 5139:Catechism of the Catholic Church, 781-786 4726:, The Rabbinical Assembly, New York, 2003 3236:. The three largest Jewish denominations— 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 5521:Index of Jewish history-related articles 4736:The Guiding Principles of Reform Judaism 4309: 4307: 4092: 3983:who has chosen us from among all peoples 3899: 3728: 3661: 3584: 3524: 3372: 7315:Debate on Exclusivism in the SDA Church 7020:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5657: 5245:Jewish Liturgy: A Comprehensive History 4908: 4571:Mek. Yitro, Pes. R. K. 103b, 186a, 200a 4155:Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary 3803:interpretation of Tanya was offered by 2774:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean 14: 7507: 4357: 4355: 3937:, dated 3 January 1954, the physicist 3668:Jewish Theological Seminary of America 7153: 5473: 5294: 5220:, JTSA, New York, 1988, p. 33–34 4304: 3842: 3657: 3400:Other Torah verses about chosenness, 3352: 5499: 5073: 4803:Isaac Arama, Akedat Yitzchak, Ch. 60 4383: 4381: 3724: 3713: 3631:go to a land that God would show him 29: 5363:Institute for Global Jewish Affairs 4937: 4841:Dvorsky, George (23 October 2012). 4352: 4176:Jewish views on religious pluralism 3186: 24: 7179: 6967:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 6947:American Jewish Historical Society 5288: 5151:"Catechism of the Catholic Church" 4333:, Macmillan, 2008, p 131, 139, 151 3831:probably have Jewish souls, while 25: 7536: 5345: 4816:. Routledge Jewish Studies Series 4378: 3423: 451:Historical population comparisons 7131: 7118: 7117: 5389:The Jewish concept of chosenness 5052:Israel: God's People, God's Land 4194: 4163:Catechism of the Catholic Church 3987:who has drawn us to your service 2450: 1095:Democratic Republic of the Congo 1009:Historical population by country 34: 5459:Are the Jews the Chosen People? 5449:The Real Truth About The Talmud 5176: 5167: 5143: 5132: 5114: 5101: 5067: 5045: 5030: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4982: 4957: 4931: 4902: 4878: 4869: 4857: 4848: 4835: 4819: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4767:Lessons in Tanya, Vol. 1, Ch. 1 4761: 4745: 4729: 4716: 4713:, JTSA, New York, 1988, p.33–34 4704: 4688: 4675: 4663: 4654: 4645: 4636: 4627: 4618: 4609: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4565: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4518: 4509: 4498: 4487: 4476: 4462: 4451: 4440: 4345:Israel: a divided Promised Land 4099:Saint Paul Writing His Epistles 4078: 3701: 3283:(Hebrew Bible) also identifies 7039:Relations with other religions 4418: 4407: 4396: 4366: 4292: 4275: 4128:Other Christians, such as the 4105:was the first major figure in 3914:. In the third chapter of his 3905:Tractatus Theologico-Politicus 3442:Jewish prayerbook (the Siddur) 3319:, approximately two thirds of 2718:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari 13: 1: 7520:Judaism-related controversies 7026:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 5325:Daniel H. Frank, ed. (1993). 5224:Platform on Reconstructionism 5211: 5188:Daniel H. Frank, ed. (1993). 4606:, Northvale New Jersey London 3991:Platform on Reconstructionism 3917:Theologico-Political Treatise 3888:, as a spiritual part of the 3256:with God as described in the 666:Christianity and Judaism 54:that critically analyze them. 6957:Leo Baeck Institute New York 6952:American Sephardi Federation 4205:Racism in Jewish communities 3811:Chabad rabbi, who supported 3377:Prophet Amos as depicted by 2933:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi 7: 5780:Constantinopolitan Karaites 5082:, Brill, pp. 149–181, 4832:. 1993. 20 February 2018. 4289:, 182. London: S.C.M. Press 4236: 3962:Reconstructionist criticism 3928: 3794: 3617:Modern Orthodox theologian 3204:, i.e. selected to be in a 1965: 1946: 1673:Latin America and Caribbean 369: 10: 7541: 7008:National Library of Israel 5649:Zionism, race and genetics 5256:Harper San Francisco, 1996 4794:Likutei Moharan, Part 2 ,5 4198: 4173: 4085:Jewish-Christian relations 4082: 4064: 3895: 3767:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 3735:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 3717: 3317:Israel Democracy Institute 3048:Menachem Mendel Schneerson 2928:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm 2278:Jewish political movements 1975:Conversion to Judaism 7461: 7358: 7323: 7304:Jews as the chosen people 7276: 7263:Nicaraguan exceptionalism 7187: 7106: 6962:Yeshiva University Museum 6942:Center for Jewish History 6932: 6797: 6669: 6543: 6437: 5968: 5587: 5529: 5511: 5384:Beliefs of Reform Judaism 5074:Frey, Jörg (2022-04-04), 4281:Clements, Ronald (1968). 4046:feminist forms of Judaism 4027:Reconstructionist author 3967:Reconstructionist Judaism 3737:, the "Lubavitcher Rebbe" 3342:(“treasure people”) and ʿ 3192:) is the belief that the 2958:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa 2751:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat 2509:Aristobulus of Alexandria 681:Hinduism and Judaism 5554:Ancient Israel and Judah 4909:Plaskow, Judith (1991). 4776:סידור הרב, שער אכילת מצה 4268: 4067:Islamic-Jewish relations 4060: 4056:Views of other religions 4050:denominations of Judaism 3625:"he initial election of 2923:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo 507:Temple in Jerusalem 200:Bar and bat mitzvah 7241:European exceptionalism 7195:American exceptionalism 5930:North African Sephardim 5903:Jewish tribes of Arabia 5155:www.catholicculture.org 4598:Avraham Yaakov Finkel. 4391:Encyclopedia Britannica 4315:Dinstien, Yoram (Ed.), 4134:Dispensational theology 3643:Modern Orthodox Judaism 3503:Further interpretations 3327:Etymological background 3252:, and to exemplify the 469:Twelve Tribes of Israel 7396:Template:Ethnocentrism 7346: 7225:Chinese exceptionalism 7207: 7033:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7003:Jewish Virtual Library 5406:The Chosen People FAQs 5308:Transaction Publishers 5300:Lipset, Seymour Martin 4944:Jewish Women's Archive 4890:Jewish Women's Archive 4754:, adopted at the 1999 4685:. 1984. pp. 174–177. 4681:Wyschogrod, Michael. 4114: 4109:to hold the view that 4097:Artist's depiction of 4025: 3959: 3907: 3738: 3699: 3687: 3671: 3655: 3635: 3615: 3537: 3467: 3381: 3250:light unto the nations 2983:Isaac Orobio de Castro 2953:Shneur Zalman of Liadi 2650:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera 7289:Religious exclusivism 6980:Encyclopaedia Judaica 6762:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 5947:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5697:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 5254:The Book of Blessings 5236:Encyclopaedia Judaica 4544:Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 4263:Religious nationalism 4185:World Jewish Congress 4096: 4040:communities, such as 4017: 4009:The Book of Blessings 3943: 3903: 3805:Abraham Yehudah Khein 3745:sources, notably the 3732: 3695: 3679: 3665: 3647: 3623: 3598: 3585:Modern Orthodox views 3528: 3463: 3384:The Torah also says, 3376: 3349:(“heritage people”). 3179:Jews as chosen people 3177:, the concept of the 2993:Samuel David Luzzatto 2963:Samson Raphael Hirsch 2584:Spanish and European: 2552:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace) 1215:São Tomé and Príncipe 1210:Republic of the Congo 604:Second Temple Judaism 475:Kingdom of Judah 446:Modern historiography 50:without referring to 7423:Planetary chauvinism 5559:Second Temple period 5427:, Rabbi Tzvi Freeman 5341:(Part 1. Chosenness) 4701:. 16 February 2018. 4393:. 20 February 2018. 4373:2013 Democracy Index 4253:Criticism of Judaism 3675:Conservative Judaism 3312:" (Sanhedrin 105a). 3242:Conservative Judaism 2695:Judah Leon Abravanel 2317:World Agudath Israel 1458:United Arab Emirates 545:Second Temple period 535:Babylonian captivity 58:improve this article 7418:Particle chauvinism 7252:Thai exceptionalism 6997:Jewish Encyclopedia 6742:Hekhalot literature 6553:Religious movements 6088:Judeo-Tripolitanian 5379:Jewish Encyclopedia 5268:Rabbinical Assembly 5061:, David M. Pearce, 4940:"Feminist Theology" 4886:"Feminist Theology" 4863:e.g. Mitchell Max, 4287:Religious Book Club 4113:is no longer valid. 3882:Ein Mazal le-Israel 3829:Rabindranath Tagore 3813:anarchist communism 3594:Immanuel Jakobovits 3522:the righteous one. 3488:Natan'el al-Fayyumi 3297:Natan'el al-Fayyumi 3234:rabbinic literature 3214:Book of Deuteronomy 3125:Microcosm–macrocosm 3043:Joseph Soloveitchik 2713:Natan'el al-Fayyumi 2514:Philo of Alexandria 2438:Part of a series on 610:Hellenistic Judaism 188:Land of Israel 147:Principles of faith 7408:HIV exceptionalism 7309:Unification Church 7201:Cultural Exception 7138:Judaism portal 7074:Jews and Halloween 7069:Jews and Christmas 6459:Rabbinic authority 6211:Judaeo-Piedmontese 5644:Xueta Christianity 5549:Origins of Judaism 5516:Outline of Judaism 5442:2006-10-02 at the 5394:2008-06-05 at the 5368:2021-02-11 at the 5357:2012-04-01 at the 5238:, Keter Publishing 5057:2018-05-12 at the 4830:My Jewish Learning 4447:Deuteronomy 14:1–2 4119:rejection of Jesus 4115: 3908: 3848:Nachman of Breslov 3843:Righteous non-Jews 3739: 3672: 3658:Conservative views 3619:Michael Wyschogrod 3560:y'kara hi mipnimim 3538: 3382: 3353:In religious texts 3038:Abraham Isaac Kook 3018:Monsieur Chouchani 2620:Joseph ibn Tzaddik 2590:Hasdai ibn Shaprut 2557:Ismaili philosophy 2547:Brethren of Purity 2171:Jewish Koine Greek 1713:Dominican Republic 994:Judaism by country 673:Jews and Christmas 528:Assyrian captivity 18:Election of Israel 7502: 7501: 7413:Carbon chauvinism 7336:God's Own Country 7147: 7146: 7113:extinct languages 7014:YIVO Encyclopedia 6789:Hebrew literature 6757:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 6597:Reconstructionist 6275:Judaeo-Portuguese 5964: 5963: 5920:Eastern Sephardim 5564:Synagogal Judaism 5336:978-0-7914-1631-0 5317:978-0-88738-286-4 5199:978-0-7914-1631-0 5109:Adversius Judaios 5089:978-90-04-50515-5 4938:Plaskow, Judith. 4604:Jason Aronson Inc 4589:Tehillim 105: 8,9 4535:Levine, 1907/1966 4494:Deuteronomy 7:7–8 4434:qorchah or qorcha 4414:Deuteronomy 7:5–6 4403:Deuteronomy 7:1–2 4343:Jacob, Jonathan, 4138:John Nelson Darby 4107:Christian history 3825:Vladimir Solovyov 3725:Equality of souls 3714:Alternative views 3315:According to the 3171: 3170: 3008:Eliezer Berkovits 2998:Elijah Benamozegh 2988:Moses Mendelssohn 2903:Francisco Sanches 2862:Reconstructionist 2665:Isaac ben Sheshet 2660:Moses of Narbonne 2640:Samuel ibn Tibbon 2600:Abraham bar Hiyya 2444:Jewish philosophy 2433: 2432: 2382: 2381: 2130: 2129: 1877:Reconstructionist 1821: 1820: 973: 972: 780: 779: 617:Jewish–Roman wars 565:Hasmonean dynasty 481:Kingdom of Israel 385: 384: 86: 85: 78: 52:secondary sources 16:(Redirected from 7532: 7443:Phallogocentrism 7371:Anthropocentrism 7351: 7257:Hangul supremacy 7212: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7151: 7150: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7121: 7120: 6253:Judeo-Golpaygani 5854:Palestinian Jews 5829:Alexandrian Jews 5785:Crimean Karaites 5702:Unterlander Jews 5655: 5654: 5569:Rabbinic Judaism 5494: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5340: 5321: 5296:Eisen, Arnold M. 5205: 5203: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5147: 5141: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5071: 5065: 5049: 5043: 5034: 5028: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4988:M. Abdulsalam. " 4986: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4967:. Archived from 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4906: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4896: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4833: 4823: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4783: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4749: 4743: 4733: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4692: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4631: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4613: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4542: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4502: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4470:"(Genesis 17:7)" 4466: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4424:See concordance 4422: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4388:"Chosen people." 4385: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4359: 4350: 4311: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4279: 4201:Racism in Israel 4130:Christadelphians 3871:commentator and 3771:Hillel of Parich 3759:internationalism 3482:also identifies 3478:flesh", and the 3265:ethnic supremacy 3238:Orthodox Judaism 3216:7:6 as the verb 3188: 3163: 3156: 3149: 3066: 3023:Emmanuel Levinas 2814: 2645:Joseph ben Judah 2625:Abraham ibn Ezra 2615:Abraham ibn Daud 2605:Bahya ibn Paquda 2572:Rabbinic Judaism 2534: 2465: 2454: 2435: 2434: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2274: 2273: 2155: 1976: 1970: 1951: 1915: 1914: 1862: 1809:New Zealand 1761: 1724:El Salvador 1714: 1646:Northern America 1638: 1232: 988: 987: 899:Crimean Karaites 795: 794: 773: 771: 692: 690: 682: 676: 667: 655:Rabbinic Judaism 636: 630: 624: 612: 600: 566: 559:Maccabean Revolt 536: 529: 523: 515: 508: 502: 494: 476: 400: 399: 374: 269: 268: 201: 189: 88: 87: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 38: 37: 30: 21: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7515:Jewish theology 7505: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7457: 7354: 7319: 7284:Religiocentrism 7272: 7183: 7178: 7148: 7143: 7132: 7130: 7102: 6928: 6793: 6665: 6539: 6433: 6248:Judeo-Borujerdi 6223:Judeo-Malayalam 6169:Judeo-Aragonese 6140:Lishanid Noshan 5972: 5960: 5692:Oberlander Jews 5653: 5583: 5525: 5507: 5498: 5444:Wayback Machine 5396:Wayback Machine 5370:Wayback Machine 5359:Wayback Machine 5348: 5337: 5318: 5291: 5289:Further reading 5274:Nosson Scherman 5214: 5209: 5208: 5200: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5168: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5072: 5068: 5059:Wayback Machine 5050: 5046: 5037:Zechariah 12:10 5035: 5031: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4946: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4907: 4903: 4894: 4892: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4750: 4746: 4734: 4730: 4722:Reuven Hammer, 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4694:Lamm, Norman. 4693: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4651:Midr. Teh. i. 4 4650: 4646: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4624:Ex. R. xxxvi:1. 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553:Sanhedrin 105a) 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4397: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4353: 4336:Brown, Wesley, 4312: 4305: 4297: 4293: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4239: 4212:anthropological 4207: 4199:Main articles: 4197: 4178: 4172: 4123:Supersessionism 4091: 4081: 4069: 4063: 4058: 3971:Mordecai Kaplan 3964: 3951:Jewish religion 3939:Albert Einstein 3931: 3898: 3852:Book of Malachi 3845: 3817:Peter Kropotkin 3815:and considered 3797: 3779: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3704: 3660: 3587: 3568:lifnai v'lifnim 3505: 3426: 3355: 3329: 3187:הָעָם הַנִבְחַר 3167: 3138: 3137: 3134: 3067: 3064: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3033:Gershom Scholem 3013:Eliyahu Dessler 2892: 2891: 2815: 2810: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2761: 2760: 2723: 2722: 2700: 2699: 2690:Isaac Abarbanel 2680:Elia del Medigo 2577: 2576: 2535: 2530: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2498: 2497: 2466: 2461: 2429: 2384: 2383: 2271: 2261: 2260: 2251:Judeo-Malayalam 2231:Judaeo-Georgian 2151: 2142: 2132: 2131: 2032:Yiddish theatre 1974: 1912: 1902: 1901: 1860: 1833: 1823: 1822: 1759: 1712: 1636: 1230: 1014:Genetic studies 985: 975: 974: 792: 782: 781: 769: 768: 688: 687: 680: 670: 665: 647:and Middle Ages 645:Rabbinic period 632: 626: 619: 607: 578: 564: 534: 527: 518: 510: 506: 497: 492:in Judaism 489: 474: 397: 387: 386: 266: 256: 255: 199: 187: 132: 82: 71: 65: 62: 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7538: 7528: 7527: 7525:Exceptionalism 7522: 7517: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7494:Technocentrism 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7438:Phallocentrism 7435: 7430: 7428:Sentiocentrism 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7343: 7341:Middle Kingdom 7338: 7333: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7318: 7317: 7312: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7249: 7243: 7238: 7233:(Europe & 7228: 7221:Han chauvinism 7214: 7204: 7198: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7181:Exceptionalism 7177: 7176: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7141: 7127: 7107: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080:non-Christian 7078: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7036: 7029: 7022: 7017: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6938: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6855: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6779:Shulchan Aruch 6776: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6767:Sefer Yetzirah 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6747:Pardes Rimonim 6744: 6737:Kabbalah texts 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6549: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6537: 6532: 6530:Land of Israel 6527: 6526: 6525: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6482: 6481: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6408: 6406:Judeo-Alsatian 6398: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6258:Judeo-Hamedani 6255: 6250: 6245: 6235: 6233:Judaeo-Occitan 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6214: 6213: 6203: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6174:Jewish English 6171: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6163: 6162: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6105:Judaeo-Aramaic 6102: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6093:Judeo-Tunisian 6090: 6085: 6083:Judeo-Moroccan 6080: 6079: 6078: 6076:Judeo-Baghdadi 6063: 6058: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5980: 5978: 5966: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5932: 5927: 5925:Livornese Jews 5922: 5912: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5782: 5772: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5672:Afrikaner-Jode 5663: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5446: 5434: 5429: 5421: 5419:, Mitchell Max 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5386: 5381: 5372: 5347: 5346:External links 5344: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5329:. SUNY Press. 5322: 5316: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5271: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5198: 5192:. SUNY Press. 5175: 5166: 5142: 5131: 5113: 5100: 5088: 5066: 5044: 5029: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4981: 4956: 4930: 4924:978-0060666842 4923: 4901: 4877: 4868: 4856: 4847: 4834: 4825:Levy, Zeev. 4818: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4744: 4728: 4715: 4703: 4687: 4674: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4642:Cant. R. ii. 2 4635: 4626: 4617: 4615:Bamidbar 13:15 4608: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4564: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4528: 4517: 4508: 4497: 4486: 4475: 4461: 4450: 4439: 4417: 4406: 4395: 4377: 4365: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4320: 4303: 4291: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4235: 4196: 4193: 4174:Main article: 4171: 4168: 4142:Cyrus Scofield 4136:, promoted by 4080: 4077: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4029:Judith Plaskow 4021:over and above 3998:Kol Haneshamah 3963: 3960: 3930: 3927: 3912:Baruch Spinoza 3897: 3894: 3862:Menachem Meiri 3844: 3841: 3807:, a prominent 3796: 3793: 3784:Tzemach Tzedek 3778: 3775: 3763:class struggle 3726: 3723: 3715: 3712: 3707:Reform Judaism 3703: 3700: 3683:land of Israel 3659: 3656: 3641:, a leader of 3586: 3583: 3535:Córdoba, Spain 3512: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3425: 3424:Rabbinic views 3422: 3421: 3420: 3409: 3408: 3405: 3398: 3397: 3390: 3389: 3368: 3367: 3354: 3351: 3328: 3325: 3246:Reform Judaism 3230:Book of Exodus 3190:hāʿām hanīvḥar 3169: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3058: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2968:Jacob Abendana 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2938:Tzvi Ashkenazi 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2918:Salomon Maimon 2915: 2913:Baruch Spinoza 2910: 2908:Uriel da Costa 2905: 2899: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2857:Existentialist 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2823: 2819: 2816: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2670:Hasdai Crescas 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2543: 2541:Influenced by: 2539: 2536: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2379: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2312:Territorialism 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2196:Judaeo-Spanish 2193: 2191:Judaeo-Iranian 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2054: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2021: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637:United Kingdom 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1277: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1070:Bilad-el-Sudan 1067: 1062: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1023:Land of Israel 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 986: 981: 980: 977: 976: 971: 970: 969: 968: 963: 958: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 883: 882: 881:Related groups 878: 877: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 814: 813: 808: 793: 788: 787: 784: 783: 778: 777: 776: 775: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 733:Jewish atheism 730: 725: 720: 712: 711: 707: 706: 705: 704: 699: 694: 689:Islamic–Jewish 684: 677: 662: 657: 649: 648: 641: 640: 639: 638: 614: 601: 573: 568: 561: 556: 554:Yehud Medinata 548: 547: 541: 540: 539: 538: 531: 524: 516: 503: 495: 483: 478: 471: 463: 462: 460:Ancient Israel 456: 455: 454: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 416:Land of Israel 413: 405: 404: 398: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 382: 381: 380: 375: 371:Shulchan Aruch 366: 361: 356: 351: 343: 342: 341: 340: 335: 327: 326: 320: 319: 318: 317: 312: 304: 303: 297: 296: 295: 294: 289: 284: 276: 275: 267: 262: 261: 258: 257: 254: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 196: 191: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 149: 144: 137:God in Judaism 133: 128: 127: 124: 123: 122: 121: 116: 108: 107: 97: 96: 84: 83: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7537: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7484:Particularism 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448:Phonocentrism 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7391:Ethnocentrism 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7376:Androcentrism 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7331:Chosen people 7329: 7328: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248:(Philippines) 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7232: 7229: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7215: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7175: 7170: 7168: 7163: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7140: 7139: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7064:Protestantism 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6752:Sefer HaBahir 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:Sifrei Kodesh 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6542: 6536: 6535:Who is a Jew? 6533: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464:Chosen people 6462: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6421: 6420:Scots-Yiddish 6418: 6414: 6413: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6393:Klezmer-loshn 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Judeo-Shirazi 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6238:Judeo-Persian 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6228:Judeo-Marathi 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6207: 6206:Judeo-Italian 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6061:Judeo-Amazigh 6059: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5971: 5967: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5884:Hadhrami Jews 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5849:Mountain Jews 5847: 5845: 5844:Egyptian Jews 5842: 5840: 5839:Bukharan Jews 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Lists of Jews 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375:Chosen people 5373: 5371: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5283: 5281: 5278:The Complete 5275: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5260:Reuven Hammer 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5242:Ismar Elbogen 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5215: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5170: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5135: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5091: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5022: 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4991: 4985: 4971:on 2018-03-31 4970: 4966: 4960: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4905: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4812:Gregg Stern. 4809: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4719: 4712: 4707: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4568: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4454: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4362:Numbers 27:16 4358: 4356: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4335: 4332: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4300: 4295: 4288: 4285:. In series, 4284: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:Promised Land 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4225: 4224:ethnocentrism 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4202: 4195:Ethnocentrism 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4089:People of God 4086: 4076: 4074: 4068: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3955:Jewish people 3952: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3731: 3721: 3711: 3708: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3691:Reuven Hammer 3686: 3684: 3678: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3497:world to come 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3436: 3432: 3418: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3333:chosen people 3324: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3311: 3310:world to come 3307: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:chosen people 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3130:Righteousness 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3080:Chosen people 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2973:Isaac Cardoso 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2948:Samuel Hirsch 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2736:Isaac Israeli 2734: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2236:Judeo-Aramaic 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2226:Judeo-Italian 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2206:Ghardaïa Sign 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2135: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1831:Denominations 1827: 1826: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1659:United States 1657: 1655: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145:Guinea-Bissau 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 999:Lists of Jews 997: 995: 992: 991: 990: 989: 984: 979: 978: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 885: 884: 880: 879: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 802: 799: 798: 797: 796: 791: 786: 785: 774: 766: 764: 761: 759: 758:The Holocaust 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 715: 714: 713: 709: 708: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 685: 683: 678: 674: 668: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 650: 646: 643: 642: 635: 629: 623: 618: 615: 611: 605: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 550: 549: 546: 543: 542: 537: 532: 530: 525: 521: 517: 514: 509: 504: 500: 496: 493: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 472: 470: 467: 466: 465: 464: 461: 458: 457: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 406: 402: 401: 396: 391: 390: 379: 376: 373: 372: 367: 365: 362: 360: 359:Mishneh Torah 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 346: 345: 344: 339: 336: 334: 331: 330: 329: 328: 325: 322: 321: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 306: 305: 302: 299: 298: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 277: 274: 271: 270: 265: 260: 259: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 197: 195: 192: 190: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 157: 153: 150: 148: 145: 142: 138: 135: 134: 131: 126: 125: 120: 119:Who is a Jew? 117: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 102: 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 80: 77: 69: 59: 53: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 7489:Theocentrism 7453:Xenocentrism 7433:Logocentrism 7403:Gynocentrism 7366:Allocentrism 7303: 7268:Fifth Empire 7217:Sinocentrism 7129: 7122: 7108: 7031: 7024: 7012: 6995: 6978: 6812:perspectives 6646:Samaritanism 6607:Neo-Hasidism 6587:Conservative 6501:Names of God 6463: 6410: 6391: 6201:Judaeo-Greek 6196:Judeo-Gascon 6135:Lishán Didán 6130:Lishana Deni 6098:Judeo-Yemeni 6066:Judeo-Arabic 5940:Meshuchrarim 5859:Persian Jews 5792:Kurdish Jews 5770:Kaifeng Jews 5719:Beta Abraham 5682:Galitzianers 5637:Antisemitism 5612:Israeli Jews 5597:Assimilation 5424: 5416: 5326: 5303: 5277: 5263: 5253: 5244: 5235: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5189: 5183: 5182:Ze'ev Levy, 5178: 5169: 5158:. Retrieved 5154: 5145: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5108: 5107:Augustine. 5103: 5093:, retrieved 5079: 5069: 5047: 5041:Romans 11:26 5032: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4984: 4973:. Retrieved 4969:the original 4959: 4947:. Retrieved 4943: 4933: 4910: 4904: 4893:. Retrieved 4889: 4880: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4850: 4837: 4829: 4821: 4813: 4808: 4799: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4763: 4751: 4747: 4738:, Columbus, 4735: 4731: 4723: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4699:Google Books 4698: 4690: 4682: 4677: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4599: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4525:Hebrew Bible 4520: 4511: 4500: 4489: 4478: 4464: 4453: 4442: 4433: 4426: 4420: 4409: 4398: 4390: 4368: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4329:Beker, Avi, 4323: 4316: 4294: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4248:Antisemitism 4243:Anti-Judaism 4228: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4188: 4179: 4160: 4152: 4146: 4127: 4116: 4098: 4079:Christianity 4070: 4034: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4008: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3965: 3946:The word God 3944: 3935:Eric Gutkind 3932: 3915: 3909: 3904: 3881: 3878: 3856: 3846: 3833:Leon Trotsky 3801:anti-Zionist 3798: 3780: 3740: 3705: 3702:Reform views 3696: 3688: 3680: 3673: 3651:commandments 3650: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3616: 3599: 3588: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3529:Monument to 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3468: 3464: 3439: 3427: 3410: 3399: 3391: 3383: 3379:Gustave Doré 3369: 3356: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3321:Israeli Jews 3314: 3272: 3262: 3228:or gentile, 3225: 3222:Hebrew Bible 3217: 3189: 3178: 3172: 3079: 3028:Martin Buber 2896: 2847:Conservative 2820: 2767: 2729: 2706: 2610:Judah Halevi 2583: 2562:Jewish Kalam 2540: 2502: 2471: 2375:Post-Zionism 2246:Judeo-Berber 2241:Judeo-Arabic 2201:Judeo-Gascon 1948:Pidyon haben 1867:Conservative 1413:Saudi Arabia 1231:South Africa 1220:Sierra Leone 1042:Israeli Jews 956:Mosaic Arabs 909:Kaifeng Jews 770:Arab–Israeli 753:Soviet Union 738:Emancipation 622:Great Revolt 431:Anti-Judaism 426:Antisemitism 421:Name "Judea" 216:Baal teshuva 72: 63: 56:Please help 44: 7479:Supremacist 7386:Ecocentrism 7381:Biocentrism 7348:Sui generis 7246:Pinoy pride 7054:Catholicism 6636:Hellenistic 6474:Eschatology 6412:Lachoudisch 6337:Lotegorisch 6315:Lachoudisch 6305:Koiné Greek 6218:Judeo-Latin 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