55:
198:
42:
187:
507:
is too late as hopperburn is the first visual symptom of a major infestation. Regular crop inspections with a sweep net are essential to help reduce massive economic losses. Another visual cue is the death of leaves with small pits holes throughout them resulting from their eggs. Host expansion is
530:
s natural enemies as part of pest management plan. Percent mortality has been shown to be highest in individuals in younger instars. Research has shown that natural resistance and pesticide use are just as effective, but neither is capable to fully contain populations. To create more effective
476:
Hopperburn leads to reduced plant growth and reproduction. In some heavily infested fields up to 75% of the yield is lost, it depends on what stage of development the plants are in. Obviously, this leads to reductions in crop yields and large economic losses. For example, in 1988 the losses of
464:
in which the leaf margins and intervein areas turn brown. Older plants completely lose their leaves. Young plants display tip-wilting and will be stunted in height. Plants that were damaged by stem feeding suffered more damage to their physiologies than those which were damaged by leaf eating.
308:
species. If they are flying at night, it takes two or three days to reach their summer destinations. Research suggests that they are using winds as a passive means to help migrate. The direction of the winds influence their distribution within their summer range. Typically, the winds blow in a
358:
region. They are able to inhabit a wide range of habitats. Only about 32% of individuals actually occupy croplands. The remaining individuals will reside in fields, woodlands, scrublands, waste places, and parks. Precipitation will deposit individuals upon plant hosts where they will quickly
397:
During the summer months they can, on average, lay eggs over a span of 96 days. Peak population densities occur during late May to late June. Many overlapping generations appear. After this their population densities begin to decline slowly. Individuals have a tendency to aggregate as their
269:. They have a distinctive white H shape mark between their head and wing base. Their bodies are approximately 3 mm long and have on their front wings near its tip a crossvein. Adults and nymphs move by hopping among host plants. However, only adults can fly.
490:
Research has indicated that over the last 62 years that they have been arriving back to their summer range earlier by ten days. Warmer temperatures increases the time and speed of egg hatching and nymph development. There is increasing concern that
481:
crops in
Northeast United States ranged from $ 32-$ 66 per hectare. The amount of crop damage is directly proportional to the population density. Most crop damage comes from the future generations of the initial arrivals back to the summer range.
380:
begin to enter into reproductive dispause at the end of July. The entire population remains in this state for its migration and overwintering period. This diapause period ends from mid-January through
February, and they begin to sexually mature.
338:. Eastern Texas and Oklahoma, Virginia, Louisiana, Florida, Georgia, South and North Carolina, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Mississippi, have documented populations. Before migrating back to their summer range they change their hosts to
1034:"Murray, J., M, Paul., & Schaafma, A. (2001) “Determination of traits associated with leafhopper (Empoasca fabae and Empoasca kraemeri) resistance and dissection of leafhopper damage symptoms in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)”.
870:”Van Timmeren, S., J, Wise, C, Vandervoort., & Isaacs, R. (2011). “Comparison of foliar and soil formulations of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in wine grapes.”
459:
The first symptoms of hopperburn is that a leaflet's margins start to curl up. As a plant's infestation increases, its leaves cup downward, and they start to turn from green to yellow. In severe infestations this leads to leaf
406:
Eggs are laid on their hosts; they are transparent and small in size. Females will lay 2 or 3 eggs a day on the plant's stem and leaf veins. The egg's incubation period ranges from 4 through 23 days, the hatchings are called
1104:
Ghidiu, G., D, Douches., K, Flecher., & Coombs, J. (2011). “Comparing Host Plant
Resistance, Engineered Resistance, and Insecticide Treatment for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Leafhopper in Potatoes.”
931:”Sidumo, A., E, Sheilds., & Lembo, A. (2005). “Estimating the Potato Leafhopper Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Overwintering Range and Spring Premigrant Development by Using Geographic Information System.”
389:
During the spring migration north, the majority of the individuals are females. When they return if temperatures are above 10 °C they can start oviposition and populations grow and re-establish themselves.
735:” Lamp, W., G, Nielson., & Danielson, S. (1994). “Patterns among Host Plants of Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae.” Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67(4): 354-368.
993:”Taylor, P., E, Sheilds., M, Tauber., & Tauber, C. (1995). “Induction of Reproductive Diapause in Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) and Its Implications Regarding Southward Migration”.
571:”Delay, B., P, Mamidala, A, Wijeratne., S, Wijerante, O, Mittapalli, J, Wang., and Lamp, W. (2012). “Transcriptome analysis of the salivary glands of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae”.
691:”Lamp, W., Nielsen, G., Fuentes, C., & Quebedeaux, B. (2004) “Feeding Site Preference of Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on Alfalfa and its Effect on Photosynthesis”.
313:
increases their range. Cold temperatures, major precipitation, and unsuitable environmental conditions are factors that will stop migration to continue more north. In late summer,
759:"Taylor, R., & Reling, D. (1986). Preferred Wind Direction of Long-Distance Leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) Migrants and its Relevance to the Return Migration of Small Insects.
666:” Hoffman, G., D, Hogg, & Boush, M. (1991). “Potato Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) Life History Traits on Water-Stressed Alfalfa in the Early Regrowth and Bud Stage”.
783:
J.D. Carlson; M.E. Whalon; D.A. Landis & S.H. Gage (July 1992). "Springtime weather patterns coincident with long-distance migration of potato leafhopper into
Michigan".
552:”Lamp, W., D., Miranda, L., Culler & Alexander, L. (2011) “Host Suitability and Gas Exchange Response of Grapevines to Potato Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)”.
1088:”Erlandson, W., & Obrycki, J. (2010). “Predation of Immature and Adult Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) by Three Species of Predatory Insects.”
330:
Due to their inability to tolerate the cold winter temperatures they must migrate south. Adults overwinter on hosts in the pine and mixed hardwood forests along the
828:”Taylor, P., & Sheilds, E. (1995). “Phenology of Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in its Overwintering Area and Proposed Seasonal Phenology”.
317:
start to appear sending cues for them to leave. As they leave they get caught up in these fronts which carry them south to southwest to their overwintering range.
1072:” Baker, M., P, Venugopal., & Lamp, W. (2015). “Climate Change and Phenology: Empoasca fabae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Migration and Severity of Impact”.
468:
Research has shown that water-stressed plants increase nymph's development time. This causes severe hopperburn due to the increase plant stress response.
277:
They are able to feed and reproduce on at least 200 different plant species across twenty-six families. In total herb genera represent 64% of their
495:
will shift the overwintering and summer ranges more northward. This will exacerbate the problem of pest management and increase economic losses. .
1257:
889:” Erlandson, W., & Obrycki, J. (2015). “Population Dynamics of Empoasca fabae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in Central Iowa Alfalfa Fields.”
1051:
Lamp,W., Nielsen, G., & Dively, G. (1991)“Insect Pest-Induced Losses in
Alfalfa: Patterns in Maryland and Implications for Management.”
912:”Maletta, M., M, Henninger, & Holmstrom, K. (2006). “Potato Leafhopper Control and Plastic Mulch Culture in Organic Potato Production”.
851:”Medeiros, A., W, Tingey., & De Jong, W. (2004). “Mechanisms of Resistance to Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), in Potato”.
712:”Potter, D., & Spicer, P. (1993). “Seasonal Phenology, Management, and Host Preferences of Potato Leafhopper on Nursery-Grown Maples”
354:
Their summer range extends across the
Midwest and eastern parts of Canada and the United States. In Canada, they are found only in the
597:
E.A. Backus; M.S. Serrano; C.M. Ranger (2005). "Mechanisms of
Hopperburn: An Overview of Insect Taxonomy, Behavior, and Physiology".
1218:
654:”Dudley, J. (1921). “The Potato Leafhopper and its control”. United States Department of Agriculture: Farmers Bulletin 1225, 1–16.
954:”Bentz, J., & Townsend, A. (2004). “Spatial and temporal patterns of abundance of the potato leafhopper among red maples.”
977:”Poos, F. (1932). “Biology of the Potato Leafhopper, Empoasca Fabae (Harris), and Some Closely Related Species of Empoasca.”
531:
management programs and reduce pesticide use it is essential to understand their dispersion, temporal and spatial patterns.
289:, while the nymphs prefer the leaves. Their specialized mouth parts are able to pierce into the plant tissue and remove its
1298:
1308:
309:
north-northeast direction towards
Northern and Midwest United States. Factors such as warm temperatures and lack of
1262:
17:
411:. New hatchlings are white in colour and develop their green colouring as they age. The nymphs undergo five
523:. Short-lived insecticides such as carbaryl are commonly used; however they require costly reapplications.
1166:
1171:
54:
293:. The ability to inhabit a wide range of hosts is due to the variation in their feeding behaviors.
1249:
636:"Bland R.G., Jaques H.E. (2010). How to Know the Insects 3rd Edition. Waveland Press Inc. p. 163.
176:
1124:
1018:”Townsend, L. (2012). “Potato Leafhoppers.” University of Kentucky. Version 2012.2. ENT facts
159:
1275:
432:
The visually descriptive term hopperburn is used for a distinct type of damage on plants by
1192:
792:
610:
526:
Research is indicating the possibility of being able to control populations by increasing
8:
1303:
398:
populations increase. At the end of the summer, individuals either die or migrate south.
394:
arrives back to their summer ranges during April or early May depending on the location.
796:
1019:
415:
before becoming adults. As they develop, they lose their skin and develop their wings.
49:
456:
are reduced, leaves accumulate starch, and transport of photoassimilates are reduced.
1270:
804:
614:
419:
develops into adults in 8 through 37 days. Their entire lifecycle is one month long.
800:
606:
445:
230:
116:
1147:
509:
492:
449:
331:
305:
278:
1292:
453:
335:
310:
265:
Adults have pale to iridescent green bodies with 6 or 8 white spots on their
782:
618:
520:
448:, and to its vascular bundles. Within 24 hours of being infested, rates of
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s feeding on its hosts. As they feed their saliva mechanically injures the
218:
197:
186:
41:
1158:
1244:
1231:
355:
314:
1223:
1184:
441:
339:
286:
126:
1236:
1205:
343:
226:
106:
86:
66:
1118:
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likely caused from the loss of natural resistance through extensive
237:
yields and on pest management. Crops that are impacted the most are
1210:
1179:
1141:
461:
373:
266:
238:
222:
136:
596:
1197:
866:
864:
515:
Currently, the only effective method that exists for controlling
478:
412:
254:
908:
906:
904:
902:
437:
408:
282:
250:
242:
96:
76:
861:
778:
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774:
772:
987:
899:
246:
847:
845:
843:
841:
769:
234:
1068:
1066:
1064:
927:
925:
290:
838:
885:
883:
233:. Every year millions of dollars are lost from reduced
1061:
922:
662:
660:
1082:
1020:
http://www2.ca.uky.edu/entomology/entfacts/ef115.asp
950:
948:
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814:
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743:
741:
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229:. In North America they are a serious agricultural
708:
706:
704:
372:Before migrating they mate and enter reproductive
1030:
1028:
941:
811:
1290:
738:
731:
729:
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362:
1025:
722:
693:Journal of Agricultural and Urban Entomology
650:
648:
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642:
592:
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586:
584:
444:cells. The plant also suffers damage to its
1090:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
973:
971:
969:
967:
632:
630:
628:
567:
565:
519:s infestations is the heavy application of
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
548:
546:
544:
40:
639:
581:
1003:
964:
625:
562:
196:
185:
676:
541:
14:
1291:
401:
342:legumes then to new spring foliage of
1123:
1122:
714:Journal of Environmental Horticulture
611:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123310
320:
853:American Journal of Potato Research
785:Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
471:
24:
498:
25:
1320:
1107:International Journal of Agronomy
485:
204:, potato leafhopper, Size: 3.3 mm
53:
1098:
1045:
281:. Adults prefer to feed on the
1053:Journal of Economic Entomology
979:Journal of Economic Entomology
933:Journal of Economic Entomology
554:Journal of Economic Entomology
13:
1:
534:
427:
384:
260:
805:10.1016/0168-1923(92)90092-I
573:Journal of Insect Physiology
422:
363:Development and reproduction
296:
7:
599:Annual Review of Entomology
503:Usually, crop detection of
367:
10:
1325:
1299:Hemiptera of North America
1022:Retrieved 28 November 2015
1309:Insects described in 1841
1131:
1036:Annals of Applied Biology
956:Annals of Applied Biology
891:Journal of Insect Science
761:Journal of Animal Ecology
359:re-establish themselves.
349:
325:
165:
158:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
830:Environmental Entomology
668:Environmental Entomology
872:Pest Management Science
272:
995:Environment Entomology
205:
194:
200:
189:
334:and in the Southern
217:) belongs to family
797:1992AgFM...59..183C
402:Eggs and hatchlings
193:, potato leafhopper
27:Species of true bug
206:
195:
35:Potato leafhopper
1286:
1285:
1271:Open Tree of Life
1125:Taxon identifiers
321:Habitat and range
209:Potato leafhopper
184:
183:
16:(Redirected from
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985:
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939:
929:
920:
910:
897:
887:
878:
868:
859:
849:
836:
826:
809:
808:
791:(3–4): 183–206.
780:
767:
757:
736:
733:
720:
710:
699:
689:
674:
664:
655:
652:
637:
634:
623:
622:
594:
579:
578:(12): 1626–1634.
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560:
550:
472:Economic impacts
446:vascular cambium
171:
58:
57:
44:
32:
31:
21:
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1103:
1099:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1033:
1026:
1017:
1004:
1000:(5): 1086–1095.
992:
988:
976:
965:
953:
942:
930:
923:
911:
900:
888:
881:
869:
862:
850:
839:
835:(5): 1096–1108.
827:
812:
781:
770:
766:(3): 1103–1114.
758:
739:
734:
723:
711:
702:
690:
677:
665:
658:
653:
640:
635:
626:
595:
582:
570:
563:
559:(4): 1316–1322.
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501:
499:Pest management
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387:
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365:
352:
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117:Auchenorrhyncha
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1322:
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1306:
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1284:
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1267:
1254:
1241:
1228:
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1202:
1189:
1176:
1163:
1153:
1137:
1135:
1133:Empoasca fabae
1129:
1128:
1115:
1114:
1097:
1081:
1060:
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1024:
1002:
986:
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914:HortTechnology
898:
879:
860:
837:
810:
768:
737:
721:
700:
675:
673:(4): 10581066.
656:
638:
624:
605:(1): 125–151.
580:
561:
539:
538:
536:
533:
510:plant breeding
500:
497:
493:climate change
487:
486:Climate change
484:
473:
470:
450:photosynthesis
429:
426:
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417:Empoasca fabae
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392:Empoasca fabae
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378:Empoasca fabae
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332:Gulf of Mexico
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319:
304:is a seasonal
302:Empoasca fabae
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214:Empoasca fabae
202:Empoasca fabae
191:Empoasca fabae
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169:Empoasca fabae
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26:
18:Empoasca fabae
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1111:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1058:(2): 610-618.
1057:
1054:
1048:
1042:(3): 319-327.
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
999:
996:
990:
984:(3): 639-646.
983:
980:
974:
972:
970:
968:
961:(2): 157-164.
960:
957:
951:
949:
947:
945:
938:(3): 757–764.
937:
934:
928:
926:
919:(2): 199-204.
918:
915:
909:
907:
905:
903:
895:
892:
886:
884:
877:(5): 560–567.
876:
873:
867:
865:
858:(6): 431–441.
857:
854:
848:
846:
844:
842:
834:
831:
825:
823:
821:
819:
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719:(3): 101–106.
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454:transpiration
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336:United States
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311:precipitation
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225:within order
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160:Binomial name
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151:E. fabae
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43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1132:
1112:(6): 516–523
1109:
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1055:
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1047:
1039:
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935:
932:
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829:
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713:
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602:
598:
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572:
556:
553:
527:
525:
521:insecticides
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502:
489:
475:
467:
458:
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371:
353:
329:
301:
300:
276:
264:
219:Cicadellidae
213:
212:
208:
207:
201:
190:
168:
166:
150:
149:
137:
127:Cicadellidae
29:
1245:NatureServe
1232:iNaturalist
356:Great Lakes
315:cold fronts
1304:Empoascini
1293:Categories
698:(1): 25–38
535:References
442:parenchyma
428:Hopperburn
385:Egg laying
340:herbaceous
261:Appearance
221:and genus
113:Suborder:
87:Arthropoda
1095:(1): 1-6.
1079:(5): 1–12
896:(1): 1-6.
528:E. fabae'
517:E. fabae'
434:E. fabae'
423:As a pest
344:deciduous
306:migration
297:Migration
227:Hemiptera
145:Species:
107:Hemiptera
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
1250:2.744682
1198:10189064
1180:BugGuide
1156:BioLib:
1148:Q2972255
1142:Wikidata
1074:PLoS ONE
619:15471532
505:E. fabae
462:necrosis
374:diapause
368:Diapause
267:pronotum
239:potatoes
223:Empoasca
138:Empoasca
123:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1224:8061113
793:Bibcode
479:alfalfa
413:instars
346:trees.
255:alfalfa
179:, 1841)
133:Genus:
103:Order:
97:Insecta
93:Class:
1276:555777
1263:139595
1237:203303
1211:EMPOFA
1159:426132
617:
452:, and
438:phloem
409:nymphs
350:Summer
326:Winter
283:leaves
251:apples
243:clover
177:Harris
1185:21067
1172:77270
287:stems
279:hosts
247:beans
1258:NCBI
1219:GBIF
1206:EPPO
1167:BOLD
615:PMID
440:and
285:and
273:Diet
253:and
235:crop
231:pest
1193:EoL
1040:139
959:145
801:doi
607:doi
557:104
291:sap
1295::
1273::
1260::
1247::
1234::
1221::
1208::
1195::
1182::
1169::
1144::
1110:11
1093:83
1077:10
1063:^
1056:84
1038:.
1027:^
1005:^
998:24
982:25
966:^
943:^
936:98
924:^
917:16
901:^
894:15
882:^
875:67
863:^
856:81
840:^
833:24
813:^
799:.
789:59
787:.
771:^
764:55
740:^
724:^
717:11
703:^
696:21
678:^
671:20
659:^
641:^
627:^
613:.
603:50
601:.
583:^
576:58
564:^
543:^
512:.
376:.
257:.
249:,
245:,
241:,
807:.
803::
795::
621:.
609::
211:(
175:(
20:)
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