193:. X-ray crystallography of Ag-Ab complexes is considered an accurate way to structurally map epitopes. Nuclear magnetic resonance can be used to map epitopes by using data about the Ag-Ab complex. This method does not require crystal formation but can only work on small peptides and proteins. Electron microscopy is a low-resolution method that can localize epitopes on larger antigens like virus particles.
216:, an epitope mapping strategy developed to improve rapid mapping of conformational epitopes on structurally complex proteins. Mutagenesis uses randomly/site-directed mutations at individual residues to map epitopes. B-cell epitope mapping can be used for the development of antibody therapeutics, peptide-based vaccines, and immunodiagnostic tools.
173:
model the peptide-MHC structure and require great computational power. Data-driven methods have higher predictive performance than structure-based methods. Data-driven methods predict peptide-MHC binding based on peptide sequences that bind MHC molecules. By identifying T-cell epitopes, scientists can track, phenotype, and stimulate T-cells.
153:). If an antibody binds to an antigen's epitope, the paratope could become the epitope for another antibody that will then bind to it. If this second antibody is of IgM class, its binding can upregulate the immune response; if the second antibody is of IgG class, its binding can downregulate the immune response.
172:
MHC class I and II epitopes can be reliably predicted by computational means alone, although not all in-silico T cell epitope prediction algorithms are equivalent in their accuracy. There are two main methods of predicting peptide-MHC binding: data-driven and structure-based. Structure based methods
136:
The part of the antigen that immunoglobulin or antibodies bind to is called a B-cell epitope. B cell epitopes can be divided into two groups: conformational or linear. B cell epitopes are mainly conformational. There are additional epitope types when the quaternary structure is considered. Epitopes
74:
of other segments of the antigen. A conformational epitope is formed by the 3-D conformation adopted by the interaction of discontiguous amino acid residues. In contrast, a linear epitope is formed by the 3-D conformation adopted by the interaction of contiguous amino acid residues. A linear
386:
Mahmoudi Gomari, Mohammad; Saraygord-Afshari, Neda; Farsimadan, Marziye; Rostami, Neda; Aghamiri, Shahin; Farajollahi, Mohammad M. (1 December 2020). "Opportunities and challenges of the tag-assisted protein purification techniques: Applications in the pharmaceutical industry".
70:, based on their structure and interaction with the paratope. Conformational and linear epitopes interact with the paratope based on the 3-D conformation adopted by the epitope, which is determined by the surface features of the involved epitope residues and the shape or
256:, V5-tag and OLLAS. Peptides can also be bound by proteins that form covalent bonds to the peptide, allowing irreversible immobilisation. These strategies have also been successfully applied to the development of "epitope-focused" vaccine design.
123:
molecules are typically peptides between 8 and 11 amino acids in length, whereas MHC class II molecules present longer peptides, 13–17 amino acids in length, and non-classical MHC molecules also present non-peptidic epitopes such as
236:, the resulting epitope tag allows the antibody to find the protein or other gene product enabling lab techniques for localisation, purification, and further molecular characterization. Common epitopes used for this purpose are
1131:
Dezfulian MH, Kula T, Pranzatelli T, Kamitaki N, Meng Q, Khatri B, Perez P, Xu Q, Chang A, Kohlgruber AC, Leng Y, Jupudi AA, Joachims ML, Chiorini JA, Lessard CJ, Farris AD, Muthuswamy SK, Warner BM, Elledge SJ (December 2023).
282:
mapping is often used. Once candidate epitopes are found, the constructs are engineered and tested for vaccine efficiency. While epitope-based vaccines are generally safe, one possible side effect is cytokine storms.
141:. Neotopes are epitopes that are only recognized while in a specific quaternary structure and the residues of the epitope can span multiple protein subunits. Neotopes are not recognized once the subunits dissociate.
1613:
Parvizpour, Sepideh; Pourseif, Mohammad M.; Razmara, Jafar; Rafi, Mohammad A.; Omidi, Yadollah (June 2020). "Epitope-based vaccine design: a comprehensive overview of bioinformatics approaches".
307:
and are found in oncogenic cells. Neoantigens and, by extension, neoantigenic determinants can be formed when a protein undergoes further modification within a biochemical pathway such as
739:
Steers NJ, Currier JR, Jobe O, Tovanabutra S, Ratto-Kim S, Marovich MA, et al. (June 2014). "Designing the epitope flanking regions for optimal generation of CTL epitopes".
1797:
Saravanan V, Gautham N (October 2015). "Harnessing
Computational Biology for Exact Linear B-Cell Epitope Prediction: A Novel Amino Acid Composition-Based Feature Descriptor".
622:
Briggs S, Price MR, Tendler SJ (1993). "Fine specificity of antibody recognition of carcinoma-associated epithelial mucins: antibody binding to synthetic peptide epitopes".
149:
Epitopes are sometimes cross-reactive. This property is exploited by the immune system in regulation by anti-idiotypic antibodies (originally proposed by Nobel laureate
657:
Craig L, Sanschagrin PC, Rozek A, Lackie S, Kuhn LA, Scott JK (August 1998). "The role of structure in antibody cross-reactivity between peptides and folded proteins".
278:
responses using isolated B-cell or T-cell epitopes. These vaccines can use multiple epitopes to increase their efficacy. To find epitopes to use for the vaccine,
79:
of the involved amino acids. Residues that flank such amino acid residues, as well as more distant amino acid residues of the antigen affect the ability of the
962:
Koren, E.; Groot, Anne De; Jawa, V.; Beck, K.; Boone, T.; Rivera, D.; Li, L.; Mytych, D.; Koscec, M.; Weeraratne, D.; Swanson, S.; Martin, W. (1 January 2007).
1953:
212:(mABs) can bind to an antigen at the same time or compete with each other to bind at the same site. Another technique involves high-throughput
319:. This, by altering the structure of the protein, can produce new epitopes that are called neoantigenic determinants as they give rise to new
1009:
De Groot, Anne S.; Martin, William (May 2009). "Reducing risk, improving outcomes: Bioengineering less immunogenic protein therapeutics".
181:
There are two main methods of epitope mapping: either structural or functional studies. Methods for structurally mapping epitopes include
1710:
Antigens can bind in pockets or grooves, or on extended surfaces in the binding sites of antibodies (Janeway
Immunobiology Figure 3.8)
1555:"Evaluation of protection induced by a dengue virus serotype 2 envelope domain III protein scaffold/DNA vaccine in non-human primates"
1104:
Ahmad, Tarek A.; Eweida, Amrou E.; El-Sayed, Laila H. (December 2016). "T-cell epitope mapping for the design of powerful vaccines".
1912:
IMGT/3Dstructure-DB — Three-dimensional structures of B and T cell epitopes with annotation of IG and TR — IMGT, Montpellier, France
1946:
232:
techniques genetic sequences coding for epitopes that are recognized by common antibodies can be fused to the gene. Following
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783:
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1939:
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55:, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized (as in the case of autoimmune diseases) are also epitopes.
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108:
104:
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Kula T, Dezfulian MH, Wang CI, Abdelfattah NS, Hartman ZC, Wucherpfennig KW, Lyerly HK, Elledge SJ (August 2019).
1768:
Rubinstein ND, Mayrose I, Pupko T (February 2009). "A machine-learning approach for predicting B-cell epitopes".
964:"Clinical validation of the 'in silico' prediction of immunogenicity of a human recombinant therapeutic protein"
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1906:
2223:
366:
1705:
Antibodies bind to conformational shapes on the surfaces of antigens (Janeway
Immunobiology Section 3.8)
2109:
356:
270:
The first epitope-based vaccine was developed in 1985 by Jacob et al. Epitope-based vaccines stimulate
186:
1931:
1688:
Neoantigen. (n.d.) Mosby's
Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. (2009). Retrieved February 9, 2015 from
303:
that has not been previously recognized by the immune system. Neoantigens are often associated with
1925:
1911:
1377:
Park HR, Cockrell LM, Du Y, Kasinski A, Havel J, Zhao J, Reyes-Turcu F, Wilkinson KD, Fu H (2008).
692:
Ferdous, Saba; Kelm, Sebastian; Baker, Terry S.; Shi, Jiye; Martin, Andrew C. R. (1 October 2019).
1378:
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2047:
1439:"Peptide tag forming a rapid covalent bond to a protein, through engineering a bacterial adhesin"
100:
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2311:
2029:
1965:
320:
275:
63:
1553:
McBurney SP, Sunshine JE, Gabriel S, Huynh JP, Sutton WF, Fuller DH, et al. (June 2016).
526:"Differential effects of flanking residues on presentation of epitopes from chimeric peptides"
2258:
2114:
2092:
1902:
IEDB — Database of T and B cell epitopes with annotation of recognition context — NIH funded
1689:
182:
1496:
Correia BE, Bates JT, Loomis RJ, Baneyx G, Carrico C, Jardine JG, et al. (March 2014).
1437:
Zakeri B, Fierer JO, Celik E, Chittock EC, Schwarz-Linek U, Moy VT, Howarth M (March 2012).
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2208:
2119:
2043:
1839:
1509:
1450:
490:
233:
1134:"TScan-II: A genome-scale platform for the de novo identification of CD4+ T cell epitopes"
1061:
8:
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2005:
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1843:
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1070:
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963:
494:
2155:
1862:
1828:"Improved method for linear B-cell epitope prediction using antigen's primary sequence"
1827:
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889:
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83:
residues to adopt the epitope's 3-D conformation. 90% of epitopes are conformational.
71:
550:
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1969:
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404:
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253:
80:
76:
52:
1921:
1294:"A high-throughput shotgun mutagenesis approach to mapping B-cell antibody epitopes"
995:
608:
575:"Flanking residues alter antigenicity and immunogenicity of multi-unit CTL epitopes"
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693:
2218:
1852:
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1626:
1362:
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1117:
709:
502:
481:
Anfinsen CB (July 1973). "Principles that govern the folding of protein chains".
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341:
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229:
162:
150:
930:
591:
574:
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2024:
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1443:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1190:
1150:
1133:
1022:
979:
67:
1390:
1175:"T-Scan: A Genome-wide Method for the Systematic Discovery of T Cell Epitopes"
879:
2376:
2213:
2102:
1741:
1346:"B-cell epitope mapping for the design of vaccines and effective diagnostics"
308:
304:
32:
1463:
1243:"An Introduction to B-Cell Epitope Mapping and In Silico Epitope Prediction"
208:
to determine antibody binding. Competition methods look to determine if two
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408:
197:
196:
Methods for functionally mapping epitopes often use binding assays such as
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112:
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1810:
810:
Sanchez-Trincado, Jose L.; Gomez-Perosanz, Marta; Reche, Pedro A. (2017).
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448:
361:
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120:
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SEDB: A Structural
Epitope Database — Pondicheery University, DIT funded
1521:
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1962:
336:
324:
296:
225:
138:
125:
1309:
1241:
Potocnakova, Lenka; Bhide, Mangesh; Pulzova, Lucia
Borszekova (2016).
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Bergmann CC, Tong L, Cua R, Sensintaffar J, Stohlman S (August 1994).
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1961:
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Peters, Bjoern; Nielsen, Morten; Sette, Alessandro (26 April 2020).
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2036:
2000:
1907:
ANTIJEN — T and B cell epitope database at the Jenner institute, UK
809:
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Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
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245:
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48:
36:
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2170:
1990:
351:
300:
249:
237:
59:
28:
1415:
1130:
47:. The part of an antibody that binds to the epitope is called a
2328:
2316:
2061:
2012:
1901:
812:"Fundamentals and Methods for T- and B-Cell Epitope Prediction"
241:
96:
44:
40:
1344:
Ahmad, Tarek A.; Eweida, Amrou E.; Sheweita, Salah A. (2016).
925:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 524. pp. 3–20.
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
1723:
Rubinstein ND, Mayrose I, Martz E, Pupko T (September 2009).
1612:
1339:
1337:
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1097:
968:
Institute for
Immunology and Informatics Faculty Publications
205:
1916:
1552:
1385:(2nd ed.). Humana Press. pp. 463–494, See p. 467.
1172:
921:
Regenmortel, Marc H.V. (2009). "What is a B-Cell
Epitope?".
738:
694:"B-cell epitopes: Discontinuity and conformational analysis"
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792:
656:
523:
137:
that are masked when protein subunits aggregate are called
119:
present MHC class I peptides. T cell epitopes presented by
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1334:
1094:
1436:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
778:(4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. p. 1401.
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1495:
1887:
MHCBN: A database of MHC/TAP binder and T-cell epitopes
1725:"Epitopia: a web-server for predicting B-cell epitopes"
1498:"Proof of principle for epitope-focused vaccine design"
1292:
Davidson, Edgar; Doranz, Benjamin J. (September 2014).
1240:
773:
573:
Bergmann CC, Yao Q, Ho CK, Buckwold SL (October 1996).
1767:
1656:
Hans-Werner V (2005). "Neoantigen-Forming
Chemicals".
1376:
1215:
863:"Recent advances in B-cell epitope prediction methods"
1595:
572:
1897:
SYFPEITHI — First online database of T cell epitopes
1343:
1103:
860:
691:
1825:
1043:
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916:
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16:Chemical entity which can be bound by an antibody
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1796:
905:
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1008:
1947:
1715:
228:and the study of other gene products. Using
99:epitopes are presented on the surface of an
1655:
920:
861:El-Manzalawy Y, Honavar V (November 2010).
286:
1954:
1940:
1658:Encyclopedic Reference of Immunotoxicology
429:
323:. Recognition requires separate, specific
62:antigens are divided into two categories,
1924:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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827:
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549:
457:
447:
259:
480:
432:"CED: a conformational epitope database"
75:epitope is not determined solely by the
1826:Singh H, Ansari HR, Raghava GP (2013).
2375:
1935:
1892:Bcipep: A database of B-cell epitopes
1062:10.1146/annurev-immunol-082119-124838
109:professional antigen-presenting cells
1880:
176:
167:
13:
156:
131:
91:
14:
2394:
1698:
1413:
144:
115:peptides, whereas most nucleated
1381:. In Walker J, Rapley R (eds.).
401:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107653
105:major histocompatibility complex
51:. Although epitopes are usually
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1546:
1489:
1430:
1407:
1370:
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1124:
1037:
1002:
955:
854:
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542:10.1128/JVI.68.8.5306-5310.1994
430:Huang J, Honda W (April 2006).
219:
2281:Immunoglobulin class switching
1383:Molecular bio-methods handbook
1379:"Protein–Protein Interactions"
1247:Journal of Immunology Research
816:Journal of Immunology Research
732:
685:
650:
615:
566:
517:
474:
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379:
1:
1571:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.108
776:Molecular biology of the cell
753:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.039
372:
1853:10.1371/journal.pone.0062216
1782:10.1016/j.molimm.2008.09.009
1627:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.006
1363:10.1016/j.trivac.2016.04.003
1118:10.1016/j.vacrep.2016.07.002
1046:"T Cell Epitope Predictions"
710:10.1016/j.molimm.2019.09.014
659:Journal of Molecular Biology
636:10.1016/0959-8049(93)90181-E
503:10.1126/science.181.4096.223
107:(MHC) molecules. In humans,
7:
1050:Annual Review of Immunology
931:10.1007/978-1-59745-450-6_1
592:10.4049/jimmunol.157.8.3242
367:TimeSTAMP protein labelling
330:
224:Epitopes are often used in
111:are specialized to present
86:
10:
2399:
2110:Polyclonal B cell response
1716:Epitope prediction methods
1666:10.1007/3-540-27806-0_1063
1191:10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.009
1151:10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.024
1023:10.1016/j.clim.2009.01.009
980:10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.544
624:European Journal of Cancer
357:Polyclonal B cell response
299:, which is a newly formed
263:
187:nuclear magnetic resonance
160:
103:, where they are bound to
31:that is recognized by the
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2302:
2244:
2145:
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1983:
1976:
1690:Medical Dictionary Online
1391:10.1007/978-1-60327-375-6
923:Epitope Mapping Protocols
880:10.1186/1745-7580-6-S2-S2
1926:Medical Subject Headings
1742:10.1186/1471-2105-10-287
293:neoantigenic determinant
287:Neoantigenic determinant
1464:10.1073/pnas.1115485109
101:antigen-presenting cell
64:conformational epitopes
2224:Tolerance in pregnancy
1966:adaptive immune system
671:10.1006/jmbi.1998.1907
389:Biotechnology Advances
321:antigenic determinants
260:Epitope-based vaccines
2383:Antigenic determinant
2259:Somatic hypermutation
2093:Polyclonal antibodies
2088:Monoclonal antibodies
1811:10.1089/omi.2015.0095
1350:Trials in Vaccinology
579:Journal of Immunology
449:10.1186/1471-2172-7-7
210:monoclonal antibodies
183:X-ray crystallography
25:antigenic determinant
2276:Junctional diversity
2044:Antigen presentation
1770:Molecular Immunology
1615:Drug Discovery Today
1414:Novus, Biologicals.
1260:10.1155/2016/6760830
829:10.1155/2017/2680160
698:Molecular Immunology
27:, is the part of an
2271:V(D)J recombination
2254:Affinity maturation
2006:Antigenic variation
1844:2013PLoSO...862216S
1522:10.1038/nature12966
1514:2014Natur.507..201C
1455:2012PNAS..109E.690Z
1418:. Novus Biologicals
1416:"OLLAS Epitope Tag"
1011:Clinical Immunology
530:Journal of Virology
495:1973Sci...181..223A
295:is an epitope on a
191:electron microscopy
1729:BMC Bioinformatics
72:tertiary structure
35:, specifically by
2370:
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2298:
2297:
2048:professional APCs
1881:Epitope databases
1400:978-1-60327-374-9
1310:10.1111/imm.12323
940:978-1-934115-17-6
867:Immunome Research
785:978-0-8153-3218-3
489:(4096): 223–230.
81:primary structure
77:primary structure
53:non-self proteins
2390:
2264:Clonal selection
2236:Immune privilege
2231:Immunodeficiency
2186:Cross-reactivity
2176:Hypersensitivity
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58:The epitopes of
23:, also known as
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1805:(10): 648–658.
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1660:. p. 475.
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1508:(7491): 201–6.
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1144:(25): 5569–86.
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1106:Vaccine Reports
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1038:
1007:
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941:
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873:(Suppl 2): S2.
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747:(28): 3509–16.
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342:Epitope binning
333:
313:phosphorylation
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276:cellular immune
268:
266:Peptide vaccine
262:
230:recombinant DNA
222:
179:
177:B cell epitopes
170:
168:T cell epitopes
165:
163:Epitope mapping
159:
157:Epitope mapping
151:Niels Kaj Jerne
147:
134:
132:B cell epitopes
94:
92:T cell epitopes
89:
68:linear epitopes
17:
12:
11:
5:
2396:
2386:
2385:
2368:
2367:
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2250:
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2246:Immunogenetics
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2241:
2239:
2238:
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2228:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2191:Co-stimulation
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2132:Immune complex
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Dendritic cell
2040:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2030:Conformational
2027:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
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1823:
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1765:
1719:
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1714:
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1712:
1707:
1700:
1699:External links
1697:
1694:
1693:
1681:
1675:978-3540441724
1674:
1648:
1621:(6): 1034–42.
1594:
1565:(30): 3500–7.
1545:
1488:
1449:(12): E690–7.
1429:
1406:
1399:
1369:
1333:
1284:
1214:
1185:(4): 1016–28.
1165:
1123:
1093:
1056:(1): 123–145.
1036:
1017:(2): 189–201.
1001:
954:
939:
904:
853:
791:
784:
766:
731:
684:
665:(1): 183–201.
649:
614:
565:
536:(8): 5306–10.
516:
473:
436:BMC Immunology
422:
377:
376:
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370:
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364:
359:
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329:
305:tumor antigens
288:
285:
264:Main article:
261:
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221:
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169:
166:
161:Main article:
158:
155:
146:
145:Cross-activity
143:
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93:
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15:
9:
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2214:Clonal anergy
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2202:
2201:
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2103:Microantibody
2101:
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985:
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645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
618:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
588:
585:(8): 3242–9.
584:
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531:
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350:
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345:
343:
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335:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:glycosylation
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
281:
277:
273:
267:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
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217:
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207:
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199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
174:
164:
154:
152:
142:
140:
129:
127:
122:
118:
117:somatic cells
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
84:
82:
78:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:immune system
30:
26:
22:
2181:Inflammation
2166:Alloimmunity
2161:Autoimmunity
2146:Immunity vs.
2098:Autoantibody
2019:
1996:Superantigen
1835:
1831:
1802:
1798:
1776:(5): 840–7.
1773:
1769:
1732:
1728:
1684:
1657:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1505:
1501:
1491:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1409:
1382:
1372:
1353:
1349:
1304:(1): 13–20.
1301:
1297:
1287:
1250:
1246:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1141:
1137:
1126:
1109:
1105:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1014:
1010:
1004:
974:(1): 26–32.
971:
967:
957:
922:
870:
866:
856:
819:
815:
775:
769:
744:
740:
734:
701:
697:
687:
662:
658:
652:
630:(2): 230–7.
627:
623:
617:
582:
578:
568:
533:
529:
519:
486:
482:
476:
439:
435:
425:
392:
388:
381:
292:
290:
269:
223:
220:Epitope tags
198:western blot
195:
180:
171:
148:
135:
113:MHC class II
95:
57:
24:
20:
18:
2304:Lymphocytes
1963:Lymphocytic
1422:23 November
704:: 643–650.
362:Protein tag
317:proteolysis
214:mutagenesis
139:cryptotopes
126:glycolipids
121:MHC class I
2345:Substances
2209:Peripheral
2197:Inaction:
2076:Antibodies
2057:Macrophage
1970:complement
1298:Immunology
395:: 107653.
373:References
337:Cryptotope
325:antibodies
297:neoantigen
226:proteomics
37:antibodies
2362:Cytolysin
2352:Cytokines
2199:Tolerance
2148:tolerance
2067:Immunogen
1643:214629963
1356:: 71–83.
1112:: 13–22.
1088:211085860
726:202747810
417:226276355
280:in silico
234:synthesis
204:, and/or
2377:Category
2312:Cellular
2156:Immunity
2154:Action:
2137:Paratope
2125:Idiotype
2115:Allotype
2083:Antibody
2037:Mimotope
2001:Allergen
1984:Antigens
1977:Lymphoid
1922:Epitopes
1872:23667458
1832:PLOS ONE
1819:26406767
1790:18947876
1761:19751513
1635:32205198
1589:27085173
1540:24499818
1483:22366317
1328:24854488
1279:28127568
1253:: 1–11.
1209:31398327
1160:38016469
1080:32045313
1071:10878398
1031:19269256
996:12867280
988:17490912
949:19377933
899:21067544
848:29445754
822:: 1–14.
761:24795226
718:31546099
609:24717835
468:16603068
409:33157154
347:Mimotope
331:See also
246:FLAG-tag
202:dot blot
87:Function
49:paratope
2357:Opsonin
2336:NK cell
2324:Humoral
2204:Central
2171:Allergy
2120:Isotype
2020:Epitope
1991:Antigen
1863:3646881
1840:Bibcode
1752:2751785
1735:: 287.
1580:4959041
1559:Vaccine
1531:4260937
1510:Bibcode
1474:3311370
1451:Bibcode
1319:4137951
1270:5227168
1200:6939866
890:2981878
839:5763123
741:Vaccine
679:9680484
644:7678496
601:8871618
560:7518534
511:4124164
491:Bibcode
483:Science
459:1513601
352:Odotope
301:antigen
272:humoral
250:GST-tag
238:Myc-tag
60:protein
45:T cells
41:B cells
29:antigen
21:epitope
2329:B cell
2317:T cell
2062:B cell
2025:Linear
2013:Hapten
1928:(MeSH)
1870:
1860:
1817:
1788:
1759:
1749:
1672:
1641:
1633:
1587:
1577:
1538:
1528:
1502:Nature
1481:
1471:
1397:
1326:
1316:
1277:
1267:
1207:
1197:
1158:
1086:
1078:
1068:
1029:
994:
986:
947:
937:
897:
887:
846:
836:
782:
759:
724:
716:
677:
642:
607:
599:
558:
551:236480
548:
509:
466:
456:
415:
407:
242:HA-tag
189:, and
97:T cell
1799:Omics
1639:S2CID
1084:S2CID
992:S2CID
722:S2CID
605:S2CID
442:: 7.
413:S2CID
254:6xHis
206:ELISA
43:, or
1968:and
1868:PMID
1815:PMID
1786:PMID
1757:PMID
1670:ISBN
1631:PMID
1585:PMID
1536:PMID
1479:PMID
1424:2011
1395:ISBN
1324:PMID
1275:PMID
1251:2016
1205:PMID
1179:Cell
1156:PMID
1138:Cell
1076:PMID
1027:PMID
984:PMID
945:PMID
935:ISBN
895:PMID
844:PMID
820:2017
780:ISBN
757:PMID
714:PMID
675:PMID
640:PMID
597:PMID
556:PMID
507:PMID
464:PMID
405:PMID
274:and
66:and
2290:HLA
2286:MHC
1858:PMC
1848:doi
1807:doi
1778:doi
1747:PMC
1737:doi
1662:doi
1623:doi
1575:PMC
1567:doi
1526:PMC
1518:doi
1506:507
1469:PMC
1459:doi
1447:109
1387:doi
1358:doi
1314:PMC
1306:doi
1302:143
1265:PMC
1255:doi
1195:PMC
1187:doi
1183:178
1146:doi
1142:186
1114:doi
1066:PMC
1058:doi
1019:doi
1015:131
976:doi
972:124
927:doi
885:PMC
875:doi
834:PMC
824:doi
749:doi
706:doi
702:114
667:doi
663:281
632:doi
628:29A
587:doi
583:157
546:PMC
538:doi
499:doi
487:181
454:PMC
444:doi
397:doi
315:or
19:An
2379::
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