511:
40:
356:
495:
615:
260:
347:, passing through two transitional stages: T1 and T2. Throughout their migration to the spleen and after spleen entry, they are considered T1 B cells. Within the spleen, T1 B cells transition to T2 B cells. T2 B cells differentiate into either follicular (FO) B cells or marginal zone (MZ) B cells depending on signals received through the BCR and other receptors. Once differentiated, they are now considered mature B cells, or naĂŻve B cells.
391:. At the SLO, B cell activation begins when the B cell binds to an antigen via its BCR. Although the events taking place immediately after activation have yet to be completely determined, it is believed that B cells are activated in accordance with the kinetic segregation model , initially determined in T lymphocytes. This model denotes that before antigen stimulation, receptors diffuse through the membrane coming into contact with
364:
268:
640:
antibodies with a higher affinity towards their target antigen due to affinity maturation in the germinal center (GC) and produce more antibodies. Plasma cells typically result from the germinal center reaction from T cell-dependent activation of B cells, though they can also result from T cell-independent activation of B cells.
848:(WGBS), showed that there is a hypomethylation from the earliest stages to the most differentiated stages. The largest methylation difference is between the stages of germinal center B cells and memory B cells. Furthermore, this study showed that there is a similarity between B cell tumors and long-lived B cells in their
415:(all three are collectively known as the B cell coreceptor complex). When a BCR binds an antigen tagged with a fragment of the C3 complement protein, CD21 binds the C3 fragment, co-ligates with the bound BCR, and signals are transduced through CD19 and CD81 to lower the activation threshold of the cell.
571:
Memory B cell activation begins with the detection and binding of their target antigen, which is shared by their parent B cell. Some memory B cells can be activated without T cell help, such as certain virus-specific memory B cells, but others need T cell help. Upon antigen binding, the memory B cell
319:
B cells undergo two types of selection while developing in the bone marrow to ensure proper development, both involving B cell receptors (BCR) on the surface of the cell. Positive selection occurs through antigen-independent signalling involving both the pre-BCR and the BCR. If these receptors do not
696:
Found mainly in the marginal zone of the spleen and serves as a first line of defense against blood-borne pathogens, as the marginal zone receives large amounts of blood from the general circulation. They can undergo both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent activation, but preferentially undergo
584:
cell, the memory B cell is activated and differentiates either into plasmablasts and plasma cells via an extrafollicular response or enter a germinal center reaction where they generate plasma cells and more memory B cells. It is unclear whether the memory B cells undergo further affinity maturation
671:
Dormant B cell arising from B cell differentiation. Their function is to circulate through the body and initiate a stronger, more rapid antibody response (known as the anamnestic secondary antibody response) if they detect the antigen that had activated their parent B cell (memory B cells and their
423:
Antigens that activate B cells with the help of T-cell are known as T cell-dependent (TD) antigens and include foreign proteins. They are named as such because they are unable to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells. B cell responses to these antigens takes multiple days, though
399:
in equal frequency, rendering a net equilibrium of phosphorylation and non-phosphorylation. It is only when the cell comes in contact with an antigen presenting cell that the larger CD45 is displaced due to the close distance between the two membranes. This allows for net phosphorylation of the BCR
737:
by directly interacting with T cells to skew their differentiation towards Tregs. No common Breg cell identity has been described and many Breg cell subsets sharing regulatory functions have been found in both mice and humans. It is currently unknown if Breg cell subsets are developmentally linked
562:
or by extensive crosslinking of BCRs to repeated epitopes on a bacterial cell. B cells activated by TI antigens go on to proliferate outside lymphoid follicles but still in SLOs (GCs do not form), possibly undergo immunoglobulin class switching, and differentiate into short-lived plasmablasts that
639:
A long-lived, non-proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation. There is evidence that B cells first differentiate into a plasmablast-like cell, then differentiate into a plasma cell. Plasma cells are generated later in an infection and, compared to plasmablasts, have
506:
and memory B cells for persistent protection. The first step, known as the extrafollicular response, occurs outside lymphoid follicles but still in the SLO. During this step activated B cells proliferate, may undergo immunoglobulin class switching, and differentiate into plasmablasts that produce
553:
and include foreign polysaccharides and unmethylated CpG DNA. They are named as such because they are able to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells. B cell response to these antigens is rapid, though antibodies generated tend to have lower affinity and are less functionally
630:
A short-lived, proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation. Plasmablasts are generated early in an infection and their antibodies tend to have a weaker affinity towards their target antigen compared to plasma cell. Plasmablasts can result from T cell-independent
721:(antibodies produced without infection), defend against mucosal pathogens, and primarily exhibit T cell-independent activation. A true homologue of mouse B-1 cells has not been discovered in humans, though various cell populations similar to B-1 cells have been described.
672:
parent B cells share the same BCR, thus they detect the same antigen). Memory B cells can be generated from T cell-dependent activation through both the extrafollicular response and the germinal center reaction as well as from T cell-independent activation of B1 cells.
687:
Most common type of B cell and, when not circulating through the blood, is found mainly in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). They are responsible for generating the majority of high-affinity antibodies during an
557:
As with TD antigens, B cells activated by TI antigens need additional signals to complete activation, but instead of receiving them from T cells, they are provided either by recognition and binding of a common microbial constituent to
534:
cells within the GC and generate both high-affinity memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells. Resultant plasma cells secrete large numbers of antibodies and either stay within the SLO or, more preferentially, migrate to bone marrow.
324:, B cells do not receive the proper signals and cease to develop. Negative selection occurs through the binding of self-antigen with the BCR; if the BCR can bind strongly to self-antigen, then the B cell undergoes one of four fates:
400:
and the initiation of the signal transduction pathway. Of the three B cell subsets, FO B cells preferentially undergo T cell-dependent activation while MZ B cells and B1 B cells preferentially undergo T cell-independent activation.
580:) cells, that were derived from T cells activated with the same antigen recognize and bind these MHC-II-peptide complexes through their TCR. Following TCR-MHC-II-peptide binding and the relay of other signals from the memory T
738:
and how exactly differentiation into a Breg cell occurs. There is evidence showing that nearly all B cell types can differentiate into a Breg cell through mechanisms involving inflammatory signals and BCR recognition.
2442:
Grammatikos
Alexandros, Donati Matthew, Johnston Sarah L., Gompels Mark M. Peripheral B Cell Deficiency and Predisposition to Viral Infections: The Paradigm of Immune Deficiencies. Frontiers in Immunology (12)2021
747:
Autoimmune disease can result from abnormal B cell recognition of self-antigens followed by the production of autoantibodies. Autoimmune diseases where disease activity is correlated with B cell activity include
646:
A cell with a mixture of B lymphocyte and plasma cell morphological features that is thought to be closely related to or a subtype of plasma cells. This cell type is found in pre-malignant and malignant
491:
also promote B cell proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and somatic hypermutation as well as guide differentiation. After B cells receive these signals, they are considered activated.
572:
takes up the antigen through receptor-mediated endocytosis, degrades it, and presents it to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with MHC-II molecules on the cell membrane. Memory T helper (T
1646:"Human complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) as a receptor for DNA: implications for its roles in the immune response and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)"
733:
B cell type that stops the expansion of pathogenic, pro-inflammatory lymphocytes through the secretion of IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β. Also, it promotes the generation of
2609:
172:
is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell. In addition, B cells
113:
2893:
1539:
Yuseff MI, Pierobon P, Reversat A, Lennon-Duménil AM (July 2013). "How B cells capture, process and present antigens: a crucial role for cell polarity".
866:
387:. After B cells mature in the bone marrow, they migrate through the blood to SLOs, which receive a constant supply of antigen through circulating
502:
Once activated, B cells participate in a two-step differentiation process that yields both short-lived plasmablasts for immediate protection and
247:, against which it will initiate an antibody response. B cell receptors are extremely specific, with all BCRs on a B cell recognizing the same
2316:
Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF (June 2008). "B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease".
424:
antibodies generated have a higher affinity and are more functionally versatile than those generated from T cell-independent activation.
1833:
MacLennan IC, Toellner KM, Cunningham AF, Serre K, Sze DM, Zúñiga E, et al. (August 2003). "Extrafollicular antibody responses".
294:(CLP) cells. From here, their development into B cells occurs in several stages (shown in image to the right), each marked by various
1368:"B cell development in the spleen takes place in discrete steps and is determined by the quality of B cell receptor-derived signals"
2886:
2523:
526:, which is a specialized microenvironment where B cells undergo extensive proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and
815:
660:
591:
activation of memory B cells can be achieved through stimulation with various activators, such as pokeweed mitogen or anti-
2742:
830:
783:
2185:
Baumgarth N (January 2011). "The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions".
2879:
709:
Arises from a developmental pathway different from FO B cells and MZ B cells. In mice, they predominantly populate the
1931:"Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells are induced early in response to T cell-independent or T cell-dependent antigens"
336:, or ignorance (B cell ignores signal and continues development). This negative selection process leads to a state of
931:
845:
2086:
Jahnmatz, Maja; Kesa, Gun; Netterlid, Eva; Buisman, Anne-Marie; Thorstensson, Rigmor; Ahlborg, Niklas (2013-05-31).
3225:
2778:
120:
1601:
Nutt SL, Hodgkin PD, Tarlinton DM, Corcoran LM (March 2015). "The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells".
510:
471:. CD40L serves as a necessary co-stimulatory factor for B cell activation by binding the B cell surface receptor
3220:
480:
367:
Basic B cell function: bind to an antigen, receive help from a cognate helper T cell, and differentiate into a
1420:
Chung JB, Silverman M, Monroe JG (June 2003). "Transitional B cells: step by step towards immune competence".
1056:"Antibody Specific B-Cell Epitope Predictions: Leveraging Information From Antibody-Antigen Protein Complexes"
3163:
2701:
826:
428:
108:
2823:
2793:
2773:
787:
757:
2135:
Ribourtout B, Zandecki M (June 2015). "Plasma cell morphology in multiple myeloma and related disorders".
563:
produce early, weak antibodies mostly of class IgM, but also some populations of long-lived plasma cells.
164:
molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of
2811:
2806:
2646:
448:
3049:
2088:"Optimization of a human IgG B-cell ELISpot assay for the analysis of vaccine-induced B-cell responses"
1054:
Jespersen, Martin
Closter; Mahajan, Swapnil; Peters, Bjoern; Nielsen, Morten; Marcatili, Paolo (2019).
550:
544:
306:
302:
291:
1105:
Fischer U, Yang JJ, Ikawa T, Hein D, Vicente-Dueñas C, Borkhardt A, Sánchez-GarcĂa I (November 2020).
656:
2516:
376:
2871:
775:
765:
761:
189:
96:
631:
activation of B cells or the extrafollicular response from T cell-dependent activation of B cells.
3229:
2987:
2850:
2444:
1107:"Cell Fate Decisions: The Role of Transcription Factors in Early B-cell Development and Leukemia"
279:
177:
60:
825:
Abnormal B cells may be relatively large and some diseases include this in their names, such as
487:
as well as sustains T cell growth and differentiation. T cell-derived cytokines bound by B cell
3342:
3251:
2969:
2905:
2693:
503:
287:
157:
3198:
3054:
3032:
2732:
2709:
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2241:
807:
803:
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404:
321:
20:
2457:
Kulis M, Merkel A, Heath S, QueirĂłs AC, Schuyler RP, Castellano G, et al. (July 2015).
844:
A study that investigated the methylome of B cells along their differentiation cycle, using
3332:
3327:
3215:
3148:
3059:
2983:
2756:
2573:
2509:
799:
769:
691:
344:
173:
2376:
1745:
1517:
343:
To complete development, immature B cells migrate from the bone marrow into the spleen as
8:
3337:
3275:
3210:
3193:
3027:
2945:
2765:
2604:
795:
791:
595:
527:
522:
The second step consists of activated B cells entering a lymphoid follicle and forming a
355:
313:
271:
228:
208:, a lymphoid organ where they were first discovered by Chang and Glick, which is why the
39:
3095:
2737:
2724:
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2341:
2210:
2160:
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2013:
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724:
681:
559:
205:
1706:
1433:
1366:
Loder F, Mutschler B, Ray RJ, Paige CJ, Sideras P, Torres R, et al. (July 1999).
718:
3143:
2909:
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2488:
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734:
730:
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515:
488:
337:
240:
2345:
2214:
2072:
1568:
1298:
340:, in which the mature B cells do not bind self antigens present in the bone marrow.
3322:
3263:
3203:
3175:
3170:
3138:
3125:
3115:
2661:
2637:
2478:
2470:
2459:"Whole-genome fingerprint of the DNA methylome during human B cell differentiation"
2417:
2380:
2372:
2325:
2285:
2237:
2194:
2164:
2144:
2099:
2052:
2008:
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1330:
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1232:
1224:
1180:
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1128:
1118:
1077:
1067:
1026:
985:
811:
329:
309:
153:
145:
1281:
1264:
1161:"Lymphoid and myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors"
1123:
267:
3158:
2653:
2290:
2273:
2148:
1661:
1334:
969:
849:
523:
456:
325:
295:
232:
165:
101:
1228:
494:
3185:
3130:
3071:
2991:
2964:
951:
714:
592:
472:
468:
427:
Once a BCR binds a TD antigen, the antigen is taken up into the B cell through
2421:
2104:
2087:
1929:
Bortnick A, Chernova I, Quinn WJ, Mugnier M, Cancro MP, Allman D (June 2012).
1457:"Marginal zone B cells: virtues of innate-like antibody-producing lymphocytes"
3316:
3153:
3042:
2860:
2842:
2680:
2642:
2563:
2113:
1946:
1693:
Zabel MD, Weis JH (March 2001). "Cell-specific regulation of the CD21 gene".
1072:
1040:
666:
603:
464:
440:
333:
236:
169:
72:
1987:
McHeyzer-Williams M, Okitsu S, Wang N, McHeyzer-Williams L (December 2011).
1986:
1881:"Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells"
614:
459:. Following TCR-MHC-II-peptide binding, T cells express the surface protein
3120:
3105:
3100:
3037:
2935:
2675:
2578:
2492:
2429:
2394:
2337:
2299:
2249:
2206:
2156:
2121:
2064:
2022:
1964:
1904:
1854:
1819:
1763:
1714:
1679:
1622:
1560:
1525:
1490:
1441:
1401:
1352:
1290:
1246:
1194:
1142:
1091:
999:
619:
436:
259:
67:
19:
This article is about the immune system cell. For the electrical cell, see
1504:
Harwood NE, Batista FD (2010-01-01). "Early events in B cell activation".
2855:
2558:
2553:
1383:
819:
749:
634:
476:
432:
384:
368:
283:
193:
3243:
2996:
2902:
2532:
1031:
1014:
599:
530:
directed by somatic hypermutation. These processes are facilitated by T
359:
B cell activation: from immature B cell to plasma cell or memory B cell
149:
55:
2228:
Pillai S, Cariappa A, Moran ST (2005-01-01). "Marginal zone B cells".
126:
3301:
3006:
2901:
2828:
2783:
2631:
861:
24:
2474:
2198:
2056:
2004:
1880:
1801:
1697:. Unraveling Mechanisms and Discovering Novel Roles for Complement.
1614:
1552:
1538:
1472:
990:
973:
274:
development: from immature B cell to MZ B cell or mature (FO) B cell
3291:
3076:
3064:
3022:
2976:
2940:
2597:
2548:
1644:
Asokan R, Banda NK, Szakonyi G, Chen XS, Holers VM (January 2013).
1262:
950:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
836:
Patients with B cell alymphocytosis are predisposed to infections.
704:
587:
299:
181:
161:
363:
3296:
3110:
2959:
2930:
2816:
1263:
MĂĄrtensson IL, Almqvist N, Grimsholm O, Bernardi AI (June 2010).
554:
versatile than those generated from T cell-dependent activation.
248:
244:
1832:
549:
Antigens that activate B cells without T cell help are known as
455:
recognize and bind these MHC-II-peptide complexes through their
3256:
2952:
2619:
1013:
Glick, Bruce; Chang, Timothy S.; Jaap, R. George (1956-01-01).
779:
380:
224:
185:
2501:
2445:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.731643
2043:
Kurosaki T, Kometani K, Ise W (March 2015). "Memory B cells".
1053:
460:
435:, and presented to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with
388:
84:
2315:
2085:
1928:
1600:
412:
408:
396:
263:
Early B cell development: from stem cell to immature B cell
201:
197:
652:
392:
2456:
1643:
949:
2408:
Castillo JJ (December 2016). "Plasma Cell
Disorders".
1365:
657:
IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
407:, a surface receptor in complex with surface proteins
403:
B cell activation is enhanced through the activity of
223:
B cells, unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes,
2274:"Regulatory B cells: origin, phenotype, and function"
1727:
1419:
1104:
778:
of B cells and their precursors can cause a host of
2227:
2042:
867:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
312:arrangements, the latter due to B cells undergoing
2358:
2134:
1213:"Central B-cell tolerance: where selection begins"
3314:
1015:"The Bursa of Fabricius and Antibody Production"
576:) cells, typically memory follicular T helper (T
538:
1878:
1728:Blum JS, Wearsch PA, Cresswell P (2013-01-01).
1454:
2359:Shaffer AL, Young RM, Staudt LM (2012-01-01).
1503:
1319:"B lymphocytes: how they develop and function"
1012:
945:
943:
655:monoclonal proteins; these dyscrasias include
418:
2887:
2517:
1210:
507:early, weak antibodies mostly of class IgM.
2401:
2128:
1316:
2271:
1786:"A brief history of T cell help to B cells"
1455:Cerutti A, Cols M, Puga I (February 2013).
940:
926:(8th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
742:
566:
2894:
2880:
2524:
2510:
1217:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
1098:
651:that are associated with the secretion of
598:, however, a study found a combination of
176:(they are also classified as professional
38:
2482:
2384:
2289:
2184:
2103:
2012:
1954:
1809:
1753:
1692:
1669:
1480:
1391:
1342:
1280:
1236:
1184:
1132:
1122:
1081:
1071:
1030:
989:
371:that secretes large numbers of antibodies
2407:
2361:"Pathogenesis of human B cell lymphomas"
2242:10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115728
1989:"Molecular programming of B cell memory"
613:
509:
493:
362:
354:
266:
258:
2764:
1317:LeBien TW, Tedder TF (September 2008).
3315:
2311:
2309:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1924:
1922:
1874:
1872:
1783:
968:
921:
2875:
2505:
2377:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075027
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1746:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095910
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1518:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101216
1415:
1413:
1411:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1158:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
518:, with germinal center in the middle.
1372:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1265:"The pre-B cell receptor checkpoint"
1258:
1256:
1206:
1204:
1154:
1152:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
606:to be the most efficient activator.
2743:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
2306:
2256:
2171:
2029:
1971:
1919:
1879:Shlomchik MJ, Weisel F (May 2012).
1869:
1211:Pelanda R, Torres RM (April 2012).
831:intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
13:
1770:
1575:
1532:
1408:
1305:
788:acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
784:chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
14:
3354:
2272:Rosser EC, Mauri C (April 2015).
1253:
1201:
1149:
962:
878:
846:whole-genome bisulfite sequencing
2779:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
2583:
2330:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x
2092:Journal of Immunological Methods
1897:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01124.x
1847:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00058.x
1730:"Pathways of antigen processing"
1695:International Immunopharmacology
1177:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00963.x
958:(4th ed.). Garland Science.
551:T cell-independent (TI) antigens
375:B cell activation occurs in the
286:. HSCs first differentiate into
121:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
2531:
2450:
2436:
2352:
2221:
2079:
1826:
1721:
1686:
1637:
1497:
1448:
1359:
816:Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
661:Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
609:
280:hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
196:, which is at the core of most
3221:Immunoglobulin class switching
1047:
1006:
974:"The early history of B cells"
839:
827:diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
697:T cell-independent activation.
481:immunoglobulin class switching
254:
178:antigen-presenting cells, APCs
152:subtype. They function in the
23:. For β-cell of pancreas, see
1:
2447:DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2021.731643
1707:10.1016/S1567-5769(00)00046-1
1434:10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00119-4
1282:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.057
1124:10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-20-0011
956:Molecular Biology of the Cell
872:
539:T cell-independent activation
498:T-dependent B cell activation
463:as well as cytokines such as
429:receptor-mediated endocytosis
350:
2824:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
2812:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
2807:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
2794:Uterine natural killer cells
2774:Cytokine-induced killer cell
2291:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.005
2149:10.1016/j.morpho.2015.02.001
1662:10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.002
1335:10.1182/blood-2008-02-078071
758:systemic lupus erythematosus
585:within these secondary GCs.
7:
2365:Annual Review of Immunology
2230:Annual Review of Immunology
1734:Annual Review of Immunology
1506:Annual Review of Immunology
1229:10.1101/cshperspect.a007146
855:
678:FO B cells and MZ B cells.
419:T cell-dependent activation
239:. BCRs allow the B cell to
10:
3359:
3050:Polyclonal B cell response
2187:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2045:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1993:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1790:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1603:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1541:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1461:Nature Reviews. Immunology
978:Nature Reviews. Immunology
684:(also known as a B-2 cell)
560:toll-like receptors (TLRs)
545:T independent antigen (TI)
542:
292:common lymphoid progenitor
18:
3284:
3242:
3184:
3085:
3015:
2923:
2916:
2841:
2802:
2755:
2723:
2627:
2618:
2539:
2422:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.002
2105:10.1016/j.jim.2013.02.009
1159:Kondo M (November 2010).
735:regulatory T (Treg) cells
692:Marginal-zone (MZ) B cell
377:secondary lymphoid organs
119:
107:
95:
83:
78:
66:
54:
49:
37:
32:
1947:10.4049/jimmunol.1102808
1073:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00298
952:"B Cells and Antibodies"
808:plasma cell malignancies
776:Malignant transformation
743:B cell-related pathology
725:Regulatory B (Breg) cell
567:Memory B cell activation
475:, which promotes B cell
220:, as commonly believed.
204:, B cells mature in the
16:Type of white blood cell
2851:Hematopoietic stem cell
2610:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1784:Crotty S (March 2015).
1060:Frontiers in Immunology
924:Janeway's Immunobiology
818:, and certain forms of
643:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
504:long-lived plasma cells
233:B cell receptors (BCRs)
61:Hematopoietic stem cell
3164:Tolerance in pregnancy
2906:adaptive immune system
1111:Blood Cancer Discovery
800:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
682:Follicular (FO) B cell
649:plasma cell dyscrasias
623:
604:recombinant human IL-2
519:
514:Histology of a normal
499:
449:follicular T helper (T
439:on the cell membrane.
372:
360:
288:multipotent progenitor
275:
264:
158:adaptive immune system
3199:Somatic hypermutation
3033:Polyclonal antibodies
3028:Monoclonal antibodies
2757:Innate lymphoid cells
2733:Natural killer T cell
2318:Immunological Reviews
1935:Journal of Immunology
1885:Immunological Reviews
1835:Immunological Reviews
1165:Immunological Reviews
617:
596:monoclonal antibodies
513:
497:
485:somatic hypermutation
457:T cell receptor (TCR)
366:
358:
278:B cells develop from
270:
262:
21:Battery (vacuum tube)
3216:Junctional diversity
2984:Antigen presentation
1650:Molecular Immunology
1422:Trends in Immunology
1384:10.1084/jem.190.1.75
770:rheumatoid arthritis
524:germinal center (GC)
379:(SLOs), such as the
345:transitional B cells
282:that originate from
229:natural killer cells
3211:V(D)J recombination
3194:Affinity maturation
2946:Antigenic variation
2725:Innate-like T cells
2605:Transitional B cell
796:follicular lymphoma
792:hairy cell leukemia
766:post-infectious IBS
528:affinity maturation
314:V(D)J recombination
272:Transitional B cell
44:Animation of B cell
33:B lymphocyte cell
1032:10.3382/ps.0350224
804:Hodgkin's lymphoma
754:multiple sclerosis
719:natural antibodies
624:
520:
500:
489:cytokine receptors
373:
361:
290:(MPP) cells, then
276:
265:
206:bursa of Fabricius
168:. When a naĂŻve or
160:. B cells produce
3310:
3309:
3238:
3237:
2988:professional APCs
2869:
2868:
2837:
2836:
2751:
2750:
1941:(11): 5389–5396.
1275:(12): 2572–2579.
922:Murphy K (2012).
731:immunosuppressive
711:peritoneal cavity
516:lymphoid follicle
338:central tolerance
316:as they develop.
156:component of the
135:
134:
130:
3350:
3204:Clonal selection
3176:Immune privilege
3171:Immunodeficiency
3126:Cross-reactivity
3116:Hypersensitivity
2921:
2920:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2873:
2872:
2789:Adaptive NK cell
2762:
2761:
2625:
2624:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2454:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2269:
2254:
2253:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2107:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2040:
2027:
2026:
2016:
1984:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1598:
1573:
1572:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1329:(5): 1570–1580.
1314:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1240:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
966:
960:
959:
947:
938:
937:
919:
812:multiple myeloma
437:MHC-II molecules
330:receptor editing
174:present antigens
166:B-cell receptors
154:humoral immunity
146:white blood cell
144:, are a type of
140:, also known as
127:edit on Wikidata
124:
42:
30:
29:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3280:
3234:
3180:
3159:Clonal deletion
3087:
3081:
3011:
2912:
2900:
2870:
2865:
2833:
2798:
2747:
2719:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2665:
2657:
2650:
2614:
2592:
2535:
2530:
2500:
2475:10.1038/ng.3291
2463:Nature Genetics
2455:
2451:
2441:
2437:
2406:
2402:
2357:
2353:
2314:
2307:
2270:
2257:
2226:
2222:
2199:10.1038/nri2901
2183:
2172:
2133:
2129:
2084:
2080:
2057:10.1038/nri3802
2041:
2030:
2005:10.1038/nri3128
1985:
1972:
1927:
1920:
1877:
1870:
1831:
1827:
1802:10.1038/nri3803
1782:
1771:
1726:
1722:
1691:
1687:
1656:(1–2): 99–110.
1642:
1638:
1615:10.1038/nri3795
1599:
1576:
1553:10.1038/nri3469
1537:
1533:
1502:
1498:
1473:10.1038/nri3383
1453:
1449:
1418:
1409:
1364:
1360:
1315:
1306:
1261:
1254:
1209:
1202:
1157:
1150:
1103:
1099:
1052:
1048:
1019:Poultry Science
1011:
1007:
991:10.1038/nri3801
967:
963:
948:
941:
934:
920:
879:
875:
858:
850:DNA methylation
842:
762:type 1 diabetes
745:
612:
583:
579:
575:
569:
547:
541:
533:
452:
444:
421:
353:
326:clonal deletion
296:gene expression
257:
131:
45:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3201:
3190:
3188:
3186:Immunogenetics
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3134:
3133:
3131:Co-stimulation
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3072:Immune complex
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Dendritic cell
2980:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2970:Conformational
2967:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2678:
2673:
2663:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2498:
2469:(7): 746–756.
2449:
2435:
2416:(4): 677–691.
2400:
2371:(1): 565–610.
2351:
2324:(1): 284–299.
2305:
2284:(4): 607–612.
2255:
2236:(1): 161–196.
2220:
2170:
2143:(325): 38–62.
2127:
2078:
2051:(3): 149–159.
2028:
1970:
1918:
1868:
1825:
1796:(3): 185–189.
1769:
1740:(1): 443–473.
1720:
1701:(3): 483–493.
1685:
1636:
1609:(3): 160–171.
1574:
1547:(7): 475–486.
1531:
1512:(1): 185–210.
1496:
1467:(2): 118–132.
1447:
1428:(6): 343–349.
1407:
1358:
1304:
1252:
1223:(4): a007146.
1200:
1148:
1117:(3): 224–233.
1097:
1046:
1025:(1): 224–225.
1005:
984:(3): 191–197.
972:(March 2015).
961:
939:
932:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
864:
857:
854:
841:
838:
744:
741:
740:
739:
727:
722:
715:pleural cavity
707:
701:
700:
699:
698:
694:
689:
685:
676:
673:
669:
664:
644:
641:
637:
632:
628:
611:
608:
581:
577:
573:
568:
565:
543:Main article:
540:
537:
531:
450:
442:
420:
417:
352:
349:
320:bind to their
300:immunoglobulin
256:
253:
180:) and secrete
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3355:
3344:
3343:Immune system
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3154:Clonal anergy
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3044:
3043:Microantibody
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2897:
2892:
2890:
2885:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2862:
2861:Prolymphocyte
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2843:Lymphopoiesis
2840:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2681:Memory T cell
2679:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Cytotoxic CD8
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Marginal zone
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
957:
953:
946:
944:
935:
933:9780815342434
929:
925:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
877:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
853:
851:
847:
837:
834:
832:
829:(DLBCLs) and
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
736:
732:
728:
726:
723:
720:
716:
712:
708:
706:
703:
702:
695:
693:
690:
686:
683:
680:
679:
677:
674:
670:
668:
667:Memory B cell
665:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
642:
638:
636:
633:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:Plasmablast,
616:
607:
605:
601:
597:
594:
590:
589:
564:
561:
555:
552:
546:
536:
529:
525:
517:
512:
508:
505:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:proliferation
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
438:
434:
430:
425:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
365:
357:
348:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
315:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:patterns and
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
269:
261:
252:
250:
246:
243:to a foreign
242:
238:
237:cell membrane
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:memory B cell
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:B lymphocytes
139:
128:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
90:lymphocytus B
88:
86:
82:
77:
74:
73:Immune system
71:
69:
65:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
3268:
3121:Inflammation
3106:Alloimmunity
3101:Autoimmunity
3086:Immunity vs.
3038:Autoantibody
3001:
2936:Superantigen
2540:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2438:
2413:
2410:Primary Care
2409:
2403:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2321:
2317:
2281:
2277:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2193:(1): 34–46.
2190:
2186:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2098:(1): 50–59.
2095:
2091:
2081:
2048:
2044:
1999:(1): 24–34.
1996:
1992:
1938:
1934:
1891:(1): 52–63.
1888:
1884:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1793:
1789:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1606:
1602:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1425:
1421:
1378:(1): 75–89.
1375:
1371:
1361:
1326:
1322:
1272:
1269:FEBS Letters
1268:
1220:
1216:
1171:(1): 37–46.
1168:
1164:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1022:
1018:
1008:
981:
977:
964:
955:
923:
852:signatures.
843:
835:
824:
782:, including
774:
746:
620:Wright stain
610:B cell types
586:
570:
556:
548:
521:
501:
447:, typically
426:
422:
402:
374:
342:
318:
277:
222:
217:
213:
209:
141:
137:
136:
89:
3333:Human cells
3328:Lymphocytes
3244:Lymphocytes
2903:Lymphocytic
2856:Lymphoblast
2554:Plasmablast
2533:Lymphocytes
2137:Morphologie
840:Epigenetics
820:amyloidosis
750:scleroderma
717:, generate
635:Plasma cell
627:Plasmablast
441:T helper (T
385:lymph nodes
369:plasma cell
284:bone marrow
255:Development
218:bone marrow
212:stands for
194:bone marrow
79:Identifiers
3338:Immunology
3317:Categories
3285:Substances
3149:Peripheral
3137:Inaction:
3016:Antibodies
2997:Macrophage
2910:complement
2670:Regulatory
2643:Helper CD4
2569:Follicular
873:References
688:infection.
351:Activation
231:, express
150:lymphocyte
3302:Cytolysin
3292:Cytokines
3139:Tolerance
3088:tolerance
3007:Immunogen
2829:LTi cells
2784:Null cell
2632:Thymocyte
2114:0022-1759
1041:0032-5791
970:Cooper MD
862:A20 cells
810:such as
310:gene loci
235:on their
182:cytokines
56:Precursor
25:beta cell
3252:Cellular
3096:Immunity
3094:Action:
3077:Paratope
3065:Idiotype
3055:Allotype
3023:Antibody
2977:Mimotope
2941:Allergen
2924:Antigens
2917:Lymphoid
2817:Nuocytes
2766:NK cells
2598:B10 cell
2493:26053498
2430:27866585
2395:22224767
2346:11593298
2338:18613843
2300:25902480
2278:Immunity
2250:15771569
2215:23355423
2207:21151033
2157:25899140
2122:23454005
2073:20825732
2065:25677494
2023:22158414
1965:22529295
1905:22500831
1855:12846803
1841:: 8–18.
1820:25677493
1764:23298205
1715:11367532
1680:22885687
1623:25698678
1569:24791216
1561:23797063
1526:20192804
1491:23348416
1442:12810111
1402:10429672
1353:18725575
1299:43158480
1291:20420836
1247:22378602
1195:20969583
1143:33392513
1092:30863406
1000:25656707
856:See also
705:B-1 cell
675:B-2 cell
588:In vitro
433:degraded
216:and not
188:B cells
162:antibody
3323:B cells
3297:Opsonin
3276:NK cell
3264:Humoral
3144:Central
3111:Allergy
3060:Isotype
2960:Epitope
2931:Antigen
2620:T cells
2549:B1 cell
2541:B cells
2484:5444519
2386:7478144
2165:1508656
2014:3947622
1956:4341991
1913:5362003
1863:2455541
1811:4414089
1755:4026165
1671:3439536
1631:9769697
1482:3652659
1393:2195560
1344:2518873
1238:3312675
1186:2975965
1134:7774874
1083:6399414
1066:: 298.
780:cancers
453:) cells
445:) cells
307:L chain
303:H chain
249:epitope
245:antigen
225:T cells
192:in the
186:mammals
148:of the
138:B cells
102:D001402
50:Details
3269:B cell
3257:T cell
3002:B cell
2965:Linear
2953:Hapten
2564:Memory
2559:Plasma
2491:
2481:
2428:
2393:
2383:
2344:
2336:
2298:
2248:
2213:
2205:
2163:
2155:
2120:
2112:
2071:
2063:
2021:
2011:
1963:
1953:
1911:
1903:
1861:
1853:
1818:
1808:
1762:
1752:
1713:
1678:
1668:
1629:
1621:
1567:
1559:
1524:
1489:
1479:
1440:
1400:
1390:
1351:
1341:
1297:
1289:
1245:
1235:
1193:
1183:
1141:
1131:
1090:
1080:
1039:
998:
930:
806:, and
768:, and
483:, and
381:spleen
334:anergy
322:ligand
190:mature
68:System
2676:NaĂŻve
2584:Pre-B
2579:NaĂŻve
2342:S2CID
2211:S2CID
2161:S2CID
2069:S2CID
1909:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1627:S2CID
1565:S2CID
1323:Blood
1295:S2CID
600:R-848
469:IL-21
461:CD40L
389:lymph
214:bursa
202:birds
200:. In
198:bones
184:. In
125:[
114:62869
85:Latin
2908:and
2636:αβ (
2593:cell
2489:PMID
2426:PMID
2391:PMID
2334:PMID
2296:PMID
2246:PMID
2203:PMID
2153:PMID
2118:PMID
2110:ISSN
2061:PMID
2019:PMID
1961:PMID
1901:PMID
1851:PMID
1816:PMID
1760:PMID
1711:PMID
1676:PMID
1619:PMID
1557:PMID
1522:PMID
1487:PMID
1438:PMID
1398:PMID
1349:PMID
1287:PMID
1243:PMID
1191:PMID
1139:PMID
1088:PMID
1037:ISSN
996:PMID
928:ISBN
713:and
659:and
602:and
593:CD40
473:CD40
467:and
465:IL-4
413:CD81
411:and
409:CD19
405:CD21
397:CD45
395:and
383:and
305:and
241:bind
227:and
97:MeSH
3230:HLA
3226:MHC
2591:reg
2479:PMC
2471:doi
2418:doi
2381:PMC
2373:doi
2326:doi
2322:223
2286:doi
2238:doi
2195:doi
2145:doi
2100:doi
2096:391
2053:doi
2009:PMC
2001:doi
1951:PMC
1943:doi
1939:188
1893:doi
1889:247
1843:doi
1839:194
1806:PMC
1798:doi
1750:PMC
1742:doi
1703:doi
1666:PMC
1658:doi
1611:doi
1549:doi
1514:doi
1477:PMC
1469:doi
1430:doi
1388:PMC
1380:doi
1376:190
1339:PMC
1331:doi
1327:112
1277:doi
1273:584
1233:PMC
1225:doi
1181:PMC
1173:doi
1169:238
1129:PMC
1119:doi
1078:PMC
1068:doi
1027:doi
986:doi
729:An
653:IgM
393:Lck
251:.
109:FMA
3319::
2990::
2738:γδ
2712:VM
2704:RM
2696:EM
2688:CM
2668:/
2666:17
2660:/
2652:/
2649:FH
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2059:.
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2047:.
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2017:.
2007:.
1997:12
1995:.
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1959:.
1949:.
1937:.
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332:,
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