1157:
515:
283:. By fall its output had been improved to 500 watts and 75 kHz. On Christmas Eve, 1906, Fessenden made an experimental broadcast of Christmas music, including him playing the violin, that was heard by Navy ships and shore stations down the East Coast as far as Arlington. This is considered the first AM radio entertainment broadcast.
33:
342:
Alexanderson retired from
General Electric in 1948. The inventor and engineer remained active to an advanced age. He continued television research as a consultant for the Radio Corporation of America filing his 321st patent application in 1955. Over his lifetime, Alexanderson received 345 US patents,
274:
transmitter. Designing a machine that would rotate fast enough to produce radio waves proved a formidable challenge. Alexanderson's family were convinced the huge spinning rotors would fly apart and kill him, and he set up a sandbagged bunker from which to test them. In the summer of 1906 Mr.
362:
The change in the focus of the patent system, from the protection of the inventor to the protection of the corporation which either employed the inventor or purchased his patents, was succinctly phrased by E.F.W. Alexanderson, a
Swedish immigrant who became one of GE's early leading research
266:, then working for the US Weather Bureau, for a specialized alternator with much higher frequency than others in existence at that time, for use as a radio transmitter. Fessenden had been working on the problem of transmitting sound by
372:
In 1923, Alexanderson's son, Verner, was kidnapped. Alexanderson broadcast an appeal for help on the radio. The child was located after three days and returned to his family. The kidnappers were later caught.
363:
engineers. "The patent system was established, I believe", he said, "to protect the lone inventor. In this it has not succeeded ... the patent system protects the institutions which favor invention".
406:
1429:
1234:
358:
Alexanderson is also mentioned in connection with the emergence of the patent system, that he was partially critical to. As the technology historian David Noble writes:
1422:
1227:
1522:
1415:
1220:
1659:
638:
1714:
1679:
1674:
290:
commercial and Naval wireless stations to transmit radiotelegraphy traffic at intercontinental distances, until by the 1930s it was replaced by
1719:
1170:
336:
744:
864:
777:
1193:
830:
1654:
1515:
803:
1709:
1699:
1694:
411:
898:
1664:
717:
1684:
1044:
Ernst
Fredrik Werner Alexanderson β en personcentrerad skildring av elektroteknikens utveckling under 1900-talets fΓΆrsta hΓ€lft.
1669:
1639:
1072:
840:
1508:
335:. In 1930, he conducted an early public demonstration of his large screen television system on a closed-circuit channel at
1161:
916:
660:
1113:
1099:
1015:
1127:
1051:
964:
874:
754:
573:
425:
258:, one of the first devices which could transmit modulated audio (sound) over radio waves. He had been employed at
419:
1634:
533:
471:
286:
Alexanderson continued improving his machine, and the
Alexanderson alternator became widely used in high power
208:
1649:
487:
322:
236:
1531:
1269:
623:
618:
402:
118:
1140:
1689:
329:
The following year he developed the coordination of sound and movement on the first television drama,
280:
331:
295:
1644:
248:
172:
1167:
683:
1560:
1452:
1347:
1335:
1287:
141:
976:
Brittain, J. E. (July 2004). "Electrical
Engineering Hall of Fame: Ernst F. W. Alexanderson".
1566:
1190:
216:
74:
1031:
262:
for only a short time when GE received an order from
Canadian-born professor and researcher
1629:
1624:
1590:
613:
8:
1704:
1438:
1257:
382:
311:
160:
102:
1548:
1470:
1305:
1293:
993:
704:
552:
287:
263:
204:
951:
1464:
1395:
1389:
1341:
1323:
1299:
1243:
1123:
1109:
1095:
1068:
1047:
870:
836:
750:
721:
392:
326:
110:
1200:β their technologies and transatlantic experiments compared. Accessed April 10, 2006
997:
1578:
1542:
1482:
985:
520:
352:
259:
232:
188:
157:
321:. The first television broadcast in the United States was received in 1927 at his
1572:
1383:
1263:
1197:
1174:
1019:
271:
200:
56:
1584:
1377:
1329:
1203:
1500:
989:
494:
478:
462:
446:
306:. It is a prime example of pre-electronic radio technology and was added as a
1618:
1602:
1488:
1476:
1371:
1353:
1281:
344:
228:
78:
1181:
Bibliography related to
Alexanderson's contribution to history of television
1065:
America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of
Corporate Capitalism
590:
32:
1365:
1275:
1207:
1010:
294:
transmitters. The only surviving transmitter in a working state is at the
348:
291:
267:
255:
176:
1596:
318:
270:, and had concluded that a new type of radio transmitter was needed, a
168:
1407:
1317:
1180:
528:
212:
184:
1212:
343:
the last filed in 1968 at age 89. He died in 1975 and was buried at
1311:
252:
180:
502:(directional antenna), filed November 1927, issued September 1930
438:
299:
224:
183:
long distance radio transmission. Alexanderson also created the
1156:
307:
303:
220:
89:
164:
746:
The Boy Genius and the Mogul The Untold Story of
Television
396:
386:
279:
alternator, was installed in
Fessenden's radio station in
455:
395:
from the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, now
317:
Alexanderson was also instrumental in the development of
276:
1184:
1106:
Alexanderson: Pioneer in American Electrical Engineering
778:"Initial Public Exhibit Gives New Impetus to Television"
931:
919:. Engineering and Technology History. January 31, 2010
1177:
at prof. Eugenii Katz website accessed April 10, 2006
707:
Barry Mishkind (Oldradio.com) accessed April 10, 2006
510:
899:"Dr. Ernst Alexanderson, Radio Pioneer, Dies at 97"
231:in 1902 and spent much of his life working for the
684:"Fessenden and the Early History of Radio Science"
661:"Ernest Frederick Werner Alexanderson (1878β1975)"
1118:Fisher, David E. and Marshall J. Fisher (1996)
1046:Farsta : Televerket. Bengt V Nilsson. 1987.
1034:at IEEE History Center accessed February 18, 2015
639:"Men Who Have Made Radio β E. F. W. Alexanderson"
1616:
490:suppressor), filed June 1926; issued August 1929
1530:
681:
1092:Electric City: General Electric in Schenectady
637:Cafe, Kirt Blattenberger RF (September 1930).
1516:
1423:
1228:
1145:(Proceedings of the I.R.E., pp. 263β285)
437:Ernst was very active and got a total of 345
187:, a direct current amplifier used during the
949:
965:List of recipients of the IEEE Edison Medal
866:The Columbia History of American Television
385:from the Institute of Radio Engineers, now
1523:
1509:
1430:
1416:
1235:
1221:
705:"Dr. Ernst Alexanderson, Pioneer Inventor"
611:
474:, filed October 1913; issued February 1916
458:), filed April 1909; issued, November 1911
31:
869:. Columbia University Press. p. 36.
742:
720:. Cherished Television UK. Archived from
663:. Famous Scientist Blog. January 31, 2010
1660:KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
975:
862:
828:
718:"Dr Ernst Frederick Werner Alexanderson"
686:. The Radioscientist β volume 5 number 3
156:(January 25, 1878 β May 14, 1975) was a
1437:
1715:Knights of the Order of the Polar Star
1680:Swedish emigrants to the United States
1675:Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal recipients
1617:
835:. Oxford University Press. p. 5.
804:"Alexanderson wins royal Danish medal"
622:(in Swedish). Vol. 1. Stockholm:
553:"IRE Medal of Honor Winners 1917β1963"
367:
1720:American telecommunications engineers
1504:
1411:
1242:
1216:
1062:
969:
937:
917:"Ernst F. W. Alexanderson, Biography"
896:
1139:Alexanderson, E.F.W. (August 1920)
1056:
1037:
636:
407:Danish Academy of Technical Sciences
191:for controlling anti-aircraft guns.
179:used between 1906 and the 1930s for
16:Swedish-American electrical engineer
242:
154:Ernst Frederick Werner Alexanderson
13:
1133:
682:John S. Belrose (September 1994).
578:The New York Times Current History
275:Alexanderson's first effort, a 50
207:(1896β97) and was educated at the
14:
1731:
1655:People from Schenectady, New York
1149:
1142:Trans-oceanic Radio Communication
1120:Tube, the Invention of Television
1108:(Johns Hopkins University Press)
1094:(Texas A&M University Press)
426:Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame
1155:
1090:Blackwelder, Julia Kirk (2014)
1084:
1022:citation accessed April 10, 2006
1012:National Inventor's Hall of Fame
513:
1710:Engineers from New York (state)
1700:20th-century American inventors
1695:20th-century American engineers
1122:(Counterpoint, Washington D.C)
1025:
1004:
958:
943:
909:
890:
856:
829:Richards, Rashna Wadia (2021).
822:
796:
770:
736:
420:National Inventors Hall of Fame
1665:IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
950:Carl Johnson (June 12, 2013).
710:
698:
675:
653:
630:
605:
583:
567:
545:
534:Tuned radio frequency receiver
1:
1685:American electrical engineers
897:Krebs, Albin (May 15, 1975).
539:
209:Royal Institute of Technology
194:
171:development. He invented the
1670:IEEE Edison Medal recipients
1640:Swedish electrical engineers
237:Radio Corporation of America
7:
1532:Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal
1104:Brittain, James E. (1992)
1067:. Oxford University Press.
624:National Archives of Sweden
619:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
555:. IEEE History Center. 2011
506:
403:Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal
10:
1736:
1196:December 28, 2012, at the
1185:Histoire de la tΓ©lΓ©vision"
743:Stashower, Daniel (2002).
612:Westerberg, H. E. (1918).
591:"Ernst F. W. Alexanderson"
432:
247:Alexanderson designed the
1538:
1445:
1250:
990:10.1109/JPROC.2004.828999
452:High frequency alternator
376:
281:Brant Rock, Massachusetts
199:Alexanderson was born in
147:
137:
130:
95:
85:
63:
42:
30:
23:
1063:Noble, David F. (1977).
614:"Ernst F W Alexanderson"
593:. Soylent Communications
1173:April 26, 2006, at the
978:Proceedings of the IEEE
863:Edgerton, Gary (2007).
468:Selective Tuning System
325:home at 1132 Adams Rd,
249:Alexanderson alternator
173:Alexanderson alternator
163:, who was a pioneer in
37:Alexanderson circa 1920
1561:Edward Victor Appleton
1336:George Ashley Campbell
1018:March 4, 2016, at the
984:(7). IEEE: 1216β1219.
952:"The Return of Verner"
749:. Crown. p. 128.
574:"The March of Science"
500:Radio signaling system
365:
296:Grimeton radio station
227:. He emigrated to the
142:Electrical engineering
119:Valdemar Poulsen Medal
1635:Electronics engineers
1567:Balthasar van der Pol
1294:Arthur Edwin Kennelly
1191:Fessenden and Marconi
1168:Illustrated biography
580:, May 1920, page 266.
495:U.S. patent 1,775,801
479:U.S. patent 1,723,908
463:U.S. patent 1,173,079
447:U.S. patent 1,008,577
360:
332:The Queen's Messenger
217:Technische Hochschule
75:Schenectady, New York
1591:Jay Wright Forrester
1164:at Wikimedia Commons
203:. He studied at the
1650:Television pioneers
1579:Charles P. Ginsburg
1439:IEEE Medal of Honor
1258:William D. Coolidge
810:. November 23, 1946
724:on December 8, 2015
383:IEEE Medal of Honor
368:Kidnapping incident
312:World Heritage Site
161:electrical engineer
103:IEEE Medal of Honor
1555:Ernst Alexanderson
1549:Robert Watson-Watt
1471:Reginald Fessenden
1459:Ernst Alexanderson
1453:Edwin H. Armstrong
1360:Ernst Alexanderson
1348:Edwin H. Armstrong
1306:Lewis B. Stillwell
1204:Ernst Alexanderson
1162:Ernst Alexanderson
903:The New York Times
288:very low frequency
264:Reginald Fessenden
205:University of Lund
25:Ernst Alexanderson
1690:Swedish engineers
1612:
1611:
1498:
1497:
1465:Guglielmo Marconi
1405:
1404:
1396:Otto B. Blackwell
1390:Karl B. McEachron
1342:John B. Whitehead
1324:Dugald C. Jackson
1300:Willis R. Whitney
1288:Bancroft Gherardi
1244:IEEE Edison Medal
1160:Media related to
1074:978-0-19-502618-4
940:, pp. 87β88.
842:978-0-19-007128-8
808:The Daily Gazette
782:The Daily Gazette
393:IEEE Edison Medal
327:Schenectady, N.Y.
256:radio transmitter
177:radio transmitter
151:
150:
132:Scientific career
111:IEEE Edison Medal
1727:
1543:Valdemar Poulsen
1525:
1518:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1483:John Stone Stone
1432:
1425:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1270:Charles F. Scott
1237:
1230:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1159:
1079:
1078:
1060:
1054:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
973:
967:
962:
956:
955:
947:
941:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
913:
907:
906:
894:
888:
887:
885:
883:
860:
854:
853:
851:
849:
826:
820:
819:
817:
815:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
774:
768:
767:
765:
763:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
714:
708:
702:
696:
695:
693:
691:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
657:
651:
650:
648:
646:
634:
628:
627:
609:
603:
602:
600:
598:
587:
581:
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
549:
523:
521:Biography portal
518:
517:
516:
497:
481:
472:Tuned RF Circuit
465:
449:
428:induction (2002)
422:induction (1983)
415:
339:in Schenectady.
260:General Electric
243:Engineering work
233:General Electric
189:Second World War
158:Swedish-American
123:
115:
107:
70:
53:January 25, 1878
52:
50:
35:
21:
20:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1573:Harald T. Friis
1534:
1529:
1499:
1494:
1441:
1436:
1406:
1401:
1384:Morris E. Leeds
1264:Frank B. Jewett
1246:
1241:
1198:Wayback Machine
1175:Wayback Machine
1152:
1136:
1134:Related reading
1087:
1082:
1075:
1061:
1057:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1020:Wayback Machine
1009:
1005:
974:
970:
963:
959:
948:
944:
936:
932:
922:
920:
915:
914:
910:
895:
891:
881:
879:
877:
861:
857:
847:
845:
843:
827:
823:
813:
811:
802:
801:
797:
787:
785:
776:
775:
771:
761:
759:
757:
741:
737:
727:
725:
716:
715:
711:
703:
699:
689:
687:
680:
676:
666:
664:
659:
658:
654:
644:
642:
635:
631:
610:
606:
596:
594:
589:
588:
584:
572:
568:
558:
556:
551:
550:
546:
542:
519:
514:
512:
509:
493:
484:Ignition system
477:
461:
445:
435:
409:
379:
370:
272:continuous wave
245:
201:Uppsala, Sweden
197:
126:
121:
113:
105:
81:
72:
68:
59:
57:Uppsala, Sweden
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1645:Radio pioneers
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1585:John R. Pierce
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1378:Joseph Slepian
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1330:Philip Torchio
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1188:
1178:
1165:
1151:
1150:External links
1148:
1147:
1146:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1116:
1114:978-0801842283
1102:
1100:978-1623491864
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1073:
1055:
1036:
1024:
1003:
968:
957:
942:
930:
908:
889:
875:
855:
841:
821:
795:
784:. May 23, 1930
769:
755:
735:
709:
697:
674:
652:
629:
626:. p. 381.
604:
582:
566:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
525:
524:
508:
505:
504:
503:
491:
475:
459:
434:
431:
430:
429:
423:
417:
400:
390:
378:
375:
369:
366:
314:list in 2004.
244:
241:
196:
193:
149:
148:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
128:
127:
125:
124:
116:
108:
99:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
73:
71:(aged 97)
65:
61:
60:
55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1604:
1603:Andrew Bobeck
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1490:
1489:Mihajlo Pupin
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:Lee de Forest
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1372:Lee de Forest
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:Vannevar Bush
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:Edwin W. Rice
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1128:1-887178-17-1
1125:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:Other sources
1076:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1053:
1052:91-972360-6-3
1049:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1007:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
972:
966:
961:
953:
946:
939:
934:
918:
912:
904:
900:
893:
878:
876:9780231512183
872:
868:
867:
859:
844:
838:
834:
833:
825:
809:
805:
799:
783:
779:
773:
758:
756:9780767913218
752:
748:
747:
739:
723:
719:
713:
706:
701:
685:
678:
662:
656:
641:. Radio-Craft
640:
633:
625:
621:
620:
615:
608:
592:
586:
579:
575:
570:
554:
548:
544:
535:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
511:
501:
496:
492:
489:
485:
480:
476:
473:
469:
464:
460:
457:
453:
448:
444:
443:
442:
440:
427:
424:
421:
418:
413:
408:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
381:
380:
374:
364:
359:
356:
354:
350:
346:
345:Vale Cemetery
340:
338:
334:
333:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
254:
250:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:United States
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
146:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
120:
117:
112:
109:
104:
101:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
80:
79:United States
76:
66:
62:
58:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1554:
1458:
1366:Philip Sporn
1359:
1276:Frank Conrad
1208:Find a Grave
1141:
1119:
1105:
1091:
1064:
1058:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1011:
1006:
981:
977:
971:
960:
945:
933:
921:. Retrieved
911:
902:
892:
882:December 11,
880:. Retrieved
865:
858:
848:December 11,
846:. Retrieved
832:Cinematic TV
831:
824:
814:December 11,
812:. Retrieved
807:
798:
788:December 11,
786:. Retrieved
781:
772:
762:December 11,
760:. Retrieved
745:
738:
726:. Retrieved
722:the original
712:
700:
688:. Retrieved
677:
665:. Retrieved
655:
643:. Retrieved
632:
617:
607:
595:. Retrieved
585:
577:
569:
557:. Retrieved
547:
499:
483:
467:
451:
436:
371:
361:
357:
341:
330:
316:
285:
246:
198:
153:
152:
131:
69:(1975-05-14)
67:May 14, 1975
18:
1630:1975 deaths
1625:1878 births
923:December 1,
728:December 1,
690:December 1,
667:December 1,
645:December 1,
597:December 1,
410: [
349:Schenectady
292:vacuum tube
268:radio waves
251:, an early
175:, an early
86:Nationality
1705:RCA people
1619:Categories
1597:J. B. Gunn
938:Noble 1977
540:References
319:television
195:Background
169:television
49:1878-01-25
1446:1917β1925
1318:Gano Dunn
1251:1926β1950
1032:Biography
529:Amplidyne
441:granted.
405:from the
213:Stockholm
185:amplidyne
1312:Alex Dow
1194:Archived
1171:Archived
1016:Archived
998:29242098
507:See also
399:, (1944)
389:, (1919)
353:New York
337:Proctors
298:outside
253:longwave
215:and the
181:longwave
559:July 7,
439:patents
433:Patents
323:GE Plot
300:Varberg
225:Germany
90:Swedish
1605:(1976)
1599:(1973)
1593:(1969)
1587:(1963)
1581:(1960)
1575:(1956)
1569:(1953)
1563:(1948)
1557:(1947)
1551:(1946)
1545:(1939)
1491:(1924)
1485:(1923)
1479:(1922)
1473:(1921)
1467:(1920)
1461:(1919)
1455:(1917)
1398:(1950)
1392:(1949)
1386:(1948)
1380:(1947)
1374:(1946)
1368:(1945)
1362:(1944)
1356:(1943)
1350:(1942)
1344:(1941)
1338:(1940)
1332:(1939)
1326:(1938)
1320:(1937)
1314:(1936)
1308:(1935)
1302:(1934)
1296:(1933)
1290:(1932)
1284:(1931)
1278:(1930)
1272:(1929)
1266:(1928)
1260:(1927)
1126:
1112:
1098:
1071:
1050:
996:
873:
839:
753:
416:(1947)
377:Honors
308:UNESCO
304:Sweden
221:Berlin
138:Fields
122:(1947)
114:(1944)
106:(1919)
96:Awards
994:S2CID
454:(100
414:]
165:radio
1187:site
1124:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1096:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1048:ISBN
925:2015
884:2023
871:ISBN
850:2023
837:ISBN
816:2023
790:2023
764:2023
751:ISBN
730:2015
692:2015
669:2015
647:2015
599:2015
561:2011
397:IEEE
387:IEEE
235:and
167:and
64:Died
43:Born
1206:at
1183:at
986:doi
488:RFI
486:, (
456:kHz
347:in
310:'s
277:kHz
219:in
211:in
1621::
992:.
982:92
980:.
901:.
806:.
780:.
616:.
576:,
498:β
482:β
466:β
450:β
412:da
355:.
351:,
302:,
239:.
223:,
77:,
1524:e
1517:t
1510:v
1431:e
1424:t
1417:v
1236:e
1229:t
1222:v
1077:.
1000:.
988::
954:.
927:.
905:.
886:.
852:.
818:.
792:.
766:.
732:.
694:.
671:.
649:.
601:.
563:.
470:(
51:)
47:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.