459:
470:
57:
372:
244:
607:
29:
522:
445:
found to reduce the risk of severe facial injury. Additional attachments such as face guards may be added to sports helmets to prevent orofacial injury (injury to the mouth or face); mouth guards also used. In addition to factors listed above, correction of dental features that are associated with receiving more dental trauma also helps, such as increased overjet, Class II malocclusions, or correction of detofacal deformities with small mandible
698:(the jawbone) are not decreased by these protective measures. The risk of maxillofacial trauma is decreased by a factor of two with use of motorcycle helmets. A decline in facial bone fractures due to vehicle accidents is thought to be due to seat belt and drunk driving laws, strictly enforced speed limits and use of airbags. In vehicle accidents, drivers and front seat passengers are at highest risk for facial trauma.
199:. Nasal fractures may be associated with deformity of the nose, as well as swelling and bruising. Deformity in the face, for example a sunken cheekbone or teeth which do not align properly, suggests the presence of fractures. Asymmetry can suggest facial fractures or damage to nerves. People with mandibular fractures often have pain and difficulty opening their mouths and may have numbness in the lip and chin. With
410:(right). Le Fort I fractures, also called Guérin or horizontal maxillary fractures, involve the maxilla, separating it from the palate. Le Fort II fractures, also called pyramidal fractures of the maxilla, cross the nasal bones and the orbital rim. Le Fort III fractures, also called craniofacial disjunction and transverse facial fractures, cross the front of the maxilla and involve the
333:
310:
287:
326:
303:
280:
616:
to the face can cause swelling of tissues and thereby lead to airway blockage. Broken bones such as combinations of nasal, maxillary, and mandibular fractures can interfere with the airway. Blood from the face or mouth, if swallowed, can cause vomiting, which can itself present a threat to the airway because it has the potential to be
585:
Treatment aims to repair the face's natural bony architecture and to leave as little apparent trace of the injury as possible. Fractures may be repaired with metal plates and screws commonly made from
Titanium. Resorbable materials are also available; these are biologically degraded and removed over
557:
as possible. Although it is not common for bleeding from the maxillofacial region to be profuse enough to be life-threatening, it is still necessary to control such bleeding. Severe bleeding occurs as the result of facial trauma in 1–11% of patients, and the origin of this bleeding can be difficult
732:
are commonly associated with facial trauma, particularly that of the upper face; brain injury occurs in 15–48% of people with maxillofacial trauma. Coexisting injuries can affect treatment of facial trauma; for example they may be emergent and need to be treated before facial injuries. People with
705:
by age, with a peak incidence occurring between ages 20 and 40, and children under 12 have only 5–10% of all facial fractures. Most facial trauma in children involves lacerations and soft tissue injuries. There are several reasons for the lower incidence of facial fractures in children: the face is
615:
By itself, facial trauma rarely presents a threat to life; however it is often associated with dangerous injuries, and life-threatening complications such as blockage of the airway may occur. The airway can be blocked due to bleeding, swelling of surrounding tissues, or damage to structures. Burns
492:
compromisation can occur rapidly and insidiously, and is potentially deadly. Material in the mouth that threatens the airway can be removed manually or using a suction tool for that purpose, and supplemental oxygen can be provided. Facial fractures that threaten to interfere with the airway can be
685:
As many as 50–70% of people who survive traffic accidents have facial trauma. In most developed countries, violence from other people has replaced vehicle collisions as the main cause of maxillofacial trauma; however in many developing countries traffic accidents remain the major cause. Increased
444:
studies can be used to design automobiles with a view toward preventing facial injuries. While seat belts reduce the number and severity of facial injuries that occur in crashes, airbags alone are not very effective at preventing the injuries. In sports, safety devices including helmets have been
439:
Measures to reduce facial trauma include laws enforcing seat belt use and public education to increase awareness about the importance of seat belts and motorcycle helmets. Efforts to reduce drunk driving are other preventative measures; changes to laws and their enforcement have been proposed, as
430:
skulls, and the classification system has been criticized as imprecise and simplistic since most midface fractures involve a combination of Le Fort fractures. Although most facial fractures do not follow the patterns described by Le Fort precisely, the system is still used to categorize injuries.
266:
is better for detecting fractures and examining soft tissues, and is often needed to determine whether surgery is necessary, but it is more expensive and difficult to obtain. CT scanning is usually considered to be more definitive and better at detecting facial injuries than X-ray. CT scanning is
610:
Diagram of lateral view of face showing the imaginary line between the tragus of the ear and the middle of the upper lip. The middle third of this line is the approximate location of the course of the parotid duct. If facial lacerations cross this line, there is a risk that the parotid duct is
152:, but this mechanism has been replaced by interpersonal violence; however auto accidents still predominate as the cause in developing countries and are still a major cause elsewhere. Thus prevention efforts include awareness campaigns to educate the public about safety measures such as
116:
Facial injuries have the potential to cause disfigurement and loss of function; for example, blindness or difficulty moving the jaw can result. Although it is seldom life-threatening, facial trauma can also be deadly, because it can cause severe bleeding or interference with the
223:. Animal attacks and work-related injuries such as industrial accidents are other causes. Vehicular trauma is one of the leading causes of facial injuries. Trauma commonly occurs when the face strikes a part of the vehicle's interior, such as the steering wheel. In addition,
590:
is another option to repair the bone's architecture, to fill out missing sections, and to provide structural support. Medical literature suggests that early repair of facial injuries, within hours or days, results in better outcomes for function and appearance.
598:, otolaryngologists, and plastic surgeons. These surgeons are trained in the comprehensive management of trauma to the lower, middle and upper face and have to take written and oral board examinations covering the management of facial injuries.
215:, and vehicle crashes are common causes of facial trauma in children as well as adults. Blunt assaults, blows from fists or objects, are a common cause of facial injury. Facial trauma can also result from wartime injuries such as
505:
in the presence of facial trauma because if there is an undiscovered fracture at the base of the skull, the tube could be forced through it and into the brain. If facial injuries prevent orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation, a
653:
Nerves and muscles may be trapped by broken bones; in these cases the bones need to be put back into their proper places quickly. For example, fractures of the orbital floor or medial orbital wall of the eye can entrap the
1953:
1931:
121:; thus a primary concern in treatment is ensuring that the airway is open and not threatened so that the patient can breathe. Depending on the type of facial injury, treatment may include bandaging and
1437:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (October 2010). "An investigation into the association between facial profile and maxillary incisor trauma, a clinical non-radiographic study".
1196:
Perry M (March 2008). "Advanced Trauma Life
Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: can one size fit all? Part 1: dilemmas in the management of the multiply injured patient with coexisting facial injuries".
1327:
262:(X-rays taken of the inside of blood vessels) can be used to locate the source of bleeding. However the complex bones and tissues of the face can make it difficult to interpret plain radiographs;
1309:
1291:
1245:
1487:
Perry M, O'Hare J, Porter G (May 2008). "Advanced Trauma Life
Support (ATLS) and facial trauma: Can one size fit all? Part 3: Hypovolaemia and facial injuries in the multiply injured patient".
426:, are the most serious. Le Fort fractures, which account for 10–20% of facial fractures, are often associated with other serious injuries. Le Fort made his classifications based on work with
2063:
1797:. p. 11. "The incidence of brain injury in patients with maxillofacial trauma varies from 15 to 48%. The risk of serious brain injury is particularly high with upper facial injury."
1638:
Perry M, Morris C (April 2008). "Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) and facial trauma: Can one size fit all? Part 2: ATLS, maxillofacial injuries and airway management dilemmas".
177:
1402:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A (December 2011). "The association between orthodontic treatment need and maxillary incisor trauma, a retrospective clinical study".
677:
Infection is another potential complication, for example when debris is ground into an abrasion and remains there. Injuries resulting from bites carry a high infection risk.
2056:
631:, with long-term physical and emotional results. Facial injuries can cause problems with eye, nose, or jaw function and can threaten eyesight. As early as 400 BC,
113:. Symptoms are specific to the type of injury; for example, fractures may involve pain, swelling, loss of function, or changes in the shape of facial structures.
1842:
1742:
706:
smaller in relation to the rest of the head, children are less often in some situations associated with facial fractures such as occupational and motor vehicle
1673:
Perry M, Dancey A, Mireskandari K, Oakley P, Davies S, Cameron M (August 2005). "Emergency care in facial trauma—A maxillofacial and ophthalmic perspective".
2049:
518:
can secure an airway when other methods fail, they are used only as a last resort because of potential complications and the difficulty of the procedures.
399:(forehead) are other sites for fractures. Fractures may also occur in the bones of the palate and those that come together to form the orbit of the eye.
1785:. p. 1475. "The age distribution of facial fractures follows a relatively normal curve, with a peak incidence between 20 and 40 years of age."
578:, while breaks with severe deformities or associated lacerations may need further treatment, such as moving the bones back into alignment and
2316:
861:
620:. Since airway problems can occur late after the initial injury, it is necessary for healthcare providers to monitor the airway regularly.
488:
An immediate need in treatment is to ensure that the airway is open and not threatened (for example by tissues or foreign objects), because
1570:
1013:
497:(inserting a tube into the airway to assist breathing) may be difficult or impossible due to swelling. Nasal intubation, inserting an
635:
is thought to have recorded a relationship between blunt facial trauma and blindness. Injuries involving the eye or eyelid, such as
741:
injuries (spinal injuries in the neck) and special precautions must be taken to avoid movement of the spine, which could worsen a
191:, and swelling of the surrounding tissues (such symptoms can occur in the absence of fractures as well). Fractures of the nose,
586:
time but there is no evidence supporting their use over conventional
Titanium plates. Fractures may also be wired into place.
1388:
1332:
1314:
1296:
1250:
2646:
1901:- Documents and images from the early days of reconstructive surgery for severe facial trauma experienced by soldiers in
1278:
1147:
Hunt JP, Weintraub SL, Wang YZ, Buechter KJ (2003). "Kinematics of trauma". In Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (eds.).
493:
reduced by moving the bones back into place; this both reduces bleeding and moves the bone out of the way of the airway.
1709:
1522:
Dorri, Mojtaba; Nasser, Mona; Oliver, Richard (2009-01-21). "Resorbable versus titanium plates for facial fractures".
843:
1881:
1854:
1823:
1617:
1156:
1007:
855:
811:
267:
especially likely to be used in people with multiple injuries who need CT scans to assess for other injuries anyway.
537:
may be used in cases where infection is likely. People with contaminated wounds who have not been immunized against
2651:
2207:
995:
650:
of the ear to the upper lip. The approximate location of the course of the duct is the middle third of this line.
2702:
595:
50:
2041:
666:
and nerves of the face may be damaged. Fractures of the frontal bone can interfere with the drainage of the
2343:
2311:
1812:
Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004). "Facial trauma: Overview of trauma care". In
Thaller SR (ed.).
932:
AlAli, Ahmad M.; Ibrahim, Hussein H. H.; Algharib, Abdullah; Alsaad, Fahad; Rajab, Bashar (August 2021).
161:
391:(the lower jaw). The mandible may be fractured at its symphysis, body, angle, ramus, and condyle. The
1089:"Trends and characteristics of oral and maxillofacial injuries in Nigeria: A review of the literature"
2733:
2666:
2384:
1813:
1045:"Facial fractures in a level I trauma centre: the importance of protective devices and alcohol abuse"
934:"Characteristics of pediatric maxillofacial fractures in Kuwait: A single-center retrospective study"
56:
2280:
2272:
1983:
694:
has been credited with a reduction in the incidence of maxillofacial trauma, but fractures of the
2511:
2506:
2174:
802:
Munter DW, McGurk TD (2002). "Head and facial trauma". In Knoop KJ, Stack LB, Storrow AB (eds.).
479:
149:
2707:
2516:
2353:
2348:
729:
659:
636:
142:
2012:
2695:
2481:
2441:
2285:
2255:
469:
458:
2656:
2295:
2200:
2090:
1872:
Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003). "Facial trauma". In Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (eds.).
617:
8:
2491:
2461:
1957:
494:
263:
2626:
2605:
2564:
2431:
2154:
1587:
1579:
1375:
1115:
1088:
969:
530:
349:
82:
37:
2023:
1060:
2476:
2471:
2426:
1877:
1850:
1819:
1734:
1690:
1655:
1613:
1562:
1543:
1535:
1504:
1454:
1450:
1419:
1380:
1213:
1152:
1120:
1064:
1003:
973:
961:
953:
851:
807:
623:
Even when facial injuries are not life-threatening, they have the potential to cause
498:
440:
well as changes to societal attitudes toward the activity. Information obtained from
200:
192:
157:
45:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1608:
Parks SN (2003). "Initial assessment". In Moore EE, Feliciano DV, Mattox KL (eds.).
2621:
2585:
2133:
1724:
1682:
1647:
1558:
1554:
1531:
1527:
1496:
1446:
1411:
1370:
1362:
1205:
1110:
1100:
1056:
945:
639:, can threaten eyesight; however, blindness following facial trauma is not common.
502:
415:
228:
2029:
2026:
1415:
141:
is used for diagnosis. Treatment may also be necessary for other injuries such as
2193:
1988:
1686:
719:
715:
546:
419:
407:
357:
184:
165:
74:
1350:
403:
2678:
2673:
2496:
2363:
1651:
1500:
1209:
738:
722:
make the bones stronger, and fat pads provide protection for the facial bones.
695:
511:
507:
388:
216:
106:
2071:
1947:
1943:
1898:
1729:
1436:
1274:
594:
Surgical specialists who commonly treat specific aspects of facial trauma are
2738:
2727:
2712:
2559:
2554:
2416:
2358:
2250:
1539:
1366:
957:
742:
711:
667:
655:
624:
587:
550:
411:
212:
98:
1940:
1404:
Oral
Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics
533:
can be placed over wounds to keep them clean and to facilitate healing, and
137:, moving bones back into place, and surgery. When fractures are suspected,
2690:
2590:
2549:
2539:
2534:
2456:
2240:
2235:
1738:
1694:
1659:
1566:
1547:
1508:
1458:
1423:
1384:
1217:
1124:
1068:
965:
933:
702:
647:
643:
515:
441:
423:
396:
220:
1710:"Trauma evaluation of the parotid duct in an austere military environment"
1576:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
1105:
371:
243:
164:. Other causes of facial trauma include falls, industrial accidents, and
2661:
2600:
2446:
2368:
2073:
2007:
1902:
725:
632:
606:
579:
542:
365:
259:
251:
138:
102:
28:
1923:
521:
2569:
2451:
2290:
2230:
2128:
628:
534:
380:
353:
232:
130:
110:
90:
949:
850:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 935–36.
570:
between the nostrils. Such hematomas need to be drained. Mild nasal
406:
mapped typical locations for facial fractures; these are now known as
148:
In developed countries, the leading cause of facial trauma used to be
2421:
2123:
2113:
2018:
806:. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division. pp. 9–10.
687:
671:
663:
575:
559:
361:
196:
153:
134:
1401:
1044:
646:. This is more likely if the wound crosses a line drawn between the
187:
of facial bones, like other fractures, may be associated with pain,
2685:
734:
571:
563:
554:
122:
203:, the midface may move relative to the rest of the face or skull.
538:
427:
384:
94:
2405:
2245:
2216:
1935:
707:
691:
567:
489:
392:
224:
188:
118:
1087:
Adeyemo WL, Ladeinde AL, Ogunlewe MO, James O (October 2005).
176:
1672:
846:. In Bailey BJ, Johnson JT, Newlands SD, et al. (eds.).
255:
126:
1086:
1043:
Shapiro AJ, Johnson RM, Miller SF, McCarthy MC (June 2001).
1042:
2544:
332:
325:
309:
302:
286:
279:
86:
78:
931:
2185:
2144:
1146:
1811:
1640:
International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1489:
International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
1198:
International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
844:"Management of soft tissue trauma and auricular trauma"
510:
can be placed to provide an adequate airway. Although
1899:
The
Gillies Archives at Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup
1849:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1486:
1913:
109:
and fractures of the jaw, as well as trauma such as
1272:
922:Commentary on Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003). p. 442.
1707:
1521:
145:, which commonly accompany severe facial trauma.
2725:
1845:. In Fleisher GR, Ludwig S, Henretig FM (eds.).
558:to locate. Nasal packing can be used to control
1348:
1840:
1000:Accidental injury: Biomechanics and prevention
601:
36:1865 illustration of a private injured in the
2317:Focused assessment with sonography for trauma
2201:
2057:
1876:. McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 423–24.
1666:
1344:
1342:
1170:
1168:
993:
841:
701:Facial fractures are distributed in a fairly
387:(the bone that forms the upper jaw), and the
1871:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1470:
1468:
1229:
1227:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
801:
642:Incising wounds of the face may involve the
195:, or maxilla may be associated with profuse
1637:
1603:
1601:
1524:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1082:
1080:
1078:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
900:
898:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
402:At the beginning of the 20th century,
211:Injury mechanisms such as falls, assaults,
180:Bruising, a common symptom in facial trauma
2208:
2194:
2064:
2050:
1788:
1590:|...|intentional=yes}}
1339:
1165:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
989:
987:
985:
983:
915:
913:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
379:Commonly injured facial bones include the
55:
27:
1776:
1728:
1626:
1612:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 162.
1480:
1465:
1374:
1273:Shah AR, Valvassori GE, Roure RM (2006).
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1224:
1180:
1151:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 149.
1114:
1104:
541:within five years may be given a tetanus
258:, is used to rule out facial fractures.
1847:Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine
1795:Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004)
1764:
1752:
1607:
1598:
1475:Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004)
1175:Jeroukhimov I, Cockburn M, Cohn S (2004)
1075:
1027:
786:
605:
520:
370:
242:
175:
1195:
1131:
980:
910:
875:
848:Head & Neck Surgery: Otolaryngology
820:
755:
2726:
1257:
1002:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 254–258.
737:are considered to be at high risk for
718:in children's faces, poorly developed
2189:
2072:Nonmusculoskeletal injuries of head (
2045:
1708:Remick, KN; Jackson, TS (July 2010).
235:(cuts) to the face when they deploy.
171:
1870:
1770:
1758:
1349:McIntosh AS, McCrory P (June 2005).
919:
780:
525:Sutures may be used to close wounds.
2647:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
13:
1892:
1355:British Journal of Sports Medicine
14:
2750:
1909:
1351:"Preventing head and neck injury"
710:, there is a lower proportion of
270:
2652:Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
1818:. New York, N.Y: Marcel Dekker.
1810:
1794:
1748:from the original on 2016-03-04.
1474:
1451:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00920.x
1391:from the original on 2007-10-09.
1281:from the original on 2008-10-20.
1174:
998:. In Nahum AM, Melvin J (eds.).
549:to stop bleeding and facilitate
468:
457:
408:Le Fort I, II, and III fractures
331:
324:
308:
301:
285:
278:
1701:
1515:
1430:
1395:
1321:
1303:
1285:
1239:
1016:from the original on 2017-11-06
864:from the original on 2017-02-02
680:
596:oral and maxillofacial surgeons
574:need nothing more than ice and
40:by a shell two years previously
2703:Post-traumatic stress disorder
1841:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006).
1839:
1804:
1782:
1559:10.1002/14651858.CD007158.pub3
1532:10.1002/14651858.CD007158.pub2
1233:
996:"Skull and facial bone trauma"
925:
904:
842:Jordan JR, Calhoun KH (2006).
733:trauma above the level of the
81:. Facial trauma can involve
51:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
1:
1416:10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.05.024
1061:10.1016/S0020-1383(00)00245-X
748:
434:
348:Soft tissue injuries include
2344:Advanced trauma life support
2312:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
1783:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006)
1687:10.1016/j.injury.2004.09.018
1333:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1315:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1297:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1251:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
1234:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006)
994:Allsop D, Kennett K (2002).
905:Neuman MI, Eriksson E (2006)
482:for facial trauma, 1900-1950
448:
238:
7:
1771:Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003)
1759:Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003)
804:Atlas of emergency medicine
781:Seyfer AE, Hansen JE (2003)
602:Prognosis and complications
254:, imaging of tissues using
247:Left orbital floor fracture
10:
2755:
2215:
1652:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.002
1501:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.005
1210:10.1016/j.ijom.2007.11.003
545:. Lacerations may require
2639:
2614:
2578:
2527:
2404:
2397:
2385:Resuscitative thoracotomy
2377:
2336:
2329:
2304:
2273:Clinical prediction rules
2271:
2264:
2223:
2167:
2142:
2111:
2100:
2081:
1998:
1917:
1730:10.7205/milmed-d-09-00128
501:through the nose, may be
339:
316:
293:
129:, administration of ice,
44:
35:
26:
21:
2281:Abbreviated Injury Scale
1367:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018200
1093:Head & Face Medicine
422:, and often involve the
206:
162:drunk and unsafe driving
2512:Penetrating head injury
2507:Intracranial hemorrhage
2175:Penetrating head injury
660:inferior rectus muscles
150:motor vehicle accidents
2708:Subcutaneous emphysema
2667:Volkmann's contracture
2517:Traumatic brain injury
2354:Early appropriate care
2349:Damage control surgery
1310:"Le Fort III fracture"
637:retrobulbar hemorrhage
612:
526:
376:
248:
181:
160:, and laws to prevent
143:traumatic brain injury
2482:Thoracic aorta injury
2442:Diaphragmatic rupture
2286:Injury Severity Score
2256:Trauma triad of death
1874:Trauma. Fifth Edition
1610:Trauma. Fifth Edition
1582:|...}}
1553:(Retracted, see
1292:"Le Fort II fracture"
1149:Trauma. Fifth Edition
1106:10.1186/1746-160X-1-7
662:. In facial wounds,
609:
566:that may form on the
524:
374:
341:Le Fort III fractures
246:
179:
2657:Compartment syndrome
2296:Revised Trauma Score
1246:"Le Fort I fracture"
395:(cheekbone) and the
318:Le Fort II fractures
83:soft tissue injuries
71:maxillofacial trauma
2492:Blunt kidney trauma
2462:Pulmonary contusion
1439:Dental Traumatology
1275:"Le Fort Fractures"
938:Dental Traumatology
495:Tracheal intubation
295:Le Fort I fractures
2606:Spinal cord injury
2565:Penetrating trauma
2432:Soft tissue injury
2155:Perforated eardrum
1999:External resources
1328:"Le Fort fracture"
613:
527:
377:
249:
182:
172:Signs and symptoms
158:motorcycle helmets
38:American Civil War
2721:
2720:
2635:
2634:
2477:Internal bleeding
2472:Cardiac tamponade
2427:Joint dislocation
2393:
2392:
2325:
2324:
2183:
2182:
2163:
2162:
2039:
2038:
1717:Military Medicine
950:10.1111/edt.12662
499:endotracheal tube
346:
345:
342:
319:
296:
229:corneal abrasions
201:Le Fort fractures
193:base of the skull
64:
63:
16:Medical condition
2746:
2734:Injuries of head
2627:Pediatric trauma
2622:Geriatric trauma
2586:Abdominal trauma
2402:
2401:
2334:
2333:
2269:
2268:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2134:Corneal abrasion
2109:
2108:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2042:
1915:
1914:
1888:
1887:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1732:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1635:
1624:
1623:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1572:Retraction Watch
1551:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1378:
1346:
1337:
1325:
1319:
1307:
1301:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1270:
1255:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1193:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1162:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1084:
1073:
1072:
1040:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
991:
978:
977:
929:
923:
917:
908:
902:
873:
872:
870:
869:
839:
818:
817:
799:
784:
778:
472:
461:
416:lamina papyracea
383:(the nose), the
375:The facial bones
340:
335:
328:
317:
312:
305:
294:
289:
282:
275:
274:
60:
59:
31:
19:
18:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2631:
2610:
2574:
2523:
2398:Pathophysiology
2389:
2373:
2321:
2300:
2260:
2219:
2214:
2184:
2179:
2159:
2138:
2102:
2096:
2077:
2070:
2040:
2035:
2034:
1994:
1993:
1926:
1912:
1895:
1893:Further reading
1884:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1843:"Facial trauma"
1830:
1828:
1826:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1671:
1667:
1636:
1627:
1620:
1606:
1599:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1552:
1526:(1): CD007158.
1520:
1516:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1466:
1435:
1431:
1400:
1396:
1347:
1340:
1326:
1322:
1308:
1304:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1258:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1225:
1194:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1145:
1132:
1085:
1076:
1041:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1010:
992:
981:
930:
926:
918:
911:
903:
876:
867:
865:
858:
840:
821:
814:
800:
787:
779:
756:
751:
716:cancellous bone
683:
604:
553:with as little
508:surgical airway
503:contraindicated
486:
485:
484:
483:
475:
474:
473:
464:
463:
462:
451:
437:
273:
241:
213:sports injuries
209:
174:
166:sports injuries
107:nasal fractures
75:physical trauma
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2752:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:Rhabdomyolysis
2674:Crush syndrome
2671:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:Splenic injury
2494:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:Trauma surgery
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2306:
2305:Investigations
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2106:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2015:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1950:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:Classification
1911:
1910:External links
1908:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1868:
1855:
1837:
1824:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1700:
1665:
1625:
1618:
1597:
1514:
1479:
1464:
1429:
1394:
1338:
1320:
1302:
1284:
1256:
1238:
1236:. pp. 1480–81.
1223:
1179:
1164:
1157:
1130:
1074:
1026:
1008:
979:
944:(4): 557–561.
924:
909:
907:. pp. 1475–77.
874:
856:
819:
812:
785:
753:
752:
750:
747:
739:cervical spine
730:brain injuries
682:
679:
670:and can cause
603:
600:
512:cricothyrotomy
477:
476:
467:
466:
465:
456:
455:
454:
453:
452:
450:
447:
436:
433:
344:
343:
337:
336:
329:
321:
320:
314:
313:
306:
298:
297:
291:
290:
283:
272:
271:Classification
269:
240:
237:
208:
205:
173:
170:
69:, also called
62:
61:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2751:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2713:Wound healing
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:Complications
2638:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Facial trauma
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Gunshot wound
2558:
2556:
2555:Electrocution
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:Bone fracture
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Trauma center
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2251:Resuscitation
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2104:facial trauma
2101:Extracranial/
2099:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1883:0-07-137069-2
1879:
1875:
1869:
1858:
1856:0-7817-5074-1
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1827:
1825:0-8247-4625-2
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:Facial trauma
1809:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1723:(7): 539–40.
1722:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1681:(8): 875–96.
1680:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1646:(4): 309–20.
1645:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1619:0-07-137069-2
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1589:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:(5): 405–14.
1494:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1410:(6): e75–80.
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:(6): 314–18.
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1277:. EMedicine.
1276:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1204:(3): 209–14.
1203:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1160:
1158:0-07-137069-2
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:(5): 353–56.
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1009:0-387-98820-3
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
988:
986:
984:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
921:
916:
914:
906:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
863:
859:
857:0-7817-5561-1
853:
849:
845:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
815:
813:0-07-135294-5
809:
805:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
783:. pp. 423–24.
782:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
754:
746:
744:
743:spinal injury
740:
736:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
712:cortical bone
709:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
678:
675:
673:
669:
668:frontal sinus
665:
661:
657:
656:medial rectus
651:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
625:disfigurement
621:
619:
608:
599:
597:
592:
589:
588:Bone grafting
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
552:
551:wound healing
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
500:
496:
491:
481:
478:Woman with a
471:
460:
446:
443:
432:
429:
425:
421:
420:orbital floor
417:
413:
412:lacrimal bone
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
373:
369:
367:
366:cold injuries
363:
359:
355:
351:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
322:
315:
311:
307:
304:
300:
299:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
276:
268:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:Facial trauma
58:
52:
49:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
25:
22:Facial trauma
20:
2595:
2591:Chest injury
2550:Crush injury
2540:Blunt trauma
2535:Blast injury
2457:Pneumothorax
2241:Traumatology
2236:Major trauma
2143:
2112:
2103:
2088:
2082:Intracranial
2017:
2006:
1982:
1952:
1930:
1873:
1860:. Retrieved
1846:
1829:. Retrieved
1814:
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1720:
1716:
1703:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1643:
1639:
1609:
1586:{{
1578:{{
1571:
1569:,
1523:
1517:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1445:(5): 403–8.
1442:
1438:
1432:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1358:
1354:
1331:
1323:
1313:
1305:
1295:
1287:
1249:
1241:
1201:
1197:
1148:
1096:
1092:
1052:
1048:
1018:. Retrieved
999:
941:
937:
927:
866:. Retrieved
847:
803:
735:collar bones
724:
703:normal curve
700:
684:
681:Epidemiology
676:
652:
644:parotid duct
641:
622:
614:
593:
584:
576:pain killers
528:
516:tracheostomy
487:
442:biomechanics
438:
424:ethmoid bone
404:René Le Fort
401:
397:frontal bone
378:
364:, burns and
347:
250:
210:
183:
147:
135:pain killers
115:
111:eye injuries
103:facial bones
70:
66:
65:
2662:Contracture
2615:Demographic
2601:Head injury
2447:Flail chest
2369:Trauma team
2168:Either/both
2091:neurotrauma
2074:head injury
2030:plastic/481
2027:plastic/482
2024:plastic/227
2008:MedlinePlus
1903:World War I
1805:Cited texts
1177:. pp.10–11.
920:Kellman RM.
633:Hippocrates
582:treatment.
560:nose bleeds
543:vaccination
535:antibiotics
354:lacerations
264:CT scanning
260:Angiography
252:Radiography
233:lacerations
139:radiography
131:antibiotics
91:lacerations
2728:Categories
2570:Stab wound
2452:Hemothorax
2378:Procedures
2337:Principles
2330:Management
2291:NACA score
2265:Assessment
2231:Polytrauma
2224:Principles
2129:Eye injury
2076:) and neck
1862:2008-10-19
1831:2008-10-19
1020:2008-10-08
868:2008-10-19
749:References
688:seat belts
664:tear ducts
629:disability
580:antibiotic
480:prosthesis
435:Prevention
418:, and the
381:nasal bone
227:can cause
197:nosebleeds
154:seat belts
2528:Mechanism
2422:Degloving
2124:Black eye
2019:eMedicine
1773:. p. 437.
1761:. p. 434.
1588:retracted
1580:retracted
1540:1469-493X
1477:. pp.2–3.
974:231900892
958:1600-9657
672:sinusitis
618:aspirated
572:fractures
564:hematomas
449:Treatment
358:avulsions
350:abrasions
239:Diagnosis
185:Fractures
99:fractures
73:, is any
46:Specialty
2686:Embolism
1743:Archived
1739:20684461
1695:16023907
1660:18207702
1567:29797347
1548:19160326
1509:18262768
1459:20831636
1424:21880516
1389:Archived
1385:15911597
1279:Archived
1218:18178381
1125:16270942
1099:(1): 7.
1069:11382418
1014:Archived
966:33571399
862:Archived
696:mandible
611:damaged.
555:scarring
547:stitches
531:dressing
389:mandible
217:gunshots
189:bruising
125:of open
123:suturing
105:such as
85:such as
2468:Cardio
1989:D005151
1376:1725244
1116:1277015
720:sinuses
708:hazards
692:airbags
686:use of
539:tetanus
428:cadaver
385:maxilla
362:bruises
225:airbags
101:of the
95:bruises
77:to the
2579:Region
2503:Neuro
2406:Injury
2246:Triage
2217:Trauma
2013:001062
1880:
1853:
1822:
1737:
1693:
1675:Injury
1658:
1616:
1565:
1561:,
1546:
1538:
1507:
1457:
1422:
1383:
1373:
1216:
1155:
1123:
1113:
1067:
1049:Injury
1006:
972:
964:
956:
854:
810:
648:tragus
568:septum
490:airway
414:, the
393:zygoma
256:X-rays
221:blasts
127:wounds
119:airway
53:
2438:Resp
1948:S02.9
1944:S02.2
1746:(PDF)
1713:(PDF)
1584:with
970:S2CID
207:Cause
97:, or
87:burns
2739:Face
2545:Burn
2413:MSK
2089:see
1984:MeSH
1958:9-CM
1878:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1735:PMID
1691:PMID
1656:PMID
1614:ISBN
1563:PMID
1544:PMID
1536:ISSN
1505:PMID
1455:PMID
1420:PMID
1381:PMID
1214:PMID
1153:ISBN
1121:PMID
1065:PMID
1004:ISBN
962:PMID
954:ISSN
852:ISBN
808:ISBN
728:and
726:Head
690:and
627:and
562:and
514:and
231:and
219:and
156:and
133:and
93:and
79:face
2696:fat
2691:air
2488:GI
2145:ear
2114:eye
1978:941
1975:925
1972:920
1969:910
1966:804
1963:802
1954:ICD
1941:S00
1932:ICD
1725:doi
1721:175
1683:doi
1648:doi
1555:doi
1528:doi
1497:doi
1447:doi
1412:doi
1408:112
1371:PMC
1363:doi
1330:at
1312:at
1294:at
1248:at
1206:doi
1111:PMC
1101:doi
1057:doi
946:doi
714:to
658:or
2730::
2022::
2011::
1987::
1961::
1939::
1936:10
1741:.
1733:.
1719:.
1715:.
1689:.
1679:36
1677:.
1654:.
1644:37
1642:.
1628:^
1600:^
1542:.
1534:.
1503:.
1493:37
1491:.
1467:^
1453:.
1443:26
1441:.
1418:.
1406:.
1387:.
1379:.
1369:.
1359:39
1357:.
1353:.
1341:^
1259:^
1226:^
1212:.
1202:37
1200:.
1182:^
1167:^
1133:^
1119:.
1109:.
1095:.
1091:.
1077:^
1063:.
1053:32
1051:.
1047:.
1029:^
1012:.
982:^
968:.
960:.
952:.
942:37
940:.
936:.
912:^
877:^
860:.
822:^
788:^
757:^
745:.
674:.
529:A
368:.
360:,
356:,
352:,
168:.
89:,
2209:e
2202:t
2195:v
2147::
2116::
2065:e
2058:t
2051:v
1956:-
1946:–
1934:-
1924:D
1905:.
1886:.
1865:.
1834:.
1727::
1697:.
1685::
1662:.
1650::
1622:.
1594:)
1592:.
1557::
1550:.
1530::
1511:.
1499::
1461:.
1449::
1426:.
1414::
1365::
1336:.
1318:.
1300:.
1254:.
1220:.
1208::
1161:.
1127:.
1103::
1097:1
1071:.
1059::
1023:.
976:.
948::
871:.
816:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
