457:
486:
469:
40:
445:
52:
401:
Variation in craniofacial form between humans is largely due to differing patterns of biological inheritance. Cross-analysis of osteological variables and genome-wide
350:. Because the maxillary bones are fused, they are often collectively listed as only one bone. The mandible is generally considered separately from the cranium.
693:
564:
586:
981:
468:
567:. U.S. National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Program. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009
946:
1436:
1431:
997:
686:
1013:
1131:
909:
1141:
1121:
679:
600:
Adhikari K, Fuentes-Guajardo M, Quinto-Sánchez M, Mendoza-Revilla J, Chacón-Duque JC, Acuña-Alonzo V, Gómez-Valdés J (2016).
1202:
1514:
1242:
1232:
1192:
541:
1374:
1237:
456:
485:
402:
1033:
1125:
1057:
17:
444:
1135:
1038:
902:
602:"A genome-wide association scan implicates DCHS2, RUNX2, GLI3, PAX1 and EDAR in human facial variation"
1331:
1303:
395:
1519:
1471:
1145:
871:
206:
182:
1046:
773:
1210:
1206:
1017:
763:
194:
531:
1524:
1426:
1369:
1283:
1196:
1171:
895:
876:
805:
508:
136:
1287:
1077:
990:
974:
964:
800:
768:
613:
405:
has identified specific genes that control this craniofacial development. Of these genes,
8:
1357:
1325:
1295:
1001:
866:
795:
617:
1364:
1069:
1006:
810:
728:
634:
601:
1414:
1384:
639:
599:
580:
537:
274:
1493:
1481:
1379:
1352:
1347:
1321:
1061:
1052:
954:
887:
753:
716:
629:
621:
331:
1476:
1389:
1291:
1176:
1099:
1094:
1065:
985:
375:
187:
1419:
1317:
1299:
1113:
861:
856:
780:
671:
503:
314:
286:
251:
247:
158:
126:
242:
In human anatomy and development, the facial skeleton is sometimes called the
1508:
1466:
1448:
1156:
1073:
785:
758:
391:
343:
303:
280:
116:
106:
51:
199:
1313:
969:
958:
708:
660:
643:
475:
367:
363:
347:
339:
236:
57:
1488:
1216:
923:
371:
359:
263:
625:
212:
1409:
1042:
790:
738:
426:
379:
335:
297:
96:
39:
665:
721:
1256:
387:
86:
931:
851:
733:
291:
76:
835:
830:
748:
394:
and other cartilaginous vertebrates, they are not replaced via
383:
1443:
743:
410:
406:
346:
are sometimes included, but otherwise considered part of the
309:
232:
170:
66:
338:, are sometimes considered part of the facial skeleton. The
1275:
430:
422:
418:
414:
267:
154:
533:
1279:
266:, the facial skeleton consists of fourteen bones in the
44:
The fourteen bones that form the human facial skeleton
917:
366:cells (also responsible for the development of the
536:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 458.
1506:
701:
585:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
903:
687:
254:elements that are not part of the braincase.
910:
896:
694:
680:
231:that may attach to build a portion of the
50:
38:
633:
525:
523:
529:
14:
1507:
520:
891:
675:
436:
235:. The remainder of the skull is the
358:The facial skeleton is composed of
24:
450:Human facial skeleton. Front view.
25:
1536:
653:
483:
467:
455:
443:
484:
390:. As with the neurocranium, in
342:(or a part of it) and also the
60:is shown in semi-transparent.)
593:
557:
353:
13:
1:
514:
321:
702:Compound structures of skull
328:cartilaginous viscerocranium
257:
56:The fourteen facial bones. (
7:
565:"Divisions of the Skeleton"
497:
10:
1541:
1515:Bones of the head and neck
530:Jinkins, J. Randy (2000).
478:(labeled as "Brain case").
462:Human skull. Lateral view.
176:ossa faciei, ossa facialia
1459:
1402:
1340:
1304:Mandibular incisive canal
1264:
1255:
1225:
1185:
1164:
1155:
1112:
1087:
1026:
939:
930:
844:
821:
707:
433:impacts chin protrusion.
396:endochondral ossification
382:, which derives from the
244:membranous viscerocranium
205:
193:
181:
169:
164:
150:
145:
49:
37:
32:
1472:Posterior lacrimal crest
872:pterygomaxillary fissure
492:3D model. Click to move.
425:were found to determine
207:Anatomical terms of bone
1047:Anterior lacrimal crest
668:- "Facial Bone Anatomy"
334:elements), such as the
27:Facial bones of a skull
1211:Sphenopalatine foramen
1207:Greater palatine canal
1018:Greater palatine canal
246:, which comprises the
1427:Inferior nasal concha
1284:Mandibular prominence
1197:Posterior nasal spine
1172:Pterygopalatine fossa
877:pterygopalatine fossa
606:Nature Communications
509:Appendicular skeleton
362:and derived from the
137:Inferior nasal concha
1288:Mandibular symphysis
1078:Anterior nasal spine
991:Maxillary tuberosity
975:Anterior nasal spine
965:Infraorbital foramen
135: Bright green:
1326:Submandibular fovea
1296:Mental protuberance
1203:Perpendicular plate
1002:Infraorbital groove
867:infratemporal fossa
626:10.1038/ncomms11616
618:2016NatCo...711616A
115: Bright blue:
1365:Mandibular foramen
1136:Zygomaticotemporal
1126:Zygomatico-orbital
1070:Foramina of Scarpa
1007:Infraorbital canal
125: Dark green:
1502:
1501:
1437:Maxillary process
1432:Ethmoidal process
1415:Internasal suture
1398:
1397:
1385:Condyloid process
1251:
1250:
1108:
1107:
1034:Zygomatic process
885:
884:
474:Facial bones and
437:Additional images
275:Inferior turbinal
221:
220:
216:
16:(Redirected from
1532:
1494:Retromolar space
1482:Lacrimal hamulus
1380:Mandibular notch
1375:Coronoid process
1353:Mandibular canal
1348:Mylohyoid groove
1322:Sublingual fovea
1310:internal surface
1272:external surface
1262:
1261:
1193:Horizontal plate
1162:
1161:
1146:Zygomaticofacial
1132:Temporal process
1062:Incisive foramen
1058:Palatine process
1053:Alveolar process
937:
936:
912:
905:
898:
889:
888:
696:
689:
682:
673:
672:
648:
647:
637:
597:
591:
590:
584:
576:
574:
572:
561:
555:
554:
552:
550:
527:
489:
488:
471:
459:
447:
427:nasal morphology
332:splanchnocranial
326:Elements of the
213:edit on Wikidata
210:
134:
124:
114:
104:
94:
84:
74:
64:
54:
42:
30:
29:
21:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1520:Facial features
1505:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1477:Lacrimal groove
1455:
1394:
1390:Pterygoid fovea
1336:
1292:Lingual foramen
1247:
1221:
1181:
1177:Pterygoid fossa
1151:
1142:Lateral process
1122:Orbital process
1104:
1100:Maxillary sinus
1095:Body of maxilla
1083:
1066:Incisive canals
1039:Frontal process
1022:
986:Alveolar canals
926:
920:facial skeleton
916:
886:
881:
840:
823:Facial skeleton
817:
703:
700:
656:
651:
598:
594:
578:
577:
570:
568:
563:
562:
558:
548:
546:
544:
528:
521:
517:
500:
493:
490:
479:
472:
463:
460:
451:
448:
439:
376:adrenal medulla
356:
324:
315:Zygomatic bones
260:
225:facial skeleton
217:
141:
140:
132:
130:
127:Zygomatic bones
122:
120:
112:
110:
102:
100:
92:
90:
82:
80:
72:
70:
62:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1538:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1420:Nasal foramina
1417:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1332:Alveolar part
1329:
1318:Mylohyoid line
1307:
1300:Mental foramen
1268:
1266:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1200:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1139:
1129:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1055:
1050:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1010:
1009:
1004:
994:
993:
988:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
955:Incisive fossa
943:
941:
934:
928:
927:
915:
914:
907:
900:
892:
883:
882:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
862:temporal fossa
859:
857:zygomatic arch
854:
848:
846:
842:
841:
839:
838:
833:
827:
825:
819:
818:
816:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
788:
783:
781:cranial cavity
778:
777:
776:
771:
766:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
725:
724:
713:
711:
705:
704:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
670:
669:
655:
654:External links
652:
650:
649:
592:
556:
542:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
506:
504:Axial skeleton
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
482:
480:
473:
466:
464:
461:
454:
452:
449:
442:
438:
435:
378:) or from the
355:
352:
323:
320:
319:
318:
312:
307:
304:Palatine bones
301:
295:
289:
284:
281:Lacrimal bones
278:
259:
256:
252:dermatocranial
227:comprises the
219:
218:
209:
203:
202:
197:
191:
190:
185:
179:
178:
173:
167:
166:
162:
161:
152:
148:
147:
143:
142:
131:
121:
117:Lacrimal bones
111:
107:Palatine bones
101:
91:
85: Purple:
81:
75: Yellow:
71:
61:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1075:
1074:Incisive bone
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
992:
989:
987:
983:
982:Infratemporal
980:
979:
976:
973:
971:
970:Orbital bones
968:
966:
963:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:
944:
942:
938:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
913:
908:
906:
901:
899:
894:
893:
890:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
847:
843:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
824:
820:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
789:
787:
786:Base of skull
784:
782:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
723:
720:
719:
718:
715:
714:
712:
710:
706:
697:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:
674:
667:
663:
662:
658:
657:
645:
641:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
588:
582:
566:
560:
545:
543:0-7817-1652-7
539:
535:
534:
526:
524:
519:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
487:
481:
477:
470:
465:
458:
453:
446:
441:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
392:Chondricthyes
389:
386:block of the
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
349:
345:
344:sphenoid bone
341:
337:
333:
329:
316:
313:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
271:
269:
265:
255:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
214:
208:
204:
201:
198:
196:
192:
189:
186:
184:
180:
177:
174:
172:
168:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
144:
138:
128:
118:
108:
98:
88:
78:
68:
59:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1525:Facial bones
1314:Mental spine
1309:
1271:
959:Canine fossa
950:
919:
822:
709:Neurocranium
659:
609:
605:
595:
569:. Retrieved
559:
547:. Retrieved
532:
476:neurocranium
400:
368:neurocranium
364:neural crest
357:
348:neurocranium
340:ethmoid bone
327:
325:
261:
243:
241:
237:neurocranium
229:facial bones
228:
224:
222:
175:
95: Pink:
65: Blue:
58:Neurocranium
33:Facial bones
1489:Prognathism
1217:Hard palate
360:dermal bone
354:Development
298:Nasal bones
264:human skull
165:Identifiers
105: Red:
97:Nasal bones
18:Facial bone
1509:Categories
1410:Nasal bone
1243:Sphenoidal
1043:Agger nasi
806:sphenoidal
791:Fontanelle
739:Stephanion
515:References
429:, whereas
380:sclerotome
336:hyoid bone
322:Variations
1233:Pyramidal
1226:Processes
1114:Zygomatic
1027:Processes
801:posterior
774:posterior
666:eMedicine
612:: 11616.
571:24 August
549:24 August
258:Structure
1467:Lacrimal
1257:Mandible
1157:Palatine
947:Anterior
940:Surfaces
796:anterior
764:anterior
729:Asterion
717:Calvaria
644:27193062
581:cite web
498:See also
388:mesoderm
287:Mandible
248:mandible
159:skeleton
87:Mandible
1358:Lingula
1238:Orbital
998:Orbital
932:Maxilla
922:of the
852:dacryon
811:mastoid
734:Pterion
635:4874031
614:Bibcode
330:(i.e.,
292:Maxilla
262:In the
188:D005147
151:Part of
146:Details
77:Maxilla
1186:Plates
1165:Fossae
951:fossae
836:Gonion
831:Nasion
769:middle
759:Fossae
754:Lambda
749:Bregma
722:Diploë
642:
632:
540:
384:somite
133:
123:
113:
103:
93:
83:
73:
63:
1460:Other
1444:Vomer
1370:Angle
1341:Ramus
1088:Other
1014:Nasal
924:skull
744:Inion
661:ent/9
411:RUNX2
407:DCHS2
372:teeth
310:Vomer
233:skull
211:[
171:Latin
67:Vomer
1449:Wing
1403:Nose
1276:Chin
1265:Body
918:The
845:Both
640:PMID
587:link
573:2017
551:2017
538:ISBN
431:EDAR
423:PAX3
421:and
419:PAX1
415:GLI3
403:SNPs
374:and
268:face
250:and
223:The
183:MeSH
155:Face
1280:Jaw
1209:,
664:at
630:PMC
622:doi
317:(2)
306:(2)
300:(2)
294:(2)
283:(2)
277:(2)
200:356
195:TA2
139:(2)
129:(2)
119:(2)
109:(2)
99:(2)
89:(1)
79:(2)
69:(1)
1511::
1324:,
1320:,
1316:,
1302:,
1298:,
1294:,
1290:,
1286:,
1282:,
1278:,
1076:,
1072:,
1068:,
1064:,
1045:,
1016::
1000::
984::
957:,
949::
638:.
628:.
620:.
608:.
604:.
583:}}
579:{{
522:^
417:,
413:,
409:,
398:.
370:,
270::
239:.
157:,
1328:)
1312:(
1306:)
1274:(
1213:)
1205:(
1199:)
1195:(
1148:)
1144:(
1138:)
1134:(
1128:)
1124:(
1080:)
1060:(
1049:)
1041:(
961:)
953:(
911:e
904:t
897:v
695:e
688:t
681:v
646:.
624::
616::
610:7
589:)
575:.
553:.
215:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.