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276:" is often used to describe a fear of heights, but it is more accurately a spinning sensation that occurs when one is not actually spinning. It can be triggered by looking down from a high place, by looking straight up at a high place or tall object, or even by watching something (i.e. a car or a bird) go past at high speed, but this alone does not describe vertigo. True vertigo can be triggered by almost any type of movement (e.g. standing up, sitting down, walking) or change in visual perspective (e.g. squatting down, walking up or down stairs, looking out of the window of a moving car or train). Vertigo is called
373:, as well as other animals of various ages, to be reluctant in venturing onto a glass floor with a view of a few meters of apparent fall-space below it. Although human infants initially experienced fear when crawling on the visual cliff, most of them overcame the fear through practice, exposure and mastery and retained a level of healthy cautiousness. While an innate cautiousness around heights is helpful for survival, extreme fear can interfere with the activities of everyday life, such as standing on a
242:
357:, is one of the most commonly suggested inborn or "non-associative" fears. The newer non-association theory is that a fear of heights is an evolved adaptation to a world where falls posed a significant danger. If this fear is inherited, it is possible that people can get rid of it by frequent exposure of heights in habituation. In other words, acrophobia could be associated with a lack of exposure to heights in early life. The degree of fear varies, and the term
350:
would learn the concepts about surfaces, posture, balance, and movement. Cognitive factors may also contribute to the development of acrophobia. People tend to wrongly interpret visuo-vestibular discrepancies as dizziness and nausea and associate them with a forthcoming fall. Experiencing these cognitive factors while associating them with the idea of falling may be enough to cause the same fear that would be expected after a traumatic fall.
537:(vHI). Up to one-third of people may have some level of visual height intolerance. Pure vHI usually has smaller impact on individuals compared to acrophobia, in terms of intensity of symptoms load, social life, and overall life quality. However, few people with visual height intolerance seek professional help.
341:
who had been injured in a fall between the ages of 5 and 9, compared them to children who had no similar injury, and found that at age 18, acrophobia was present in only 2 percent of the subjects who had an injurious fall but was present among 7 percent of subjects who had no injurious fall (with the
417:
becomes overloaded, resulting in confusion. Some proponents of the alternative view of acrophobia warn that it may be ill-advised to encourage acrophobics to expose themselves to height without first resolving the vestibular issues. Research is underway at several clinics. Recent studies found that
445:
However, acrophobic individuals tend to have biases in self-reporting. They often overestimate the danger and question their abilities of addressing height relevant issues. A Height
Interpretation Questionnaire (HIQ) is a self-report to measure these height relevant judgements and interpretations.
441:
are used to diagnose acrophobia. Acrophobia
Questionnaire (AQ) is a self report that contains 40 items, assessing anxiety level on a 0–6 point scale and degree of avoidance on a 0–2 point scale. The Attitude Towards Heights Questionnaires (ATHQ) and Behavioural Avoidance Tests (BAT) are also used.
349:
More studies have suggested a possible explanation for acrophobia is that it emerges through accumulation of non-traumatic experiences of falling that are not memorable but can influence behaviours in the future. Also, fear of heights may be acquired when infants learn to crawl. If they fell, they
332:
experience. Recent studies have cast doubt on this explanation. Individuals with acrophobia are found to be lacking in traumatic experiences. Nevertheless, this may be due to the failure to recall the experiences, as memory fades as time passes. To address the problems of self report and memory, a
479:
for acrophobia. Botella and colleagues and
Schneider were the first to use VR in treatment. Specifically, Schneider utilised inverted lenses in binoculars to "alter" the reality. Later in the mid-1990s, VR became computer-based and was widely available for therapists. A cheap VR equipment uses a
498:
treatment: (1) therapist can control the situation better by manipulating the stimuli, in terms of their quality, intensity, duration and frequency; (2) VR can help participants avoid public embarrassment and protect their confidentiality; (3) therapist's office can be well-maintained; (4) VR
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Some people are known to be more dependent on visual signals than others. People who rely more on visual cues to control body movements are less physically stable. An acrophobic, however, continues to over-rely on visual signals, whether because of inadequate vestibular function or incorrect
303:
and anxiety. Confusion may arise in differentiating between height vertigo and acrophobia due to the conditions' overlapping symptom pools, including body swaying and dizziness. Further confusion can occur due to height vertigo being a direct symptom of acrophobia.
454:
Traditional treatment of phobias is still in use today. Its underlying theory states that phobic anxiety is conditioned and triggered by a conditional stimulus. By avoiding phobic situations, anxiety is reduced. However, avoidance behaviour is reinforced through
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Krijn, Merel; Emmelkamp, Paul M. G.; Biemond, Roeline; de Wilde de Ligny, Claudius; Schuemie, Martijn J.; van der Mast, Charles A. P. G. (1 February 2004). "Treatment of acrophobia in virtual reality: The role of immersion and presence".
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and nearby visual cues to reckon position and motion. As height increases, visual cues recede and balance becomes poorer in people without acrophobia. However, most people respond to such a situation by shifting to more reliance on the
2216:
Morina, Nexhmedin; Ijntema, Hiske; Meyerbröker, Katharina; Emmelkamp, Paul M. G. (1 November 2015). "Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments".
1274:
Jacob, Rolf G; Woody, Shelia R; Clark, Duncan B; et al. (December 1993). "Discomfort with space and motion: A possible marker of vestibular dysfunction assessed by the situational characteristics questionnaire".
421:
A recombinant model of the development of acrophobia is very possible, in which learning factors, cognitive factors (e.g. interpretations), perceptual factors (e.g. visual dependence), and biological factors (e.g.
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2600:
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to help participants avoid "avoidance". Research results have suggested that even with a decrease in therapeutic contact, desensitization is still very effective. However, other studies have shown that
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is reserved for those at the extreme end of the spectrum. Researchers have argued that a fear of heights is an instinct found in many mammals, including domestic animals and humans. Experiments using
197:
in high places and become too agitated to get themselves down safely. Approximately 2–5% of the general population has acrophobia, with twice as many women affected as men. The term is from the
1713:
Abelson, James L.; Curtis, George C. (1 January 1989). "Cardiac and neuroendocrine responses to exposure therapy in height phobics: Desynchrony within the 'physiological response system'".
2058:
1222:
333:
large cohort study with 1000 participants was conducted from birth; the results showed that participants with less fear of heights had more injuries because of falling. Psychologists
1104:; Menzies, Ross G; Craske, Michelle G; Silva, Phil A (1 January 2001). "Failure to overcome 'innate' fear: a developmental test of the non-associative model of fear acquisition".
1057:
Davey, Graham C.L.; Menzies, Ross; Gallardo, Barbara (1997). "Height phobia and biases in the interpretation of bodily sensations: Some links between acrophobia and agoraphobia".
392:
Another possible contributing factor is a dysfunction in maintaining balance. In this case, the anxiety is both well-founded and secondary. The human balance system integrates
2295:
Arroll, Bruce; Wallace, Henry B.; Mount, Vicki; Humm, Stephen P.; Kingsford, Douglas W. (3 April 2017). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for acrophobia".
2173:
Choi, Young H.; Jang, Dong P.; Ku, Jeong H.; Shin, Min B.; Kim, Sun I. (1 June 2001). "Short-Term
Treatment of Acrophobia with Virtual Reality Therapy (VRT): A Case Report".
1148:
1178:
Campos, Joseph J.; Anderson, David I.; Barbu-Roth, Marianne A.; Hubbard, Edward M.; Hertenstein, Matthew J.; Witherington, David (1 April 2000). "Travel
Broadens the Mind".
954:
Poulton, Richie; Davies, Simon; Menzies, Ross G.; Langley, John D.; Silva, Phil A. (1998). "Evidence for a non-associative model of the acquisition of a fear of heights".
1404:
Isableu, Brice; Ohlmann, Théophile; Crémieux, Jacques; Amblard, Bernard (May 2003). "Differential approach to strategies of segmental stabilisation in postural control".
1504:
Coelho, Carlos M.; Santos, Jorge A.; Silva, Carlos; Wallis, Guy; Tichon, Jennifer; Hine, Trevor J. (9 November 2008). "The Role of Self-Motion in
Acrophobia Treatment".
338:
1943:
Williams, S. Lloyd; Dooseman, Grace; Kleifield, Erin (1984). "Comparative effectiveness of guided mastery and exposure treatments for intractable phobias".
2083:
Botella, C.; Baños, R. M.; Perpiñá, C.; Villa, H.; Alcañiz, M.; Rey, A. (1 February 1998). "Virtual reality treatment of claustrophobia: a case report".
628:
Bles, Willem; Kapteyn, Theo S.; Brandt, Thomas; Arnold, Friedrich (1 January 1980). "The
Mechanism of Physiological Height Vertigo: II. Posturography".
671:
Whitney, Susan L.; Jacob, Rolf G.; Sparto, Patrick J.; Olshansky, Ellen F.; Detweiler-Shostak, Gail; Brown, Emily L.; Furman, Joseph M. (May 2005).
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participants experienced increased anxiety not only when the height increased, but also when they were required to move sideways at a fixed height.
1035:
827:
Whitney, Susan L; Jacob, Rolf G; Sparto, Patrick J; Olshansky, Ellen F; Detweiler-Shostak, Gail; Brown, Emily L; Furman, Joseph M (1 May 2005).
502:
Many different types of medications are used in the treatment of phobias like fear of heights, including traditional anti-anxiety drugs such as
784:
Coelho, Carlos M.; Waters, Allison M.; Hine, Trevor J.; Wallis, Guy (2009). "The use of virtual reality in acrophobia research and treatment".
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Brandt, T; F Arnold; W Bles; T S Kapteyn (1980). "The mechanism of physiological height vertigo. I. Theoretical approach and psychophysics".
1252:
389:
model is also very appealing for considering both vicarious learning and hereditary factors such as personality traits (i.e., neuroticism).
446:
The
Depression Scale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales short form (DASS21-DS) is a self report used to examine validity of the HIQ.
2378:
1156:
603:
1986:
Coelho, Carlos; Alison Waters; Trevor Hine; Guy Wallis (2009). "The use of virtual reality in acrophobia research and treatment".
1886:
385:. It is uncertain if acrophobia is related to the failure to reach a certain developmental stage. Besides associative accounts, a
499:
encourages more people to seek treatment; (5) VR saves time and money, as participants do not need to leave the consulting room.
876:
Menzies, RG; Clarke, JC (1995). "The etiology of acrophobia and its relationship to severity and individual response patterns".
2406:
Huppert, Doreen; Grill, Eva; Brandt, Thomas (1 February 2013). "Down on heights? One in three has visual height intolerance".
1616:
Cohen, David
Chestney (1 January 1977). "Comparison of self-report and overt-behavioral procedures for assessing acrophobia".
1817:
522:
Some desensitization treatments produce short-term improvements in symptoms. Long-term treatment success has been elusive.
312:
299:
systems sense a body movement that is not detected by the eyes. More research indicates that this conflict leads to both
1559:"A New Questionnaire for Estimating the Severity of Visual Height Intolerance and Acrophobia by a Metric Interval Scale"
1908:
Baker, Bruce L.; Cohen, David C.; Saunders, Jon Terry (February 1973). "Self-directed desensitization for acrophobia".
489:
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186:. A head for heights is advantageous for hiking or climbing in mountainous terrain and also in certain jobs such as
17:
2521:; Henderson, A.S.; Strotzka, H.; Lipowski, Z.; Yu-cun, S.; You-xin, X.; Strömgren, E.; Glatzel, J.; et al.
2651:
2523:"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines"
1006:
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was 7 times less common in subjects at age 18 who had injurious falls as children than subjects that did not).
73:
1766:
Menzies, Ross G.; Clarke, J. Christopher (1 February 1995). "Danger expectancies and insight in acrophobia".
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229:(hypsos), meaning "height". In Greek, the actual term used for this condition is "υψοφοβία" (Hypsophobia).
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2022:
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Approximately 2–5% of the general population has acrophobia, with twice as many women affected as men.
460:
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1001:
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476:
253:
2020:
456:
325:
46:
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Redfern, M. S.; Yardley, L.; Bronstein, A. M. (January 2001). "Visual influences on balance".
337:, Simon Davies, Ross G. Menzies, John D. Langley, and Phil A. Silva sampled subjects from the
2021:
Emmelkamp, Paul; Mary
Bruynzeel; Leonie Drost; Charles A. P. G. van der Mast (1 June 2001).
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Kitamura, Fumiaki; Matsunaga, Katsuya (December 1990). "Field Dependence and Body Balance".
2609:
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481:
329:
296:
288:
175:, called space and motion discomfort, that share similar causes and options for treatment.
2522:
2457:
Kapfhammer, Hans-Peter; Fitz, Werner; Huppert, Doreen; Grill, Eva; Brandt, Thomas (2016).
1658:"Cognitive processing and acrophobia: Validating the Heights Interpretation Questionnaire"
1457:"Acrophobia and pathological height vertigo: indications for vestibular physical therapy?"
1223:"Acrophobia and pathological height vertigo: indications for vestibular physical therapy?"
829:"Acrophobia and Pathological Height Vertigo: Indications for Vestibular Physical Therapy?"
673:"Acrophobia and pathological height vertigo: indications for vestibular physical therapy?"
413:
strategy. Locomotion at a high elevation requires more than normal visual processing. The
8:
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of heights, especially when one is not particularly high up. It belongs to a category of
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play an essential role in acrophobia treatment. Treatments like reinforced practice and
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Most people experience a degree of natural fear when exposed to heights, known as the
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252: with: sources showing that acrophobia and vertigo are confused. You can help by
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2564:—A comprehensive guide with useful resources on Acrophobia known as Fear of Heights.
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182:. On the other hand, those who have little fear of such exposure are said to have a
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1002:"Evidence for a non-associative model of the acquisition of a fear of heights"
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2023:"Virtual Reality Treatment in Acrophobia: A Comparison with Exposure in Vivo"
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1000:; Davies, Simon; Menzies, Ross G.; Langley, John D.; Silva, Phil A. (1998).
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2459:"Visual height intolerance and acrophobia: distressing partners for life"
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A related, milder form of visually triggered fear or anxiety is called
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Traditionally, acrophobia has been attributed, like other phobias, to
2604:
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Juan, M. C.; Baños, Rosa; Botella, Cristina; et al. (2005).
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2348:"An Augmented Reality system for the treatment of acrophobia"
1403:
573:"An Augmented Reality system for the treatment of acrophobia"
438:
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223:, "fear". The term "hypsophobia" derives from the Greek word
1656:
Steinman, Shari A.; Teachman, Bethany A. (1 October 2011).
996:
953:
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670:
485:
164:
127:
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109:
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1099:
911:
Loftus, Elizabeth F. (2016). "Memories of Things Unseen".
45:"Fear of heights" redirects here. For the Drake song, see
1942:
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Height vertigo is caused by a conflict between vision,
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when the sensation of vertigo is triggered by heights.
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Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study
875:
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103:
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Huppert, Doreen; Grill, Eva; Brandt, Thomas (2017).
1277:
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment
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1455:Whitney, SL; Jacob, Rolf G; Sparto, BG (May 2005).
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475:There have been a number of studies into using
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1155:. No. 202. pp. 67–71. Archived from
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1945:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
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1712:
1147:Gibson, Eleanor J.; Walk, Richard D. (1960).
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913:Current Directions in Psychological Science
426:) interact to provoke fear or habituation.
316:530 feet (160 m) above the streets of
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232:
1842:"Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition"
311:
193:People with acrophobia can experience a
492:(CAVE). VR has several advantages over
14:
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1220:
910:
490:computer automatic virtual environment
2401:
2399:
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1838:
1651:
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1615:
459:. Wolpe developed a technique called
81:Some jobs require working at heights.
2345:
2269:10.1093/acref/9780199549351.001.0001
409:branches of the equilibrium system.
236:
2061:from the original on 27 August 2021
211:, meaning "peak, summit, edge" and
38:. For the fear of open spaces, see
34:. For the amusement park ride, see
24:
2396:
2384:from the original on 9 August 2017
2285:
1820:from the original on 24 April 2021
1644:
609:from the original on 9 August 2017
25:
2668:
2552:"The scariest path in the world?"
2545:
2346:Juan, M. C.; et al. (2005).
1889:from the original on 24 July 2020
1038:from the original on 11 July 2018
381:, or even walking up a flight of
342:same sample finding that typical
2297:The Medical Journal of Australia
1839:Wolpe, Joseph (1 October 1968).
925:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00294.x
353:A fear of falling, along with a
240:
93:
2554:, a direct test, video shot on
2339:
2253:
2209:
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2014:
1979:
1936:
1901:
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1706:
1609:
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1497:
1397:
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1311:
1171:
1140:
1093:
990:
525:
2219:Behaviour Research and Therapy
2175:CyberPsychology & Behavior
2132:Behaviour Research and Therapy
2085:Behaviour Research and Therapy
2027:CyberPsychology & Behavior
1910:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1768:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1715:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1506:CyberPsychology & Behavior
1106:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1059:Behaviour Research and Therapy
1007:Behaviour Research and Therapy
956:Behaviour Research and Therapy
878:Behaviour Research and Therapy
820:
713:
664:
621:
564:
163:, is an extreme or irrational
13:
1:
2144:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00139-6
2097:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10006-7
2000:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.01.014
1674:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.001
1630:10.1016/S0005-7894(77)80116-0
1221:Furman, Joseph M (May 2005).
1118:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00156-4
1071:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10004-3
1065:(11). Elsevier BV: 997–1001.
1024:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10037-7
968:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10037-7
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734:10.1016/s0887-6185(00)00043-8
429:
1988:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
1922:10.1016/0005-7967(73)90071-5
1780:10.1016/0005-7967(94)P4443-X
1727:10.1016/0005-7967(89)90091-0
1662:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
890:10.1016/0005-7967(95)00023-Q
786:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
722:Journal of Anxiety Disorders
557:
517:
506:, and newer options such as
449:
7:
2261:A Dictionary of Biomedicine
1406:Experimental Brain Research
1355:Perceptual and Motor Skills
540:
219:
207:
190:or wind turbine mechanics.
10:
2673:
2231:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010
2187:10.1089/109493101300210240
2039:10.1089/109493101300210222
1957:10.1037/0022-006X.52.4.505
461:systematic desensitization
51:
44:
29:
2571:
2558:, approaching Makinodromo
2530:World Health Organization
2512:General and cited sources
2475:10.1007/s00415-016-8218-9
2420:10.1007/s00415-012-6685-1
1418:10.1007/s00221-003-1446-0
1367:10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.723
1332:10.3109/00016488009127169
1192:10.1207/S15327078IN0102_1
642:10.3109/00016488009127171
535:visual height intolerance
472:treatments also emerged.
307:
291:senses. This occurs when
225:
213:
202:
142:
85:
80:
71:
66:
30:For the online game, see
1576:10.3389/fneur.2017.00211
52:Not to be confused with
477:virtual reality therapy
27:Extreme fear of heights
1563:Frontiers in Neurology
630:Acta Oto-Laryngologica
457:negative reinforcement
321:
233:Confusion with vertigo
47:Fear of Heights (song)
2652:Environmental phobias
2367:10.1162/pres.15.4.393
1518:10.1089/cpb.2008.0023
592:10.1162/pres.15.4.393
315:
2463:Journal of Neurology
2408:Journal of Neurology
1474:10.1093/ptj/85.5.443
1255:on 26 September 2007
1240:10.1093/ptj/85.5.443
1149:"The "Visual Cliff""
846:10.1093/ptj/85.5.443
690:10.1093/ptj/85.5.443
484:(HMD). In contrast,
482:head-mounted display
2657:Situational phobias
2309:10.5694/mja16.00540
1153:Scientific American
355:fear of loud noises
1859:10.1007/BF03000093
1847:Conditional Reflex
1289:10.1007/BF00965035
322:
2634:
2633:
2562:"Fear of Heights"
2556:El Camino del Rey
2469:(10): 1946–1953.
1100:Poulton, Richie;
488:uses an advanced
365:have shown human
270:
269:
154:
153:
61:Medical condition
36:Acrophobia (ride)
32:Acrophobia (game)
16:(Redirected from
2664:
2569:
2568:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2527:
2505:
2504:
2494:
2454:
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2403:
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2257:
2251:
2250:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1738:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1653:
1642:
1641:
1618:Behavior Therapy
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1578:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1529:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1476:
1461:Physical Therapy
1452:
1446:
1445:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1326:(5–6): 513–523.
1320:Acta Otolaryngol
1315:
1309:
1308:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:. Archived from
1242:
1227:Physical Therapy
1218:
1212:
1211:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1097:
1091:
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1054:
1048:
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1043:
994:
988:
987:
951:
945:
944:
908:
902:
901:
873:
867:
866:
848:
833:Physical Therapy
824:
818:
817:
781:
754:
753:
717:
711:
710:
692:
677:Physical Therapy
668:
662:
661:
636:(3–6): 534–540.
625:
619:
618:
616:
614:
608:
577:
568:
387:diathetic-stress
265:
262:
244:
237:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
210:
204:
184:head for heights
173:specific phobias
159:, also known as
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
76:
64:
63:
21:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
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2635:
2630:
2629:
2580:
2548:
2535:
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2525:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2455:
2451:
2404:
2397:
2387:
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2381:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2214:
2210:
2171:
2167:
2127:
2120:
2081:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2019:
2015:
1984:
1980:
1941:
1937:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1814:psycnet.apa.org
1808:
1807:
1803:
1764:
1760:
1711:
1707:
1654:
1645:
1614:
1610:
1555:
1551:
1502:
1498:
1453:
1449:
1402:
1398:
1351:
1347:
1316:
1312:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1219:
1215:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1160:
1159:on 6 April 2019
1145:
1141:
1102:Waldie, Karen E
1098:
1094:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
998:Poulton, Richie
995:
991:
952:
948:
909:
905:
884:(31): 499–501.
874:
870:
825:
821:
782:
757:
718:
714:
669:
665:
626:
622:
612:
610:
606:
575:
569:
565:
560:
552:List of phobias
547:Acclimatization
543:
528:
520:
508:antidepressants
504:benzodiazepines
480:normal PC with
452:
432:
310:
301:motion sickness
266:
260:
257:
250:needs expansion
235:
180:fear of falling
138:
96:
92:
62:
57:
54:Fear of falling
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
18:Fear of heights
15:
12:
11:
5:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2597:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:Classification
2566:
2565:
2559:
2547:
2546:External links
2544:
2543:
2542:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2449:
2414:(2): 597–604.
2395:
2361:(4): 315–318.
2338:
2303:(6): 263–267.
2284:
2277:
2252:
2208:
2181:(3): 349–354.
2165:
2138:(2): 229–239.
2118:
2091:(2): 239–246.
2072:
2033:(3): 335–339.
2013:
1994:(5): 563–574.
1978:
1951:(4): 505–518.
1935:
1900:
1853:(4): 234–240.
1831:
1801:
1774:(2): 215–221.
1758:
1721:(5): 561–567.
1705:
1668:(7): 896–902.
1643:
1608:
1549:
1512:(6): 723–725.
1496:
1467:(5): 443–458.
1447:
1412:(2): 208–221.
1396:
1361:(3): 723–734.
1345:
1310:
1283:(4): 299–324.
1266:
1213:
1186:(2): 149–219.
1170:
1139:
1092:
1049:
989:
962:(5): 537–544.
946:
919:(4): 145–147.
903:
868:
839:(5): 443–458.
819:
792:(5): 563–574.
755:
728:(1–2): 81–94.
712:
683:(5): 443–458.
663:
620:
586:(4): 315–318.
562:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
549:
542:
539:
527:
524:
519:
516:
451:
448:
431:
428:
403:proprioceptive
394:proprioceptive
335:Richie Poulton
309:
306:
278:height vertigo
268:
267:
247:
245:
234:
231:
152:
151:
146:
140:
139:
137:
136:
89:
87:
83:
82:
78:
77:
69:
68:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2669:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
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2622:
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2617:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2598:
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2592:
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2587:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2532:. p. 114
2531:
2524:
2520:
2519:Sartorius, N.
2516:
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2488:
2484:
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2278:9780199549351
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2079:
2077:
2060:
2056:
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2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:"APA PsycNet"
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1736:2027.42/28207
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
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1709:
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1683:
1679:
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1333:
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1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1233:(5): 443–58.
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1158:
1154:
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1143:
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1131:
1127:
1123:
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965:
961:
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950:
942:
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926:
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918:
914:
907:
899:
895:
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864:
860:
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852:
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838:
834:
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823:
815:
811:
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581:
574:
567:
563:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
538:
536:
531:
523:
515:
513:
512:beta-blockers
509:
505:
500:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
478:
473:
471:
470:self-efficacy
467:
462:
458:
447:
443:
440:
436:
427:
425:
419:
416:
415:visual cortex
410:
408:
404:
399:
395:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:visual cliffs
360:
356:
351:
347:
345:
340:
336:
331:
327:
319:
314:
305:
302:
298:
297:somatosensory
294:
290:
289:somatosensory
286:
281:
279:
275:
264:
255:
251:
248:This section
246:
243:
239:
238:
230:
221:
209:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
150:
147:
145:
141:
132:
91:
90:
88:
86:Pronunciation
84:
79:
75:
70:
65:
59:
55:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2614:
2599:
2584:
2534:. Retrieved
2466:
2462:
2452:
2411:
2407:
2388:12 September
2386:. Retrieved
2358:
2354:
2341:
2300:
2296:
2260:
2255:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2135:
2131:
2088:
2084:
2063:. Retrieved
2030:
2026:
2016:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1916:(1): 79–89.
1913:
1909:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1850:
1846:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1665:
1661:
1624:(1): 17–23.
1621:
1617:
1611:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1259:10 September
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1230:
1226:
1216:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1152:
1142:
1112:(1): 29–43.
1109:
1105:
1095:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1040:. Retrieved
1011:
1005:
992:
959:
955:
949:
916:
912:
906:
881:
877:
871:
836:
832:
822:
789:
785:
725:
721:
715:
680:
676:
666:
633:
629:
623:
613:12 September
611:. Retrieved
583:
579:
566:
534:
532:
529:
526:Epidemiology
521:
501:
493:
474:
453:
444:
433:
420:
411:
391:
352:
348:
326:conditioning
323:
282:
277:
271:
258:
254:adding to it
249:
195:panic attack
192:
188:steeplejacks
177:
160:
156:
155:
58:
2065:13 December
1527:10072/23304
1018:: 537–544.
161:hypsophobia
40:Agoraphobia
2641:Categories
900:. 7677717.
466:therapists
430:Assessment
407:vestibular
398:vestibular
344:basophobia
293:vestibular
285:vestibular
261:April 2023
157:Acrophobia
149:Psychiatry
67:Acrophobia
2483:0340-5354
2428:1432-1459
2317:1326-5377
2239:0005-7967
2225:: 18–24.
2195:1094-9313
2152:0005-7967
2105:0005-7967
1965:1939-2117
1867:1936-3567
1788:0005-7967
1745:0005-7967
1682:0887-6185
1638:0005-7894
1585:1664-2295
1536:1094-9313
1483:0031-9023
1426:0014-4819
1375:0031-5125
1305:144661241
1297:0882-2689
1126:0005-7967
1079:0005-7967
976:0005-7967
933:0963-7214
855:0031-9023
806:0887-6185
742:0887-6185
699:0031-9023
650:0001-6489
558:Citations
518:Prognosis
450:Treatment
330:traumatic
144:Specialty
2501:27383642
2444:21302997
2436:23070463
2379:Archived
2355:Presence
2325:28359010
2263:. 2010.
2247:26355646
2203:11710259
2160:14975783
2059:Archived
2055:16225288
2047:11710257
2008:19282142
1887:Archived
1883:46015274
1824:15 April
1818:Archived
1700:21641766
1603:28620340
1544:18991529
1491:15842192
1442:32279602
1434:12677318
1391:46272261
1249:15842192
1200:32680291
1134:11125722
1042:3 August
1036:Archived
1016:Elsevier
941:37717355
863:15842192
814:19282142
750:11388359
707:15842192
604:Archived
580:Presence
541:See also
424:heredity
371:toddlers
2610:F40.241
2536:23 June
2492:5037147
2333:9559825
2113:9613029
1973:6147365
1930:4781961
1875:5712667
1796:7887882
1753:2573337
1691:3152668
1594:5451500
1569:: 211.
1383:2293175
1340:6969515
1180:Infancy
1087:9431729
1032:9648329
984:9648329
898:7677717
658:6969517
495:in vivo
367:infants
318:Calgary
274:Vertigo
2647:Height
2625:300.29
2499:
2489:
2481:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2375:797073
2373:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2275:
2245:
2237:
2201:
2193:
2158:
2150:
2111:
2103:
2053:
2045:
2006:
1971:
1963:
1928:
1893:16 May
1881:
1873:
1865:
1794:
1786:
1751:
1743:
1698:
1688:
1680:
1636:
1601:
1591:
1583:
1542:
1534:
1489:
1481:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1338:
1303:
1295:
1247:
1208:704084
1206:
1198:
1163:13 May
1132:
1124:
1085:
1077:
1030:
982:
974:
939:
931:
896:
861:
853:
812:
804:
748:
740:
705:
697:
656:
648:
600:797073
598:
435:ICD-10
383:stairs
375:ladder
359:phobia
308:Causes
220:phóbos
169:phobia
135:
2605:10-CM
2595:F40.2
2526:(PDF)
2440:S2CID
2382:(PDF)
2371:S2CID
2351:(PDF)
2329:S2CID
2051:S2CID
1879:S2CID
1438:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1301:S2CID
1204:S2CID
1014:(5).
937:S2CID
607:(PDF)
596:S2CID
576:(PDF)
439:DSM-5
379:chair
328:or a
214:φόβος
208:ákron
203:ἄκρον
199:Greek
2620:9-CM
2538:2021
2497:PMID
2479:ISSN
2432:PMID
2424:ISSN
2390:2015
2321:PMID
2313:ISSN
2273:ISBN
2243:PMID
2235:ISSN
2199:PMID
2191:ISSN
2156:PMID
2148:ISSN
2109:PMID
2101:ISSN
2067:2019
2043:PMID
2004:PMID
1969:PMID
1961:ISSN
1926:PMID
1895:2020
1871:PMID
1863:ISSN
1826:2020
1792:PMID
1784:ISSN
1749:PMID
1741:ISSN
1696:PMID
1678:ISSN
1634:ISSN
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