61:
2219:(FAC). The hardest part was finding the small aircraft as it circled over the target area. The fast-moving fighters used directional finding/steering equipment to get close enough to the slow, low FAC until someone in the flight could get an eyeball on him—a tally-ho. Once the FAC was in sight, he would give the fighters a target briefing—type of target, elevation, attack heading, location of friendlies, enemy defensive fire, best egress heading if hit by enemy fire, and other pertinent data. Usually the fighters would set up a circle, called a wheel or "wagon wheel", over the FAC, and wait for him to mark the target. Once the target was marked, the flight leader would attack first.
2311:, can carry more than 75 aircraft with fuel and ammunition for all tasks that an aircraft carrier should need like air to air, air to naval and air to ground missions. When deployed, aircraft carriers are a massive force multiplier that can turn any engagement in favour of those that have the aircraft carrier. Carriers can hold different type of aircraft to different usage meaning the force multiplier can vary depending on the specific task at hand.
2199:
and is a description of the decision-making process that Boyd contended applies to business, sports, law enforcement and military operations. Boyd's doctrine is widely taught in the
American military, and one of the aims of network centric warfare is to "get inside his OODA loop." In other words, one
2214:
Another version of "swarming" is evident in air-to-ground attack formations in which the attack aircraft do not approach from one direction, at one time, or at the same altitude, but schedule the attacks so each one requires a Boyd-style OODA iteration to deal with a new threat. Replacement training
2200:
should go from observation to action before the enemy can get past orientation, preventing him from ever being able to make an effective decision or put it into action. Small unit leadership is critical to this, and NCW's ability to disseminate information to small unit leaders enables such tactics.
2426:, and this exercise is part of their preparation. Officer and pilot comments included "definitely was a force multiplier. Giving you an eye deep beyond you". "We could pick up incoming targets whether aircraft or missiles almost 400 kilometers away. It gives a grand battle coordination in the air".
2326:
are a very significant force multiplier. They can carry fuel so bomber and fighter aircraft can take off loaded with extra weapons instead of full fuel tanks. The tankers also increase the range and time loitering within or near the target areas by off-loading fuel when it is needed. Tankers can
2211:, p. 2) defines "a swarming case is any historical example in which the scheme of maneuver involves the convergent attack of five (or more) semiautonomous (or autonomous) units on a targeted force in some particular place. "Convergent" implies an attack from most of the points on the compass."
2162:, the "high-low mix" in which a large number of less expensive aircraft, coupled with a small number of extremely capable "silver bullet" aircraft, had the effect of a much larger force. Boyd's concept of quick action is based on the repeated application of the "Boyd loop", consisting of the steps
2418:
control aircraft, so that they can approach targets without being revealed by their own radar, and who are assigned to take specific targets so that duplication is avoided, are far more effective than an equivalent number of fighters dependent on their own resources for target acquisition.
2142:
combat formations, which were composed of whatever units happened to be available. Though poor quality ones generally constituted the major part of them, they often performed successfully because of their high degree of flexibility and adaptability.
2215:
units (RTU) were "finishing schools" for pilots that needed to know not just the school solution, but the actual tactics being used in
Vietnam. Referring to close air support, "In the RTU, new pilots learned the rules of the road for working with a
2125:) would open a salient through which much larger forces could penetrate. That met with only limited success by breaking through the first lines of defence but lacking the staying power to break the opposing forces entirely. The 1939
2469:, against what was a nonexistent force. FUSAG's existence was suggested by the use of decoy vehicles that the Allies allowed to be photographed, fictitious radio traffic generated by a small number of specialists, and the
2147:, as opposed to extremely specific directives, which give no discretion to the junior commander, are now widely used by modern militaries because of their force multiplication. Originating from German concepts of
2575:
The
Encyclopedia of Middle East Wars: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts [5 volumes]: The United States in the Persian Gulf, Afghanistan, and Iraq Conflicts
2422:
In exercises between the Indian and US air forces, the Indian pilots had an opportunity to operate with AWACS control, and found it extremely effective. India has ordered AWACS aircraft, using
2082:
enables a force to accomplish the same results as a force five times as large without GPS, then the multiplier is five. Such estimates are used to justify the investment for force multipliers.
2465:
was a feint. As a result of the successful deception, the
Normandy force penetrated deeply, in part, because the Germans held back strategic reserves that they thought would be needed at the
2258:
sites and investing in the relationships between local civilians and military forces can be seen as force multipliers leading to benefits in meeting or sustaining military objectives.
2388:. Two small subsequent missions, again with laser-guided bombs, completed the destruction of this target. Precision guided munitions are one example of what has been called the
2074:(or other hardware) the ability to accomplish greater feats than without it. The expected size increase required to have the same effectiveness without that advantage is the
2617:
2400:
2671:
2434:
The use of small numbers of specialists to create larger effective forces is another form of multiplication. The basic A Team of US Army
1004:
2251:
can target the morale, politics, and values of enemy soldiers and their supporters to effectively neutralize them in a conflict.
1436:
2767:
2742:
2583:
2540:
2235:
2155:(NCW) in which subordinate commanders receive information not only from their own commanders but also from adjacent units.
2129:, which broke through with coordinated mechanized ground forces with aircraft in close support, was vastly more effective.
1792:
60:
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2505:
2415:
1987:
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375:
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2121:, the Germans experimented with what were called "storm tactics" in which a small group of highly-trained soldiers (
2122:
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17:
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2159:
1864:
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109:
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2399:), and most carry an explosive charge significant enough that this uncertainty is effectively voided. See the
2366:, and other supporting aircraft that would be needed were conventional bombers used against the same target.
2327:
also be used to rapidly deploy fighters, bombers, SIGNET, Airborne
Command Post, and cargo aircraft from the
2045:
1492:
2477:, who sent back convincing reports that were consistent with the deception programs being conducted by the
1982:
681:
441:
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1992:
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2245:, training, and ethos have long been known to result in disproportionate effects on the battlefield.
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1074:
418:
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2230:
is well known for his comment "The moral is to the physical as three to one." Former United States
2017:
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937:
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is a 12-man unit that can train and lead a company-sized unit (100–200 men) of local guerrillas.
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1970:
1952:
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1134:
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2453:(FUSAG) was portrayed to the World War II Germans as the main force for the invasion of Europe.
2189:: carry out the selected action, ideally while the opponent is still observing your last action.
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had been only mildly damaged by approximately 800 sorties by aircraft armed with conventional
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but also allows "swarm tactics" and the seizing of opportunities by subordinate forces. (
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Factor that gives military assets the ability to accomplish greater feats than without it
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that hit their target can be far more effective than those that miss. That is why
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2392:. In World War II, British night bombers could hit, at best, an area of a city.
2203:
Network-centric warfare can provide additional information and can help prevent
2435:
2384:, but had one of its spans destroyed by a 12-plane mission, of which 8 carried
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1997:
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2602:
Swarming on the
Battlefield: Past, Present, and Future. Rand monograph MR-1100
2183:: select the next action based on the combined observation and local knowledge
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2473:. Double Cross referred to turning all surviving German spies in the UK into
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2623:. US Air Force History and Museums Program. Anderegg-2001. Archived from
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can be anywhere from 1.5 to as much as 6 when used near the target area.
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can produce the potential effect of a much larger force. The fictitious
2126:
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1869:
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2403:
in
Afghanistan, using the technique of Ground-Aided Precision Strike.
2395:
Modern PGMs commonly put a bomb within 3–10 meters of its target (see
2151:, those tactics may be developing even more rapidly in the concept of
2618:"Sierra Hotel: Flying Air Force Fighters in the Decade after Vietnam"
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The ethics of cultural heritage: 4.2 The force-multiplier argument
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can attack a target without needing the large numbers of escort
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is a factor or a combination of factors that gives personnel or
2457:
successfully gave the impression that FUSAG was to land at the
2331:
to the areas where they are needed. The force multiplier of a
2323:
2320:
2242:
2171:: make use of the best sensors and other intelligence available
2158:
A different paradigm was one of the results of the theories of
1421:
817:
634:
370:
2090:
Notable historical examples of force multiplication include:
892:
428:
423:
2735:
2292:, multiplied defensive forces, leading to the stalemate of
168:
163:
2561:. United States Department of Defense. 1992. p. xiv.
2401:
use of heavy bombers in direct support of friendly troops
2079:
41:
2558:
Conduct of the
Persian Gulf War: Chapters I through VIII
2277:
for artillery became commonplace in the 19th century.
2241:
has said: "Perpetual optimism is a force multiplier."
2177:: put the new observations into a context with the old
2461:, convincing the Germans that the real attack at
2424:Israeli Phalcon electronics on a Russian airframe
2780:
2757:
2760:The Double-Cross System in the War of 1939–1945
2101:Reliance on air force by the Coalition in the
2039:
2720:"On AWACS, IAF pilots match US counterparts"
2615:
2532:The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire
2372:(PGM) give an immense multiplication. The
2046:
2032:
2535:. Harvard University Press. p. 76.
2429:
1005:List of military strategies and concepts
2598:
2528:
2208:
14:
2781:
2571:
2319:Airborne tanker aircraft, such as the
2732:
2648:
2236:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
2078:. For example, if a technology like
2299:
2195:Boyd's concept is also known as the
2112:
2722:. 17 November 2005. AWACS-IAF-2005.
24:
2506:List of established military terms
25:
2815:
2406:
2364:Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
59:
2751:
2726:
2680:. 13 March 1995. Archived from
2304:Aircraft carriers, such as the
2758:Masterman, J. C. (June 1982).
2712:
2696:
2664:
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2609:
2592:
2565:
2549:
2522:
2451:First United States Army Group
2390:Revolution in Military Affairs
13:
1:
2516:
2261:
2222:
2136:, the German Army introduced
2733:Brown, Anthony Cave (1975).
2599:Edwards, Sean J. A. (2000).
2441:
7:
2572:Tucker, Spencer C. (2010).
2529:Luttwak, Edward N. (2009).
2484:
2360:electronic-warfare aircraft
2349:Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit
1503:Military–industrial complex
977:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
2820:
2479:London Controlling Section
2370:Precision-guided munitions
2338:
2314:
2085:
2799:Military slang and jargon
2672:"The Candidate of Dreams"
2578:. ABC-CLIO. p. 606.
2094:Fortifications: e.g. the
1567:Loss-of-strength gradient
419:Combat information center
2789:Force protection tactics
1885:Military science fiction
1370:Technology and equipment
786:List of military tactics
2511:Network-centric warfare
2397:Circular error probable
2153:network-centric warfare
2132:Towards the end of the
1953:Wartime sexual violence
1709:Full-spectrum dominance
1520:Supply-chain management
2282:weapons of World War I
2217:forward air controller
1865:Awards and decorations
1838:Peace through strength
1813:Low-intensity conflict
1447:Conscientious objector
1320:Area of responsibility
2709:, accessed 6 May 2023
2616:Anderegg, CG (2001).
2430:Creating local forces
2249:Psychological warfare
2107:2003 invasion of Iraq
2076:multiplication factor
452:Torpedo data computer
442:Ship gun fire-control
2762:. Ballantine, 1982.
2651:"Maxims of Napoleon"
2605:. Rand-Edwards-2000.
2145:Mission-type tactics
2064:force multiplication
1983:Military occupations
1818:Military engineering
1720:Unrestricted Warfare
1577:Force multiplication
470:Military manoeuvrers
2471:Double Cross System
2455:Operation Bodyguard
1669:Penal military unit
1654:Rules of engagement
1330:Command and control
950:Operations research
414:Director (military)
404:Fire-control system
154:Command and control
35:Part of a series on
2684:on 8 February 2008
2630:on 3 December 2008
2491:Asymmetric warfare
2414:coordinated by an
2386:laser-guided bombs
2343:At one extreme, a
2232:Secretary of State
1778:Counter-insurgency
1699:Command of the sea
1644:Jewish laws on war
1619:Geneva Conventions
1155:Divide and conquer
945:Military operation
910:Tactical objective
409:Fire-control radar
386:Electronic-warfare
2794:Military strategy
2769:978-0-345-29743-3
2744:978-0-06-010551-8
2737:. HarperCollins.
2649:Moore, R. (ed.).
2585:978-1-85109-948-1
2542:978-0-674-05420-2
2501:Lanchester's laws
2300:Aircraft carriers
2273:for infantry and
2256:cultural heritage
2254:Protecting local
2113:Doctrinal changes
2098:of Constantinople
2056:
2055:
1948:Horses in warfare
1895:Anti-war movement
1798:Gunboat diplomacy
1788:Disaster response
1736:Philosophy of war
1731:Principles of war
1704:Deterrence theory
1649:Right of conquest
1572:Lanchester's laws
1340:Principles of war
1030:Counter-offensive
1010:Military campaign
915:Target saturation
838:Counterinsurgency
447:Gun data computer
381:Close air support
343:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
2811:
2804:Military science
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2412:Fighter aircraft
2374:Thanh Hoa Bridge
2356:fighter aircraft
2352:strategic bomber
2345:stealth aircraft
2134:Second World War
2068:force multiplier
2060:military science
2048:
2041:
2034:
1803:Humanitarian aid
1741:Security dilemma
1562:Power projection
1345:Economy of force
1325:Chain of command
1040:Defence in depth
1025:Commerce raiding
843:Defeat in detail
159:Defense ministry
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1973:
1963:
1962:
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1920:
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1823:Multilateralism
1808:Law enforcement
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1726:Just war theory
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1624:Geneva Protocol
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2382:Unguided bombs
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1268:Administrative
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1170:Fleet in being
1167:
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1111:
1108:Grand strategy
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1095:Scorched earth
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967:Deep operation
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793:
784:
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768:Unconventional
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714:Disinformation
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465:Basic training
462:
455:
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394:
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391:Reconnaissance
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310:Special forces
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88:Post-classical
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26:
9:
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2476:
2475:double agents
2472:
2468:
2467:Pas de Calais
2464:
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2459:Pas de Calais
2456:
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2378:North Vietnam
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2329:United States
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2250:
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2240:
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2206:
2205:friendly fire
2201:
2198:
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2182:
2179:
2176:
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2167:
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2156:
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2140:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:stormtroopers
2120:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
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2019:
2016:
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1875:Warrior caste
1873:
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1845:Show of force
1843:
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1508:Arms industry
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1125:Broken-backed
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962:Expeditionary
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833:Counterattack
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758:Psychological
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694:Combined arms
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533:Fortification
531:
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348:Landing craft
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213:Standing army
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106:
105:pike and shot
103:
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43:
39:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2759:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2714:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:the original
2675:
2666:
2654:. Retrieved
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2625:the original
2611:
2601:
2594:
2574:
2567:
2557:
2551:
2531:
2524:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2410:
2394:
2368:
2342:
2318:
2307:
2303:
2279:
2275:rangefinders
2265:
2253:
2247:
2239:Colin Powell
2226:
2213:
2209:Edwards 2000
2202:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2157:
2148:
2137:
2131:
2116:
2089:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2057:
1958:Fifth column
1938:War resister
1933:Women in war
1828:Peacekeeping
1773:Arms control
1718:
1576:
1407:Mobilization
1402:Conscription
1360:Intelligence
1313:Organization
954:
883:Encirclement
763:Radiological
699:Conventional
553:Subterranean
460:Development:
459:
436:
398:
360:
323:Naval units:
322:
315:Signal corps
282:
245:Intelligence
225:Specialties:
224:
149:Organization
100:Early modern
29:
2634:24 November
2290:machine gun
2286:barbed wire
2139:Kampfgruppe
2117:During the
1943:War studies
1766:Non-warfare
1694:Appeasement
1659:Martial law
1498:War economy
1437:Transgender
1390:Recruitment
1150:Containment
1035:Culminating
1015:Anti-access
938:Operational
858:Envelopment
801:Air assault
682:Air cavalry
642:Air defence
622:Information
523:Cold-region
488:Battlespace
437:Historical:
283:Land units:
189:Space force
184:Coast guard
117:Late modern
78:Prehistoric
2783:Categories
2517:References
2262:Technology
2223:Psychology
2127:blitzkrieg
2003:War crimes
1993:Operations
1900:Foot drill
1870:Battle cry
1783:deterrence
1442:Harassment
1417:Specialism
1240:Technology
1235:Succession
1180:Liberation
1115:Asymmetric
1050:Empty fort
956:Blitzkrieg
925:Withdrawal
888:Investment
667:Camouflage
662:Biological
600:Underwater
575:Amphibious
494:Aerospace
361:Air units:
338:Submarines
127:fourth-gen
122:industrial
110:napoleonic
2447:Deception
2442:Deception
2347:like the
2197:OODA Loop
2160:John Boyd
1890:War novel
1793:Grey-zone
1753:War games
1714:Overmatch
1664:War crime
1614:Desertion
1604:Ceasefire
1599:Armistice
1486:Logistics
1464:Mercenary
1452:Volunteer
1383:Personnel
1355:Engineers
1300:Sociology
1255:World war
1250:Total war
1230:Strategic
1220:Religious
1205:Political
1200:Perpetual
1175:Irregular
1090:Offensive
1065:Defensive
1060:Deception
1020:Attrition
868:Guerrilla
863:Formation
806:Airbridge
738:Loitering
652:Artillery
305:Artillery
240:Engineers
203:Irregular
174:Air force
2485:See also
2463:Normandy
2288:and the
2280:Two new
2228:Napoleon
2105:and the
2103:Gulf War
1905:War song
1880:War film
1513:Materiel
1432:Children
1412:Training
1350:Medicine
1335:Doctrine
1290:Training
1225:Resource
1210:Princely
1160:Economic
1145:Conquest
1140:Colonial
1135:Cold war
1120:Blockade
1000:Strategy
972:Maneuver
733:Infantry
689:Chemical
543:Mountain
503:Airborne
366:Fighters
333:Warships
288:Infantry
230:Rifleman
194:Reserves
142:Military
2496:C4ISTAR
2339:Bombers
2333:KC-135R
2315:Tankers
2169:Observe
2086:History
2072:weapons
2018:Writers
2013:Weapons
1978:Battles
1927:Related
1915:Wargame
1910:Uniform
1858:Culture
1639:Perfidy
1634:Justice
1555:Science
1540:Outpost
1493:History
1473:Warrior
1469:Soldier
1457:foreign
1395:counter
1295:Service
1245:Theater
1185:Limited
1165:Endemic
1080:Nuclear
848:Foxhole
823:Cavalry
811:Airdrop
796:Airlift
781:Tactics
753:Nuclear
743:Missile
672:Cavalry
657:Barrage
635:Weapons
595:Surface
376:Command
371:Bombers
328:Frogman
298:Cavalry
255:Medical
217:Militia
199:Regular
179:Marines
93:castles
83:Ancient
71:History
50:outline
2766:
2741:
2582:
2539:
2324:KC-135
2321:Boeing
2243:Morale
2181:Decide
2175:Orient
1998:Sieges
1682:Theory
1422:Morale
1280:Policy
1275:Branch
1055:Mosaic
1045:Fabian
987:Covert
920:Trench
905:Screen
828:Charge
818:Battle
791:Aerial
709:Denial
677:Horses
605:Seabed
558:Tunnel
538:Jungle
528:Desert
498:Aerial
265:Diving
260:Police
2688:2 May
2656:6 May
2628:(PDF)
2621:(PDF)
2416:AWACS
2066:or a
1971:Lists
1427:Women
1365:Ranks
1285:Staff
1215:Proxy
1130:Class
1085:Naval
1070:Depth
900:Swarm
893:Siege
873:Naval
853:Drone
748:Music
723:Robot
719:Drone
704:Cyber
647:Armor
617:Cyber
590:Green
585:Brown
548:Urban
508:Space
429:Radar
424:Sonar
293:Armor
275:Pilot
270:Comms
250:Recon
235:Staff
208:Ranks
2764:ISBN
2739:ISBN
2690:2010
2677:Time
2658:2023
2636:2007
2580:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2306:USS
2234:and
2008:Wars
1525:Base
1075:Goal
982:Raid
580:Blue
518:Land
169:Navy
164:Army
2376:in
2187:Act
2080:GPS
2058:In
1592:Law
1535:FOB
1530:MOB
570:Sea
42:War
2785::
2705:,
2674:.
2481:.
2362:,
2358:,
2296:.
2284:,
2062:,
1471:/
721:/
215:/
201:/
2772:.
2747:.
2692:.
2660:.
2638:.
2588:.
2545:.
2047:e
2040:t
2033:v
52:)
48:(
20:)
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