1450:
415:
403:
391:
379:
367:
173:
919:
the besieged ground units. As food and ammunition diminished, many ROC soldiers killed their horses to feed themselves and communist forces used food to entice the ROC forces to surrender; about 10,000 did so. On
January 6, 1949, communist forces launched a general offensive on the 13th army and remnants of the 13th army withdrew to 2nd army's defense area. Four days later, communist forces captured General Du Yuming; General Qiu Qinquan shot himself while trying to break out with his troops; only General Li Mi was able to escape back to Nanjing. The 6th and 8th armies of ROC retreated to the south of Huai river, and the campaign was over.
815:
1498:
1441:
348:
335:
322:
310:
298:
278:
258:
239:
220:
208:
1485:
827:
145:
1466:
1390:
1421:
1403:
1380:
931:
1370:
1432:
897:, riding in an armored tank, managed to penetrate the Communist encirclement with 8,000 survivors, but was badly wounded in the breakout. Chiang Kai-shek tried to save the Twelfth Army. On November 30, 1948, he ordered the three armies still under the Suppression General Headquarters of Xuzhou Garrison to turn southeast and relieve the Twelfth Army before it was too late. However, the PLA forces caught up with them and they were encircled only 9 miles from Xuzhou.
50:
950:, Chiang announced his temporary retirement. As the PLA approached the Yangtze, the momentum shifted completely toward the CCP side. Without effective measures against PLA advance across the Yangtze, the Nationalist government in Nanjing began losing their support from the United States, as American military aid gradually came to a stop. As a result,
909:
broke out from the CCP encirclement on its own. Although Sun himself made it safely back to
Nanjing, most of his officers and soldiers were killed or captured in the process. Du Yuming decided to hold out as Chiang had ordered. As one of the ablest strategists in the ROC army, Du Yuming came up with
843:
of the
Seventh Army had to wait for three days before troops from the Ninth Pacification Zone arrived, and consequently several bridgeheads were unsecured prior to the crossing. On 8 November, 23,000 Nationalist troops defected to the CCP side, exposing the retreat route of the Seventh Army back to
918:
to battle the communists; second, to wait for reinforcements; and the third was to break out on their own. He was disappointed when Chiang chose the riskiest one: order them to break out. There was more than a month of heavy snowfalls, which made the ROC air forces unable to provide air support to
852:
overruled his plan as being too risky and ordered the Xuzhou
Garrison to rescue Seventh Army directly. The CCP anticipated this move from good intelligence and correct reasoning, and deployed more than half of the Eastern China Field Army to blocking the relief effort. More importantly, Lieutenant
893:'s Sixth Army tried to break the Communist siege but to no avail. The Twelfth Army also ceased to exist after nearly a month of bloody conflicts, with many newly taken Nationalist prisoners of war joining the Communist forces instead. Only Huang's deputy commander, Lieutenant General
880:
were completely exposed to
Communist attack. The Communist sympathizer in the Nationalist government managed to persuade Chiang to move the Nationalist headquarters to the south. In the meanwhile, the Communist Central Plains Field Army intercepted the Nationalist Twelfth Army led by
786:, the acting commander of the Eastern China Field Army proposed an operational plan to the CCP war council. The plan was to encircle the Nationalist Sixth and Seventh Army, which were still stationed in the Shandong province. The council quickly approved this plan and ordered the
861:
did try but was blocked by the CCP. The
Seventh Army managed to hold out for 16 days without supplies and reinforcement and inflicted 49,000 casualties on the PLA forces before being destroyed. Huang Baitao committed suicide in his headquarters on November 22, 1948.
857:, commander of the Second Army, had a personal feud with Huang Baitao, had been given faulty intelligence in previous battles, and did not commit his elite American-trained 5th Corps into battle. The Thirteenth Army commanded by Lieutenant General
941:
The heavy losses suffered by
Whampoa-trained troops under the direct command of Chiang significantly weakened the position of Chiang in the Nationalist government. With pressure from former political rivals such as
848:, the commander of the Nationalist garrison in Xuzhou, decided to attack the Central Plains Field Army and capture the key railway checkpoints to break the siege on the Seventh Army. However, Chiang Kai-shek and
844:
Xuzhou. 70,000 men of the PLA marched on and surrounded the main forces of the
Seventh Army east of Xuzhou, and intercepted the remaining Nationalist forces as they were crossing the river.
1018:
1815:
1004:; there was a scene dedicated to this campaign, also Assembly was initially set on this part of campaign, which the protagonist's group was sacrificed to save the whole regiment.
605:
1415:
787:
799:
1811:
477:
839:
As the
Nationalist Sixth and Seventh Army began retreating to Xuzhou by crossing the Grand Canal, they were behind their original schedule. Lieutenant General
1001:
736:
160:
615:
1492:
968:
1115:
972:
in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the CCP, the second film of which was centered on the
Huaihai Campaign, starring
553:
1671:
806:(Political Commissar of the Central Plains Field Army) to assault the Nationalist garrison in Henan and Anhui to breakthrough to Shandong.
1890:
1342:
470:
1617:
1460:
755:
to the CCP on 24 September 1948, the PLA began planning for a larger campaign to engage the remaining Nationalist forces in the
1363:
463:
1905:
1520:
1397:
1268:
1157:
538:
1910:
1449:
1407:
976:
as Mao Zedong, Zhao Hengduo as Chiang Kai-shek, Fu Xuecheng as Liu Bocheng, Liu Xitian as Chen Yi, Xie Weicai as Su Yu,
1245:
1226:
1310:
1291:
1207:
347:
334:
321:
309:
297:
277:
257:
238:
219:
207:
144:
100:
1013:
503:
17:
1800:
1335:
573:
1411:
672:
526:
1840:
1637:
691:
610:
149:
1829:
1565:
1480:
768:
593:
1488:
1393:
1124:
732:
54:
1885:
1880:
1328:
1149:
996:
814:
1579:
1575:
963:
1825:
1627:
1603:
1587:
1535:
1444:
1435:
728:
583:
516:
177:
111:
818:
Communist forces' campaigns during November 1948 up to January 1949, the northern one being the
1900:
1895:
1850:
1704:
1700:
1384:
620:
521:
155:
1714:
910:
three different options for the current hopeless situation: first, recall the ROC troops in
1440:
991:
890:
871:
326:
8:
1738:
1667:
1484:
1457:
858:
795:
588:
545:
314:
1607:
1545:
1219:
Inheritance of Loss: China, Japan, and the Political Economy of Redemption After Empire
1069:
1044:
905:
On December 15, the day which the 12th army was wiped out, the 16th army under General
830:
Map showing the Huaihai campaign as one of the three campaigns during Chinese civil war
826:
739:
on 6 November 1948, and ended on 10 January 1949 when the PLA reached the north of the
1804:
1793:
1769:
1751:
1657:
1599:
1595:
1583:
1469:
1465:
1389:
1351:
1306:
1287:
1280:
1264:
1257:
1241:
1222:
1203:
1153:
764:
720:
578:
558:
488:
455:
419:
183:
41:
447:
Total: 555,099 of which 327,000 were either captured or went over to the Communists.
1783:
1728:
1591:
1453:
819:
639:
568:
563:
286:
266:
188:
930:
1718:
1477:
1473:
986:
954:, the President of the Nationalist government, stepped down on January 21, 1949.
951:
752:
247:
228:
1141:
1071:
Analyzing Two Key Points of the Huaihai Campaign Using Sun Tzu's Net Assessment
1046:
Analyzing Two Key Points of the Huaihai Campaign Using Sun Tzu's Net Assessment
1874:
1682:
1146:
The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War
977:
906:
849:
803:
772:
383:
352:
212:
1369:
854:
840:
282:
262:
1123:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. Archived from
922:
Throughout the campaign, large amounts of ROC troops defected to the CCP.
1555:
981:
947:
791:
407:
371:
1173:
1117:
Moving the Enemy: Operational Art in the Chinese PLA's Huai Hai Campaign
865:
1761:
1647:
1373:
943:
886:
724:
531:
339:
900:
705:
702:
699:
696:
686:
683:
680:
677:
653:
650:
647:
644:
1431:
882:
845:
243:
224:
58:
1320:
767:, the Nationalist government decided to deploy on both sides of the
911:
756:
84:
1019:
Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China
894:
740:
302:
125:
88:
876:
With the Seventh Army no longer in existence, the east flank of
437:
1,100,000 combatants - 600,000 regulars, 500,000 reserve militia
1425:
1420:
1402:
1379:
984:
as Huang Baitao and Sheng Zhong as Qiu Qingquan. The 2007 film
973:
935:
877:
760:
710:
658:
834:
719:), was one of the military conflicts in the late stage of the
1503:
915:
783:
395:
96:
92:
49:
1282:
Decisive encounters : the Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950
1178:
1002:
60th year of the founding of the People's Republic of China
1303:
General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China
990:
was also based on the Huaihai campaign. More recently the
763:. In face of the rapidly deteriorating military situation
485:
866:
Shuangduiji campaign (23 November – 15 December 1948)
901:
Fall of Xuzhou (23 December 1948 – 10 January 1949)
822:, and the southern one being the Huai-Hai campaign.
771:to prevent the PLA from advancing south toward the
161:
General Suppression Headquarters of Xuzhou Garrison
1279:
1256:
802:and liaison to the Central Plains Field Army) and
1872:
1336:
885:coming from Henan as reinforcements. General
735:(PLA) launched a major offensive against the
471:
1672:Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists
980:as Deng Xiaoping, Xu Zhengyun as Du Yuming,
61:light tanks, attacking the Nationalist lines
835:Encirclement of Xuzhou (6–22 November 1948)
1343:
1329:
478:
464:
1305:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1240:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1202:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1109:
27:Battle of the Chinese Civil War (1948–49)
1300:
1221:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1074:(MA). University of Massachusetts Amhers
1049:(MA). University of Massachusetts Amhers
929:
825:
813:
1286:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1263:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1200:The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949
1197:
248:
229:
14:
1873:
1277:
1254:
889:'s Eighth Army and Lieutenant General
1350:
1324:
1140:
1086:
1067:
1042:
731:(CCP). The campaign started when the
539:Resumption of hostilities (1945–1949)
459:
124:Communists occupy areas north of the
1235:
1216:
1174:"The Founding of a Republic (2009)"
934:Huaihai Campaign Memorial Tower in
24:
1891:Campaigns of the Chinese Civil War
1134:
1113:
25:
1922:
759:province and their main force in
737:Kuomintang headquarters in Xuzhou
73:6 November 1948 – 10 January 1949
1812:ROC Government retreat to Taiwan
1496:
1483:
1464:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1419:
1401:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1014:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
504:Outline of the Chinese Civil War
413:
401:
389:
377:
365:
346:
333:
320:
308:
296:
276:
256:
237:
218:
206:
171:
143:
48:
1801:Yangtze River Crossing campaign
994:(上海电影制片厂) made the 2009 film,
778:
75:(2 months and 4 days)
1166:
1061:
1036:
966:released the epic war trilogy
715:
695:
676:
663:
527:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
57:troops, supported by captured
13:
1:
1841:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1816:PRC incorporation of Xinjiang
1408:Constitutional ROC Government
1024:
746:
611:Kuomintang Islamic insurgency
1906:Military history of Shandong
1830:Wanshan Archipelago Campaign
1566:Chinese Communist Revolution
1029:
925:
7:
1911:Military history of Jiangsu
1426:Republic of China on Taiwan
1394:National Revolutionary Army
1362:Principal belligerents and
1007:
809:
10:
1927:
1638:Fujian People's Government
1504:People's Republic of China
1198:Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986).
1190:
1150:Cambridge University Press
1148:. Cambridge New York, NY:
997:The Founding of a Republic
869:
1511:
1358:
1278:Westad, Odd Arne (2003).
788:Central Plains Field Army
643:
498:
441:
428:
196:
135:
65:
47:
39:
34:
1489:People's Liberation Army
1301:Worthing, Peter (2017).
964:August First Film Studio
957:
800:Eastern China Field Army
733:People's Liberation Army
55:People's Liberation Army
1628:Chinese Soviet Republic
1604:Autumn Harvest Uprising
729:Chinese Communist Party
517:Autumn Harvest Uprising
511:First Phase (1927–1937)
178:Chinese Communist Party
1851:Project National Glory
1826:Hainan Island campaign
1705:Double Tenth Agreement
1701:Chongqing Negotiations
1618:Encirclement campaigns
938:
831:
823:
522:Encirclement campaigns
197:Commanders and leaders
156:Republic of China Army
1715:Jiaochangkou Incident
1217:Koga, Yukiko (2016).
1068:Chien, Jimmy (2015).
1043:Chien, Jimmy (2015).
933:
829:
817:
769:Tianjin–Pukou Railway
621:Cross-strait conflict
442:Casualties and losses
1255:Taylor, Jay (2009).
1236:Lary, Diana (2015).
992:Shanghai Film Studio
872:Shuangduiji campaign
1668:Second United Front
1588:Nanjing–Wuhan split
1536:Sun–Joffe Manifesto
1385:National Government
1000:to commemorate the
969:Decisive Engagement
673:traditional Chinese
1608:Guangzhou Uprising
1546:First United Front
939:
832:
824:
798:(Commander of the
692:simplified Chinese
616:China–Burma border
1886:Conflicts in 1949
1881:Conflicts in 1948
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1770:Liaoshen campaign
1752:Yu Zisan Incident
1719:Peiping rape case
1688:
1687:
1600:Nanchang uprising
1596:Little Long March
1584:Shanghai massacre
1374:Nationalist Party
1352:Chinese Civil War
1270:978-0-674-03338-2
1259:The Generalissimo
1238:China's Civil War
1159:978-1-009-29761-5
820:Ping-Jin campaign
721:Chinese Civil War
669:Battle of Hsupeng
629:
628:
490:Chinese Civil War
487:Campaigns of the
454:
453:
184:Second Field Army
150:Republic of China
131:
130:
42:Chinese Civil War
16:(Redirected from
1918:
1784:Pingjin campaign
1780:Huaihai campaign
1729:Marshall Mission
1694:
1693:
1580:Shanghai Commune
1576:Nanking incident
1529:
1528:
1514:
1513:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1468:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1424:
1423:
1412:ROC Armed Forces
1406:
1405:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1297:
1285:
1274:
1262:
1251:
1232:
1213:
1184:
1183:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1111:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1040:
765:in the Northeast
717:
708:
689:
665:
656:
636:Huaihai campaign
493:
491:
480:
473:
466:
457:
456:
418:
417:
416:
406:
405:
404:
394:
393:
392:
382:
381:
380:
370:
369:
368:
351:
350:
338:
337:
325:
324:
313:
312:
301:
300:
291:
281:
280:
271:
261:
260:
250:
242:
241:
231:
223:
222:
211:
210:
189:Third Field Army
176:
175:
174:
148:
147:
67:
66:
52:
35:Huaihai campaign
32:
31:
21:
18:Huaihai Campaign
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1832:
1828:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1795:Taiping Steamer
1782:
1768:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1474:New Fourth Army
1445:Soviet Republic
1436:Communist Party
1428:
1418:
1400:
1377:
1354:
1349:
1319:
1313:
1294:
1271:
1248:
1229:
1210:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1142:Coble, Parks M.
1139:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1087:
1077:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1010:
960:
952:Chiang Kai-shek
928:
903:
874:
868:
837:
812:
781:
749:
632:
631:
630:
625:
554:Northeast China
494:
489:
486:
484:
424:
414:
412:
402:
400:
390:
388:
378:
376:
366:
364:
358:
355:
345:
342:
332:
329:
319:
307:
295:
287:
275:
267:
255:
236:
217:
205:
172:
170:
142:
120:
103:
74:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1924:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1658:Xi'an Incident
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1470:8th Route Army
1461:Liberated Area
1367:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1298:
1292:
1275:
1269:
1252:
1247:978-1107054677
1246:
1233:
1228:978-0226412139
1227:
1214:
1208:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1165:
1158:
1133:
1130:on 2009-03-26.
1114:Bjorge, Gary.
1085:
1060:
1034:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1006:
959:
956:
927:
924:
902:
899:
870:Main article:
867:
864:
836:
833:
811:
808:
780:
777:
748:
745:
716:Xúbèng Huìzhàn
664:Huáihǎi Zhànyì
627:
626:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
602:
601:
597:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
542:
541:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
512:
508:
507:
499:
496:
495:
483:
482:
475:
468:
460:
452:
451:
450:Total: 134,000
448:
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
431:
430:
426:
425:
423:
422:
410:
398:
386:
374:
361:
359:
357:
356:
343:
330:
317:
305:
293:
273:
253:
234:
215:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
192:
191:
186:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
138:
137:
133:
132:
129:
128:
122:
116:
115:
109:
105:
104:
83:
81:
77:
76:
71:
63:
62:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1923:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1901:1949 in China
1899:
1897:
1896:1948 in China
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1683:Dixie Mission
1681:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1659:
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136:Belligerents
40:Part of the
1556:Canton Coup
982:Xu Huanshan
948:Bai Chongxi
792:Liu Bocheng
408:Tan Zhenlin
372:Liu Bocheng
119:Territorial
1875:Categories
1739:Operation
1648:Long March
1025:References
944:Li Zongren
891:Li Yannian
887:Liu Ruming
751:After the
747:Background
725:Kuomintang
546:Operation
532:Long March
340:Liu Ruming
327:Li Yannian
1847:1961–1972
1837:1950–1958
1776:1948–1949
1741:Beleaguer
1735:1945–1949
1725:1945–1947
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1624:1931–1934
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1521:Post-1945
1364:campaigns
1030:Citations
926:Aftermath
883:Huang Wei
846:Du Yuming
600:Aftermath
589:Guningtou
548:Beleaguer
244:Huang Wei
225:Du Yuming
112:Communist
59:M5 Stuart
1808:Incident
1806:Amethyst
1797:Incident
1766:incident
1517:Pre-1945
1454:Red Army
1144:(2023).
1078:22 April
1053:22 April
1008:See also
987:Assembly
853:General
810:Campaign
757:Shandong
727:and the
606:Xinjiang
579:Shanghai
559:Liaoshen
429:Strength
85:Shandong
80:Location
1764:Kiangya
1191:Sources
895:Hu Lien
850:Liu Zhi
796:Chen Yi
741:Yangtze
640:Chinese
594:Wanshan
569:Pingjin
564:Huaihai
434:800,000
420:Chen Yi
303:Hu Lien
289:†
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246: (
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213:Liu Zhi
126:Yangtze
121:changes
114:victory
89:Jiangsu
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958:Films
916:Wuhan
912:Xi'an
859:Li Mi
784:Su Yu
396:Su Yu
315:Li Mi
101:China
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93:Anhui
1822:1950
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1758:1948
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1711:1946
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1654:1936
1572:1927
1552:1926
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1532:1923
1478:etc.
1307:ISBN
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1223:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1179:IMDb
1154:ISBN
1080:2022
1055:2022
946:and
914:and
634:The
70:Date
1762:SS
249:POW
230:POW
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651:戰
648:海
645:淮
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