214:
797:
distributing materials related to the May 1980 Kwangju uprising. At the end of the year he was awaiting trial without physical detention. In another case four members of a nongovernmental organization (NGO) were detained and charged in
September with illegal contact with Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) agents and distribution of North Korean press material for the purpose of exalting DPRK leader Kim Jong-il. The NGO claimed the government used falsehoods against the four and filed a defamation claim for damages. At year's end the four were in detention awaiting trial, and the defamation claim had not been settled.
691:
they were illegal, scenes of extreme violence can be barred and pornography is forbidden from showing penetration of any kind, and genitals must be blurred out. Though technically legal, pornography must still meet some minimum standards of artistic integrity, which are not clearly written in the law. In 1997 a human rights film festival was blocked and the organizers arrested for refusing to submit their films for pre-screening. The government blocks access to North Korean websites and, sometimes, to major overseas web sites that host blogs. There is currently a debate over whether to revoke the ability to make anonymous comments online.
185:
295:
101:
159:
583:
268:
41:
861:
424:
834:
as well as to other countries, such as
Australia and Japan. Relatively small numbers of migrants seeking opportunities in the country were believed to have become victims of trafficking, although the MOL Employment Permit System reduced the number of workers trafficked into the country. There were reports that human traffickers exploited ROK passports for the purpose of human trafficking. There was no credible evidence that officials were involved in trafficking.
2225:
61:
2235:
838:
restricted issuance or confiscation of passports of persons engaging in illegal activity overseas, including sex trafficking. However, some NGOs believed the laws against sex trafficking were not being enforced to their fullest potential. During the year authorities conducted 220 trafficking investigations and prosecuted in 31 cases, all for sex trafficking. There were no reported prosecutions or convictions of labor trafficking offenses.
632:(NHRCK) was founded by the government and rule of president Kim. During his rule, NGO's relating to rights fields were given funds to operate and strengthen the civil society. When his successor Roh followed the former president and promoted reforms such as transparency, expanding welfare and social support, the nation had high hopes. However, his inexperience in the political arena slowed down the execution of his plans.
552:(1910-1945) and solidified civil and political rights in 1919 in Shanghai by Korean refugees. Within Korea, the circulation of the ideas of rights provided experience in the organization and protest strategy. Since under the colonial rule, many Koreans experienced dual legal standards and abuse such as torture by the Japanese. Hence, the establishment of a legal system was pursued by the Korean nationalists.
572:. Civil liberties, most especially the freedoms of speech and association, were significantly curtailed and regime opponents risked torture and imprisonment. The intervention of the United States advisors to prevent the use of force and violence in political cases were unsuccessful as well as the sponsorship for legal reforms. These conflicts continued in the presidency of Park Chung-Hee.
487:, which compiles the legal rights of its citizens. These rights are protected by the Constitution and include amendments and national referendum. These rights have evolved significantly from the days of military dictatorship to the current state as a constitutional democracy with free and fair elections for the presidency and the members of the
830:
trafficked to the country for sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. They were recruited personally or answered advertisements and were flown to Korea, often with entertainer or tourist visas. In some instances, once these visa recipients arrived in the country, employers illegally held victims' passports.
803:
An
Amnesty International (AI) report alleged there were arbitrary arrests of bystanders on at least three occasions during demonstrations against President Lee Myung-bak in Seoul between May and September. Those arrested were detained and released. The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA) stated that
841:
The
Marriage Brokerage Management Act, which entered into effect in June, regulates both domestic and international marriage brokers and prescribes penalties for dishonest brokers, including sentences of up to three years' imprisonment or fines. There also are laws to protect "foreign brides" in the
837:
The law prohibits trafficking for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, including debt bondage, and prescribes up to 10 years' imprisonment. Trafficking for forced labor is criminalized and carries penalties of up to five years' imprisonment. February revisions to the
Passport Act allow for
833:
Some foreign women recruited for legal and brokered marriages with Korean men ended up in situations of sexual exploitation, debt bondage, and involuntary servitude once married. Korean women were trafficked primarily for sexual exploitation to the United States, sometimes through Canada and Mexico,
690:
However, there is a striking phenomenon in the censorship, which is more visible and executed in the media. Songs and theater play in
Japanese language or relating to Japan are generally prohibited. Despite the lifting of most regulations in 1996 and 1998 following a Constitutional Court ruling that
848:
The government maintained a network of shelters and programs to assist victims of abuse, including trafficking victims. Victims were also eligible for medical, legal, vocational, and social support services. NGOs with funding from the government provided many of these services. NGOs reported that
754:
The government has taken major steps to minimize the impact the refugees might have on its policy towards the North. An
Internet radio station operated by refugees, broadcasting for those living in the North, was subject to a campaign of harassment that ended in it being unable to afford its rent
671:
In the
Constitution of Republic of Korea, there are rights and freedoms for its citizens. For instance, freedom of speech or press. Hence, there is no official censorship in place. The National Security Law makes it a crime to express sympathies with North Korea, and though it is not consistently
643:, both rulings led to a downfall of the political freedom and human rights sector through budget cuts, defamation suits against the press. During Park's presidency term, a UN investigator was arrant to make a critical assessment on the performance and execution of the president Park of protests.
555:
After the liberation from the
Japanese rule in 1945, the execution of the human rights was hindered by factors as the division of the northern and southern part and their ideological conflict. Also, the practices of the Japanese colonial rule were still in place and enacted. For most of the 20th
792:
grants the authorities broad powers to detain, arrest, and imprison persons who commit acts the government views as intended to endanger the "security of the state." Critics continued to call for reform or abolishment of the law, contending that its provisions did not define prohibited activity
733:
South Korea's still continuing traditionalist beliefs result in few people being open about their homosexuality. Homosexuality is discouraged, although homosexuality is legal in South Korea. As a result, there are few if any legal protections in place for gays and lesbians, and many of them are
494:
South Korean democracy has legally protected rights for political, civil and socio-economic individuals, although there are limitations and even discrimination against certain groups. These groups are certified as at-risk groups and comprise women, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons
775:
In 1997, the government enacted legislation protecting the legal and human rights of soldiers serving in the military by approving a bill that bans physical, verbal, or sexual abuse among soldiers. In one incident an Army captain was arrested on charges of maltreating trainees, after allegedly
771:
Through much of modern South Korean history, the military was largely cushioned from public scrutiny, resulting in decades of abuse and inhumane treatment among military personnel. Since 1993, the public has vocally deplored the human rights violations taking place within the military, such as
767:
Military service is mandatory for nearly all South Korean men. According to
Amnesty International, there were 758 conscientious objectors (mostly Jehovah's Witnesses) detained for refusing to perform their military service as of June 2004. In 2018, a Constitutional Court ruling found that the
829:
The law prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons; however, there were reports that persons were trafficked to, from, through, and within the country. Women from Russia, other countries of the former Soviet Union, China, Mongolia, the Philippines, and other Southeast Asian countries were
796:
In 2008, authorities arrested 16 persons and prosecuted another 27 persons for alleged NSL violations. Of those prosecuted, four were found guilty; the remaining 23 were on trial as of year's end. In August authorities indicted a secondary school teacher on charges of violating the NSL for
849:
there was only one counseling center and two shelters in the country dedicated to foreign victims of sex trafficking. The MOJ continued to educate male clients of prostitution to correct distorted views of prostitution. During the year 17,956 individuals participated in the program.
793:
clearly. The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) maintained that the courts had established legal precedents for strict interpretation of the law that preclude arbitrary application. The number of NSL investigations and arrests has dropped significantly in recent years.
755:
after less than one month of operation. The station accused the government of either being behind the campaign or tacitly encouraging it. The government also blocked activists from sending radios to the North, and a scuffle reportedly left activist
745:
Just as the DPRK considers South Koreans as fellow citizens, North Koreans are considered citizens of the Republic of Korea, and are automatically given South Korean citizenship and passports upon arrival into ROK territory. However, many
1722:
750:
have complained that they find integration into South Korean society to be difficult. They say they often face social ostracism and a government that would rather they keep quiet about the human rights situation in the North.
925:
2190:
498:
According to the Freedom in the World index, South Korea is considered to have a high human rights record in the category for human freedom in civil and political rights, with 83 points out of the 100 points in 2024.
2200:
804:
police followed the requirements of the law in responding to the demonstrations. The MOJ reported that official investigations had not confirmed any instances of arbitrary arrest as of year's end.
1726:
165:
545:
that dominantly focused on the paternalistic responsibility of the government and their ruling. In the 19th century, these ideas transformed into the equality of gender and social class.
676:
in North Korea has come under significant pressure from authorities to tone down its criticism and the producers have allegedly been threatened with prosecution under the security law.
715:
The large population of workers from Southeast Asia, over half of whom are estimated to be in the country illegally, face considerable discrimination both in and out of the workplace.
679:
Some conservative groups have complained that police keep a tight watch on their demonstrations and that some people were prevented from attending rallies. Former Unification Minister
2195:
845:
The KNPA and the MOJ were principally responsible for enforcing antitrafficking laws. The government worked with the international community on investigations related to trafficking.
718:
This has led to the privately funded establishment of a school specifically targeted at children with an immigrated parent, with English and Korean as its main languages. When
734:
afraid to come out to their families, friends, and co-workers. Gay men are not allowed to serve in the military, and in 2005 five soldiers were discharged for homosexuality.
1642:
807:
A particular incident of the South Korean government abusing human right is the unjust arrest of Jeong Weon-seop (์ ์์ญ) for a child rape incident on September 27, 1972. The
985:
1269:
776:
forcing 192 conscripts to eat faeces. The National Human Rights Commission of Korea launched a probe into the case since it infringed on human rights.
1318:
1430:
1302:
461:
1396:
712:
South Korea, like Japan, is one of the most ethnically homogeneous countries in the world, and it is difficult for outsiders to be fully accepted.
1605:
1577:
1455:
1215:
1189:
1163:
116:
311:
1344:
1028:
800:
In November 2007 a university professor found guilty of violating the NSL and sentenced in 2006 to two years in prison lost his final appeal.
1816:
613:
The Burim Case in the 1981, saw innocent individuals, who were part of a book club, arbitrary arrested and severely tortured into making a
687:. Several established human rights organizations, however, have held lectures and exhibits critical of North Korea with no interference.
576:
283:
1806:
1646:
663:
629:
2114:
1801:
694:
Frank La Rue, The U.N. Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Opinion and Expression, announced that the government under the President
365:
628:, a former human right lawyer-turned-politician, the Republic of Korea was progressive in the foundation of the human rights. The
2139:
606:
saw an increase in pro-democracy activity that forced free elections to be held in 1992, putting long-time human rights activist
248:
1477:
2159:
1527:
502:
In the Constitution, the citizens are given the rights of freedom of speech, press, petition and assembly for its nationals.
434:
454:
334:
1139:
2259:
1864:
1812:
372:
339:
1666:
1832:
789:
506:
142:
129:
556:
century South Korean citizens lived under non-democratic rule, most notably under the authoritarian military regimes of
657:
602:
in 1980, public desire for democracy and greater civil liberties was increasingly expressed; the years just before the
1748:
1693:
178:
1949:
1788:
2264:
820:
447:
377:
204:
149:
136:
2154:
2059:
1502:
768:
government could not imprison conscientious objectors, but had to provide alternative forms of service for them.
488:
107:
94:
785:
1276:
811:
pardoned Jeong on October 27, 2011, based on unreliable evidences and illicit police procedures of that time.
517:; though it is unevenly enforced and prosecutions decline every year, there are still cases brought annually.
2164:
302:
221:
1057:
2109:
2074:
2029:
1322:
243:
1556:
1552:
1434:
1300:
1994:
1889:
1408:
874:
824:
684:
484:
67:
1371:
213:
2119:
2094:
2009:
1989:
1939:
1909:
1899:
1602:
1581:
1463:
1219:
1193:
1167:
1117:
Former UN Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association (2011-17)
879:
707:
587:
145:
132:
22:
2205:
2084:
2079:
1959:
949:
842:
country and punish fraudulent marriage brokers, but NGOs claimed the laws needed to be strengthened.
549:
54:
1087:
2149:
2099:
2054:
2034:
2024:
1924:
1881:
1857:
1677:
1348:
1036:
673:
352:
344:
327:
261:
191:
119:
973:
2124:
2039:
2019:
1904:
1894:
184:
31:
2169:
2104:
2069:
2004:
1984:
1974:
1934:
1919:
1914:
808:
747:
274:
234:
123:
294:
2210:
2129:
2089:
2064:
2044:
1979:
1954:
1944:
1929:
1836:
314:
2049:
2014:
1969:
1964:
1873:
1372:"U.N. rapporteur reports freedom of expression severely curtailed under Lee administration"
1062:
405:
100:
8:
2179:
1850:
603:
579:
fabricated a spy ring, imprisoning 34 citizens, to solidify the rule of Park Chung Hee.
158:
1826:
1755:
1245:
986:
South Korea: Jail sentence for man who praised North an attack on freedom of expression
866:
756:
428:
385:
76:
1621:
2234:
1784:
1481:
1112:
683:
was once accused of attempting to distract reporters from a meeting of activists for
730:, it sparked a debate in Korean society about the treatment mixed children receive.
1531:
1319:"South Korea: Students arrested as authorities suppress human rights film festival"
723:
680:
672:
enforced, there are over 100 people imprisoned under it annually. A play about the
614:
599:
591:
542:
1609:
1459:
1306:
1032:
410:
398:
901:
561:
526:
1822:
1003:
2253:
2228:
727:
695:
640:
636:
607:
565:
200:
1667:
Jehovah's Witness website, article on conscientious objectors in South Korea
1701:
1403:
625:
621:
582:
557:
538:
475:
230:
267:
2238:
788:, and the government generally observed these prohibitions. However, the
569:
530:
514:
479:
40:
1842:
719:
534:
495:(LGBT) and racial and ethnic minorities such as refugees and migrants.
60:
1506:
510:
286:
541:. Before that, the traditional political ideals were based in the
1246:"Internet Censorship is Part of South Korea's Democracy Package"
668:
Every Korean citizen over the age of 19 has the right to vote.
1216:"Exhibition in Yeouido Stand Witness to ยกยฎN. Korean Holocaust"
624:, a democracy activist and a Nobel Peace Prize recipient; and
698:
severely curtailed the freedom of expression in South Korea.
1578:"NK Defector Internet Radio Station to Suspend Broadcasting"
1622:"Asia-Pacific | Radio air-drop into N Korea thwarted"
1164:"N.K. Prison Camp Musical Falls Foul of Seoul Officialdom"
1783:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, August 28, 2001,
525:
The emergence of human rights can be traced back to the
1113:"Country visit: Republic of Korea (A/HRC/32/36/Add.2)"
926:"International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"
529:(1392-1910) with the enlightenment movement reformers
1694:"Improving Human Rights in the South Korean Military"
974:
South Korea: Freedom in the World 2024 Country Report
856:
1058:"Five 'Burim' defendants acquitted 33 years later"
1781:Unbroken Spirits: 19 Years in South Korea's Gulag
1687:
1685:
950:"World Report 2020: Rights Trends in South Korea"
2251:
701:
1088:"A Lost Decade for Human Rights in South Korea"
617:that they were reading "communist literature."
1682:
1190:"Conservative Groups Tailed on Liberation Day"
1134:
1132:
1858:
1802:The National Human Rights Commission of Korea
455:
1817:International Freedom of Expression Exchange
1528:"Double jeopardy for North Korean defectors"
1478:"Gay soldiers booted from South Korean army"
740:
1645:. Amnesty International USA. Archived from
1505:. NBC News. 22 January 2006. Archived from
1456:"Most Lesbians Suffer Discrimination: Poll"
1129:
1029:"Seoul Concocted 1967 East Berlin Spy Ring"
1865:
1851:
1503:"Young N. Koreans face ostracism in South"
779:
664:South Korean illegal surveillance incident
462:
448:
1698:International Affairs Journal at UC Davis
630:National Human Rights Commission of Korea
1872:
1428:
1026:
581:
1395:๊น (Kim), ํ๊ฒฝ (Hye-gyeong) (2011-02-16).
1394:
1345:"Cyber Attackers Face Legal Punishment"
2252:
1746:
1553:"67% of Defectors Face Discrimination"
1431:"Ward's Win Brings 'Race' to the Fore"
1244:Garcia, Raphael Tsavkko (2019-07-24).
1243:
1846:
1723:"Apache Tomcat/7.0.23 - Error report"
1239:
1237:
485:Constitution of the Republic of Korea
1747:Im (์), Su-jeong (์์ ) (2011-10-27).
1555:. Times.hankooki.com. Archived from
1082:
1080:
998:
996:
994:
896:
894:
814:
651:
1691:
1369:
1250:The News Lens International Edition
13:
1773:
1480:. Associated Press. Archived from
1234:
902:"ICL - South Korea - Constitution"
658:Freedom of religion in South Korea
646:
509:criminalizes speech in support of
14:
2276:
1795:
1144:United States Department of State
1077:
991:
891:
635:Following these presidencies are
2233:
2224:
2223:
1813:Archive of South Korean coverage
859:
821:Human trafficking in South Korea
422:
293:
266:
212:
183:
157:
99:
59:
39:
1740:
1715:
1671:
1660:
1635:
1614:
1596:
1570:
1545:
1520:
1495:
1470:
1448:
1422:
1388:
1363:
1337:
1311:
1294:
1262:
1208:
1182:
1156:
1105:
726:heritage, earned MVP honors in
2191:British Indian Ocean Territory
1833:Archive of South Korea reports
1823:Archive of South Korea reports
1433:. Hankooki.com. Archived from
1050:
1020:
979:
967:
942:
918:
786:arbitrary arrest and detention
548:These ideas spread during the
1:
885:
722:, who is of mixed Korean and
702:Minority and immigrant rights
303:Constitutional Court of Korea
222:Prime Minister of South Korea
1624:. News.bbc.co.uk. 2003-08-22
1530:. Asia Times. Archived from
1370:Son, Jun-hyun (2011-02-17).
1004:"South Korea - HUMAN RIGHTS"
7:
2260:Human rights in South Korea
1407:(in Korean). Archived from
875:Human rights in North Korea
852:
825:Prostitution in South Korea
762:
685:human rights in North Korea
674:Yodok political prison camp
594:victims' bodies were buried
68:Constitution of South Korea
10:
2281:
1643:"South Korea Human Rights"
1608:November 12, 2004, at the
1305:February 12, 2006, at the
1270:"้ๅฝใซใใใๆฅๆฌๅคง่กๆๅ็ตฑๅถ/ใซใคใใฆใฎๆณ็่ๅฏ"
880:LGBT rights in South Korea
818:
708:LGBT rights in South Korea
705:
661:
655:
588:May 18th National Cemetery
520:
2219:
2178:
2138:
1880:
1692:Kim, Daisy (2007-07-24).
1678:Facts and Details website
748:refugees from North Korea
741:Refugees from North Korea
1940:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1749:
1397:
620:Under the presidency of
550:Japanese colonial period
249:Administrative divisions
192:President of South Korea
21:This article is part of
2265:Human rights by country
2201:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1809:at Humantrafficking.org
1429:Kim Rahn (2006-09-02).
1398:ํ๊ตญ ์ด๋ถ์งํ ์ดํ ํํ์ ์์ ํฌ๊ฒ ์์ถ
780:Criminal Justice System
32:Politics of South Korea
1750:์ด์ธ๋๋ช
15๋
์ฅ์ด์ดโฆ์ฌ์ฌ์ ๋ฌด์ฃ ํ์
809:Supreme Court of Korea
595:
429:South Korea portal
335:Presidential elections
275:Supreme Court of Korea
1874:Human rights in Asia
1837:Amnesty International
1282:on September 30, 2007
988:Amnesty International
819:Further information:
790:National Security Act
586:Memorial Hall in the
585:
507:National Security Act
340:Legislative elections
2115:United Arab Emirates
1807:South Korea coverage
1603:Chosun Media website
1509:on November 23, 2014
1325:on November 21, 2004
1063:Korea JoongAng Daily
483:are codified in the
2142:limited recognition
1351:on February 1, 2006
1170:on February 7, 2006
906:www.servat.unibe.ch
604:1988 Seoul Olympics
1827:Human Rights Watch
1756:Yonhap News Agency
1584:on October 9, 2004
1484:on January 7, 2009
1196:on August 19, 2005
1066:. 13 February 2014
954:Human Rights Watch
930:docstore.ohchr.org
867:South Korea portal
784:The law prohibits
757:Norbert Vollertsen
596:
386:Basic Income Party
2247:
2246:
2184:other territories
1008:countrystudies.us
815:Human trafficking
652:Individual rights
489:National Assembly
472:
471:
366:Political parties
108:National Assembly
2272:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2196:Christmas Island
1882:Sovereign states
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1725:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1700:. Archived from
1689:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1618:
1612:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1580:. Archived from
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1462:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1347:. Archived from
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:. Archived from
1315:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1281:
1275:. Archived from
1274:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1241:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1222:on April 9, 2005
1218:. Archived from
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1192:. Archived from
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1166:. Archived from
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1035:. Archived from
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1000:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
964:
962:
961:
946:
940:
939:
937:
936:
922:
916:
915:
913:
912:
898:
869:
864:
863:
862:
772:extreme hazing.
724:African American
681:Chung Dong-young
615:false confession
600:Gwangju Massacre
592:Gwangju Massacre
464:
457:
450:
427:
426:
425:
297:
270:
216:
187:
161:
103:
63:
43:
18:
17:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2273:
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2269:
2250:
2249:
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2215:
2183:
2174:
2155:Northern Cyprus
2141:
2134:
1876:
1871:
1798:
1776:
1774:Further reading
1771:
1762:
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1716:
1707:
1705:
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1092:KOREA EXPOSร
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886:References
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706:See also:
662:See also:
656:See also:
598:After the
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2206:Hong Kong
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1787:
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