1089:, the orthosis must take over the stability and stance phase control when walking. Different knee-securing functional elements are needed depending on the weakness of these muscles. In order to compensate for functional deviations with slightly weakness of these muscle groups, a free moving mechanical knee joint with the mechanical pivot point behind the anatomical knee pivot point can be sufficient. In the case of significant weakness, knee flexion when walking must be controlled by functional elements that mechanically secure the knee joint during the early stance phases between loading response and mid stance. Stance phase control knee joints which lock the knee in the early stance phases and release it for knee flexion during the swing phase can be used here, with these joints, a natural gait pattern can be achieved despite mechanically securing against unwanted knee flexion. In these cases, locked knee joints are often used, and while they have a good safety function, the knee joint remains mechanically locked during the swing phase while walking. Patients with locked knee joints have to manage the swing phase with a stiff leg, which only works if the patient develops compensatory mechanisms, such as by raising the body's center of gravity in the swing phase (
1075:, the orthosis has to transfer large forces that the strong muscle group would otherwise take over. These forces are transmitted in a similar way to a ski boot during downhill skiing via the functional elements of the foot part, ankle joint and lower leg shell. Dynamic functional elements are preferable for the ankle joint as static functional elements would completely block the dorsiflexion, which would have to be compensated for by the upper body, resulting in an increased energy cost when walking. The functional element's resistance to protect against unwanted dorsiflexion should be able to be adapted according to the weakness of the plantar flexors. In the case of very weak plantar flexors, the functional element's resistance against undesired dorsiflexion must be very high in order to compensate for the functional deviations this causes. Adjustable functional elements allow the resistance to be adjusted exactly to the weakness of the muscle, and scientific studies recommend adjustable resistance in patients with paralysis or weakness of the plantar flexors.
586: – they are in the foreground of an optimal supply and are individually manufactured. If the physical examination of a patient is carried out precisely, the clinical picture often shows a combination of several functional deviations. Each functional deviation can be slight or severe. The combination of the functional deviation and its characteristics leads to a detailed indication. A major advantage of custom-made products is that the various necessary orthotic functions when doing the configuration of the orthotics can be optimally matched to the determined functional deviations. Another advantage of custom-made products is that each orthosis is made to fit the individual body shape of the patient. Custom-fabricated products were traditionally made by following a trace of the extremity with measurements to assist in creating a well-fitted device. Subsequently, the advent of plastics and later even more modern materials such as
1187:, different functional elements to compensate for their weakness can be integrated into the ankle joint; if both muscle groups are affected, the elements should be integrated into one orthotic joint. The necessary dynamics and resistance to movements in the ankle can be adapted via adjustable functional elements in the ankle joint of the orthosis, which allows it to compensate for muscle weaknesses, provide safety when standing and walking, and still allow as much mobility as possible. For example, adjustable spring units with pre-compression can enable an exact adaptation of both static and dynamic resistance to the measured degree of muscle weakness. Studies show the positive effects of these new technologies. It is of great advantage if the resistances for these two functional elements can be set separately.
1936:
1510:
408:
1004:. The forefoot lever required for energy-saving walking in the gait phases from mid-stance to pre-swing cannot be activated by the plantar flexors. This leads to excessive dorsiflexion in the ankle joint in terminal stance and a loss of energy while walking. The center of gravity of the body lowers towards the end of the stance phase and the knee of the contralateral leg is flexed excessively. With each step, the center of gravity must be raised above the leg by straightening the excessively flexed knee. Since the plantar flexors originate above the knee joint, they also have a knee-extension effect in the stance phase.
1230:
polypropylene are still called "DAFO" (dynamic ankle-foot orthosis), "SAFO" (solid ankle-foot orthosis) or "Hinged AFO". DAFOs are not stable enough to transfer the high forces required to balance the weak plantar flexors when standing and walking, and SAFOs block the mobility of the ankle joint. A "Hinged AFO" only allowed for the compensation that could be achieved with the orthotic joints of the time, for example, they commonly block plantar flexion, as the joints cannot simultaneously transmit the large forces that are required to compensate for muscle deviations while also offering the necessary dynamics.
1609:
unlocked knee joint can provide only minor compensation for paralysis-related issues while standing and walking, an orthotic knee joint with a rearward displacement of the pivot point can be installed in order to increase safety. However, even with this, a KAFO with a non-locked knee joint should only be used in cases of minor paralysis of the knee and hip extensors. With more severe paralysis and low levels of strength in these muscle groups, there is a significant risk of falling. A typical designation for a KAFO with a unlocked knee joint is, among other things, "KAFO with knee joint for movement control".
873:, rapid care with an orthosis is necessary. Often areas of the brain are affected that contain "programs" for controlling the musculoskeletal system. With the help of an orthosis, physiological standing and walking can be relearned, preventing long term health consequences caused by an abnormal gait pattern. According to Vladimir Janda, when configuring the orthotic it is important to understand that the muscle groups are not paralyzed, but are controlled by the brain with wrong impulses, and this is why a muscle function test can lead to incorrect results when assessing the ability to stand and walk.
335:
1837:
1210:
1560:
628:. The orthotist creates another detailed physical examination and compares it with the prescription from the physician. The orthotist describes the configuration of the orthosis, which shows which orthotic functions are required to compensate for the functional deviation of the neuromuscular or skeletal system and which functional elements must be integrated into the orthosis for this. Ideally, the necessary orthotic functions and the functional elements to be integrated are discussed in an interdisciplinary team between physician,
1405:
801:
862:
1725:
927:
2070:
641:
1057:
of the drop foot orthosis type is therefore not suitable for the care of patients with weakness in other muscle groups, as these patients require additional functional elements to be taken into account. Initial contact with the heel should be achieved by lifting the foot through the orthosis, and if the dorsiflexors are very weak, control of the rapid drop of the forefoot should be taken over by dynamic functional elements that allow for adjustable resistance of
5321:
1616:
order to be able to walk efficiently, without stumbling, and without compensating mechanisms, the joint should allow knee flexion of approximately 60° in the swing phase. The first promising developments of automatic knee joints, or stance phase locking knee joints, emerged in the 1990s. In the beginning there were automatic mechanical constructions that took over the locking and unlocking, now automatic electromechanical and automatic
519:
5331:
1061:. Orthoses should be adapted to the functional deviation of the dorsiflexors in order to correct the shock absorption of the heel rocker lever during loading response, but should not block plantar flexion of the ankle joint as this leads to excessive flexion in the knee and hip and an increase in the energy needed for walking. This is why static functional elements are not recommended when there are newer technical alternatives.
853:
groups. The compensatory gait is an unconscious reaction to the lack of security when standing or walking that usually worsens with increasing age; if the right functional elements are integrated into the orthosis to counter this, and maintain physiological mobility, the right motor impulses are sent to create new cerebral connections. The goal of an orthotic is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.
1351:
1917:
166:
125:
1456:
258:
707:
1716:
transfer their weight away from the ulcer to facilitate treatment. The anterior support shell is designed with a lateral hinged attachment to take advantage of the medial tibial flare structure to enhance the weight-bearing properties of the orthosis. A flexible, polyethylene hinge attaches the support shell to the L-shaped member and straps securely attach the anterior support shell to the user's lower leg.
1303:
1255:
75:
36:
1928:
273:
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patient's anatomy. Since the dynamics of the orthosis are executed via the orthotic joints, it is possible to manufacture the orthotic shells as stable and torsion-resistant, which is necessary for the quality and function of the orthosis. The orthosis thus offers the necessary stability to regain the security that has been lost due to paralysis when standing and walking.
1106:
877:
standing exercises, and this makes the work of mobilizing the patient at an early stage easier. With the right functional elements that maintain physiological mobility and provide security when standing and walking, the necessary motor impulses to create new cerebral connections can occur. Clinical studies confirm the importance of orthoses in stroke rehabilitation.
1593:
in order to not stumble, the leg must be swung forward and out in a circular arc (circumduction) or the hip must be raised unnaturally to swing the stiff leg. Each of these incorrect gait patterns can lead to secondary diseases in the bone and muscle system, and such compensatory movement patterns lead to increased energy consumption when walking. The film
605: – they are used for fast supply in the case of diseases that occur frequently. They are manufactured industrially and in some cases can be adapted to the anatomical body conditions. Semi-finished products are also referred to as prefabricated products and custom fitted products, but in these cases it is not custom-fabricated.
947:. When determining the strength levels of the six major muscle groups as part of the patient's medical history, fatigue can be taken into account by using a standardized six-minute walking test. According to Vladimir Janda the muscle function test is carried out in combination with the six-minute walk test in the following steps:
943:
severity, can lead to considerable restrictions in everyday life. Persistent stress, such as from walking, causes a deterioration in muscle function and has a significant effect on the spatial and temporal parameters of walking, for example by significantly reducing the cadence and walking speed. Fatigue can be measured as
1827:
Rehabilitation braces are used to limit the movement of the knee in both medial and lateral directions, these braces often have an adjustable range of motion, and can be used to limit flexion and extension following ACL reconstruction. They are primarily used after injury or surgery to immobilize the
1810:
by realigning the knee joint. In this way a KO may help reduce osteoarthritis pain, however, there is no clear evidence about the most effective orthosis or the best approach to rehabilitation. A knee brace is not meant to treat an injury or disease on its own, but is used as a component of treatment
1746:
acting on the foot joints while standing, walking or running. They may be either pre-moulded (also called pre-fabricated) or custom made according to a cast or impression of the foot. They are used by everyone from athletes to the elderly to accommodate biomechanical deformities and a variety of soft
1663:
Relief
Orthoses are used when there is degeneration to a joint (from "wear and tear" for example) or after an injury such as a torn ligament. Relief orthoses are also used after operations such as operations on the joint ligaments, other bony, muscular structures, or after a complete replacement of a
1615:
The mechanical knee joint of a KAFO with locked and unlocked knee joint is locked when walking in the stance phase, providing the necessary stability and security for the user. The knee joint is then automatically unlocked in the swing phase, allowing the leg to be swung through without stumbling. In
1608:
An unlocked knee joint can move freely both when standing and when walking, both in the stance phase and in the swing phase. In order for the leg to swing through without stumbling, knee flexion of approximately 60° is allowed; the user does not need to unlock the knee joint to sit. As a KAFO with an
1601:
is additionally hindered in his urge to move by such orthoses. For centuries, KAFOs were built with mechanical knee joints that stiffened the knee of the paralyzed leg, and even today, such orthotic fittings are still common. Typical designations for a KAFO with a locked knee joint include "KAFO with
1205:
A drop foot orthosis is an AFO that only has one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors. If other muscle groups, such as the plantar flexors, are weak, additional functional elements must be taken into account, making a drop foot orthosis
1145:
fibers, and new knowledge about processing these materials into composite materials, the weight of orthotics has been reduced significantly. In addition to the weight reduction, these materials and technologies have created the possibility of making some areas of an orthosis so rigid that it can take
1056:
are weak, an orthosis should lift the forefoot during the swing phase in order to reduce the risk of the patient stumbling. An orthosis that has only one functional element for lifting the forefoot in order to compensate for a weakness in the dorsiflexors is also known as a drop foot orthosis. An AFO
852:
Patients with paralysis due to cerebral palsy or traumatic brain injury are usually treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO). Although in these patients the muscles are not paralyzed but being sent the wrong impulses from the brain, the functional elements used in the orthotics are the same for both
1792:
An AFO can also be used to immobilize the ankle and lower leg in the presence of arthritis or a fracture. Ankle–foot orthoses are the most commonly used orthoses, making up about 26% of all orthoses provided in the United States. According to a review of
Medicare payments from 2001 to 2006, the base
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systems are available that make standing and walking safer and more comfortable. Various terms are used for a KAFO with a locked and unlocked knee joint. Typical designations are "KAFO with automatic knee joint" or "KAFO with stance phase control knee joint". In scientific articles, the
English term
1592:
The mechanical knee joint is locked both when standing and also when walking (in both the stance and swing phases) in order to achieve the necessary stability. To sit, the user can unlock the knee joint. When walking with a locked knee joint it is difficult for the user to swing the leg forward and,
1237:
to call for a new standardization of the terminology. With a focus on caring for children with cerebral palsy there is a recommendation to investigate the potential for gait pattern improvement via the design and manufacture of orthotics made of polypropylene. On the other hand, integrating orthotic
961:
This sequence of muscle function test and six-minute walk test is used to determine whether muscular fatigue can be induced. If the test reveals muscular fatigue, the strength levels and measured fatigue should be included in the planning of an orthosis, and when determining the functional elements.
900:
Patients with paralysis after stroke who are able to walk have the option of analysing the gait pattern in order to determine the optimal function of an orthosis. One way of assessing is the classification according to the "N.A.P. Gait
Classification", which is a physiotherapeutic treatment concept.
670:
For the quality and function of a paralysis orthosis, it is important that the orthotic shell is in total-contact with the patient's leg to create an optimal fit, which is why a custom-made orthotic is often preferred. As reducing the weight of an orthosis significantly lessens the energy needed to
985:. The patient's foot cannot be sufficiently lifted during the swing phase while walking, as the necessary concentric work of the dorsiflexors can not be activated. There is a risk of stumbling, and the patient cannot influence the shock absorption when walking (gait phase, loading response), as the
735:
According to
Vladimir Janda, a muscle function test is carried out to determine strength levels. The degree of paralysis is given for each muscle group on a scale from 0 to 5, with the value 0 indicating complete paralysis (0%) and the value 5 indicating normal strength (100%). The values between 0
504:
In the United States, while orthotists require a prescription from a licensed healthcare provider, physical therapists are not legally authorized to prescribe orthoses. In the U.K., orthotists will often accept referrals from doctors or other healthcare professionals for orthotic assessment without
1801:
A knee orthosis (KO) or knee brace extends above and below the knee joint and is generally worn to support or align the knee. In the case of diseases causing neurological or muscular impairment of muscles surrounding the knee, a KO can prevent flexion, extension, or instability of the knee. If the
1632:
can be integrated into the ankle joint of the orthosis depending on the degree of paralysis of the two muscle groups. It is of great advantage if the resistances for these two functional elements can be set separately. The functional elements to compensate for paralysis of the knee-securing muscle
904:
This assessment is a two step process, in the first step, the patient is viewed from the side of the leg to be assessed, either directly or via a video recording. In gait type 1 the knee angle is hyperextended, while in type 2 the knee angle is flexed. In the second step the patient is viewed from
1862:
Upper-limb (or upper extremity) orthoses are mechanical or electromechanical devices applied externally to the arm, or segments of it, in order to restore or improve function or structural characteristics of the arm segments enclosed in the device. In general, musculoskeletal problems that may be
1844:
A soft brace, sometimes called soft support or a bandage, belong to the field of orthoses and are supposed to protect the joints from excessive loads. Soft braces are also classified according to regions of the body. In sport, bandages are used to protect bones and joints, and prevent and protect
1715:
A custom-made ankle/foot orthosis can be used for the treatment of patients with foot ulcers, it is a rigid L-shaped support member with a rigid anterior support shell on an articulated hinge. The plantar portion of the L-shaped member has at least one ulcer-protecting hollow to allow the user to
1641:
are integrated into the knee joint of the orthosis via knee-securing functional elements. A KAFO can use a variety of combinations of different variants in the stiffness of the foot shell, the different variants of the functional elements of a dynamic ankle joint, the variants in the shape of the
1172:
A custom-made AFO can compensate for functional deviations of muscle groups, it should be configured according to the patient data through a function and load calculation so that it meets the functional and load requirements. In calculating or configuring an AFO, variants are optimally matched to
1014:
are weak, there is an increased risk of falling when walking, as between loading response to the mid-stance the knee extensors control knee flexion inadequately, or not at all. To control the knee, the patient develops compensatory mechanisms that lead to an incorrect gait pattern, for example by
896:
is supplied with wrong impulses from the central nervous system, which leads to uncertainty when standing and walking, an unconscious compensatory gait can occur. When configuring an orthosis functional elements that can restore safety when standing and walking must be used in these cases; a foot
792:) can cause incorrect motor impulses that often result in clearly visible deviations in gait. The usefulness of muscle strength tests is therefore limited, as even with high degrees of strength, disturbances to the gait pattern can occur due to the incorrect control of the central nervous system.
876:
An important basic requirement for regaining the ability to walk is that the patient trains early on to stand on both legs safely and well balanced. An orthosis with functional elements to support balance and safety when standing and walking can be integrated into physical therapy from the first
690:
In addition, an orthosis can be individually configured through the use of orthosis joints. In this way, the combination of the orthotic joints and the adjustability of the functional elements can be adjusted to compensate for any existing functional deviations that have resulted from the muscle
598:
mold of the body part in question. This method is still extensively used throughout the industry. By introducing composite materials made of carbon fiber materials and aramid fibers embedded in an epoxy resin matrix, the weight of modern orthoses is extremely reduced. With this technique, modern
884:
are supplied with incorrect impulses from the central nervous system. This can lead to insufficient foot lifting during swing phase of walking, and in these cases, an orthosis that only has functional elements to support the dorsiflexors can be helpful. Such an orthosis is also called drop foot
1244:
The
International Committee of the Red Cross published its manufacturing guidelines for ankle–foot orthoses in 2006, and, unfortunately, today's terminologies are still based those guidelines and therefore require a particularly high level of explanation. The intent was to provide standardized
942:
in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis, just as in the case of diseases or injuries to the spinal/peripheral nervous system. However, patients with multiple sclerosis may experience muscular fatigue as well. The fatigue can be more or less pronounced and, depending on the
1974:
involving the T10 to L3 vertebrae, and a body jacket may be used to stabilize more involved fractures of the spine. There are several types of orthoses for managing cervical spine pathology. The halo brace is the most restrictive cervical thoracic orthosis in use; it is used to immobilize the
1819:
Prophylactic braces are used primarily by athletes participating in contact sports. Evidence indicates that prophylactic knee braces, like the ones football linemen wear that are often rigid with a knee hinge, are ineffective in reducing anterior cruciate ligament tears, but may be helpful in
686:
The production of a custom-made orthotic also allows the integration of orthotic joints, which means the dynamics of the orthotic can be matched exactly with the pivot points of the patient's anatomical joints. As a result, the dynamics of the orthosis take place exactly where dictated by the
1229:
Because new technologies are not widely used, AFOs are often made from polypropylene-based plastic, mostly in the shape of a continuous "L" shape, with the upright part behind the calf and the lower part under the foot, however, this only offers the rigidity of the material. AFOs made of
615:
Both custom-fabricated products and semi-finished products are used in long-term care and are manufactured or adapted by the orthotist or by trained orthopedic technicians according to the prescription. In many countries the physician or clinician defines the functional deviations in his
1823:
Functional braces are designed for use by people who have already experienced a knee injury and need support while recovering from it, or to help people who have pain associated with arthritis. They are intended to reduce the rotation of the knee, support stability, reduce the chance of
691:
weakness. The goal of a high-quality orthotic fitting is to adjust the functional elements so precisely that the orthosis provides the necessary support while restricting the dynamics of the lower extremities as little as possible to preserve the remaining functionality of the muscles.
4157:
827:
One way of classifying gait is according to the "Amsterdam Gait
Classification", which describes five gait types. To assess the gait pattern, the patient is viewed directly, or via a video recording, from the side of the leg being assessed. At the point when the leg is
1045:
The functional elements of an orthosis ensure the flexion and extension movements of the ankle, knee and hip joints. They correct and control the movements and secure the joints against undesired incorrect movements, and help avoid falls when standing or walking.
599:
orthoses can achieve perfect stiffness in the areas where this is necessary (e.g., the connection between the ankle and knee joint) and flexibility in the areas where flexibility is required (e.g., in the area of the forefoot on the foot part of an orthosis).
476:
An orthotist is a specialist responsible for the customising, manufacture, and repair of orthoses. The manufacture of modern orthoses requires both artistic skills in modeling body shapes and manual skills in processing traditional and innovative materials—
989:
of the dorsiflexors is limited. After initial heel contact the forefoot either slaps too quickly on the floor via the heel rocker, which creates an audible noise, or the foot does touch the floor with forefoot first, which disrupts gait development.
434:
terminology, orthoses are classified by an acronym describing the anatomical joints they support. Some examples include KAFO, or knee-ankle-foot orthoses, which span the knee, ankle, and foot; TLSO, or thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses, supporting the
917:
of the knee, the letter "b" is added to the gait type. Patients are thus classified as gait types 1a, 1b, 2a or 2b. The goal of orthotic fitting for patients who are able to walk is the best possible approximation of the physiological gait pattern.
1149:
It is now possible to combine the required rigidity of the orthotic shells with the dynamics in the ankle, with this, other new technologies, and the possibility of producing lightweight but rigid orthoses, new demands have been made of orthotics:
1863:
alleviated by the use of upper limb orthoses include those resulting from trauma or disease (arthritis for example). They may also benefit individuals who have a neurological impairment from a stroke, spinal cord injury, or peripheral neuropathy.
1787:
Knee orthosis with toothed gear segment joints for the care of patients e.g. after a cruciate ligament tear. Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: the knee, English abbreviation: KO for knee
1146:
over the forces of the weakened muscles (e.g. the connection from the ankle joint to the frontal contact surface on the shin), while at the same time leaving areas requiring less support very flexible (e.g. the flexible part of the forefoot).
2990:
Kerkum YL, Harlaar J, Buizer AI, van den Noort JC, Becher JG, Brehm MA (May 2016). "An individual approach for optimizing ankle-foot orthoses to improve mobility in children with spastic cerebral palsy walking with excessive knee flexion".
1173:
individual requirements for the functional elements of the ankle joint, for the stiffness of the foot shell, and for the shape of the lower leg shell. The size of these components is selected by matching their resilience to the load data.
1245:
procedures for the manufacture of high-quality modern, durable and economical devices to people with disabilities throughout the world. However, with the new technologies available, the main types mentioned are in need of revision today.
667:). They are intended to correct or improve functional limitations or to replace functions that have been lost as a result of the paralysis. Functional leg length differences caused by paralysis can be compensated for by using orthosis.
1225:
published in its 2006 Manufacturing
Guidelines for Ankle-Foot Orthoses, with the aim of providing people with disabilities worldwide standardized processes for the production of high-quality, modern, durable and economical devices.
718:
The plantar flexors contribute significantly to being able to stand upright by actuating the forefoot lever and thereby increasing the standing area when standing. This group of muscles moves the foot in the direction of plantar
1650:
HKAFO is the abbreviation for hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses; which is the
English name for an orthosis that spans the hip, the knee, the ankle and the foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, a HKAFO is used when there is a
1238:
joints with modern functional elements into the production of older technologies using polypropylene is unusual because the orthotic shells made of polypropylene either could not transfer the high forces or would be too soft.
885:
orthosis. When configuring a foot lifter orthosis, adjustable functional elements for setting the resistance can be included, which make it possible to adapt the passive lowering of the forefoot (plantar flexion) to the
743:
The combination of strength levels of the muscle groups determines the type of orthosis (AFO or KAFO) and the functional elements necessary to compensate for restrictions caused by the reduced muscular strength levels.
1015:
exaggerated activation of the plantar flexors, leading into hyperextension of the knee, or when initial contact is with the forefoot and not the heel in order to prevent the knee-flexing effect of the heel rocker.
1939:
Jewett hyperextension body brace fitted to adolescent female patient in full support body suit. Designated TLSO as the orthosis fits the thoracic, lumbar and sacroiliac regions, making for a thoraco-lumbo-sacral
1121:
and other paralyzes of the dorsiflexors and plantar flexors. Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot
4302:
Aoife, Healy; Roozbeh, Naemi; Nachiappan, Chockalingam (30 June 2014). "The
Effectiveness of Footwear and Other Removable Off-loading Devices in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Systematic Review".
2231:
Gatt, Alfred; Grech, Mark; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Formosa, Cynthia (17 May 2017). "A Preliminary Study on the Effect of Computer-Aided Designed and Manufactured Orthoses on Chronic Plantar Heel Pain".
1853:
or to optimize performance in sport. At present, the scientific literature does not provide sufficient high quality research to allow for strong conclusions on their effectiveness and cost-effectiveness.
1802:
ligaments or cartilage of the knee are affected, a KO can provide stabilization to the knee by replacing their functions. For instance, knee braces can be used to relieve pressure from diseases such as
1233:
While there was a multitude of AFOs with differing designs in clinical practice, there was also a clear lack of details regarding the design and the materials used for manufacture, leading Eddison and
1126:
AFO is the abbreviation for ankle-foot orthoses, which is the English name for an orthosis that spans the ankle and foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, they are mainly used when there is a
1824:
hyperextension, and increase the agility and strength of the knee. The majority of these are made of elastic. They are the least expensive of all braces and are easily found in a variety of sizes.
1811:
along with drugs, physical therapy and possibly surgery. When used properly, a knee brace may help an individual to stay active by enhancing the position and movement of the knee or reducing pain.
1784:
1176:
An ankle joint based on new technology is the connection between the foot shell and the lower leg shell and at the same time contains all the necessary adjustable functional elements of an AFO.
4663:
Eddison, Nicola; Benyahia, Salma; Chockalingam, Nachiappan (19 July 2021). "The Effect of Spinal Orthoses on Immobilizing the Cervical Spine: A Systematic Review of Research Methodologies".
4604:
Negrini, Stefano; Minozzi, Silvia; Bettany-Saltikov, Josette; Chockalingam, Nachiappan; Grivas, Theodoros B.; Kotwicki, Tomasz; Maruyama, Toru; Romano, Michele; Zaina, Fabio (18 June 2015).
2486:
Kobayashi T, Leung AK, Akazawa Y, Hutchins SW (March 2013). "The effect of varying the plantarflexion resistance of an ankle-foot orthosis on knee joint kinematics in patients with stroke".
1000:
are weak, the muscles of the forefoot lever are either inadequately activated or not activated at all. The patient has no balance when standing and has to support themself with aids such as
930:
Determination of the strength levels of the large muscle groups, taking into account the muscular fatigue typical of MS patients using the example of the muscle group of the dorsal extensors
4910:
458:
can be fluid. An example is compensating for a leg length discrepancy, equivalent to replacing a missing part of a limb. Another example is the replacement of the forefoot after a forefoot
611: – these include short-term orthoses or bandages for a limited duration of therapy and are manufactured industrially. Finished products are also referred to as off-the-shelf products.
1771:(JIA) custom-made and pre-fabricated foot orthoses may also reduce foot pain. Foot orthoses may also be used in conjunction with properly fitted orthopedic footwear in the prevention of
715:
The dorsiflexors move the foot through concentric muscle work around the axis of the ankle in the direction of dorsiflexion and control the plantar flexion through eccentric muscle work.
84:
4946:
1849:. They mostly consist of textiles, some of which have supportive elements. The supporting functions are low compared to paralysis and relief orthoses, though they are sometimes used
2283:
3145:
4267:(July 2013). "The effectiveness of footwear as an intervention to prevent or to reduce biomechanical risk factors associated with diabetic foot ulceration: A systematic review".
451:. The use of the International Standard is promoted to reduce the widespread variation in the description of orthoses, which is often a barrier to interpreting research studies.
804:
The Amsterdam Gait Classification facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in CP patients and patients with traumatic brain injury and helps to determine the gait type.
294:
710:
Description of the functions of the large muscle groups used to define the functional elements of a paralysis orthosis intended to compensate for restricted muscle functions
1583:
of the knee or hip extensors. They have two orthotic joints: an ankle joint between the foot and lower leg shells and a knee joint between the lower leg and thigh shells.
652:
All orthoses that affect the foot, the ankle joint, the lower leg, the knee joint, the thigh or the hip joint belong to the category of orthoses for the lower extremities.
1575:. Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: knee, ankle and foot, English abbreviation: KAFO for knee-ankle-foot orthoses.
1438:
Provides dynamics in the ankle but prevents the physiological plantar flexion caused by the heel lever, as the movement of the orthosis takes place behind the ankle joint
2430:"Optimizing spring hinged ankle foot orthoses for patients with neurological gait disorders using separate adjustability of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion resistance"
3771:
Alnajjar, Fady; Zaier, Riadh; Khalid, Sumayya; Gochoo, Munkhjargal (28 December 2020). "Trends and Technologies in Rehabilitation of Foot Drop: A Systematic Review".
2936:
1579:
KAFO is the abbreviation for knee-ankle-foot orthoses, which spans the knee, ankle and foot. In the treatment of paralyzed patients, a KAFO is used when there is a
1213:
Ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) manufactured using old technology from polypropylene in a variant that is also called "Hinged AFO". It can be used to support an isolated
462:. This treatment is often made from a combination of a prosthesis to replace the forefoot and an orthosis to replace the lost muscular function (ortho prosthesis).
4926:
3963:
Eddison N, Chockalingam N (April 2013). "The effect of tuning ankle foot orthoses-footwear combination on the gait parameters of children with cerebral palsy".
1515:
AFO with stiff carbon fiber frame and dynamic ankle joint for adjustable stiffness through separately adjustable spring resistance in plantar- and dorsiflexion
2546:"Stiffness modification of two ankle-foot orthosis types to optimize gait in individuals with non-spastic calf muscle weakness – a proof-of-concept study"
5039:
4936:
1518:
Designation of the orthosis according to the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses.
3269:"Association between perceived fatigue and gait parameters measured by an instrumented treadmill in people with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study"
731:
The hip extensors stretch the hip joint in the direction of the hip extension and, at the same time, extend the knee in the direction of the knee extension.
3026:
Nudo RJ, Barbay S (2009). "The Mechanisms and Neurophysiology of Recovery from Stroke". In Stein J, Harvey RL, Macko RF, Winstein CJ, Zorowitz RD (eds.).
1217:, but it will block plantar flexion. This AFO cannot transmit the high forces required to counterbalance weak plantar flexors while standing and walking.
3869:"Do research papers provide enough information on design and material used in ankle foot orthoses for children with cerebral palsy? A systematic review"
4967:
2935:
Esquenazi A (2008). "Assessment and orthotic management of gait dysfunction in individuals with brain injury". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).
2870:
Rodda J, Graham HK (November 2001). "Classification of gait patterns in spastic hemiplegia and spastic diplegia: a basis for a management algorithm".
768:. In these patients, knowledge of the strength levels of the large muscle groups is necessary to configure the orthotic for the necessary functions.
176:
1369:"Hinged" simply means a flexible connection between the two parts of the orthosis. The joint itself does not offer any further functional elements.
1976:
663:
orthoses are used for partial or complete paralysis, as well as complete functional failure of muscles or muscle groups, or incomplete paralysis (
2192:"Suggested Guidelines for the Prescription of Orthotic Services, Device Delivery, Education, and Follow-up Care: A Multidisciplinary White Paper"
3320:"Prevalence of Walking-Related Motor Fatigue in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Decline in Walking Distance Induced by the 6-Minute Walk Test"
1970:
Spinal orthoses may also be used in the treatment of spinal fractures. A Jewett brace, for instance, may be used to aid healing of an anterior
431:
1728:
A custom ankle-foot orthotic (AFO) specifically designed and fabricated based on a runner's individual foot and ankle anatomy and biomechanics
1586:
KAFOs can be roughly divided into three variants, depending on whether the mechanical knee joint is: locked, unlocked or locked and unlocked.
880:
Patients with paralysis after a stroke are often treated with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), as after a stroke stumbling can occur if only the
4941:
2151:"A systematic review to determine best practice reporting guidelines for AFO interventions in studies involving children with cerebral palsy"
2726:"The Effects of Varying Ankle Foot Orthosis Stiffness on Gait in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy Who Walk with Excessive Knee Flexion"
1621:
Stance Control Orthoses SCO is often used, but as this term differs from the ICS classification, one of the first two terms is preferable.
3842:
2294:
1775:. A real-time weight bearing orthotic can be created using a neutral position casting device and the Vertical Foot Alignment System VFAS.
93:
4779:
1058:
901:
According to this classification, the gait pattern is assessed in the mid-stance phase and described as one of four possible gait types.
747:
415:
Orthotic devices are classified into four areas of the body according to the international classification system (ICS): orthotics of the
5130:
3101:
Owen E (September 2010). "The importance of being earnest about shank and thigh kinematics especially when using ankle-foot orthoses".
865:
The N.A.P. Gait classification facilitates the assessment of the gait pattern in stroke patients and helps to determine the gait type.
1531:
Depending on which functional elements are integrated in the ankle joint used, such an orthosis can enable the following functions:
4582:
4155:, Rooney JE, "Method and apparatus for the treatment of plantar ulcers and foot deformities", issued 20 Septembere 2005
1222:
2670:"Ankle foot orthoses in cerebral palsy: Effects of ankle stiffness on trunk kinematics, gait stability and energy cost of walking"
54:
5165:
5029:
4931:
1097:). Stance phase control knee joints and locked joints can both be mechanically "unlocked" so the knee can be flexed to sit down.
703:
is needed to determine the strength levels of the affected leg's six major muscle groups and the orthosis's necessary functions.
3633:"How can push-off be preserved during use of an ankle foot orthosis in children with hemiplegia? A prospective controlled study"
2840:
Fatone S (2009). "Chapter 31: Orthotic Management in Stroke". In Stein J, Harvey RL, Macko RF, Winstein CJ, Zarowitz RD (eds.).
648:
with incomplete paraplegia (lesion height L3) with a knee-ankle-foot orthosis with an integrated stance phase control knee joint
5272:
1947:, a condition describing an abnormal curvature of the spine, may in certain cases be treated with spinal orthoses, such as the
1935:
4362:
906:
4136:
4109:
3755:
3695:"Modifying ankle foot orthosis stiffness in patients with calf muscle weakness: gait responses on group and individual level"
3615:
3574:
3525:
Kerkum YL (2016). "The effect of ankle foot orthosis stiffness on trunk movement and walking energy cost in cerebral palsy".
3495:
3455:
3417:
3379:
3175:
3085:
3035:
2974:
2946:
2849:
2799:
2602:"Modifying ankle foot orthosis stiffness in patients with calf muscle weakness: gait responses on group and individual level"
2133:
897:
lifter orthosis is not suitable as it only compensates for the functional deviations caused by weakness of the dorsiflexors.
3750:. AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices. Philadelphia: John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk. pp. 487–500.
4998:
1696:
5241:
4469:
4454:
765:
3059:
Neurological early rehabilitation using the example of a stroke – analyzes for the development of quality assurance
1471:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
1363:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
1315:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
1267:
plus the body parts included in the orthosis fitting: ankle and foot, English abbreviation: AFO for ankle-foot orthoses
237:
5135:
5034:
4988:
3563:
Meadows B, Bowers RJ, Owen E (2008). "Biomechanics of the hip, knee and ankle". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).
4520:"A systematic review of randomised controlled trials assessing effectiveness of prosthetic and orthotic interventions"
3054:
Die neurologische Frührehabilitation am Beispiel Schlaganfall – Analysen zur Entwicklung einer Qualitätssicherung
1157:
Despite the necessary rigidity, the orthoses should not block the functionality of the muscles, but rather promote it.
748:
Physical examination for paralysis due to diseases or injuries to the spinal cord and/or the peripheral nervous system
209:
5334:
4694:
Nickel VL, Perry J, Garrett A, Heppenstall M (October 1968). "The halo. A spinal skeletal traction fixation device".
3146:"Report of a Consensus Conference on the Orthotic Management of Stroke Patients, Non-Articulated Ankle-Foot Ortheses"
2824:
566:
319:
152:
3671:
548:
195:
4833:
1920:
Measurement of pelvic tilt during physical examination to determine whether spinal orthoses are indicated to treat
672:
587:
3631:
Desloovere K, Molenaers G, Van Gestel L, Huenaerts C, Van Campenhout A, Callewaert B, et al. (October 2006).
5236:
4772:
4222:
Hawke F, Burns J, Radford JA, du Toit V (July 2008). "Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain".
216:
17:
938:, the degree of strength of the six major muscle groups of the affected leg should be determined as part of the
913:
of the knee. If instead the patient stands on the inner edge of the foot (eversion), which is associated with a
427:, and orthotics for the head. Orthoses are also classified by function: paralysis orthoses and relief orthoses.
5150:
5094:
4173:"A case-series study to explore the efficacy of foot orthoses in treating first metatarsophalangeal joint pain"
2789:
771:
544:
5201:
4962:
4838:
4126:
2378:"Effect of carbon-composite knee-ankle-foot orthoses on walking efficiency and gait in former polio patients"
1967:, compliance is hampered by patient concerns about appearance and movement restrictions caused by the brace.
1768:
1706:
Otherwise correct the shape and/or function of the body, to provide easier movement capability or reduce pain
1546:
Adjustable resistance for stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors with energy return
986:
886:
5375:
5206:
5003:
4338:
Whiteside S, Allen MJ, Barringer WJ, Beiswenger WD, Brncick MD, Bulgarelli TD, et al. (January 2007).
3052:
1911:
1241:
New studies now show the better possibilities for improving the gait pattern through the new technologies.
482:
223:
624:) and derives the indication from this, e.g. orthotic to restore safety when standing and walking after a
5008:
4983:
4812:
3564:
3485:
1090:
1037:
help control of the knee against unwanted flexion when walking between loading response and mid-stance.
387:
is "an externally applied device used to influence the structural and functional characteristics of the
5360:
5277:
5069:
4905:
4817:
4765:
2669:
2028:
1760:
1642:
lower leg shell, and the functional elements of a knee joint to compensate for the user's limitations.
540:
138:
4152:
2429:
407:
205:
4993:
4848:
4384:
Duivenvoorden T, Brouwer RW, van Raaij TM, Verhagen AP, Verhaar JA, Bierma-Zeinstra SM (March 2015).
3253:
Alterations in Temporal-Spatial Gait Parameters in People with Multiple Sclerosis–a Systematic Review
1082:
1011:
184:
1524:- dynamic ankle joint with precompressed spring elements to control plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
736:
and 5 indicate a percentage reduction in muscle function. All strength levels below five are called
5380:
5355:
5170:
5145:
4342:. Alexandria (VA): American Board for Certification in Orthotics, Prosthetics, and Pedorthics, Inc.
1956:
1598:
1053:
978:
529:
493:
are involved in orthotic manufacture. Orthotics also combines knowledge of anatomy and physiology,
3917:
832:
the knee angle and the contact of the foot with the ground are assessed. The five gait types are:
5284:
5231:
5226:
5155:
4264:
2013:
1234:
1094:
848:
Type 5, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is complete, this is also known as crouch gait.
533:
180:
3193:"Motor fatigue measurement by distance-induced slow down of walking speed in multiple sclerosis"
334:
5267:
5160:
817:
781:
388:
3831:
3745:
3251:
2321:"Functional outcome after lengthening with and without deformity correction in polio patients"
1522:- ventral shell with torsionally rigid reinforcement to focus the dynamics on the ankle joint
842:
Type 3, the knee angle is hyperextended and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot).
4858:
4009:
2098:
1743:
699:
In the case of paralysis due to disease or injury to the spinal/peripheral nervous system, a
478:
358:
4340:
Practice analysis of certified practitioners in the disciplines of orthotics and prosthetics
3191:
Phan-Ba R, Calay P, Grodent P, Delrue G, Lommers E, Delvaux V, et al. (13 April 2012).
2190:
Fisk JR, DeMuth S, Campbell J, DiBello T, Esquenazi A, Lin RS, et al. (February 2016).
772:
Physical examination for paralysis due to diseases or injuries to the central nervous system
5365:
5191:
5175:
5140:
5074:
4531:
3204:
2737:
2724:
Kerkum YL, Buizer AI, van den Noort JC, Becher JG, Harlaar J, Brehm MA (23 November 2015).
1752:
1072:
997:
939:
821:
700:
621:
3484:
Meadows B, Bowers RJ, Owen E (12 July 2016) . "Biomechanics of the hip, knee, and ankle".
3318:
Leone C, Severijns D, Doležalová V, Baert I, Dalgas U, Romberg A, et al. (May 2016).
2600:
Waterval, Niels F. J.; Nollet, Frans; Harlaar, Jaap; Brehm, Merel-Anne (17 October 2019).
1645:
1021: – if the knee flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing.
8:
5324:
4843:
2008:
1772:
1209:
1027: – if the hip flexors are weak, it is more difficult to flex the knee in pre-swing.
370:
4640:
4605:
4578:
4535:
3208:
2741:
1747:
tissue conditions. Foot orthoses are effective at reducing pain for people with painful
1154:
Despite the necessary rigidity, the orthoses should not block the mobility of the ankle.
965:
5257:
5079:
4807:
4676:
4554:
4519:
4410:
4385:
4199:
4172:
4065:
3988:
3945:
3893:
3868:
3804:
3721:
3694:
3349:
3295:
3268:
3227:
3192:
3126:
2895:
2760:
2725:
2697:
2636:
2601:
2572:
2545:
2457:
2353:
2320:
2265:
1836:
1572:
1564:
1118:
935:
845:
Type 4, the knee angle is flexed and foot contact is incomplete (only on the forefoot).
829:
789:
753:
645:
436:
283:
230:
4316:
3605:
2023:
1964:
5370:
5211:
5114:
5064:
4875:
4711:
4707:
4680:
4645:
4559:
4481:
4446:
4415:
4320:
4284:
4245:
4204:
4132:
4105:
4088:
Prosthetics and orthotics – Vocabulary – Part 3: Terms relating to orthoses
4057:
3980:
3949:
3937:
3898:
3808:
3796:
3788:
3751:
3726:
3652:
3611:
3570:
3542:
3491:
3451:
3413:
3375:
3341:
3300:
3232:
3171:
3118:
3081:
3031:
3008:
2970:
2942:
2887:
2883:
2845:
2820:
2795:
2765:
2701:
2689:
2641:
2623:
2577:
2513:
2461:
2449:
2407:
2399:
2358:
2340:
2257:
2249:
2213:
2172:
2129:
1975:
cervical spine, usually following fracture, and was developed by Vernon L. Nickel at
1963:. As scoliosis most commonly develops in adolescent females who are undergoing their
1756:
1554:
486:
376:
89:
50:
45:
4069:
3992:
3632:
3353:
3130:
2899:
1742:) are devices inserted into shoes to provide support for the foot by redistributing
1282:
Provides functional elements against a drop foot and for stabilization when standing
5304:
5299:
5196:
5109:
4853:
4703:
4668:
4635:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4549:
4539:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4370:
4312:
4280:
4276:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4194:
4184:
4047:
3972:
3929:
3888:
3880:
3780:
3716:
3706:
3648:
3644:
3538:
3534:
3331:
3290:
3280:
3222:
3212:
3110:
3004:
3000:
2879:
2755:
2745:
2681:
2631:
2613:
2567:
2557:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2445:
2441:
2389:
2348:
2332:
2269:
2241:
2203:
2162:
1960:
1850:
1617:
1435:
Stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors with energy return
914:
800:
752:
Paralysis may be caused by injury to the spinal or peripheral nervous system after
629:
595:
448:
440:
191:
3784:
2074:
1563:
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis for the treatment of patients e.g. with paraplegia after
1559:
1384:
Does not provide safety when standing and walking if the plantar flexors are weak.
640:
5013:
4672:
4544:
4052:
4035:
4004:
4002:
3604:
Michael JW (2008). "Lower limb orthoses". In Hsu JD, Michael JW, Fisk JR (eds.).
3217:
3114:
2750:
2038:
2033:
1948:
1783:
1652:
1580:
1333:
Does not provide safety when standing and walking if the plantar flexors are weak
1127:
1086:
1068:
1034:
974:
944:
910:
861:
737:
680:
494:
392:
287:
3884:
5262:
4870:
3933:
2685:
2428:
Sabbagh, D.; D'Souza, S.; Schäfer, C.; Fior, J.; Gentz, R. (1 September 2022).
1971:
1846:
1807:
1689:
1672:
1114:
1100:
813:
777:
676:
349:
144:
4489:
4434:
4104:. Philadelphia: John D. Hsu, John W. Michael, John R. Fisk. pp. 373–378.
3999:
3711:
3285:
2618:
2562:
2336:
2208:
2191:
2167:
2150:
5349:
5099:
4865:
4061:
3976:
3792:
3546:
3336:
3319:
2627:
2453:
2403:
2344:
2253:
2245:
2048:
2018:
1764:
1724:
1509:
1194:
can also be used for slight weakness of the knee-securing muscle groups, the
926:
776:
Paralysis caused by diseases or injuries to the central nervous system (e.g.
671:
walk with it, the use of light weight and highly resilient materials such as
1778:
1492:
Blocks both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, with all negative consequences
1404:
1285:
Blocks both plantar flexion and dorsiflexion, with all negative consequences
694:
594:
as materials of choice for construction necessitated the idea of creating a
5216:
5084:
5044:
4649:
4563:
4485:
4450:
4419:
4324:
4288:
4249:
4208:
4189:
3984:
3941:
3902:
3800:
3730:
3656:
3345:
3304:
3236:
3122:
3012:
2891:
2769:
2693:
2645:
2581:
2517:
2411:
2362:
2261:
2217:
2176:
1952:
1594:
881:
757:
591:
498:
4715:
4603:
4435:"Knee braces: current evidence and clinical recommendations for their use"
4083:
2668:
Meyns P, Kerkum YL, Brehm MA, Becher JG, Buizer AI, Harlaar J (May 2020).
2394:
2377:
1040:
909:, if it is the letter "a" is added to the gait. This is associated with a
722:
The knee extensors extend the knee in the direction of the knee extension.
5294:
4366:
4240:
1733:
1161:
839:
Type 2, the knee angle is hyperextended and the foot contact is complete.
490:
109:
4086:. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). September 2020.
2069:
27:
Medical specialty that focuses on the design and application of orthoses
5289:
5104:
4802:
4788:
4630:
3250:
DeCeglie S, Dehner S, Ferro S, Lamb R, Tomaszewski L, Cohen ET (2016).
2508:
2043:
1646:
Hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis (HKAFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses
1165:
809:
459:
455:
420:
396:
338:
A pair of AFO (Ankle Foot Orthosis) braces being used to aid bilateral
194:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
3630:
2376:
Brehm, Ma; Beelen, A; Doorenbosch, Cam; Harlaar, J; Nollet, F (2007).
4383:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
2544:
Ploeger HE, Waterval NF, Nollet F, Bus SA, Brehm MA (7 August 2019).
2003:
1944:
1921:
1828:
leg and are larger in size than other braces, due to their function.
1814:
1803:
1796:
1748:
1700:
1313:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function: D for dynamic
1214:
982:
966:
Functional deviations in the case of paralysis of large muscle groups
660:
471:
416:
339:
113:
1477:
Designation is misleading as other orthoses also have this function
1190:
An AFO with functional elements to compensate for a weakness of the
1079:
Functional elements in paralysis of knee extensors and hip extensors
725:
The knee flexors bend the knee in the direction of the knee flexion.
518:
5221:
3080:. Stuttgart New York: Renata Horst. pp. 12–15, 63, 66 and 77.
1265:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function: S for solid
1001:
108:
For the branch of medicine dealing with artificial body parts, see
4947:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
4752:
3815:
1916:
1555:
Knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses
1540:
Adjustable resistance for shock absorption during loading response
4900:
4352:
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, PSPS Files 2001–2006.
4337:
1489:
Stabilization when standing and walking for weak plantar flexors.
664:
617:
2989:
1624:
Different functional elements to compensate for weakness of the
1420:
Spring made from flexible material behind (posterior) the ankle
706:
683:
is indispensable for the manufacture of a custom-made orthosis.
4747:
4171:
Welsh BJ, Redmond AC, Chockalingam N, Keenan AM (August 2010).
4010:"Prosthetics and orthotics: Part 3: Terms relating to orthoses"
2723:
1990:
1179:
Depending on the combination of the degree of paralysis of the
1142:
1141:
Through the use of modern materials, such as carbon fibers and
1110:
870:
785:
625:
444:
4518:
Healy A, Farmer S, Pandyan A, Chockalingam N (14 March 2018).
4517:
4170:
3610:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 343–355.
3569:(4 ed.). Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 299–309.
1361:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function: Hinged
1206:
unsuitable for patients with weakness in other muscle groups.
836:
Type 1, the knee angle is normal and foot contact is complete.
824:
in order to determine the necessary functions of an orthosis.
4757:
4693:
4570:
4386:"Braces and orthoses for treating osteoarthritis of the knee"
3866:
3317:
2788:
Nollet F, Noppe CT (2008). Hsu JD, Michael J, Fisk J (eds.).
2485:
2427:
2375:
1927:
1676:
1568:
1350:
761:
424:
2230:
2124:
Hohmann, Dietrich; Uhlig, Ralf; Mannerfelt, Lennart (1990).
1455:
1101:
Ankle–foot orthoses (AFO) in the field of paralysis orthoses
795:
399:
are professionals who specialize in designing these braces.
4662:
3693:
Waterval NF, Nollet F, Harlaar J, Brehm MA (October 2019).
2284:"Standards of proficiency – Prosthetists / orthotists"
1302:
1254:
1221:
In 2006, before these new technologies were available, the
4505:
Orthotics: clinical practice and rehabilitation technology
3692:
3374:. Hoboken, New Jersey: David A. Winter. pp. 236–239.
2599:
2128:(8., neu bearb. und erw. Aufl ed.). Stuttgart: Enke.
728:
The hip flexors bend the hip joint toward the hip flexion.
3770:
3190:
2189:
1779:
Ankle–foot orthoses (AFO) in the field of relief orthoses
695:
Determination of strength levels for physical examination
4737:
4502:
4221:
2916:
Grunt S. "Geh-Orthesen bei Kindern mit Cerebralparese".
2543:
2148:
1820:
resisting medial and lateral collateral ligament tears.
1105:
4742:
3867:
Eddison N, Mulholland M, Chockalingam N (August 2017).
3249:
1466:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function:
1415:
Designation of the orthosis according to one function:
1065:
Functional elements in paralysis of the plantar flexors
1041:
Functional elements in paralysis of large muscle groups
4732:
4696:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
4301:
4262:
4036:"Clinical Benefits of Stance Control Orthosis Systems"
2667:
2123:
1093:
limping) or by swinging the orthotic leg to the side (
4937:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
4125:
Wolters BW (2008). Hsu JD, Michael J, Fisk J (eds.).
3918:"Ankle Foot Orthoses: Standardisation of terminology"
1387:
Blocks plantar flexion with all negative consequences
951:
First muscle function test (without muscular fatigue)
4733:
International Society of Prosthetists and Orthotists
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
2149:
Ridgewell E, Dobson F, Bach T, Baker R (June 2010).
1050:
Functional elements in paralysis of the dorsiflexors
4470:"Braces and splints for musculoskeletal conditions"
4033:
3962:
3915:
3448:
Gehen verstehen – Ganganalyse in der Physiotherapie
3153:
International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics
1423:A DAFO often also known as "Posterior Leaf Spring"
1109:Ankle-foot orthosis for the care of patients after
957:
Second muscle function test (with muscular fatigue)
363:
4743:British Association of Prosthetists and Orthotists
4507:. New York: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 11–12.
4131:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 379–389.
2941:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 441–447.
2794:. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier. pp. 411–417.
1815:Prophylactic, functional and rehabilitation braces
1797:Knee orthoses (KO) in the field of relief orthoses
1381:Provides a functional element against a drop foot.
1330:Provides a functional element against a drop foot.
3562:
3483:
3426:
3372:Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movements
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
1901:Upper-extremity orthoses (with special functions)
1486:Provides functional elements against a drop foot.
1432:Provides functional elements against a drop foot.
508:
5347:
4606:"Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents"
4467:
3168:N.A.P. – Therapieren in der Neuroorthopädie
3078:N.A.P. – Therapieren in der Neuroorthopädie
2595:
2593:
2591:
2105:. International Organization for Standardization
1977:Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center
1931:Halo brace used to immobilize the cervical spine
4748:The Orthotics & Prosthetics Virtual Library
4738:American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists
4034:Zacharias, Britta; Kannenberg, Andreas (2012).
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3558:
3556:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
1866:
1710:
889:of the dorsal flexors during loading response.
820:, the gait pattern is analysed as part of the
4014:International Organization for Standardization
3699:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3410:Gait Analysis Noraml and Pathological Function
3407:
3365:
3363:
3273:Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
3065:(PhD thesis) (in German). Universität Hamburg.
2783:
2781:
2779:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2606:Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation
2468:
379:that focuses on the design and application of
190:Please review the contents of the article and
112:. For the specialist in orthotic devices, see
4942:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
4773:
4503:Redford JB, Basmajian JV, Trautman P (1995).
4432:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3391:
2960:
2958:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2588:
2319:Emara, Khaled M.; Khames, Ahmed (June 2008).
4461:
3607:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices
3590:
3566:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices
3553:
3464:
3445:
2938:AAOS Atlas of Orthoses and Assistive Devices
2791:Orthoses for persons with postpolio syndrome
2524:
1508:
1454:
1403:
1373:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006:
1349:
1322:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006:
1301:
1274:Designation given by the Red Cross in 2006:
1253:
383:, sometimes known as braces or calipers. An
4753:PFA Footcare Association (Canadian Chapter)
4390:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4224:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3511:
3360:
2869:
2787:
2776:
2708:
2318:
1671:Control, guide, limit and/or immobilize an
1602:Swiss lock" or "KAFO with drop lock lock".
1498:Resistance in Plantarflexion not adjustable
1339:Resistance in Plantarflexion not adjustable
547:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
153:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5330:
5131:Augmentative and alternative communication
4780:
4766:
4576:
4468:Gravlee JR, Van Durme DJ (February 2007).
4331:
4128:Knee orthoses for sports-related disorders
4076:
3388:
3025:
2955:
2858:
2652:
1613:KAFO with locked and unlocked knee joint -
1597:impressively shows how the main character
1543:Adjustable resistance to prevent drop foot
1444:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable
1393:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable
1291:Stiffness in Plantarflexion not adjustable
921:
85:Https://en.wikipedia.org/Splint (medicine)
4639:
4629:
4553:
4543:
4409:
4346:
4269:Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications
4239:
4198:
4188:
4151:
4051:
3892:
3743:
3720:
3710:
3335:
3294:
3284:
3226:
3216:
2934:
2759:
2749:
2635:
2617:
2571:
2561:
2507:
2393:
2369:
2352:
2207:
2166:
1993:are an example of orthoses for the head.
1793:cost of an AFO was about $ 500 to $ 700.
1655:of the pelvic stabilizing trunk muscles.
1501:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1396:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1342:Resistance in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
954:Six-minute walk test directly followed by
796:Cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury
567:Learn how and when to remove this message
320:Learn how and when to remove this message
4040:JPO Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
3916:Eddison N, Chockalingam N (March 2021).
3030:. New York: Springer. pp. 123–134.
2911:
2909:
2844:. New York: Springer. pp. 522–523.
2674:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
1934:
1926:
1915:
1835:
1782:
1723:
1558:
1447:Stiffness in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1294:Stiffness in Dorsiflexion not adjustable
1223:International Committee of the Red Cross
1208:
1104:
925:
860:
799:
705:
639:
406:
375:'to straighten, to align') is a
333:
5166:Disproportionality in special education
4667:. Publish Ahead of Print (2): e93–e98.
4610:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4124:
3965:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
3603:
3103:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
3050:
2155:Prosthetics and Orthotics International
1751:, and may be effective for people with
1679:or body segment for a particular reason
1528:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006
1481:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006
1427:Not mentioned by the Red Cross in 2006
892:In cases where the muscle group of the
14:
5348:
4585:from the original on 25 September 2010
4433:Paluska SA, McKeag DB (January 2000).
3524:
3369:
3266:
3143:
2839:
1857:
1682:Restrict movement in a given direction
905:the front to determine if the foot is
635:
4761:
3669:
3324:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
3165:
3075:
2967:Motorisches Strategietraining und PNF
2964:
2906:
2814:
2423:
2421:
2293:. London. August 2013. Archived from
2082:
1845:injuries. Bandages should also allow
1719:
1667:Relief orthosis may also be used to:
1067: – in order to compensate for a
655:
454:The transition from an orthosis to a
4665:Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics
4099:
3170:. Stuttgart New York: Renata Horst.
3100:
3028:Stroke Recovery & Rehabilitation
2842:Stroke Recovery & Rehabilitation
1520:Plus further descriptions, such as:
545:adding citations to reliable sources
512:
266:
159:
118:
68:
29:
5273:Disability in children's literature
4102:Orthoses in total joint replacement
3832:"ICRC AFO Manufacturing Guidelines"
2291:Health and Care Professions Council
24:
5136:Emotional or behavioral disability
4457:from the original on 14 July 2014.
4177:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
3873:Journal of Children's Orthopaedics
2817:Manuelle Muskelfunktionsdiagnostik
2550:Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
2418:
2382:Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine
2126:Orthopädische Technik: 22 Tabellen
1905:
1658:
25:
5392:
4726:
4317:10.2174/1573399810666140918121438
3848:from the original on 7 March 2016
2915:
869:In the case of paralysis after a
402:
134:This article has multiple issues.
5329:
5320:
5319:
4708:10.2106/00004623-196850070-00009
4363:"Knee braces for osteoarthritis"
3773:Expert Review of Medical Devices
2884:10.1046/j.1468-1331.2001.00042.x
2068:
1985:
1875:Clavicular and shoulder orthoses
1375:AFO with Tamarack Flexure Joint
1160:Despite the necessary rigidity,
994:Paralysis of the plantar flexors
934:In the case of paralysis due to
517:
271:
256:
164:
123:
73:
34:
4687:
4656:
4597:
4577:Lansang Jr RS (18 March 2009).
4511:
4496:
4426:
4377:
4355:
4295:
4256:
4215:
4164:
4145:
4118:
4093:
4027:
3956:
3909:
3860:
3764:
3737:
3686:
3663:
3624:
3311:
3260:
3243:
3184:
3159:
3137:
3094:
3069:
3044:
3019:
2983:
2928:
2833:
2808:
1738:Foot orthoses (commonly called
1692:forces for a particular purpose
1606:KAFO with unlocked knee joint -
1008:Paralysis of the knee extensors
812:patients with paralysis due to
142:or discuss these issues on the
5151:Disability and LGBT identities
4787:
4622:10.1002/14651858.CD006850.pub3
4402:10.1002/14651858.CD004020.pub3
4281:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2013.03.001
4263:Healy, Aoife; Naemi, Roozbeh;
4232:10.1002/14651858.CD006801.pub2
3649:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.08.003
3539:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.070
3408:Perry J, Burnfield JM (2010).
3005:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.03.001
2500:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.07.028
2446:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.07.101
2312:
2276:
2224:
2183:
2142:
2117:
2062:
1831:
1534:provides dynamics in the ankle
1031:Paralysis of the hip extensors
616:prescription, e.g. paralysis (
509:Prescription and manufacturing
297:and remove irrelevant content.
192:add the appropriate references
99:Proposed since September 2024.
60:Proposed since September 2024.
13:
1:
4963:Services for mental disorders
3785:10.1080/17434440.2021.1857729
2872:European Journal of Neurology
2073:The dictionary definition of
2055:
1769:juvenile idiopathic arthritis
1767:(bunions). For children with
1590:KAFO with locked knee joint -
1019:Paralysis of the knee flexors
971:Paralysis of the dorsiflexors
295:relocate relevant information
4968:Services for disabled people
4673:10.1097/JPO.0000000000000382
4545:10.1371/journal.pone.0192094
4053:10.1097/jpo.0b013e3182435db3
3672:"The new generation of AFOs"
3218:10.1371/journal.pone.0034744
3115:10.3109/03093646.2010.485597
2751:10.1371/journal.pone.0142878
1912:Halo-gravity traction device
1892:Forearm-wrist-thumb orthoses
1867:Types of upper-limb orthoses
1711:Ulcer healing orthoses (UHO)
1081: – in the case of weak
1025:Paralysis of the hip flexors
465:
290:on an aspect of the subject.
7:
5251:Arts, media, culture, sport
3885:10.1302/1863-2548.11.160256
3747:Orthoses for cerebral palsy
2234:Foot & Ankle Specialist
2099:"Prosthetics and orthotics"
1996:
1895:Forearm-wrist-hand orthoses
1703:after the removal of a cast
766:Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
364:
177:reliable medical references
82:It has been suggested that
43:It has been suggested that
10:
5397:
5278:Disability in horror films
5070:Activities of daily living
3934:10.1016/j.foot.2020.101702
2686:10.1016/j.ejpn.2020.02.009
2325:International Orthopaedics
2029:Neuromechanics of orthoses
1909:
1731:
584:Custom-fabricated products
505:requiring a prescription.
469:
107:
5315:
5250:
5184:
5123:
5057:
5022:
4976:
4955:
4919:
4893:
4886:
4826:
4795:
4474:American Family Physician
4439:American Family Physician
3712:10.1186/s12984-019-0600-2
3286:10.1186/s12984-015-0028-2
2619:10.1186/s12984-019-0600-2
2563:10.1186/s13047-019-0348-8
2337:10.1007/s00264-007-0322-0
2209:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00542
2168:10.3109/03093641003674288
1685:Assist movement generally
1168:should not be stimulated.
856:
756:, or by diseases such as
632:, orthotist and patient.
579:Orthoses are offered as:
353:
183:or relies too heavily on
5171:Sexuality and disability
5146:Disability and disasters
5058:Structural and assistive
4581:. eMedicine from WebMD.
4305:Current Diabetes Reviews
4265:Chockalingam, Nachiappan
3977:10.1177/0309364612450706
3337:10.1177/1545968315597070
2436:. ESMAC 2022 Abstracts.
2246:10.1177/1938640017709906
1957:Charleston bending brace
1495:Alignment not adjustable
1441:Alignment not adjustable
1417:"Posterior Leaf Spring"
1390:Alignment not adjustable
1336:Alignment not adjustable
1288:Alignment not adjustable
411:Codification of Orthoses
5285:Disability in the media
5156:Disability and religion
5095:Personal Care Assistant
3446:Götz-Neumann K (2006).
3267:Kalron A (April 2015).
2969:. Georg Thieme Verlag.
2014:Comparison of orthotics
1965:adolescent growth spurt
1881:Functional arm orthoses
1840:Knee bandage/Knee brace
922:Multiple sclerosis (MS)
620:) of the calf muscles (
588:carbon fiber composites
5268:Disability in the arts
5161:Disability and poverty
5100:Physical accessibility
4579:"Upper Limb Orthotics"
4190:10.1186/1757-1146-3-17
3256:. CMSC Annual Meeting.
1941:
1932:
1924:
1889:Forearm-wrist orthoses
1841:
1789:
1744:ground reaction forces
1729:
1576:
1513:
1468:FR for Floor reaction
1459:
1412:Posterior Leaf Spring
1408:
1354:
1306:
1258:
1218:
1123:
931:
866:
818:traumatic brain injury
805:
782:traumatic brain injury
711:
649:
603:Semi-finished products
432:International Standard
412:
342:
4859:driver rehabilitation
4153:US patent 6945946
3744:Novacheck TF (2008).
3450:. Stuttgart: Thieme.
2819:. Urban und Fischer.
2395:10.2340/16501977-0110
1938:
1930:
1919:
1910:Further information:
1839:
1786:
1727:
1562:
1512:
1458:
1407:
1353:
1305:
1257:
1212:
1108:
929:
864:
803:
709:
643:
410:
337:
5192:Models of disability
5176:Youth and disability
5141:Invisible disability
5090:Orthotics and braces
5075:Assistive technology
4887:Rights, law, support
4373:on 28 February 2012.
3490:. pp. 299–309.
3412:. Thorofare: SLACK.
1872:Upper-limb orthoses
1773:diabetic foot ulcers
1763:(MTP) joint pain or
1753:rheumatoid arthritis
1537:Adjustable alignment
940:physical examination
822:physical examination
701:physical examination
541:improve this section
423:, orthotics for the
92:into this article. (
53:into this article. (
5376:Rehabilitation team
4844:Learning disability
4536:2018PLoSO..1392094H
4492:on 4 December 2010.
4445:(2): 411–8, 423–4.
3487:Musculoskeletal Key
3209:2012PLoSO...734744P
2878:(Suppl 5): 98–108.
2742:2015PLoSO..1042878K
2024:Orthotic horseshoes
2009:Cognitive orthotics
1858:Upper limb orthoses
1761:metatarsophalangeal
1249:
636:Lower limb orthoses
419:, orthotics of the
284:a different subject
5258:Disability culture
5185:Disability studies
5080:Independent living
4808:Disability studies
3637:Gait & Posture
3527:Gait & Posture
3370:Winter DA (2009).
3051:Corsten T (2010).
2993:Gait & Posture
2488:Gait & Posture
2434:Gait & Posture
1942:
1933:
1925:
1842:
1790:
1730:
1720:Foot orthoses (FO)
1577:
1573:multiple sclerosis
1565:spinal cord injury
1514:
1460:
1409:
1355:
1307:
1259:
1248:
1219:
1124:
1119:multiple sclerosis
936:multiple sclerosis
932:
867:
806:
790:multiple sclerosis
754:spinal cord injury
712:
656:Paralysis orthoses
650:
646:spinal cord injury
630:physical therapist
413:
343:
5361:Orthopedic braces
5343:
5342:
5212:Neuroqueer theory
5115:Web accessibility
5065:Accessible toilet
5053:
5052:
4906:Disability rights
4901:Ableism/disablism
4138:978-0-323-03931-4
4111:978-0-323-03931-4
4084:"ISO 8549-3:2020"
3757:978-0-323-03931-4
3617:978-0-323-03931-4
3576:978-0-323-03931-4
3497:978-0-323-03931-4
3457:978-3-13-132373-6
3419:978-1-55642-766-4
3381:978-0-470-39818-0
3177:978-3-13-146881-9
3144:Bowers R (2004).
3087:978-3-13-146881-9
3037:978-1-933864-12-9
2976:978-3-13-151351-9
2948:978-0-323-03931-4
2851:978-1-933864-12-9
2801:978-0-323-03931-4
2300:on 6 October 2013
2202:(2 Suppl): 11–7.
2196:Military Medicine
2135:978-3-432-82508-3
1757:plantar fasciitis
1552:
1551:
609:Finished products
577:
576:
569:
501:and engineering.
421:upper extremities
417:lower extremities
377:medical specialty
374:
362:
330:
329:
322:
312:
311:
265:
264:
241:
157:
106:
105:
101:
67:
66:
62:
46:Splint (medicine)
16:(Redirected from
5388:
5333:
5332:
5323:
5322:
5305:Special Olympics
5197:Inspiration porn
5110:Universal design
4911:Pejorative terms
4891:
4890:
4854:Physical therapy
4782:
4775:
4768:
4759:
4758:
4720:
4719:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4633:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4488:. Archived from
4465:
4459:
4458:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4413:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4369:. Archived from
4359:
4353:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4055:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3836:
3828:
3813:
3812:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3676:The O&P EDGE
3670:Muñoz S (2018).
3667:
3661:
3660:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3601:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3522:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3481:
3462:
3461:
3443:
3424:
3423:
3405:
3386:
3385:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3339:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3298:
3288:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3220:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3166:Horst R (2011).
3163:
3157:
3156:
3150:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3076:Horst R (2011).
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3023:
3017:
3016:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2965:Horst R (2005).
2962:
2953:
2952:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2867:
2856:
2855:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2815:Janda V (2000).
2812:
2806:
2805:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2753:
2736:(11): e0142878.
2721:
2706:
2705:
2665:
2650:
2649:
2639:
2621:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2565:
2541:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2483:
2466:
2465:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2397:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2288:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2170:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2080:
2072:
2066:
1961:Providence brace
1851:prophylactically
1749:high-arched feet
1618:electrohydraulic
1250:
1247:
915:valgus deformity
622:M. Triceps Surae
596:plaster of Paris
572:
565:
561:
558:
552:
521:
513:
393:skeletal systems
369:
367:
357:
355:
325:
318:
307:
304:
298:
275:
274:
267:
260:
259:
251:
248:
242:
240:
199:
168:
167:
160:
149:
127:
126:
119:
97:
77:
76:
69:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5381:Skeletal system
5356:Muscular system
5346:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5311:
5246:
5180:
5119:
5049:
5023:Activist groups
5018:
4972:
4951:
4915:
4882:
4822:
4791:
4786:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4692:
4688:
4661:
4657:
4616:(6): CD006850.
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4575:
4571:
4530:(3): e0192094.
4516:
4512:
4501:
4497:
4466:
4462:
4431:
4427:
4396:(3): CD004020.
4382:
4378:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4347:
4336:
4332:
4300:
4296:
4261:
4257:
4226:(3): CD006801.
4220:
4216:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4146:
4139:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4100:Lima D (2008).
4098:
4094:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4008:
4007:
4000:
3961:
3957:
3914:
3910:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3816:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3742:
3738:
3691:
3687:
3668:
3664:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3602:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3561:
3554:
3523:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3482:
3465:
3458:
3444:
3427:
3420:
3406:
3389:
3382:
3368:
3361:
3316:
3312:
3265:
3261:
3248:
3244:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3024:
3020:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2933:
2929:
2914:
2907:
2868:
2859:
2852:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2786:
2777:
2722:
2709:
2666:
2653:
2598:
2589:
2542:
2525:
2484:
2469:
2426:
2419:
2374:
2370:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2286:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2229:
2225:
2188:
2184:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2039:Orthopedic cast
2034:Cervical collar
1999:
1988:
1982:
1949:Milwaukee brace
1914:
1908:
1906:Spinal orthoses
1869:
1860:
1834:
1817:
1799:
1781:
1736:
1722:
1713:
1661:
1659:Relief orthoses
1648:
1630:plantar flexors
1557:
1523:
1521:
1462:
1411:
1357:
1309:
1261:
1192:plantar flexors
1185:plantar flexors
1136:plantar flexors
1103:
1073:plantar flexors
1059:plantar flexion
1052: – if the
1043:
1010: – if the
998:plantar flexors
996: – If the
968:
945:muscle weakness
924:
911:varus deformity
894:plantar flexors
859:
798:
774:
750:
738:muscle weakness
697:
658:
638:
573:
562:
556:
553:
538:
522:
511:
495:pathophysiology
474:
468:
447:regions of the
405:
386:
326:
315:
314:
313:
308:
302:
299:
292:
276:
272:
261:
257:
252:
246:
243:
200:
189:
185:primary sources
169:
165:
128:
124:
117:
102:
78:
74:
63:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Halo (medicine)
15:
12:
11:
5:
5394:
5384:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5327:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5265:
5263:Disability art
5260:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5024:
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4785:
4784:
4777:
4770:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4728:
4727:External links
4725:
4722:
4721:
4686:
4655:
4596:
4569:
4510:
4495:
4460:
4425:
4376:
4354:
4345:
4330:
4311:(4): 215–230.
4294:
4275:(4): 391–400.
4255:
4214:
4163:
4144:
4137:
4117:
4110:
4092:
4075:
4026:
3998:
3955:
3908:
3879:(4): 263–271.
3859:
3814:
3763:
3756:
3736:
3685:
3662:
3623:
3616:
3589:
3575:
3552:
3510:
3496:
3463:
3456:
3425:
3418:
3387:
3380:
3359:
3310:
3259:
3242:
3183:
3176:
3158:
3136:
3093:
3086:
3068:
3043:
3036:
3018:
2982:
2975:
2954:
2947:
2927:
2905:
2857:
2850:
2832:
2825:
2807:
2800:
2775:
2707:
2651:
2587:
2523:
2467:
2417:
2388:(8): 651–657.
2368:
2331:(3): 403–407.
2311:
2275:
2240:(2): 112–116.
2223:
2182:
2141:
2134:
2116:
2081:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1987:
1984:
1972:wedge fracture
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:Elbow orthoses
1882:
1879:
1876:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1847:proprioception
1833:
1830:
1816:
1813:
1808:osteoarthritis
1798:
1795:
1780:
1777:
1732:Main article:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1697:rehabilitation
1693:
1690:weight-bearing
1686:
1683:
1680:
1660:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1633:groups of the
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1516:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1464:
1461:AFO known as:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1425:
1413:
1410:AFO known as:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1359:
1356:AFO known as:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1308:AFO known as:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1260:AFO known as:
1196:knee extensors
1170:
1169:
1158:
1155:
1115:cerebral palsy
1102:
1099:
1083:knee extensors
1042:
1039:
1012:knee extensors
987:eccentric work
967:
964:
959:
958:
955:
952:
923:
920:
887:eccentric work
858:
855:
850:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
814:cerebral palsy
797:
794:
778:cerebral palsy
773:
770:
749:
746:
733:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
716:
696:
693:
657:
654:
644:Patient after
637:
634:
613:
612:
606:
600:
575:
574:
525:
523:
516:
510:
507:
470:Main article:
467:
464:
404:
403:Classification
401:
384:
328:
327:
310:
309:
282:may relate to
279:
277:
270:
263:
262:
255:
253:
172:
170:
163:
158:
132:
131:
129:
122:
104:
103:
81:
79:
72:
65:
64:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5393:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5336:
5328:
5326:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5124:Social issues
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4866:Special needs
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4849:Mainstreaming
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Medical model
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4771:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:(7): 1400–9.
4701:
4697:
4690:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4349:
4341:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4251:
4247:
4242:
4241:1959.13/42937
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4154:
4148:
4140:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4015:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3971:(2): 95–107.
3970:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3863:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3643:(2): 142–51.
3642:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3330:(4): 373–83.
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3203:(4): e34744.
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3109:(3): 254–69.
3108:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2910:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2826:3-437-46430-2
2822:
2818:
2811:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:: S152–S153.
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2405:
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2186:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2161:(2): 129–45.
2160:
2156:
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2145:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2079:at Wiktionary
2078:
2077:
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2050:
2049:Pet orthotics
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2019:Dental braces
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1986:Head orthoses
1983:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1900:
1898:Hand orthoses
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1883:
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1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
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1864:
1855:
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1765:hallux valgus
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1639:hip extensors
1636:
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1600:
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1569:poliomyelitis
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1536:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1511:
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1401:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:"Hinged-AFO"
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:Flexible AFO
1321:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1280:
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1216:
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1203:
1201:
1200:hip extensors
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
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1147:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1095:circumduction
1092:
1088:
1087:hip extensors
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1035:hip extensors
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1009:
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1003:
999:
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991:
988:
984:
981:results in a
980:
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937:
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762:poliomyelitis
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714:
713:
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704:
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682:
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668:
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653:
647:
642:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
610:
607:
604:
601:
597:
593:
592:aramid fibers
589:
585:
582:
581:
580:
571:
568:
560:
550:
546:
542:
536:
535:
531:
526:This section
524:
520:
515:
514:
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492:
488:
484:
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473:
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457:
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438:
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428:
426:
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418:
409:
400:
398:
394:
390:
389:neuromuscular
382:
378:
372:
366:
360:
351:
347:
341:
336:
332:
324:
321:
306:
296:
291:
289:
285:
280:This article
278:
269:
268:
254:
250:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215:
211:
208: –
207:
203:
202:Find sources:
197:
193:
187:
186:
182:
178:
173:This article
171:
162:
161:
156:
154:
147:
146:
141:
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115:
111:
100:
95:
91:
87:
86:
80:
71:
70:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5227:Anthropology
5217:Deaf studies
5207:Crip as verb
5089:
5085:Mobility aid
5045:Reach Canada
4818:Social model
4699:
4695:
4689:
4664:
4658:
4613:
4609:
4599:
4589:15 September
4587:. Retrieved
4572:
4527:
4523:
4513:
4504:
4498:
4490:the original
4480:(3): 342–8.
4477:
4473:
4463:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4393:
4389:
4379:
4371:the original
4357:
4348:
4339:
4333:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4272:
4268:
4258:
4223:
4217:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4147:
4127:
4120:
4101:
4095:
4087:
4078:
4043:
4039:
4029:
4017:. Retrieved
4013:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3838:
3779:(1): 31–46.
3776:
3772:
3766:
3746:
3739:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3679:
3675:
3665:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3606:
3580:. Retrieved
3565:
3530:
3526:
3501:. Retrieved
3486:
3447:
3409:
3371:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3245:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3167:
3161:
3152:
3139:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3077:
3071:
3058:
3053:
3046:
3027:
3021:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2966:
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2921:
2917:
2875:
2871:
2841:
2835:
2816:
2810:
2790:
2733:
2729:
2677:
2673:
2609:
2605:
2553:
2549:
2494:(3): 457–9.
2491:
2487:
2437:
2433:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2328:
2324:
2314:
2302:. Retrieved
2295:the original
2290:
2278:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2125:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2075:
2064:
1989:
1981:
1969:
1953:Boston brace
1943:
1878:Arm orthoses
1861:
1843:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1800:
1791:
1739:
1737:
1714:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:dorsiflexors
1625:
1623:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1599:Forrest Gump
1595:Forrest Gump
1589:
1588:
1585:
1578:
1519:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1243:
1240:
1235:Chockalingam
1232:
1228:
1220:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
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1184:
1181:dorsiflexors
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1162:contractures
1148:
1140:
1135:
1132:dorsiflexors
1131:
1125:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1054:dorsiflexors
1049:
1048:
1044:
1033: – the
1030:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1017:
1007:
1006:
993:
992:
979:dorsiflexors
970:
969:
960:
933:
903:
899:
893:
891:
882:dorsiflexors
879:
875:
868:
851:
826:
807:
775:
758:spina bifida
751:
742:
734:
698:
689:
685:
673:carbon fiber
669:
659:
651:
614:
608:
602:
583:
578:
563:
554:
539:Please help
527:
503:
499:biomechanics
487:CNC machines
475:
453:
429:
414:
380:
345:
344:
331:
316:
300:
293:Please help
288:undue weight
281:
244:
234:
227:
220:
213:
201:
181:verification
174:
150:
143:
137:
136:Please help
133:
98:
83:
59:
44:
5366:Orthopedics
5300:Paralympics
5295:Deaflympics
5105:Prosthetics
4796:Main topics
4631:2434/721317
4367:Mayo Clinic
2509:10397/11188
1832:Soft braces
1734:Shoe insert
1358:Hinged AFO
491:3D printing
206:"Orthotics"
175:needs more
110:Prosthetics
5350:Categories
5290:Parasports
4827:Approaches
4803:Disability
4789:Disability
4046:(1): 2–7.
3928:: 101702.
3705:(1): 120.
2999:: 104–11.
2918:Pediatrica
2612:(1): 120.
2056:References
2044:Back brace
1276:Rigid AFO
1166:spasticity
830:mid-stance
810:ambulatory
460:amputation
456:prosthesis
430:Under the
397:Orthotists
217:newspapers
139:improve it
5237:Education
5232:Geography
4876:education
4839:Inclusion
4681:238837441
4183:(1): 17.
4062:1040-8800
3950:219517122
3809:227234568
3793:1743-4440
3547:0966-6362
2702:212641072
2680:: 68–74.
2628:1743-0003
2556:(1): 41.
2462:252359961
2454:0966-6362
2404:0001-5555
2345:0341-2695
2304:5 October
2254:1938-6400
2109:11 August
2004:Orthotist
1979:in 1955.
1945:Scoliosis
1940:orthosis.
1922:scoliosis
1804:arthritis
1788:orthoses.
1740:orthotics
1701:fractures
1673:extremity
1215:foot drop
1122:orthoses.
983:drop foot
661:Paralysis
557:July 2023
528:does not
472:Orthotist
466:Orthotist
359:romanized
346:Orthotics
340:foot drop
303:July 2023
247:July 2023
145:talk page
114:Orthotist
5371:Podiatry
5325:Category
5242:Journals
5222:Eugenics
5202:Bodymind
5009:Students
4956:Services
4650:26086959
4641:10616811
4583:Archived
4564:29538382
4524:PLOS ONE
4486:17304865
4455:Archived
4451:10670507
4420:25773267
4325:25245020
4289:23643441
4250:18646168
4209:20799935
4070:75655968
3993:29917264
3985:22833518
3942:33036836
3903:28904631
3852:20 March
3843:Archived
3839:icrc.org
3801:33249938
3731:31623670
3657:16934470
3354:35067172
3346:26216790
3305:25885551
3237:22514661
3197:PLOS ONE
3155:: 87–94.
3131:38130573
3123:20738230
3013:27131186
2924:: 30–34.
2900:45860264
2892:11851738
2770:26600039
2730:PLOS ONE
2694:32147412
2646:31623670
2582:31406508
2518:22921491
2412:17896058
2363:17333186
2262:28513217
2218:26835739
2177:20384548
2076:calipers
1997:See also
1759:, first
1653:weakness
1581:weakness
1474:"FRAFO"
1198:and the
1128:weakness
1091:Duchenne
1069:weakness
1002:crutches
975:weakness
973: –
907:inverted
719:flexion.
681:aluminum
677:titanium
437:thoracic
385:orthosis
381:orthoses
4977:Support
4716:5677293
4555:5851539
4532:Bibcode
4411:7173742
4200:2939594
4019:15 July
3894:5584494
3722:6798503
3582:29 July
3503:11 July
3296:4403837
3228:3326046
3205:Bibcode
2761:4658111
2738:Bibcode
2637:6798503
2573:6686412
2354:2323412
2270:4298371
2103:iso.org
1991:Helmets
1688:Reduce
1664:joint.
1318:"DAFO"
1270:"SAFO"
1130:of the
1071:of the
977:of the
665:paresis
618:paresis
549:removed
534:sources
373:
361::
286:or has
231:scholar
196:removed
94:Discuss
55:Discuss
4894:Rights
4871:school
4714:
4679:
4648:
4638:
4562:
4552:
4484:
4449:
4418:
4408:
4323:
4287:
4248:
4207:
4197:
4159:
4135:
4108:
4068:
4060:
3991:
3983:
3948:
3940:
3901:
3891:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3754:
3729:
3719:
3655:
3614:
3573:
3545:
3494:
3454:
3416:
3378:
3352:
3344:
3303:
3293:
3279:: 34.
3235:
3225:
3174:
3129:
3121:
3084:
3061:]
3034:
3011:
2973:
2945:
2898:
2890:
2848:
2823:
2798:
2768:
2758:
2700:
2692:
2644:
2634:
2626:
2580:
2570:
2516:
2460:
2452:
2410:
2402:
2361:
2351:
2343:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2216:
2175:
2132:
1463:FRAFO
1143:aramid
1111:stroke
871:stroke
857:Stroke
788:, and
786:stroke
626:stroke
445:sacral
441:lumbar
233:
226:
219:
212:
204:
90:merged
51:merged
5335:Lists
5040:MINDS
4677:S2CID
4066:S2CID
3989:S2CID
3946:S2CID
3846:(PDF)
3835:(PDF)
3805:S2CID
3533:: 2.
3350:S2CID
3149:(PDF)
3127:S2CID
3063:(PDF)
3057:[
2896:S2CID
2698:S2CID
2458:S2CID
2298:(PDF)
2287:(PDF)
2266:S2CID
1959:, or
1699:from
1677:joint
1310:DAFO
1262:SAFO
449:spine
443:and
425:trunk
365:ortho
354:Ορθός
350:Greek
238:JSTOR
224:books
5014:CNIB
4999:SSDI
4994:Rail
4989:ODSP
4927:AODA
4712:PMID
4646:PMID
4614:2015
4591:2010
4560:PMID
4482:PMID
4447:PMID
4416:PMID
4394:2015
4321:PMID
4285:PMID
4246:PMID
4205:PMID
4133:ISBN
4106:ISBN
4058:ISSN
4021:2021
3981:PMID
3938:PMID
3922:Foot
3899:PMID
3854:2018
3797:PMID
3789:ISSN
3752:ISBN
3727:PMID
3653:PMID
3612:ISBN
3584:2023
3571:ISBN
3543:ISSN
3505:2021
3492:ISBN
3452:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3376:ISBN
3342:PMID
3301:PMID
3233:PMID
3172:ISBN
3119:PMID
3082:ISBN
3032:ISBN
3009:PMID
2971:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2888:PMID
2846:ISBN
2821:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2766:PMID
2690:PMID
2642:PMID
2624:ISSN
2578:PMID
2514:PMID
2450:ISSN
2408:PMID
2400:ISSN
2359:PMID
2341:ISSN
2306:2013
2258:PMID
2250:ISSN
2214:PMID
2173:PMID
2130:ISBN
2111:2021
1695:Aid
1637:and
1635:knee
1164:and
764:and
679:and
590:and
532:any
530:cite
489:and
391:and
371:lit.
210:news
179:for
5035:DPI
5030:CCD
5004:SSI
4984:DLA
4932:ADA
4920:Law
4834:IEP
4704:doi
4669:doi
4636:PMC
4626:hdl
4618:doi
4550:PMC
4540:doi
4406:PMC
4398:doi
4313:doi
4277:doi
4236:hdl
4228:doi
4195:PMC
4185:doi
4048:doi
3973:doi
3930:doi
3889:PMC
3881:doi
3781:doi
3717:PMC
3707:doi
3645:doi
3535:doi
3332:doi
3291:PMC
3281:doi
3223:PMC
3213:doi
3111:doi
3001:doi
2880:doi
2756:PMC
2746:doi
2682:doi
2632:PMC
2614:doi
2568:PMC
2558:doi
2504:hdl
2496:doi
2442:doi
2390:doi
2349:PMC
2333:doi
2242:doi
2204:doi
2200:181
2163:doi
1806:or
1628:or
1571:or
1183:or
1134:or
1085:or
816:or
808:In
543:by
483:CAM
479:CAD
395:."
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4064:.
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4042:.
4038:.
4012:.
4001:^
3987:.
3979:.
3969:37
3967:.
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3936:.
3926:46
3924:.
3920:.
3897:.
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