1362:, characterised Koht in his memoirs as an expert on foreign affairs, but introverted. He had relatively little contact with other politicians, kept to himself to study in peace, and spent much time on his extensive writing. Koht reportedly preferred to solve a problem by himself instead of involving co-workers and employees, even the experts in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. His way of thinking was logical and rational, but he allegedly nurtured an "exaggerated belief in paragraphs" and a "dogmatic belief in international law", and wrongly thought that other countries would obey formal regulations at most times. Koht had few or no alternatives to his neutrality policy, and in many ways he based his entire career in foreign affairs on that policy. Trygve Lie claimed that before the Second World War, the neutrality policy had "become a religion" for Koht.
1343:
1148:. Koht's view of the matter was that Norway should not be involved in the conflict in any way; this became the policy of the government for the duration of the civil war. The government soon banned the sale or transfer of Norwegian arms, aircraft and ships to Spain. Koht himself promoted a ban on the use of Norwegian ships to transport arms, ammunition and aircraft to foreign countries in general, to ensure that there could be no Norwegian connection to any such items that were delivered to Spain. The strict non-intervention policy promoted by Koht and Prime Minister Nygaardsvold was heavily criticised by forces within the Labour Party.
999:
1322:
United
Kingdom enough. From the autumn of 1940, Trygve Lie championed a change in policy which meant seeking lasting allies in the western world. Koht viewed this as "distrust". A schism between him and the rest of the cabinet grew as it also became known that Koht's Ministry of Foreign Affairs had received reports of a possible forthcoming assault on Norway, without Koht having informed the cabinet thoroughly. Furthermore, there was discontent over Koht's decision to establish the headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in exile in
1563:"with fervor", notes Agøy. Koht demanded that the Peace Association did not resist to an armed defense of the "fatherland". The national convention in 1902 refused to acknowledge this principle, and Koht therefore resigned his membership. He was followed by others, as a result of a schism in the Peace Association between the pacifists and the more pragmatic peace activists. Koht has also been assessed as an ineffective organisational leader. The defense question more or less solved itself when the Swedish-Norwegian union was
364:
1073:
1206:. This, along with other incidents, and the lack of a firm Norwegian response, led the warring parties to the impression that Norway could or would not effectively protect her neutrality. Initially the German view of Norwegian neutrality had been one of it being positive for the German war effort, allowing German merchant ships to transport cargo via Norwegian territorial waters without interference from the British.
1554:—were "radicalised sons of the bourgeoisie". This meant that they were "capable of asserting themselves among the ship-owners and county governors in the board" of the Norwegian Peace Association. Koht also followed his own goals during his first period as chairman. He wanted to tie the "apolitical" peace movement closer to the labour movement, to create "economic justice" and to employ the use of
1177:. Again requesting to be allowed to resign, Koht stayed after months of debating ended with the party giving the cabinet free rein to do what it saw as best with regards to trade with Franco. By October 1938 Koht had negotiated a trade agreement with Franco. The formal Norwegian recognition of the Franco government as the representative of Spain followed on 31 March 1939, three days after the
1220:
governments, while secretly remaining set on avoiding war with the Allies at all cost. Koht told the
Norwegian parliament that he believed that the Allies were trying to bring Norway into the war. The Allied mining of the Norwegian coast coincidentally distracted the Norwegian government from realising that large German forces had been on their way to invade Norway for several days prior.
1158:, led the critics of the policy towards the conflict in Spain. Tranmæl and other critics saw the non-intervention policy of the government as giving equal standing to both the elected government of Spain and the rebels. Koht went to great lengths to avoid any direct Norwegian involvement in the conflict, especially trying to block Norwegians from travelling to Spain to join the
383:(1844–1892), an educator and politician, and Betty Giæver (1845–1936), a part-time teacher with a penchant for singing, languages and drawing. Betty's antecedents were mixed: she was maternally descended from Northern Germany, yet on her father's side she was of Norwegian origin—a distinguished forebear on that side was her great-grandfather, the civil servant
295:. In the latter capacity he sought to preserve Norway's neutrality in the Second World War, a decision that garnered him political infamy. Growing discontentment with Koht's political decisions ultimately led to his exit from the cabinet. After the war, however, he returned to his academic career track and wrote major works in the 1950s and 1960s.
1649:, all of which were released in 1947. These memoir-like books have been analysed as putting a self-apologetic message forth. His political career was effectively ended, but some of his ideas had prevailed. For instance, his analysis of the class situation in Norway became a part of the general social-democratic ideology of the post-war years.
1602:. He was also absent while serving as Minister of Foreign Affairs, not wishing to combine the two roles. He returned briefly afterwards, before leaving again in 1942. Another reason for his inactivity was that he had not lived in Norway since 1940, but either way the Prize was not awarded in any of the years from 1939 to 1943.
2389:", by Halvdan Koht. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 5 January 2015. He states: "...human perfectability, the capacity to become more and more perfect. It is a faith which has provided the foundation for some of our greatest religions and one which has inspired much of the best work for progress. It was proclaimed by
1495:, Koht was much hated by many because of his language reforms, which were routinely perceived as attacks and degradations on their preferred language. His ideals were dubbed "det kohtske knot", i.e. "the Kohtian mishmash". For his own part, Koht often used spellings that contrasted with both Nynorsk and Bokmål. The
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on the
Norwegian coast, and to land troops at Narvik in case the Germans responded to the mining by landing in Norway. Shortly before the mining was carried out, Koht warned the British that no further neutrality violations would be tolerated, and that in the future the Norwegians would respond with
1321:
The cabinet eventually fled the country on 7 June. Koht landed in London on 19 June 1940, now heading the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs in exile. Norway was now a close ally of the United Kingdom, but Koht was seen as clinging somewhat to his neutrality policy, and not embracing the alliance with the
1194:
With the outbreak of the Second World War in
September 1939, the Norwegian government declared the country neutral in the conflict. Both warring sides subsequently stated that they would respect Norway's neutrality, provided that she protect her neutrality against trespasses by the other side. Koht
759:
in Norway. American culture did not have a particularly high standing in Norway at the time. In school, Koht did not learn proper
English. Before he embarked to the US, some historian colleagues insinuated that the country "barely had any history" and was not worth visiting. Koht's first writing on
1292:
in Paris. The
Norwegian Ministers departed from London on 11 May, arriving back in Norway on 17 May. The talks with the Allies resulted in concrete promises and plans for large French reinforcements for the Norwegian front. These plans were however abandoned by the Allies on 24 May 1940, following
1209:
On 5 April the Allies sent notes to both Norway and Sweden warning that they would take any action necessary if the
Germans were allowed to use the neutral countries' territory to their advantage. Koht responded with a speech in which he said that the Allies had nothing to gain by interfering with
726:
in 1912, it featured an elaboration on Koht's theory about class and the nation. According to Koht, the community of the nation was expanded in a democratic way when the agrarian movement, then the labour movement, both rose from political passivity to demand a place in the political and national
1165:
For Koht personally the civil war in Spain came close to ending his cabinet career on several occasions. On 9 April 1937, following a series of incidents where
Francoist warships intercepted Norwegian vessels sailing on Spanish ports and confiscated both cargoes and ships, and Norwegian protests
398:
He was intended to have the name
Joachim, but this was stopped on request from Joachim G. Giæver who voiced his dislike for the name. He was then christened Halfdan, changed to Halvdan some years later. The family lived in Tromsø, where Paul Steenstrup Koht was a headmaster and mayor. The family
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to present demands of capitulation. Koht personally met with Bräuer, and rejected his demands and threats of war, stating that "war had already started". Koht and the cabinet fled Norway's capital in the morning of 9 April. Even though Koht rejected Bräuer's initial contact, he did convince the
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to Hitler in December 1939, began serious planning for a possible occupation of Norway. Following the Altmark Incident, Hitler ordered the invasion of Norway. In response to the British mining operation on 8 April 1940, the Norwegian government lodged formal protests with the British and French
346:
language reform, the declared aim of which was to consolidate the two standards of written Norwegian. A reform pushing the formal written language in this direction was indeed implemented in 1938, but historical events led to the failure of this policy. A pertinacious and unyielding advocate of
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to Spain to protect Norwegian shipping. After the proposal met opposition in parliament and was set to fail, Koht offered to resign. Prime Minister Nygaardsvold refused to accept Koht's resignation, stating that he "would rather be shot than lose Koht". The case came close to causing the whole
959:. While living in the United States, he developed a form of historical materialism, which led to a fusion of history scholarship and political views. He viewed the Liberal Party as an important agent in Norwegian history, since it pronounced the rights of the farmers, but he now viewed the
1100:
quite friendly to the principle of a national defense in the past. His neutrality policy nonetheless put him on the "defense-skeptical" side together with Johan Nygaardsvold and most of his cabinet. Among the more "defense-friendly" in and around the cabinet, not the least from 1936, were
1313:, who was to act as a middle man with Germans in relation to the plan, Koht revealed that the Allies were about to evacuate Norway. Although Günther never revealed the evacuation plans to the Germans, Koht was heavily criticised for doing so by his colleagues upon his return to Norway.
33:
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in labour conflicts. These goals were not embraced by all of the members, particularly not those who wanted to keep the Peace Association politically neutral. A larger problem, however, was that Koht rated Norwegian nationalism higher than pacifism. He had thus carried out his
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Koht was granted leave of absence on 19 November 1940, and ultimately left the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs on 20 February 1941, being succeeded by Trygve Lie. Koht decided to travel to Canada and then the United States. He lived with his daughter Åsa and her family in
1304:
in Sweden to try to reinvigorate a previously rejected plan to create a demarcation line between the Germans and Norwegian in Northern Norway. Swedish troops were planned to occupy Narvik. The plan was named the Mowinckel plan, after its initiator, the former prime minister
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Though he never adhered to Christianity in his adolescent or adult life, Koht valued the faith in the perfectability of human beings, as prompted "the greatest religions", and he started to feel solidarity with the labour movement and the working classes, leading to the
677:(1909) and Stockholm (1910). During these years, his wife, daughter and her nanny lived in Eidsvoll. Koht then returned to Norway and the university, and remained docent until being promoted to professor in 1910. He remained professor until 1935, and also served as the
1069:, something the party had declared that it would do as recently as 1934. In foreign policy matters Koht and Nygaardsvold usually made decisions without consulting the other ministers, merely informing the rest of the cabinet of the decisions that had been made.
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in the same year. The second book, written together with his son-in-law Sigmund Skard, dealt more with older history and the literature of Norway. It was released in Swedish in 1944 and Norwegian in 1948. Koht returned to Norway at the end of war.
462:. In the late 1920s, Karen's declining health and Halvdan's preoccupation with his work placed a strain on their relationship. Disenchanted with the loveless union, Koht entered several extramarital friendships in the following decade, often
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Vital to the Norwegian effort to try to halt the German advance was assistance from the Allies, which Koht requested in the early hours of 9 April, although skeptical of the potential of Allied aid. When the rest of the government fled from
512:
A break from the studies came in the second half of 1892. After his father's death, he could not afford to attend university that semester. He worked briefly as a private tutor in the Skien district, and was paid to write in the newspaper
1095:
policy to which Norway had adhered before the League of Nations membership. For many years, he was reluctant to an expansion of a Norwegian military defense capacity. He did not vehemently and principally oppose such an expansion, and
664:
at the University in 1908. Because Koht had internal opponents at the university, the appointment was designated to cover "cultural history" instead of "history". A while later the university changed it to "history". The
326:
spanned several volumes each. He became known for syntheses on Norwegian history, and emphasised the roles of peasants and wage labourers as historical agents who found their place in an expanding notion of the Norwegian
1162:. On 19 September 1936, Koht attempted to have the League of Nations impose a ceasefire in Spain, to be followed by a popular referendum on the country's constitution. Koht's proposal received little support and failed.
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in favour of universal rights and social reforms. The same perspective had to be applied to the struggle of the labour movement, Koht maintained. An economic background for the farmers' rising was presented in 1912, in
1030:
to which Koht had contributed. The negotiations led to an agreement on Norwegian trade rights in the area, but a question of sovereignty over Eastern Greenland remained unsolved. In 1931, forces in and outside of the
914:
Koht's father introduced his son to politics, taking him to the Liberal Party national convention in 1891, where he was allowed to enter since he studied at the university. Koht's first political arena was the
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in 1921. In it, he synthesised the class struggle and language struggle in Norway, and because he was an integrationist he wanted a popular gathering around one written language. Koht became a member of
2486:
1237:
cabinet to listen to further German proposals for negotiations later the same day. All Norwegian negotiations with the Germans ended after a failed attempt to capture the Norwegian king and government
963:
as the next class to be included in the political life, and specifically through the Labor Party. In Koht's Liberal Party period, he cooperated with some of their more radical members, among them
931:, and, as the students' association collectively entered the Liberal Party, became a board member of the local party branch in Kristiania. He continued his fight against the union badge, and the
1389:
Since Koht lived in Lysaker, Bærum Municipality wanted to honor him by naming a street after him. When the street was named in 1967, Koht was still controversial. The street was therefore named
355:. As an activist and politician he was described as a strong-willed and individualistic person, who nurtured a strong belief in taking an academic and legal perspective on political problems.
438:(1871–1960), an essay writer and women's rights activist one and a half years his senior; they had three children. One child died in infancy, but the remaining two had distinguished careers:
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cabinet's fall in parliament, before it was agreed that it would be dropped. When Koht in 1938 attempted to establish a trade agreement with Franco, he was blocked by his own party and the
783:
Wishing to unite materialism and idealism, Koht became interested in psychology and the role of individuals in history. The latter focus led to his becoming, in the words of his biographer
1571:
599:
From 1899 to 1901, Koht worked as a substitute at the University Library of Oslo, and part-time as a school teacher. He was also engaged by Gustav Storm to help him with publishing the
3837:
2002:
1858:
1375:("Scrutiny Commission of 1945") was set to scrutinise the actions of the Norwegian government in 1940. It concluded with a partial criticism of Koht's dispositions. After receiving
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1195:
was clear from early on that Norway should remain neutral, but also that in the event of her being forced to enter the war it was critical that it was on the side of the British.
1621:
Having stepped down from the exiled cabinet in 1941, Koht lived in the United States for the remainder of the war. There he continued his literary production; however, the books
1491:
ideal. The reforms were reversed in 1941 under Nazi rule; the original changes were reinstated after the end of the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany. According to historian
1198:
Over the first months of the Second World War Norwegian neutrality was violated repeatedly in the air and at sea by both warring parties, most dramatically with the 16 February
1528:
348:
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that he deserved to travel abroad first. From 1908 to 1909 Koht travelled around in the United States, England and Sweden, visiting the peace conferences in London (1908),
509:
and earned his degree. He was one of just three students to be examined in Norwegian and German in late 1896, and had been the only candidate in history the previous year.
466:. During the Second World War, there were rumors about a romantic relationship with his secretary Unni Diesen. After 1945 the relationship to Karen regrew in strength.
1564:
936:
829:
which would become a preeminent source on important figures in Norwegian history. Between 1909 and 1932 he published letters and original writings of Henrik Ibsen,
1280:) on British aid to Norway. Koht also made a radio speech from London on the BBC, broadcasting to Norway, and a speech on American radio. On 8 and 9 May he met
3830:
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1355:
399:
moved to Skien when Halvdan was twelve years old, where his father again immersed himself in politics: he served as mayor as well as parliamentarian for the
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changed it back to "cultural history", before the Parliament finally decided on "history". Koht was going to start his tenure as a docent, but argued with
784:
4479:
735:, published in 1926 as a compilation of Koht's presented material in his university lectures, represented the culmination of Koht's work on the topic of
1652:
Despite not holding the professor chair any longer, Koht continued his academic writing; his principal work from the post-war epoch was the six-volume
776:("The American Nation", 1920). He would return briefly to American academia during his career, for instance in the autumn of 1930 to hold a course at
267:
Born in the north of Norway to a fairly distinguished family, he soon became interested in politics and history. Starting his political career in the
4424:
3823:
1405:
dialect in his early life. In Skien his dialect provoked negative reactions from his peers. He was inspired by the dialects of Skien's surroundings (
898:
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Koht's stay in the United States affected his historical views and adaptation of historical materialism, and he also tried to encourage the study of
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2882:
854:
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2731:
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In the 1930s Koht became the foremost international politician of the Labour Party. He positioned himself in the Labour Party as the prospective
894:
1861:
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In 1895, after finishing his history studies, he spent three months in the Mediterranean, travelling with three ships, the first from Norway to
1474:
in particular. He eventually used the Labour Party as a vehicle for his language activism, especially after being asked by the party to write
1241:
early on 10 April. Koht was willing to take up the fight against the invaders. He wrote several key speeches, some of which were delivered by
1129:. In 1936 Koht expressed great concern for the consequences of the arms race taking place in Europe, which he felt could easily lead to war.
2715:
2675:
1668:
and Norway's descent into dependency to Denmark in 1537. The third and fourth volumes, released in 1952 and 1955, are about medieval kings:
752:
came to fruition. In 1951 he stated that he "has never thought that the theories could be foundational for a political or social uprising".
1210:
Norwegian shipping lanes—the British had a more significant trade with Norway than the Germans. The next day the Allies decided to launch
4404:
318:. He was a prolific writer, and touched on numerous subjects during his long academic career. He wrote several biographies; his works on
4489:
4429:
1943:
670:
4499:
4474:
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1137:
1057:, leading them to prepare for office. The Labour government was formed on 20 March 1935. Koht became Minister of Foreign Affairs in
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866:
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at the Royal Frederick University. He rarely had responsibility for any teaching of the students, and since he was often busy with
572:, while also continuing to attend university lectures. He was then given a scholarship, the "Gustav Bruun Endowment" of 1800
4494:
3649:
3634:
3257:
Rønning, Mats; Ringsby, Per Jostein (2010). "Strid om fred. Norges fredsforening 1895–1914". In Helle, Idar; et al. (eds.).
1684:". The sixth and final volume (1960) chronicles the years from 1657 to 1661, when Denmark (and thus Norway) transitioned into an
1174:
576:. The University doubled Koht's award to NOK 3600. From 1897 to 1899 he studied abroad with this fellowship. He studied at the
505:, the third back to Norway. He studied German literature during this travels. In December 1896, Koht was finally examined by
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3182:
2822:
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the worsening situation for the Allies in France, and an evacuation decided. Koht was informed by British Minister to Norway
1054:
585:
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on 1 June that the Allied Forces had decided to retreat from Norway, owing to the difficult situation at the Western Front.
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284:
47:
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force. The Germans too repeatedly violated Norwegian neutrality, and, following a visit from the Norwegian fascist leader
4514:
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1629:(1944) were both released in London. The first book dealt directly with the advent of war in Norway, and was released in
1483:
in 1934, and in 1936 the Labour Party agreed that a language reform should be carried out, moving the two language forms
967:, who later would join the Labour Party. He joined the Labour Party when he returned from the United States and moved to
1656:. The six volumes each describe a decisive moment in Norwegian history. The first volume, released in 1950, centers on "
1371:
4419:
3619:
940:
519:. On returning to his studies he worked as a Kristiania correspondent for the newspaper; eventually he also worked for
387:
from Tromsø. Through the offspring of his maternal grand-uncle, Halvdan Koht was a third cousin of the parliamentarian
1499:, which is formally the suffix "-et", was substituted with the suffix "-e", such as in the titles of his publications
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should the party form a government. He did so because fellow historian and Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1928,
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between the agrarian and the urban population. Koht argued that the peasant movement had abandoned the cause of
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Halvdan Koht, fredstanken og forholdet til stormaktene 1935–1939. Mellom nedrustning og territoriell ekspansjon
916:
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to an interparliamentary peace conference in London. In 1895 he was a founding member and board member of the
1365:
Koht's role in the weak and unorganised defense against Operation Weserübung was debated during and after the
693:
from the farmers' perspective. Gustav Storm claimed that farmers in Norway had "done no effort of their own".
589:
1546:
had noted that the socialists who were active in the bourgeois peace movement—the most prominent being Koht,
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in the terms 1916–1919, 1928–1931 and 1931–1934. In 1952 he wrote the 50-year history of Bærum Labour Party.
720:, in which he further developed his theories on the role of the farmers in history. Published in the journal
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3219:
4031:
756:
531:
343:
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3000:
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983:, was dubbed "Karistua". The university offered him no office, so he had to conduct his research at home.
748:, originally a lecture for the second Norwegian conference of historians. This lecture was also where his
486:. The next examination was in different languages, both classical and modern. Koht had the choice between
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1952:
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1410:
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1065:. Among Koht's first actions as minister was to persuade the Labour Party not to pull Norway out of the
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830:
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in 1896. He studied history with geography as a minor subject until 1895; his main history teacher was
455:
1531:, serving as chairman from 1900 to 1902. From 1901 to 1902 he edited his own monthly periodical named
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After the League of Nations failed as an effective international body, Koht again favoured the strict
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from 1923 to 1928, two institutions that dealt with publishing of source texts. He also chaired the
768:("Monetary Power and Labor in America", 1910), which was based on "People's Academy" lectures, then
4097:
3995:
1053:, had died, making Koht the "Foreign Minister-designate". The Labour Party also polled well in the
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was a distant ancestor. The name Koht stems from German immigrants to Norway in the 17th century.
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1463:, an association the propagation of Landsmål, from 1921 to 1925. In 1929, Landsmål was renamed
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The Peace Association was dominated by Liberal Party politicians—from a Marxist perspective, "
1152:, a central figure in the apparatus of the Labour Party and the editor of the party newspaper
388:
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1909:
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1567:. Koht later returned to the Peace Association to serve as a board member from 1910 to 1912.
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1032:
927:(the "flag case"). In 1893 he left this forum, co-founded a new students' association called
878:
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replied to Koht's wish to study social history: "Yes, do not go out and become a socialist!"
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617:
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261:
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and Nynorsk closer to one another. The language reforms took place in 1938 and promoted the
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Koht's academic writing also encompassed the peace issue. His books on the subject include
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Koht faced considerable skepticism among academics when announcing his intentions to study
380:
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1310:
379:, one of the larger cities in Northern Norway. He was the second of four children born to
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to the Labour Party around the turn of the 20th century. He represented that party in the
8:
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trial. The Parliament of Norway did not find it necessary, and no such trial took place.
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failing to gain results, Koht made a formal proposal to dispatch the Norwegian minelayer
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1939:
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Upon returning to Norway, Koht published three books on the war-time events in Norway:
1599:
1393:("Professor Koht's Road") to emphasise his academic, rather than his political career.
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1058:
777:
701:, was a "crook ... oh well, trahit sua quemque voluptas". Koht was given 100
515:
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424:
408:
339:
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217:
70:
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1022:. Sovereignty was claimed by Denmark. Koht teamed up with the conservative politician
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1947:
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to London. Here, from 5 May they negotiated with British government representatives (
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municipal council for parts of the interwar period. He was never elected a member of
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787:, "one of the greatest biographers of the 20th century". Inspired by the work with
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Koht's first travel abroad was in 1890, when he accompanied his father as well as
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4001:
3906:
3739:
3729:
3624:
3518:
3508:
3401:
3095:(2000). "Et floket partnerskap. Fredsbevegelsen og arbeiderbevegelsen til 1940".
1865:
1692:
1402:
1285:
1216:
1178:
1102:
1050:
870:
634:
521:
491:
446:
an ambassador. Through Åsa, Halvdan Koht was a father-in-law of literary scholar
311:
303:
272:
3794:
3475:
1417:
4366:
4307:
4145:
4127:
4115:
3983:
3699:
3490:
2828:
1471:
1359:
1331:
1154:
1126:
1080:
920:
890:
804:
740:
736:
710:
690:
654:
650:
593:
535:. Over the next years, he would contribute extensively to publications such as
502:
494:
or Norwegian and German (including Norse); he chose the Norwegian and German.
412:
319:
4103:
3888:
3196:
1492:
1233:
616:
of Norwegian writers. However, it was a posthumous work, the principal author—
4388:
4181:
4043:
4019:
3870:
3704:
3694:
3345:
3153:
2490:
1657:
1551:
964:
960:
869:
in 1908. Between 1923 and 1939 he was both praeses and vice praeses. He held
808:
608:. In 1908, after eight years of work, Koht completed the two last volumes of
487:
459:
447:
404:
332:
130:
4277:
3359:
3298:
3136:
647:
Die Stellung Norwegens und Schwedens im Deutsch-Dänischen Konflikt 1863–1864
4348:
4342:
4235:
4223:
4199:
4151:
4139:
4073:
3918:
3894:
3779:
3536:
2923:
2438:
2390:
1681:
1294:
1023:
1003:
812:
795:
in 1908. Later he published biographies both of Norwegians and foreigners:
568:
For some months after graduating Koht worked as an unpaid volunteer at the
537:
506:
483:
475:
451:
420:
363:
323:
222:
2328:
1578:
from 1904 to 1913, with the task of examining proposed candidates for the
415:. In 1893, one year after the death of Koht's father, the family moved to
4289:
4259:
4163:
4055:
3900:
3876:
3734:
3714:
3229:
1647:
Norsk utanrikspolitikk fram til 9. april 1940. Synspunkt frå hendingstida
1587:
1555:
1300:
In response to the Allied decision to evacuate, the cabinet sent Koht to
697:
exclaimed that a person whom Koht wanted to study, the farmer-politician
600:
561:
543:
526:
1695:
in Oslo. Two works by Koht have been released posthumously: the memoirs
1447:(1900). He became a board member of the Landsmål-based publishing house
1413:
1010:
Internationally, Koht tried to prop up the institutions that maintained
706:
4319:
4295:
3689:
3442:
3333:
3321:
3161:
2918:
2446:
2150:
1809:
1456:
1428:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1072:
800:
642:
463:
416:
392:
280:
227:
212:
94:
1424:
4354:
4301:
4121:
3709:
1539:
1323:
1019:
956:
555:
443:
257:
194:
1484:
1254:
376:
122:
2455:(in Norwegian). Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
1818:(in Norwegian). Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
1488:
1406:
1289:
1110:
565:; these were mostly Liberal or Norwegian nationalist publications.
549:
150:
1904:
1594:, but was absent in the decisive meeting in 1936 that awarded the
1347:
1301:
968:
276:
146:
2763:
1470:
Koht spoke of language in a social context in general and of the
1464:
1309:. During a meeting with the Swedish minister of foreign affairs,
1281:
1232:, the invasion of Norway of 9 April 1940, Germany sent the envoy
1015:
976:
972:
674:
342:
also gave him nationwide academic recognition. He championed the
204:
3259:
Historier om motstand. Kollektive bevegelser i det 20. århundret
1703:
in 1985. His son-in-law Sigmund Skard wrote a biography of him,
819:
in 1943. He also wrote about 400 pieces in the first edition of
302:(now the University of Oslo) from 1910 to 1935, having become a
3104:
Kjærheim, Steinar (1985). "Innleiing". In Koht, Halvdan (ed.).
1586:. In 1931, he gave the Award Ceremony Speech for the Nobelists
955:, and had four years prior to that began to consider himself a
661:
498:
328:
307:
254:
32:
3018:
Aarsberetninger fra Det Norske Stortings Nobelkomité 1931–1945
641:
he remained a research fellow until 1907. In 1908 he took his
335:
and its history, and was a pioneer in Norway in this respect.
1334:, returning to Norway after the end of the Second World War.
1250:
126:
3845:
3003:". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 5 January 2015.
2850:
2005:(in Norwegian). Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD)
1261:(Minister of Defense) continued from there with the cruiser
3390:(in Norwegian). Oslo: University of Oslo (master's thesis).
3256:
1643:
Frå skanse til skanse. Minne frå krigsmånadene i Noreg 1940
431:
3602:
407:
in 1890. His father was among his teachers for a while in
3201:
Tusen dager – Norge og den spanske borgerkrigen 1936–1939
1691:
Koht died on 12 December 1965 in Bærum. He was buried at
1613:("The Notion of Peace in the History of Norway", 1906).
1431:
Landsmål", but neither stuck. Early publications on the
1346:
Professor Kohts vei (lit. "Professor Koht's street") in
4455:
Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
3340:(in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
3328:(in Norwegian). Vol. 1. Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
3221:
Innstilling fra Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945. Bilag
939:, he agitated for the establishment of a republic, but
909:
347:
international peace, Koht was a founding member of the
1609:("History of the Peace Movement in Norway", 1900) and
1245:, to convey staunch resistance to the German demands.
1014:. In 1923 he participated in the arbitrations between
3175:
Hitler's pre-emptive war: The Battle for Norway, 1940
3012:
2713:
2673:
1420:
dialect. Before this he had attempted to write both "
3217:
2385:
See a lecture showing his attitude toward religion:"
298:
As an academic he was a professor of history at the
3338:
London-regjeringa: Norge i krigsalliansen 1940–1945
3326:
London-regjeringa: Norge i krigsalliansen 1940–1945
3283:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal. pp. 122–143.
3279:(1974). "Datter av 'lovende ung videnskabsmand'".
2592:Moen and Sæther, 2009: pp. 199–208, 260, 271.
1326:, several miles west of the cabinet headquarters.
899:International Society for the History of Medicine
4386:
3261:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Abstrakt. pp. 35–53.
3001:The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 – Presentation Speech
2808:
2387:The Nobel Peace Prize 1931 – Presentation Speech
1136:, the Nygaardsvold Cabinet followed a policy of
1079:. Koht is the third from left, standing between
885:. He was decorated by France as a Knight of the
727:sphere. He wrote about this in the 1910 article
3242:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden. pp. 219–220.
3191:
2481:
2479:
1506:
1500:
1442:
1436:
895:Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters
3281:Det første halvsekel. Bilder fra norsk barndom
3203:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag.
2971:
2895:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. Archived from
1956:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. Archived from
16:Norwegian historian and politician (1873–1965)
3831:
3588:
3224:(in Norwegian). Vol. 2. Oslo: Aschehoug.
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
1354:Trygve Lie, who after the war had become the
993:
855:Comité International des Sciences Historiques
628:
450:and a grandfather of politician and academic
4520:Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
2476:
1455:from 1901 to 1908, until 1905 together with
1018:and Norway about the disposition of Eastern
865:Koht became a fellow of the learned society
253:(7 July 1873 – 12 December 1965) was a
4505:Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
3354:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Det Norske Samlaget.
3072:
2730:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2690:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1607:Histoire du mouvement de la paix en Norvège
442:(née Koht) became a child psychologist and
4480:Norwegian expatriates in the United States
3838:
3824:
3595:
3581:
3108:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag.
2979:"The Norwegian Nobel Committee Since 1901"
2171:
1369:. After the World War, a commission named
1223:
979:in 1910. The house, designed by architect
760:the subject came in 1910 with the lecture
375:Halvdan Koht was born on 7 August 1873 in
31:
3148:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Bærum Labor Party.
2817:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget.
1382:analysis, Koht volunteered to undergo an
951:of his views: from 1900 he voted for the
716:In 1910, Koht completed the dissertation
458:and politician and organisational leader
60:20 March 1935 – 19 November 1940
4425:Academic staff of the University of Oslo
3385:
3366:
3103:
2940:
2877:
2815:Budstikkas store Asker og Bærum-leksikon
1803:
1502:Det vitskapelege grunnlage for målstræve
1444:Det vitskapelege grunnlage for målstræve
1341:
1071:
997:
867:Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
849:from 1912 to 1927 and 1932 to 1936, the
807:in three volumes between 1916 and 1925,
529:as obituarist and anniversary writer in
403:. Koht finished school here, taking his
362:
2921:(15 January 2005). "Det kohtske knot".
2772:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
2583:Moen and Sæther, 2009: pp. 170–81.
2437:
2279:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2192:
2190:
2159:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
1938:
1913:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget
1710:
1639:For fred og fridom i krigstid 1939–1940
1175:Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions
702:
573:
310:in 1908. Among many honors, he held an
4387:
3604:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Norway
3402:Newspaper clippings about Halvdan Koht
3228:
2917:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2565:Moen and Sæther, 2009: pp. 92–94.
2556:Moen and Sæther, 2009: pp. 39–41.
2547:Moen and Sæther, 2009: pp. 28–29.
2372:
2370:
2368:
2131:
2129:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1997:
1995:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1676:. The fifth volume (1956) focuses on "
1664:". The second volume (1951) describes
1616:
919:, where he vehemently argued that the
3819:
3576:
3371:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen Damm.
3344:
3332:
3320:
3297:
3275:
3172:
2802:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1582:. From 1918 to 1942 he served on the
1574:in 1913. He was a consultant for the
1451:, and edited the Landsmål periodical
1350:was named after Halvdan Koht in 1967.
1055:1933 Norwegian parliamentary election
971:in 1909. He lived with his family in
860:
815:in two volumes in 1928 and 1929, and
684:
649:. Opponents at the dissertation were
285:Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs
3239:Arbeiderbevegelsens historie i Norge
3143:
3122:
3091:
2274:
2262:
2187:
910:Early involvement and local politics
3160:
2747:
2393:; it inspired the work of men like
2365:
2126:
2067:
2044:
2035:
1337:
1184:
1132:Following the 1936 outbreak of the
1097:
904:
746:Priser og politikk i norsk historie
718:Bonde mot borgar i nynorsk historie
592:). He was especially influenced by
13:
4405:Norwegian people of German descent
3309:(in Norwegian). Oslo: J. G. Tanum.
1972:
1925:
1722:
1707:("Halvdan Koht the Man") in 1982.
1409:); from 1891 he wrote the "rural"
1401:Hailing from Tromsø, Koht spoke a
681:of his Faculty from 1912 to 1917.
623:
287:from 1935 to 1940, as part of the
14:
4531:
4490:Labour Party (Norway) politicians
4430:20th-century Norwegian historians
3395:
3369:Halvdan Koht. Veien mot framtiden
3036:"All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates"
2946:Rønning and Ringsby, 2010: p. 52.
2487:"Johan Nygaardsvold's Government"
1572:Institut International de la Paix
1514:
1396:
1228:At the advent of the Nazi German
986:Koht served as a member of Bærum
837:and Henrik Wergeland. He chaired
4500:Norwegian people of World War II
4475:Norwegian expatriates in Germany
4465:Norwegian expatriates in Denmark
3527:Norwegian Historical Association
3499:Norwegian Historical Association
3177:. Newbury: Casemate Publishers.
3129:Norwegian Historical Association
2883:"rettskrivningsreformen av 1941"
2325:Norwegian Historical Association
2144:
1857:(vestraat.net) and NSD data for
1372:Undersøkelseskommisjonen av 1945
1189:
929:Den Frisinnede Studenterforening
847:Norwegian Historical Association
791:, he wrote a life of the author
762:Genesis of American Independence
709:on Neergaard. In 1896 professor
331:. He was also interested in the
260:and politician representing the
4470:Norwegian expatriates in France
4460:Knights of the Legion of Honour
3050:
3028:
3006:
2993:
2949:
2931:
2911:
2871:
2843:
2793:
2784:
2738:
2707:
2698:
2667:
2658:
2649:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2467:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2379:
2356:
2349:2001, Franz-Andre Sondervorst,
2343:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2138:
2117:
2108:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2058:
2026:
2017:
1028:Nordmanns-Forbundets tidsskrift
843:Norsk historisk kjeldeskriftråd
772:("American Culture", 1912) and
4495:Government ministers of Norway
3555:Norwegian Genealogical Society
3307:Sikkerhetspolitikken 1920–1939
3303:Solidaritet eller nøytralitet?
2809:Bakken, Tor Chr., ed. (2008).
2574:Moen and Sæther, 2009: p. 164.
2520:Moen and Sæther, 2009: p. 207.
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1847:
1830:
1476:Arbeidarreising og målspørsmål
1433:Norwegian language controversy
975:, but commissioned a house in
943:decided to keep the monarchy.
937:union was dissolved altogether
935:as a whole. In 1905, when the
897:. He was also a member of the
889:, and in 1952 he received the
851:Norwegian Genealogical Society
633:In 1901 he was appointed as a
427:(now the University of Oslo).
351:and an ordinary member of the
1:
3234:Klassen og nasjonen 1935–1946
3218:Parliament of Norway (1947).
3146:Bærum arbeiderparti 1902–1952
3106:Rikspolitisk dagbok 1933–1940
2538:Moen and Sæther, 2009: p. 38.
2511:Moen and Sæther, 2009: p. 37.
1701:Rikspolitisk dagbok 1933–1940
1438:Det norske målstrævs historie
1257:, landing on 1 May, Koht and
766:Pengemakt og arbeid i Amerika
525:. In 1901, he took over from
358:
3386:Sydengen, Fred Ivan (2003).
3168:(in Norwegian). Oslo: Tiden.
3131:. Oslo: Grøndahl & Søn.
2637:Lunde, 2009: pp. 54–66.
2628:Lunde, 2009: pp. 37–39.
2610:Lunde, 2009: pp. 26–32.
1565:peacefully dissolved in 1905
501:, the second from Venice to
469:
293:Germany's invasion of Norway
283:, but served nonetheless as
7:
3433:Minister of Foreign Affairs
3406:20th Century Press Archives
2892:Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45
2714:Parliament of Norway 1947.
2674:Parliament of Norway 1947.
1953:Norsk krigsleksikon 1940-45
1561:compulsory military service
1529:Norwegian Peace Association
1316:
1181:to the nationalist forces.
1047:Minister of Foreign Affairs
917:Norwegian Students' Society
671:Waldemar Christofer Brøgger
349:Norwegian Peace Association
48:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
4536:
4515:Burials at Nordre gravlund
4445:Norwegian male biographers
2664:Lunde, 2009: pp. 223, 227.
2529:Pryser, 1988: pp. 219–220.
1623:Norway Neutral and Invaded
994:Foreign affairs politician
853:from 1928 to 1940 and the
629:Appointments and doctorate
570:University Library of Oslo
480:Royal Frederick University
425:Royal Frederick University
391:. In Paul Koht's lineage,
300:Royal Frederick University
218:Royal Frederick University
4420:University of Oslo alumni
4329:
3958:
3857:
3851:Norwegian Nobel Committee
3610:
3561:
3551:
3543:
3533:
3523:
3515:
3505:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3472:
3462:
3454:
3449:
3439:
3430:
3422:
3417:
3367:Svendsen, Åsmund (2013).
3173:Lunde, Henrik O. (2009).
3127:(in Norwegian). With the
3014:Norwegian Nobel Committee
2744:Lunde, 2009: pp. 518–519.
2704:Lunde, 2009: pp. 514–515.
2655:Lunde, 2009: pp. 226–229.
2646:Lunde, 2009: pp. 97, 222.
2452:Norsk biografisk leksikon
2156:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1853:Genealogical entries for
1836:Genealogical entries for
1815:Norsk biografisk leksikon
1804:Svendsen, Åsmund (2002).
1611:Fredstanken i Noregs-sogo
1584:Norwegian Nobel Committee
1576:Norwegian Nobel Institute
822:Norsk biografisk leksikon
660:Koht was then hired as a
454:, psychologist and ombud
353:Norwegian Nobel Committee
244:
234:
211:
200:
184:
174:
157:
136:
109:
104:
100:
88:
76:
64:
53:
46:
42:
30:
23:
4450:Henrik Ibsen researchers
2283:Koht, 1951: pp. 150–151.
2271:Koht, 1951: pp. 154–155.
2196:Koht, 1951: pp. 119–122.
1654:Kriseår i norsk historie
1377:Undersøkelseskommisjonen
1140:in the conflict between
1125:and Minister of Defense
1012:public international law
774:Den amerikanske nasjonen
578:University of Copenhagen
3565:Sigurd Segelcke Meidell
2799:Lie, 1955: pp. 266–267.
2147:"Jens Braage Halvorsen"
2087:Koht, 1951: pp. 67, 70.
1356:first Secretary-General
1224:German invasion and war
923:should not contain the
827:biographical dictionary
789:Norsk Forfatter-lexikon
639:Norsk Forfatter-lexikon
614:biographical dictionary
610:Norsk Forfatter-lexikon
586:École des hautes études
4440:Norwegian male writers
3426:Johan Ludwig Mowinckel
3351:Mennesket Halvdan Koht
3144:Koht, Halvdan (1952).
3123:Koht, Halvdan (1951).
3078:Kjærheim, 1985: p. 12.
3058:"Cemeteries in Norway"
2937:Agøy, 2000: pp. 86–87.
2811:"Professor Kohts vei."
2601:Lunde, 2009: pp. 2, 4.
2376:Koht, 1951: pp. 58–59.
2362:Koht, 1951: pp. 63–64.
2114:Koht, 1951: pp. 73–75.
2078:Koht, 1951: pp. 65–66.
2041:Koht, 1951: pp. 60–61.
1864:10 August 2016 at the
1842:Joachim Gotsche Giæver
1838:Hanna Birgitte Holmboe
1705:Mennesket Halvdan Koht
1699:in 1968 and the diary
1592:Nicholas Murray Butler
1570:He became a member of
1507:
1501:
1443:
1437:
1416:with strong tinges of
1351:
1307:Johan Ludwig Mowinckel
1160:International Brigades
1142:the Spanish government
1088:
1077:Nygaardsvold's Cabinet
1007:
953:Norwegian Labour Party
841:from 1918 to 1927 and
835:Aasmund Olavsson Vinje
750:historical materialism
620:—having died in 1900.
474:Koht graduated with a
423:. Koht studied at the
372:
83:Johan Ludwig Mowinckel
4435:Norwegian biographers
2856:Store norske leksikon
2790:Lie, 1955: pp. 68–69.
2769:Store norske leksikon
2184:Kjærheim, 1985: p. 7.
1910:Store norske leksikon
1345:
1075:
1001:
879:University of Chicago
831:Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
695:Ludvig Ludvigsen Daae
645:degree on the thesis
618:Jens Braage Halvorsen
582:University of Leipzig
456:Målfrid Grude Flekkøy
436:Karen Elisabeth Grude
430:In September 1898 in
366:
4337:Christian Lous Lange
3949:Jørgen Watne Frydnes
3943:Berit Reiss-Andersen
3022:Parliament of Norway
2957:"Bio – Halvdan Koht"
2419:Skard, 1974: p. 125.
2214:Skard, 1974: p. 123.
1885:Koht, 1951: pp. 7–8.
1711:References and notes
1542:" people. Historian
1230:Operation Weserübung
883:University of Warsaw
875:University of Oxford
817:Haakon VII of Norway
723:Historisk Tidsskrift
381:Paul Steenstrup Koht
369:Paul Steenstrup Koht
338:Koht's views on the
316:University of Oxford
3099:(in Norwegian): 90.
2899:on 31 December 2009
2619:Lunde, 2009: p. 49.
2410:Koht, 1951: p. 159.
2310:Koht, 1951: p. 165.
2301:Koht, 1951: p. 123.
2259:Koht, 1951: p. 153.
2250:Koht, 1951: p. 152.
2241:Koht, 1951: p. 106.
2232:Koht, 1951: p. 104.
2205:Koht, 1951: p. 124.
2096:Koht, 1951: p. 110.
1940:Eriksen, Knut Einar
1859:Ola Krogseng Giæver
1855:Jens Holmboe Giæver
1666:Olav Engelbriktsson
1627:The Voice of Norway
1617:Post-political life
1481:Rettskrivingsnemnda
1449:Det Norske Samlaget
1391:Professor Kohts vei
1040:Erik the Red's Land
857:from 1926 to 1933.
764:. He followed with
733:Norsk bondereisning
389:Ola Krogseng Giæver
289:government-in-exile
4410:People from Tromsø
3937:Kaci Kullmann Five
3418:Political offices
3038:. Nobel Foundation
2887:Dahl, Hans Fredrik
2493:. 12 December 2006
2292:Koht, 1951: p. 58.
2223:Koht, 1951: p. 34.
2135:Koht, 1951: p. 35.
2123:Koht, 1951: p. 88.
2064:Koht, 1951: p. 73.
2055:Koht, 1951: p. 43.
2032:Koht, 1951: p. 41.
2023:Koht, 1951: p. 30.
1948:Dahl, Hans Fredrik
1894:Koht, 1951: p. 20.
1876:Koht, 1951: p. 11.
1600:Carl von Ossietzky
1403:Northern Norwegian
1352:
1212:a mining operation
1144:and rebels led by
1089:
1085:Johan Nygaardsvold
1059:Johan Nygaardsvold
1008:
861:Honorary positions
839:Kjeldeskriftfondet
778:Harvard University
731:as well. The book
729:Norsk folkesamling
705:to do research in
685:Fields of research
373:
340:Norwegian language
71:Johan Nygaardsvold
4485:Bærum politicians
4415:People from Skien
4382:
4381:
3931:Thorbjørn Jagland
3913:Francis Sejersted
3813:
3812:
3571:
3570:
3562:Succeeded by
3547:S. H. Finne-Grønn
3534:Succeeded by
3506:Succeeded by
3483:Academic offices
3473:Succeeded by
3458:Olaus Islandsmoen
3450:Cultural offices
3440:Succeeded by
3268:978-82-7935-304-1
3236:. Volume four of
3210:978-82-05-39351-6
3184:978-1-932033-92-2
3125:Historikar i lære
2879:Sørensen, Øystein
2824:978-82-573-1534-4
2351:Chronique de SIHM
1960:on 11 August 2011
1697:Minne frå unge år
1686:absolute monarchy
1662:Henrik Krummedige
1596:Nobel Peace Prize
1580:Nobel Peace Prize
1548:Adam Egede-Nissen
1535:("Peace Times").
1525:John Theodor Lund
1311:Christian Günther
1134:Spanish Civil War
1067:League of Nations
1026:, who had edited
1002:Koht (left) with
988:municipal council
981:Arnstein Arneberg
797:Otto von Bismarck
770:Amerikansk kultur
699:John G. Neergaard
605:Regesta Norvegica
590:École des Chartes
248:
247:
238:Language activist
4527:
3925:Ole Danbolt Mjøs
3883:Bernt Ingvaldsen
3840:
3833:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3553:Chairman of the
3544:Preceded by
3525:Chairman of the
3516:Preceded by
3497:Chairman of the
3488:Preceded by
3455:Preceded by
3423:Preceded by
3415:
3414:
3391:
3382:
3363:
3341:
3329:
3310:
3305:. Volume one of
3294:
3277:Skard, Åse Gruda
3272:
3253:
3225:
3214:
3188:
3169:
3157:
3140:
3119:
3100:
3097:Arbeiderhistorie
3079:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3020:(in Norwegian).
3010:
3004:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2981:. Nobelprize.org
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2959:. Nobelprize.org
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:on 22 March 2012
2827:. Archived from
2806:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2760:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2681:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2575:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2402:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2331:on 13 April 2014
2327:. Archived from
2323:(in Norwegian).
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2272:
2269:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2185:
2182:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2145:Torp, Olaf Chr.
2142:
2136:
2133:
2124:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1936:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1801:
1521:Hans Jacob Horst
1510:
1508:Sosialdemokratie
1504:
1497:definite article
1446:
1440:
1381:
1338:Political legacy
1295:Sir Cecil Dormer
1200:Altmark Incident
1185:Second World War
1138:non-intervention
905:Political career
887:Legion of Honour
871:honorary degrees
793:Henrik Wergeland
757:American history
704:
575:
478:degree from the
170:
143:
140:12 December 1965
119:
117:
105:Personal details
91:
79:
67:
58:
35:
21:
20:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4325:
4110:Natvig-Pedersen
3954:
3907:Gidske Anderson
3853:
3844:
3814:
3809:
3606:
3601:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3539:
3530:
3521:
3519:Edvard Bull Sr.
3511:
3509:Edvard Bull Sr.
3502:
3493:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3445:
3436:
3428:
3398:
3379:
3315:Further reading
3291:
3269:
3250:
3211:
3185:
3116:
3093:Agøy, Nils Ivar
3083:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3011:
3007:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2927:(in Norwegian).
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2762:
2761:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2723:
2722:
2712:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1944:"Koht, Halvdan"
1937:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:"Halvdan Skard"
1903:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:Wayback Machine
1852:
1848:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1802:
1723:
1713:
1693:Nordre gravlund
1619:
1517:
1399:
1379:
1340:
1319:
1278:Admiral Philips
1243:King Haakon VII
1226:
1217:Vidkun Quisling
1192:
1187:
1169:Olav Tryggvason
1103:Trygve Bratteli
1051:Edvard Bull Sr.
996:
912:
907:
863:
785:Åsmund Svendsen
687:
635:research fellow
631:
626:
624:Academic career
492:Classical Latin
472:
440:Åse Gruda Skard
434:, Koht married
419:, a borough in
361:
312:honorary degree
304:research fellow
239:
226:
220:
193:
191:Åse Gruda Skard
189:
168:
164:
158:Political party
145:
141:
121:
115:
113:
89:
77:
65:
59:
54:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4533:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4370:
4367:Geir Lundestad
4364:
4361:Jakob Sverdrup
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4284:Reiss-Andersen
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4083:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4035:
4029:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3987:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3865:Jørgen Løvland
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3620:Christophersen
3617:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3560:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3494:
3491:Yngvar Nielsen
3489:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3397:
3396:External links
3394:
3393:
3392:
3383:
3377:
3364:
3346:Skard, Sigmund
3342:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3295:
3289:
3273:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3193:Moen, Jo Stein
3189:
3183:
3170:
3158:
3141:
3120:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3049:
3027:
3005:
2992:
2970:
2948:
2939:
2930:
2910:
2870:
2859:(in Norwegian)
2842:
2823:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2764:"Halvdan Koht"
2746:
2737:
2706:
2697:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2475:
2466:
2430:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2378:
2364:
2355:
2342:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2186:
2170:
2137:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2066:
2057:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2016:
2003:"Halvdan Koht"
1971:
1924:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1846:
1844:(vestraat.net)
1829:
1806:"Halvdan Koht"
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1678:Queen Margaret
1618:
1615:
1544:Nils Ivar Agøy
1516:
1515:Peace activism
1513:
1472:class struggle
1398:
1397:Language views
1395:
1360:United Nations
1339:
1336:
1332:Washington, DC
1318:
1315:
1225:
1222:
1204:Jøssingfjorden
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1179:fall of Madrid
1155:Arbeiderbladet
1150:Martin Tranmæl
1146:General Franco
1127:Fredrik Monsen
1123:Martin Tranmæl
1081:Fredrik Monsen
995:
992:
949:radicalisation
921:flag of Norway
911:
908:
906:
903:
891:Gunnerus Medal
862:
859:
805:Johan Sverdrup
741:class interest
737:class conflict
711:Cathrinus Bang
691:social history
686:
683:
655:Yngvar Nielsen
651:Ebbe Hertzberg
630:
627:
625:
622:
594:Karl Lamprecht
584:and in Paris (
503:Constantinople
471:
468:
367:Koht's father
360:
357:
320:Johan Sverdrup
246:
245:
242:
241:
240:Peace activist
236:
232:
231:
215:
209:
208:
202:
198:
197:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
159:
155:
154:
144:(aged 92)
138:
134:
133:
111:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
97:
92:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
68:
66:Prime Minister
62:
61:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4532:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4510:Noregs Mållag
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4374:
4373:Olav Njølstad
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4276:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
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4099:
4096:
4093:
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4057:
4054:
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4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3950:
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3938:
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3923:
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3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3871:Fredrik Stang
3869:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3822:
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3818:
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3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
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3758:
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3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
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3466:Noregs Mållag
3459:
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3290:82-05-06524-1
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3255:
3251:
3249:82-10-02754-9
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3166:Leve eller dø
3163:
3159:
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3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3115:82-10-02741-7
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2439:Thyness, Paul
2434:
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2004:
1998:
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1959:
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1658:Vincens Lunge
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1552:Carl Bonnevie
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1461:Noregs Mållag
1459:. He chaired
1458:
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1411:language form
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1267:
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1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:in Midtskogen
1235:
1231:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1190:Pre-war phase
1182:
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1163:
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1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1000:
991:
989:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:Carl Jeppesen
962:
961:working class
958:
954:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
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868:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:
818:
814:
810:
809:Marcus Thrane
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
758:
753:
751:
747:
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682:
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621:
619:
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587:
583:
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571:
566:
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563:
558:
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539:
534:
533:
528:
524:
523:
518:
517:
510:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
488:Ancient Greek
485:
481:
477:
467:
465:
461:
460:Halvdan Skard
457:
453:
449:
448:Sigmund Skard
445:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:examen artium
402:
401:Liberal Party
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
370:
365:
356:
354:
350:
345:
341:
336:
334:
333:United States
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Liberal Party
265:
263:
259:
256:
252:
243:
237:
233:
229:
224:
219:
216:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:3, including:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
139:
135:
132:
131:Sweden-Norway
128:
124:
112:
108:
103:
99:
96:
93:
87:
84:
81:
75:
72:
69:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
37:Koht in 1937.
34:
29:
22:
19:
4349:August Schou
4343:Ragnvald Moe
4013:
3919:Gunnar Berge
3895:John Sanness
3684:
3552:
3537:Sverre Steen
3524:
3496:
3476:Knut Liestøl
3464:Chairman of
3463:
3431:
3387:
3368:
3350:
3337:
3325:
3306:
3302:
3280:
3258:
3237:
3233:
3230:Pryser, Tore
3220:
3200:
3174:
3165:
3145:
3124:
3105:
3096:
3086:Bibliography
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3030:
3017:
3008:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2951:
2942:
2933:
2924:Klassekampen
2922:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2890:
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2833:. Retrieved
2829:the original
2814:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2774:. Retrieved
2767:
2740:
2716:
2709:
2700:
2676:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2570:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2473:Ørvik, 1960.
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2450:
2443:"C J Hambro"
2433:
2424:
2415:
2406:
2391:Jesus Christ
2381:
2358:
2350:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:the original
2315:
2306:
2297:
2288:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2161:. Retrieved
2154:
2140:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2092:
2083:
2060:
2037:
2028:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1962:. Retrieved
1958:the original
1951:
1915:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1849:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1813:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1682:Kalmar Union
1653:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1569:
1537:
1533:Fredstidende
1532:
1518:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1452:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1328:
1320:
1299:
1270:Lord Halifax
1264:
1247:
1227:
1208:
1197:
1193:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1131:
1090:
1044:
1027:
1024:C. J. Hambro
1009:
1004:Cordell Hull
985:
945:
941:a plebiscite
928:
913:
864:
842:
838:
820:
813:Henrik Ibsen
788:
782:
773:
769:
765:
761:
754:
745:
732:
728:
721:
717:
715:
688:
659:
646:
638:
632:
609:
603:
598:
596:in Leipzig.
567:
560:
554:
548:
542:
538:Den 17de Mai
536:
532:Verdens Gang
530:
520:
514:
511:
507:Sophus Bugge
496:
484:Gustav Storm
476:cand.philol.
473:
452:Torild Skard
429:
397:
385:Jens Holmboe
374:
337:
324:Henrik Ibsen
306:in 1900 and
297:
266:
262:Labour Party
251:Halvdan Koht
250:
249:
223:cand.philol.
142:(1965-12-12)
90:Succeeded by
55:
25:Halvdan Koht
18:
4400:1965 deaths
4395:1873 births
4369:(1990–2015)
4330:Secretaries
4292:(2015–2020)
4286:(2011–2023)
4274:(2009–2020)
4268:(2003–2017)
4250:(2000–2017)
4238:(1997–2002)
4232:(1994–2011)
4226:(1991–2002)
4218:Kristiansen
4208:(1985–2002)
4176:Lindebrække
4098:Ingebretsen
3996:Carl Berner
3945:(2017–2023)
3939:(2015–2017)
3901:Egil Aarvik
3889:Aase Lionæs
3877:Gunnar Jahn
3755:Stoltenberg
3745:Stoltenberg
3334:Riste, Olav
3322:Riste, Olav
3299:Ørvik, Nils
3197:Rolf Sæther
3162:Lie, Trygve
3060:. DIS-Norge
2919:Hustad, Jon
2903:16 December
2717:pp. 300–301
2677:pp. 298–299
2447:Helle, Knut
2428:Koht, 1952.
2321:"Historikk"
2151:Helle, Knut
2105:Koht, 1951.
1822:1 September
1810:Helle, Knut
1625:(1941) and
1588:Jane Addams
1556:arbitration
1493:Kåre Lunden
1453:Syn og Segn
1441:(1898) and
1384:Impeachment
1274:Chamberlain
1234:Curt Bräuer
925:union badge
601:source text
562:Tidens Tegn
544:Syn og Segn
527:Erik Vullum
464:pen friends
371:(1844–1892)
207:(from 1910)
179:Karen Grude
120:7 July 1873
78:Preceded by
4389:Categories
4158:Hovdhaugen
4134:Ingvaldsen
3740:Frydenlund
3730:Frydenlund
3559:1929–1940
3531:1932–1936
3503:1912–1927
3470:1921–1925
3443:Trygve Lie
3437:1935–1940
1917:14 January
1457:Rasmus Flo
1367:occupation
1119:Oscar Torp
1115:Trygve Lie
1107:Haakon Lie
1093:neutrality
1036:government
801:Ivar Aasen
643:dr.philos.
522:Päivälehti
432:Kristiania
417:Bekkelaget
393:Kjeld Stub
359:Background
291:following
281:Parliament
228:dr.philos.
213:Alma mater
169:(formerly)
116:1873-07-07
95:Trygve Lie
4363:(1978–89)
4357:(1974–77)
4355:Tim Greve
4351:(1946–73)
4345:(1910–45)
4339:(1901–09)
4280:(2009–14)
4262:(2003–08)
4256:(2003–08)
4248:Ytterhorn
4220:(1991–94)
4214:(1990–96)
4212:Sandegren
4202:(1985–96)
4196:(1982–99)
4194:Sejersted
4190:(1982–93)
4184:(1979–84)
4178:(1976–81)
4172:(1974–84)
4170:Haugeland
4166:(1974–89)
4154:(1970–81)
4148:(1967–73)
4142:(1967–72)
4136:(1967–75)
4130:(1965–69)
4124:(1964–65)
4118:(1964–67)
4116:Langhelle
4112:(1964–66)
4106:(1949–78)
4094:(1946–47)
4088:(1945–48)
4082:(1940–63)
4076:(1940–63)
4070:(1938–39)
4064:(1938–48)
4062:Braadland
4058:(1938–66)
4052:(1934–39)
4046:(1931–33)
4040:(1925–36)
4038:Mowinckel
4028:(1922–24)
4022:(1921–40)
4016:(1918–42)
4010:(1913–39)
4004:(1907–20)
3998:(1905–18)
3992:(1901–30)
3986:(1901–04)
3980:(1901–06)
3974:(1901–12)
3968:(1901–21)
3933:(2009–15)
3927:(2002–08)
3921:(2000–02)
3915:(1991–99)
3903:(1982–89)
3897:(1979–81)
3891:(1968–78)
3879:(1941–66)
3873:(1922–40)
3867:(1901–21)
3805:Huitfeldt
3680:Mowinckel
3675:Braadland
3670:Mowinckel
3655:Mowinckel
3645:Mowinckel
3154:475064528
3042:9 October
2985:9 October
2963:9 October
2851:"nynorsk"
2726:cite book
2686:cite book
2497:3 October
2399:Wergeland
2163:26 August
2009:3 October
1964:17 August
1540:bourgeois
1324:Bracknell
1259:Ljungberg
1038:annexed "
1020:Greenland
957:socialist
893:from the
873:from the
811:in 1917,
556:Dagbladet
470:Education
444:Paul Koht
409:Norwegian
258:historian
255:Norwegian
235:Known for
201:Residence
195:Paul Koht
56:In office
4206:Stålsett
4188:Anderson
4182:Germeten
4146:Rognlien
4068:Vassbotn
4044:Thallaug
3978:Bjørnson
3780:Petersen
3770:Vollebæk
3750:Bondevik
3720:Cappelen
3650:Michelet
3635:Michelet
3360:10021714
3348:(1982).
3336:(1979).
3324:(1973).
3301:(1960).
3232:(1988).
3199:(2009).
3164:(1955).
3137:15006430
2881:(1995).
2459:29 April
2441:(2001).
2335:28 April
1942:(1995).
1862:Archived
1680:and the
1674:Harald I
1670:Sverre I
1489:Samnorsk
1414:Landsmål
1407:Telemark
1317:In exile
1290:Daladier
1111:Finn Moe
1098:had been
1033:Agrarian
881:and the
803:(1913),
799:(1911),
707:Nordmøre
550:Samtiden
344:Samnorsk
273:switched
185:Children
153:, Norway
151:Akershus
4375:(2015–)
4322:(2024–)
4316:(2021–)
4314:Frydnes
4310:(2021–)
4304:(2018–)
4298:(2018–)
4272:Jagland
4230:Rønbeck
4152:Sanness
4128:Wikborg
4092:Oftedal
4080:Tranmæl
4032:Knudsen
4008:Hanssen
4002:Hagerup
3966:Løvland
3959:Members
3951:(2024–)
3849:of the
3847:Members
3800:Søreide
3775:Jagland
3700:Wikborg
3615:Løvland
3408:of the
3404:in the
2889:(ed.).
2449:(ed.).
2395:Emerson
2153:(ed.).
1950:(ed.).
1812:(ed.).
1660:contra
1631:Swedish
1465:Nynorsk
1427:" and "
1425:Riksmål
1422:Knudsen
1358:of the
1286:Gamelin
1282:Reynaud
1265:Glasgow
1063:Cabinet
1016:Denmark
1006:, 1937.
977:Lysaker
973:Stabekk
675:Chicago
667:cabinet
314:at the
205:Lysaker
166:Liberal
4320:Larsen
4308:Clemet
4244:(1997)
4242:Kostøl
4224:Kvanmo
4200:Nordli
4164:Aarvik
4160:(1973)
4140:Refsum
4104:Lionæs
4100:(1946)
4074:Hambro
4034:(1924)
3909:(1990)
3885:(1967)
3858:Chairs
3795:Brende
3725:Vårvik
3640:Ræstad
3625:Irgens
3375:
3358:
3287:
3265:
3246:
3207:
3181:
3152:
3135:
3112:
2863:1 July
2821:
1485:Bokmål
1380:'s
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