1074:, and a former student of Commager, corresponded with Morison and Commager at the time, in an effort to get them to change their textbook; he reported that Morison "just didn't get it" and in particular did not understand the negative effects that the Sambo stereotype was having on young impressionable students. On the other hand, Meier found that Commager, although at first woefully unaware of black history, was openminded on the subject and willing to learn and change. Morison did not agree to remove Sambo until the fifth edition, which appeared in 1962.
1037:, first published in 1930. (Although Morison was responsible for the textbook's controversial section on slavery and references to the slave as "Sambo", and Commager was the junior member of the writing team when the book was first published and always deferred to Morison's greater age and academic stature, Commager has not been spared from charges of racism in this matter.) The textbook was attacked for its uncritical depiction of slavery in America and its depiction of African-American life after emancipation and during
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748:. Commager's biographer Neil Jumonville has argued that this style of influential public history has been lost in the 21st century, because political correctness has rejected Commager's open marketplace of tough ideas. Jumonville says history now features abstruse deconstruction by experts, with statistics instead of stories, and is comprehensible now only to the initiated, with ethnocentrism ruling in place of common identity.
1055:, relying on the one-sided personal records of slaveowners and portraying slavery as a mainly benign institution. As the historian Herbert Gutman said, this scholarship focused on the question: "What did slavery do for the slave?" Its answer was that slavery lifted the slaves out of the barbarism of Africa, Christianized them, protected them, and generally benefited them. In 1944, the
728:. Although he was skilled at scholarly research and analysis, he preferred to devise and expound sweeping interpretations of historical events and processes, while also making available primary sources so that people could study history for themselves. Commager was representative of a generation of like-minded historians widely read by the general public, including
33:
1067:, which he claimed were vital in understanding the racist nature of American culture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, an era when even the most enlightened progressive thinkers routinely explained many aspects of human behavior as being a result of innate racial or ethnic characteristics.
679:
With
Richard B. Morris, he also co-edited the highly influential New American Nation Series, a multi-volume collaborative history of the United States under whose aegis appeared many significant and prize-winning works of historical scholarship. (This series was a successor to the American Nation
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Commager's lifelong advocacy of intellectual freedom, popular knowledge, and the historical interpretation of contemporary issues has had long-lasting influence on scholars and public advocates, though over the years his politics has been seen as either too liberal or too conservative by various
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Commager wrote hundreds of essays and opinion pieces on history or presenting a historical perspective on current issues for popular magazines and newspapers. He collected many of the best of these articles and essays in such books as
624:'s uses of judicial review to strike down economic regulatory legislation in the first decades of the twentieth century. Later, Commager espoused the use of judicial review by the Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justice
719:
Commager felt a duty as a professional historian to reach out to his fellow citizens. He believed that an educated public that understands
American history would support liberal programs, especially internationalism and the
664:(1938), reaching its tenth edition (co-edited with his former student Milton Cantor) in 1988, half a century after its first appearance, remains a standard collection work of primary sources. His two documentary histories,
1081:, an intellectual leader on the right, ridiculed Commager as suffering "the liberal neurosis" for stating that America is suffering repression "more violent, more reckless, more dangerous than any in our history."
940:
Although at first
Commager was not deeply concerned with race, he became an advocate for civil rights for African Americans, as he was for other groups. In 1949 he fought to allow the African-American historian
466:
in 1928. The couple had three children: Henry Steele
Commager Jr. (1932–1984), known as Steele Commager, who became a classicist at Columbia University and wrote one of the leading books on the Roman poet
342:(October 25, 1902 – March 2, 1998) was an American historian. As one of the most active and prolific liberal intellectuals of his time, with 40 books and 700 essays and reviews, he helped define
1063:, a former President of the NAACP), reluctantly agreed to most of the demanded changes. Morison refused, however, to remove repeated references to the anti-abolitionist caricature of
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launched criticism of the textbook; by 1950, under pressure from students and younger colleagues, Morison, denying any racist intent (he noted that his daughter had been married to
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703:(New York: Harper & Row, 1967). When he moved to Amherst, an elite undergraduate college, he no longer mentored PhD candidates, but he mentored undergraduates, including
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3000:
759:, which he understood as creating a powerful general government that at the same time recognized a wide spectrum of individual rights and liberties. Commager opposed
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detractors. He is ranked among such other great historians of his time as Arthur
Schlesinger, Jr., Allan Nevins, Richard Hofstadter, and Samuel Eliot Morrison .
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2101:
633:
590:; it was reissued in 1960, along with a volume edited by Commager collecting the best known of Parker's many writings. Two characteristic books were his 1950
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1956:
612:, but also worked in the fields of constitutional and political history. His work on this subject includes his 1943 series of controversial lectures,
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2135:
571:, Massachusetts. Commager emphasized to his generations of students that historians must write not only for one another but for a wider audience.
423:, the son of James Williams and Anne Elizabeth (Dan) Commager. After his mother died when he was ten, he was raised by his maternal grandfather in
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He often was interviewed on television news programs and public-affairs documentaries to provide historical perspective on such events as the
399:(1950), which focuses on the evolution of liberalism in the American political mind from the 1880s to the 1940s, and his intellectual history
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767:(on constitutional grounds), and what he saw as the rampant illegalities and unconstitutionalities perpetrated by the administrations of
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1002:, conservation of natural resources, disarmament, the world's oceans, and the peaceful exploration of outer space, among other things.
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699:. They joined together in 1967 to present him with a festschrift, or commemorative collection of essays, dedicated to him, titled
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1946:
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861:
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At
Columbia, Commager mentored a series of distinguished historians who earned their PhD degrees under his tutelage, including
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1951:
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984:
963:, but at the time he was not persuaded that this litigation would succeed on historical grounds, and so advised the lawyers.
887:
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1878:
676:), are comprehensive collections of primary sources on the Civil War and the American Revolution as seen by participants.
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to protect racial and religious minorities from discrimination and to safeguard individual liberties as protected by the
2001:
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954:
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407:; ten editions were published between 1938 and 1988, the last coedited with Commager's former student, Milton Cantor.
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received vigorous criticism from
African-American intellectuals and other scholars for their popular textbook
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that no moneys can be spent by the federal government except those specifically appropriated by
Congress.
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959:
776:
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from 1956 to 1992. He retired in 1992 from the John
Woodruff Simpson Lectureship, and died, aged 95, in
1219:
752:
517:
471:; Elizabeth Carroll Commager; and Nellie Thomas McColl Commager (now Nell Lasch, wife of the historian
456:
1977:
review of Neil
Jumonville, Henry Steele Commager: Midcentury Liberalism And The History Of The Present
1961:
1934:
494:
In 1979, Commager married Mary Powlesland, a professor in Latin American studies, in Linton, England.
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Cramer, Benjamin W. (2015). "Commager, Henry Steele". In Chapman, Roger; Ciment, James (eds.).
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1041:. The original editions of the textbook published between 1930 and 1942 echoed the thesis of
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series planned and edited at the beginning of the twentieth century by the Harvard historian
432:
147:
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729:
707:, who later became a historian of the U.S. Constitution and a specialist in the era of the
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8:
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2010:
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1290:"Scholarship and Engagement: Henry Steele Commager as Historian and Public Intellectual"
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The Spirit of Seventy-six: The Story of The American Revolution as Told by Participants
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737:
533:
362:
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The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s
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1005:
When drafting the document Commager was assisted by an "Advisory Committee" including
987:, Philadelphia, by several members of Congress. It was also "endorsed" by a number of
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The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character Since the 1880s
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1986:
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1992:
1976:
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on October 24, 1975. It was signed in a ceremonial signing on January 30, 1976, at
775:. One favorite cause was his campaign to point out that, because the budget of the
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224:
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The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Character Thought Since the 1880s
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2703:
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2308:
2005:
1796:
Jumonville, Neil (1996). "The Origin of Henry Steele Commager's Activist Ideas".
1649:
704:
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617:
587:
560:
389:
366:
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259:
1201:
The Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment
599:
The Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment
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2818:
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463:
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234:
155:
1967:
1721:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge. pp. 138–139.
1702:
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2532:
2502:
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2318:
2303:
2262:
1998:
1874:
1817:
1780:
1481:"Henry Steele Commager (1902–1998): An American Mind in the American Century"
980:
772:
768:
564:
524:. Under the influence of his mentor at Chicago, the constitutional historian
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378:
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for a year researching his dissertation on the political reform movement in
401:
Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment
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2648:
2638:
2633:
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1971:
1835:
Henry Steele Commager: Midcentury Liberalism and the History of the Present
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1006:
733:
688:
579:
420:
358:
275:
1189:
The Defeat of America: War, Presidential Power, and the National Character
1105:(Oxford University Press, 1980; rev. 1983) (with Samuel Eliot Morison and
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2713:
2658:
2653:
2613:
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2562:
2432:
1694:
America in the Twentieth Century: A Study of the United States Since 1917
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The Blue and the Gray: The Story of the Civil War as Told by Participants
810:
The Defeat of America: War, Presidential Power and the National Character
764:
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625:
537:
514:
350:
1203:(Garden City, NY: Anchor Press / Doubleday, 1977, and later reprintings)
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448:
416:
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1825:
1125:
The Heritage of America: Readings in American History for High Schools
672:(the latter co-edited with his longtime friend and Columbia colleague
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817:
498:
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In the 1940s and 1950s, Commager was noted for his campaigns against
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843:
1809:
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428:
1837:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
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452:
424:
1487:. Tallahassee, Florida: Florida State University. Archived from
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1070:
August A. Meier, a young professor at a black southern college,
415:
Commager was born Henry Irving Commager on October 25, 1902, in
1183:
Freedom and Order: A Commentary on the American Political Scene
1177:
The Search for a Usable Past and Other Essays in Historiography
802:
Freedom and Order: A Commentary on the American Political Scene
798:
The Search for a Usable Past and Other Essays in Historiography
468:
167:
1719:
Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints and Voices
532:. Another of his mentors was the colonial American historian
1980:
1056:
151:
1850:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. pp. 108–109.
1371:
656:, 1980; abridged editions in 1980 and 1983 under the title
2213:
1359:
528:, Commager shifted his research and teaching interests to
403:(1977). In addition, he edited a widely used compilation,
385:
and what he viewed as their abuses of presidential power.
1943:
at the Amherst College Archives & Special Collections
1842:
Roots, E. Brian (1994). "Commager, Henry Steele Jr.". In
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1448:
1436:
1424:
388:
His principal scholarly works were his 1936 biography of
159:
1885:. Vol. 221, no. 13. p. 42. Archived from
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1309:
1307:
1236:
953:
asked Commager for advice for their argument before the
546:
The Marcus W. Jernegan Essays in American Historiography
501:
at the age of ninety-five on March 2, 1998, in Amherst.
2961:
Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professors of American History
1614:
1460:
949:
and agreed to introduce him to the group. In 1953 the
1848:
Biographical Dictionary of North American Classicists
1571:"Henry Steele Commager: American Public Intellectual"
1503:
1304:
1412:
1167:(1955) (with Eugene Barker and Walter Prescott Webb)
1093:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1930). 7th ed.:
3001:
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters
868:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
652:(1930; 1937; 1942; 1950, 1962; 1969; 7th ed., with
462:Commager married Evan Alexa Carroll (died 1968) of
361:, Commager helped to organize academic support for
1991:is available for free viewing and download at the
1962:Henry Steele Commager Official Site (2013 archive)
1141:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
574:Commager's first solo book was his 1936 biography
1668:
966:
2907:
1280:
1278:
475:). Evan Commager wrote several books, including
1988:Longines Chronoscope with Henry Steele Commager
513:, and wrote his PhD dissertation on the Danish
353:and other abuses of government power. With his
1952:Amherst College: Henry Steele Commager Project
1209:(Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1993)
814:Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment.
779:is classified, it violates the requirement of
608:; he was influenced by the literary historian
548:(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937).
2199:
1275:
1195:Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment
604:Commager was principally an intellectual and
2009:Memory and Imagination: New Pathways to the
1255:
1253:
1251:
173:Struensee and the Reform Movement in Denmark
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
2206:
2192:
1999:http://www.mlfilms.com/productions/m_and_i
1910:. Vol. 20, no. 5. Archived from
1832:
1795:
1632:
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1430:
1394:"Collection: Henry Steele Commager Papers"
1388:
1386:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
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1325:
1313:
1242:
1103:A Concise History of the American Republic
751:Commager was a liberal interpreter of the
373:and was an outspoken critic of presidents
31:
1478:
1284:
1263:. Amherst, Massachusetts: Amherst College
1248:
928:Learn how and when to remove this message
616:, which argued for a curtailed scope for
2936:Academics of the University of Cambridge
1873:
1644:
1515:
1134:
1084:
998:The document stressed the importance of
658:Concise History of the American Republic
639:
1947:1967 St. Louis Literary Award Recipient
1755:Green, John Raeburn (1944). "Review of
1738:Race: The History of an Idea in America
1735:
1620:
1383:
106: 1928; died 1968)
2908:
2216:Modern liberalism in the United States
1716:
1697:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1568:
1554:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1509:
1115:(1934 and later editions through 1988)
977:World Affairs Councils of Philadelphia
344:modern liberalism in the United States
2187:
1964:, Copyright 2000-2013 - Mary Commager
1937:at the Database of Classical Scholars
1841:
1754:
1740:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1690:
1674:
1466:
1418:
985:Independence National Historical Park
620:, pointing out on the history of the
2971:Historians of the American Civil War
2136:American Academy of Arts and Letters
1901:
866:adding citations to reliable sources
837:
824:crisis. Benjamin W. Cramer states:
1165:The Standard Building of Our Nation
1095:The Growth of the American Republic
1091:Oxford History of the United States
1035:The Growth of the American Republic
993:United Nations specialized agencies
650:The Growth of the American Republic
13:
2996:20th-century American male writers
1866:
648:, of the widely used history text
14:
3012:
1957:Henry Steele Commager (1902-1998)
1928:
1757:Majority Rule and Minority Rights
1138:Majority Rule And Minority Rights
1101:). Revised and abridged edition:
614:Majority Rule and Minority Rights
2931:20th-century American historians
2889:
1904:"Black History Black Mythology?"
1650:"Is Academic Freedom in Danger?"
1119:Theodore Parker: Yankee Crusader
842:
576:Theodore Parker: Yankee Crusader
536:, for whom he later co-edited a
2976:Historians of the United States
2926:20th-century American essayists
1638:
1593:
1562:
1472:
1135:Commager, Henry Steele (1943).
947:Southern Historical Association
853:needs additional citations for
833:
781:Article One of the Constitution
435:and earned degrees in history:
121:
103:
1683:
989:non-governmental organizations
973:Declaration of Interdependence
967:Declaration of Interdependence
520:, a major reformer during the
16:American historian (1902–1998)
1:
2104:Professor of American History
1759:, by Henry Steele Commager".
1479:Lindstrom, Andy (Fall 1999).
1225:
1113:Documents of American History
714:
662:Documents of American History
586:, reformer, and abolitionist
410:
405:Documents of American History
302:Documents of American History
2986:University of Chicago alumni
2966:Historians from Pennsylvania
1941:Henry Steele Commager Papers
1230:
1024:
806:The Commonwealth of Learning
763:in the 1940s and 1950s, the
644:Commager was coauthor, with
509:Commager originally studied
7:
2981:New York University faculty
2956:Columbia University faculty
2840:and political organizations
1902:Chew, Peter (August 1969).
1736:Gossett, Thomas F. (1997).
1213:
1029:Commager and his co-author
960:Brown v. Board of Education
777:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
3017:
2073:Pitt Professor of American
2004:December 16, 2014, at the
1691:Adams, D. K. (1967).
1220:Herbert Baxter Adams Prize
975:, and presented it to the
945:to present a paper at the
559:from 1939 to 1956, and at
518:Johann Friedrich Struensee
457:Johann Friedrich Struensee
2887:
2874:American Solidarity Party
2837:
2606:
2558:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
2420:
2327:
2271:
2223:
2172:
2163:
2155:
2145:
2133:
2129:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
2125:
2120:
2110:
2099:
2091:
2081:
2070:
2057:
2052:
2042:
2033:
2025:
2020:
1159:Freedom, Loyalty, Dissent
1053:William Archibald Dunning
971:In 1975 Commager wrote a
794:Freedom, Loyalty, Dissent
786:
670:The Spirit of Seventy-Six
504:
333:
323:
294:
268:
242:
213:
205:
200:
179:
166:
143:
138:
134:
84:
65:
39:
30:
23:
2838:Major political parties
2102:Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth
2075:History and Institutions
951:NAACP Legal Defense Fund
2991:Writers from Pittsburgh
2951:Amherst College faculty
2941:American male essayists
2868:Rockefeller Republicans
2779:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2607:Significant politicians
1833:—— (1999).
1656:. Time, Inc. p. 91
1356:, pp. 9–10, 13–14.
1207:Commager on Tocqueville
1107:William E. Leuchtenburg
1051:and the scholarship of
1049:Ulrich Bonnell Phillips
877:"Henry Steele Commager"
697:William E. Leuchtenburg
654:William E. Leuchtenburg
371:opposed the Vietnam War
281:William E. Leuchtenburg
192:Vernon Louis Parrington
2878:economic progressivism
2729:Fiorello H. La Guardia
2624:William Jennings Bryan
2588:William Monroe Trotter
2518:Martin Luther King Jr.
2473:John Kenneth Galbraith
2289:Economic progressivism
1879:"The Public Professor"
1877:(September 27, 1999).
1575:Harvard Square Library
1044:American Negro Slavery
831:
742:Arthur Schlesinger Jr.
555:from 1926 to 1939, at
437:Bachelor of Philosophy
365:in 1952 and 1956, and
77:Amherst, Massachusetts
2794:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2724:Robert M. La Follette
2448:Henry Steele Commager
2345:Civil rights movement
2256:Social market economy
1968:Henry Steele Commager
1935:Henry Steele Commager
1761:California Law Review
1286:Bernstein, R. B.
1261:"Commager Chronology"
1085:Selected publications
826:
820:Moon landing and the
726:Franklin D. Roosevelt
666:The Blue and the Gray
640:Textbooks and editing
433:University of Chicago
340:Henry Steele Commager
148:University of Chicago
44:Henry Irving Commager
25:Henry Steele Commager
2350:Classical liberalism
2114:Ray Allen Billington
2085:Roy Franklin Nichols
2046:Howard Mumford Jones
1491:on December 23, 2010
1173:(1958) - two volumes
1099:Samuel Eliot Morison
1031:Samuel Eliot Morison
862:improve this article
730:Samuel Eliot Morison
705:R. B. Bernstein
682:Albert Bushnell Hart
646:Samuel Eliot Morison
634:Fourteenth Amendment
610:Vernon L. Parrington
592:intellectual history
542:William T. Hutchison
526:Andrew C. McLaughlin
447:(1928). He lived in
445:Doctor of Philosophy
394:intellectual history
328:R. B. Bernstein
187:Andrew C. McLaughlin
60:, Pennsylvania, U.S.
2946:American Unitarians
2852:Progressive Party (
2478:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
2421:Significant figures
2375:Liberal Republicans
2246:Christian democracy
2011:Library of Congress
1889:on January 12, 2012
1844:Briggs, Ward W. Jr.
1798:The History Teacher
1646:Chambers, Whittaker
1581:on February 4, 2012
1380:, pp. 23, 261.
1061:Joel Elias Spingarn
709:American Revolution
597:and his 1977 study
557:Columbia University
553:New York University
551:Commager taught at
355:Columbia University
255:Columbia University
250:New York University
139:Academic background
2799:Theodore Roosevelt
2784:Nelson Rockefeller
2513:Coretta Scott King
2493:Richard Hofstadter
2453:William O. Douglas
2166:Bruce Catton Prize
2149:Barbara W. Tuchman
2095:Lawrence H. Gipson
2062:Title last held by
1569:Jumonville, Neil.
1485:Research in Review
1079:Whittaker Chambers
1077:On June 22, 1953,
1019:Archibald MacLeish
943:John Hope Franklin
738:Richard Hofstadter
701:Freedom and Reform
660:). His anthology,
606:cultural historian
534:Marcus W. Jernegan
431:. He attended the
363:Adlai E. Stevenson
2903:
2902:
2896:Liberalism portal
2849:(since the 1930s)
2789:Eleanor Roosevelt
2709:Robert F. Kennedy
2689:Lyndon B. Johnson
2538:Thurgood Marshall
2370:Liberal coalition
2284:Equal opportunity
2236:Social liberalism
2182:
2181:
2173:Succeeded by
2159:Richard B. Morris
2146:Succeeded by
2111:Succeeded by
2082:Succeeded by
2053:Academic offices
2043:Succeeded by
2021:Religious titles
1914:on March 27, 2006
1908:American Heritage
1857:978-0-313-24560-2
1747:978-0-19-802582-5
1728:978-1-317-47351-0
1648:(June 22, 1953).
1469:, pp. 251ff.
1368:, pp. 13–14.
1000:international law
938:
937:
930:
912:
674:Richard B. Morris
584:transcendentalist
497:Commager died of
473:Christopher Lasch
375:Lyndon B. Johnson
337:
336:
308:The American Mind
269:Doctoral students
3008:
2897:
2893:
2847:Democratic Party
2829:Ralph Yarborough
2814:Elizabeth Warren
2809:Henry A. Wallace
2498:Patricia Ireland
2488:Fannie Lou Hamer
2458:W. E. B. Du Bois
2299:Internationalism
2294:Environmentalism
2241:Social democracy
2217:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2156:Preceded by
2126:Preceded by
2092:Preceded by
2029:T. V. Smith
2026:Preceded by
2018:
2017:
1993:Internet Archive
1923:
1921:
1919:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1883:The New Republic
1861:
1838:
1829:
1792:
1751:
1732:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1601:"Historiography"
1597:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1566:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1536:on July 30, 2013
1532:. Archived from
1526:
1513:
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1501:
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1299:
1297:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1240:
1142:
1072:Tougaloo College
1015:Leonard Woodcock
957:for the case of
933:
926:
922:
919:
913:
911:
870:
846:
838:
746:C. Vann Woodward
622:US Supreme Court
578:, a life of the
530:American history
314:Empire of Reason
125:
123:
107:
105:
72:
54:October 25, 1902
53:
51:
35:
21:
20:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2883:
2839:
2833:
2804:Harry S. Truman
2749:George McGovern
2744:Eugene McCarthy
2704:John F. Kennedy
2679:Hubert Humphrey
2664:Michael Dukakis
2644:Hillary Clinton
2602:
2583:Lionel Trilling
2573:Sonia Sotomayor
2416:
2407:Progressive Era
2380:Neoconservatism
2340:1960s and 1970s
2323:
2309:Social equality
2272:Core principles
2267:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2178:
2169:
2161:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2116:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2087:
2078:
2074:
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2048:
2039:
2031:
2006:Wayback Machine
1985:The short film
1931:
1926:
1917:
1915:
1892:
1890:
1869:
1867:Further reading
1864:
1858:
1773:10.2307/3477586
1748:
1729:
1707:
1705:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1643:
1639:
1633:Jumonville 1999
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1567:
1563:
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1546:
1539:
1537:
1530:"Archived copy"
1528:
1527:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1455:Jumonville 1999
1453:
1449:
1443:Jumonville 1999
1441:
1437:
1431:Jumonville 1999
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1400:. March 1, 2023
1398:Amherst College
1392:
1391:
1384:
1378:Jumonville 1999
1376:
1372:
1366:Jumonville 1999
1364:
1360:
1354:Jumonville 1999
1352:
1348:
1344:, pp. 7–8.
1342:Jumonville 1999
1340:
1336:
1330:Jumonville 1999
1328:, p. 224;
1326:Jumonville 1996
1324:
1320:
1314:Jumonville 1999
1312:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1243:Jumonville 1999
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1216:
1087:
1027:
969:
934:
923:
917:
914:
871:
869:
859:
847:
836:
789:
717:
693:Leonard W. Levy
642:
618:judicial review
588:Theodore Parker
561:Amherst College
507:
413:
390:Theodore Parker
367:John F. Kennedy
319:
290:
286:Leonard W. Levy
264:
260:Amherst College
196:
130:
127:
124: 1979)
119:
115:
114:Mary Powlesland
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2821:
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2759:Walter Mondale
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2699:Estes Kefauver
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2600:
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2578:Gloria Steinem
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Walter Reuther
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:Michael Lerner
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2483:Samuel Gompers
2480:
2475:
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2438:Louis Brandeis
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2314:Social justice
2311:
2306:
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2279:Egalitarianism
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2069:
2066:Dexter Perkins
2061:
2055:
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2050:
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2027:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2015:
1996:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1929:External links
1927:
1925:
1924:
1899:
1875:Brinkley, Alan
1870:
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1804:(2): 223–241.
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1635:, p. 147.
1625:
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2176:Edmund Morgan
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773:Ronald Reagan
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769:Richard Nixon
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243:Institutions
230:intellectual
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71:(1998-03-02)
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2921:1998 deaths
2916:1902 births
2764:Tip O'Neill
2754:Harvey Milk
2714:Ted Kennedy
2659:Howard Dean
2654:Mario Cuomo
2614:Bella Abzug
2598:Earl Warren
2563:Al Sharpton
2433:Jane Addams
2412:Vietnam War
2140:in History
1684:Works cited
1660:February 2,
1585:October 25,
1510:Cramer 2015
761:McCarthyism
626:Earl Warren
538:festschrift
515:philosopher
351:McCarthyism
304:(1938–1988)
2910:Categories
2734:John Lewis
2719:John Kerry
2593:Gore Vidal
2548:John Rawls
2463:Betty Ford
2138:Gold Medal
2079:1947–1948
1918:August 23,
1893:August 23,
1708:August 23,
1703:1024177408
1675:Green 1944
1606:August 23,
1495:August 23,
1467:Adams 1967
1419:Roots 1994
1296:August 23,
1267:August 23,
1226:References
1047:(1918) by
888:newspapers
715:Liberalism
582:minister,
449:Copenhagen
417:Pittsburgh
411:Background
357:colleague
324:Influenced
206:Discipline
180:Influences
58:Pittsburgh
50:1902-10-25
2619:Joe Biden
2395:Third Way
2360:Fair Deal
1818:1945-2292
1781:1942-6542
1540:March 24,
1231:Citations
1025:Criticism
822:Watergate
818:Apollo 11
580:Unitarian
499:pneumonia
489:Valentine
144:Education
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2385:New Deal
2355:Cold War
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1550:cite web
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485:Beaux
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1920:2020
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1852:ISBN
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1710:2020
1699:OCLC
1662:2018
1654:Life
1608:2020
1587:2018
1556:link
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