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additional years, for a total of seven, but this is rare. For full-time PhDs, a four-year time limit has now been fixed and students must apply for an extension to submit a thesis past this point. Since the early 1990s, British funding councils have adopted a policy of penalising departments where large proportions of students fail to submit their theses in four years after achieving PhD-student status (or pro rata equivalent) by reducing the number of funded places in subsequent years. Inadvertently, this leads to significant pressure on the candidate to minimise the scope of projects with a view on thesis submission, regardless of quality, and discourage time spent on activities that would otherwise further the impact of the research on the community (e.g., publications in high-impact journals, seminars, workshops). Furthermore, supervising staff are encouraged in their career progression to ensure that the PhD students under their supervision finalise the projects in three rather than the four years that the program is permitted to cover. These issues contribute to an overall discrepancy between supervisors and PhD candidates in the priority they assign to the quality and impact of the research contained in a PhD project, the former favouring quick PhD projects over several students and the latter favouring a larger scope for their own ambitious project, training, and impact.
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the thesis, which is open to the public in some, but not all, universities. At most
Canadian universities, the time needed to complete a PhD degree typically ranges from four to six years. It is, however, not uncommon for students to be unable to complete all the requirements within six years, particularly given that funding packages often support students for only two to four years; many departments will allow program extensions at the discretion of the thesis supervisor or department chair. Alternative arrangements exist whereby a student is allowed to let their registration in the program lapse at the end of six years and re-register once the thesis is completed in draft form. The general rule is that graduate students are obligated to pay tuition until the initial thesis submission has been received by the thesis office. In other words, if a PhD student defers or delays the initial submission of their thesis they remain obligated to pay fees until such time that the thesis has been received in good standing.
554:
2035:'s degree and is considered a lower degree than the dr. phil. degree; officially, the ph.d. is not considered a doctorate, but unofficially, it is referred to as "the smaller doctorate", as opposed to the dr. phil., "the grand doctorate." Holders of a ph.d. degree are not entitled to style themselves as "Dr." Currently Denmark distinctions between the dr. phil. as the proper doctorate and a higher degree than the ph.d., whereas in Norway, the historically analogous dr. philos. degree is officially regarded as equivalent to the new ph.d. Today, the Norwegian PhD degree is awarded to candidates who have completed a supervised doctoral programme at an institution, while candidates with a master's degree who have conducted research on their own may submit their work for a Dr. Philos. defence at a relevant institution. PhD candidates must complete one trial lecture before they can defend their thesis, whereas Dr. Philos. candidates must complete two trial lectures.
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extensions in funding of up to twelve months available to offset periods of absence for maternity leave, shared parental leave, adoption leave, absences covered by a medical certificate, and extended jury service. PhD work beyond this may be unfunded or funded from other sources. A very small number of scientific studentships are sometimes paid at a higher rate – for example, in London, Cancer
Research UK, the ICR and the Wellcome Trust stipend rates start at around £19,000 and progress annually to around £23,000 a year; an amount that is tax and national insurance free. Research Council funding is distributed to Doctoral Training Partnerships and Centres for Doctoral Training, who are responsible for student selection, within the eligibility guidelines established by the Research Councils. The ESRC (Economic and Social Science Research Council), for example, explicitly state that a 2.1 minimum (or a master's degree) is required.
1129:(APA) until its dissolution in 2017. It was replaced by Research Training Program (RTP), awarded to students of "exceptional research potential", which provides a living stipend to students of approximately A$ 34,000 a year (tax-free). RTPs are paid for a duration of 3 years, while a 6-month extension is usually possible upon citing delays out of the control of the student. Some universities also fund a similar scholarship that matches the APA amount. Due to a continual increase in living costs, many PhD students are forced to live under the poverty line. In addition to the more common RTP and university scholarships, Australian students have other sources of scholarship funding, coming from industry, private enterprise, and organisations.
2614:
1159:, and linking chapters between papers. The PhD thesis is sent to external examiners who are experts in the field of research and who have not been involved in the work. Examiners are nominated by the candidate's university, and their identities are often not revealed to the candidate until the examination is complete. A formal oral defence is generally not part of the examination of the thesis, largely because of the distances that would need to be travelled by the overseas examiners; however, since 2016, there is a trend toward implementing this in many Australian universities. At the University of South Australia, PhD candidates who started after January 2016 now undertake an oral defence via an online conference with two examiners.
928:. The aim of the Doctor of Arts degree was to shorten the time needed to complete the degree by focusing on pedagogy over research, although the Doctor of Arts still contains a significant research component. Germany is one of the few nations engaging these issues, and it has been doing so by reconceptualising PhD programs to be training for careers, outside academia, but still at high-level positions. This development can be seen in the extensive number of PhD holders, typically from the fields of law, engineering, and economics, at the very top corporate and administrative positions. To a lesser extent, the UK research councils have tackled the issue by introducing, since 1992, the
873:
provide a premium of 23% and a bachelor's 14%. While this is a small return to the individual (or even an overall deficit when tuition and lost earnings during training are accounted for), he claims there are significant benefits to society for the extra research training. However, some research suggests that overqualified workers are often less satisfied and less productive at their jobs. These difficulties are increasingly being felt by graduates of professional degrees, such as law school, looking to find employment. PhD students may need to take on debt to undertake their degree.
1484:(in French, "école doctorale"). A PhD candidate may follow some in-service training offered by the graduate school while continuing their research in a laboratory. Their research may be carried out in a laboratory, at a university or in a company. In the first case, the candidates can be hired by the university or a research organisation. In the last case, the company hires the candidate and they are supervised by both the company's tutor and a lab's professor. Completion of the PhD degree generally requires 3 years after the master's degree but it can last longer in specific cases.
2476:) and is still awarded in some post-Soviet states (Russian Federation, Belarus, and others). According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other European countries," in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees (like Russian Federation, some post-Soviet states, Germany, Poland, Austria and Switzerland), should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree, and in countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Kandidat Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this PhD degree.
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797:
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2400:; those students who begin a PhD program with a master's degree may complete their PhD degree a year or two sooner. As PhD programs typically lack the formal structure of undergraduate education, there are significant individual differences in the time taken to complete the degree. Overall, 57% of students who begin a PhD program in the US will complete their degree within ten years, approximately 30% will drop out or be dismissed, and the remaining 13% of students will continue on past ten years.
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were first distinguished by Acker, Hill and Black (1994; cited in Wisker, 2005). Considerable literature exists on the expectations that supervisors may have of their students (Phillips & Pugh, 1987) and the expectations that students may have of their supervisors (Phillips & Pugh, 1987; Wilkinson, 2005) in the course of PhD supervision. Similar expectations are implied by the
Quality Assurance Agency's Code for Supervision (Quality Assurance Agency, 1999; cited in Wilkinson, 2005).
1738:) of the university and sometimes on the status of the doctoral student, such certificates may not be required. Usually, former students, research assistants or lecturers from the same university, may be spared from attending extra classes. Instead, under the tutelage of a single professor or advisory committee, they are expected to conduct independent research. In addition to doctoral studies, many doctoral candidates work as teaching assistants, research assistants, or lecturers.
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thesis prepared under the supervision of a tutor or director and reviewed by a
Doctoral Committee. This committee should be composed of examiners that are external to the program, and at least one of them should also be external to the institution. The academic degree of Doctor, respective to the correspondent field of science that the candidate has contributed with original and rigorous research, is received after a successful defense of the candidate's dissertation.
995:(ISCED), states that: "Programmes to be classified at ISCED level 8 are referred to in many ways around the world such as PhD, DPhil, D.Lit, D.Sc, LL.D, Doctorate or similar terms. However, it is important to note that programmes with a similar name to 'doctor' should only be included in ISCED level 8 if they satisfy the criteria described in Paragraph 263. For international comparability purposes, the term 'doctoral or equivalent' is used to label ISCED level 8."
788:" became the formula for faculty advancement in the research universities. After World War II, state universities across the country expanded greatly in undergraduate enrollment, and eagerly added research programs leading to masters or doctorate degrees. Their graduate faculties had to have a suitable record of publication and research grants. Late in the 20th century, "publish or perish" became increasingly important in colleges and smaller universities.
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Germany. However, half of the institutions awarding earned PhDs in 1899 were undergraduate institutions that granted the degree for work done away from campus. Degrees awarded by universities without legitimate PhD programs accounted for about a third of the 382 doctorates recorded by the US Department of
Education in 1900, of which another 8–10% were honorary. The awarding of PhD as an honorary degree was banned by the
2146:) is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a substantial contribution to scientific knowledge, origination of new directions and visions in science. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine. Upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue their studies and get a post-doctoral degree called "Doctor of Sciences" (DSc.
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503:. The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy (abbreviated as Ph.D.)—originally this was just the German equivalent of the Master of Arts degree. Whereas in the Middle Ages the arts faculty had a set curriculum, based upon the
780:. In the United States, by contrast, private universities and state universities alike were independent of the federal government. Independence was high, but funding was low. The breakthrough came from private foundations, which began regularly supporting research in science and history; large corporations sometimes supported engineering programs. The postdoctoral fellowship was established by the
216:
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completed within the next three years. As this includes the MRes all deadlines and timeframes are brought forward to encourage completion of both MRes and PhD within four years from commencement. These programs are designed to provide students with a greater range of skills than a standard PhD, and for the university, they are a means of gaining an extra years' fees from public sources.
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is longer than a full-time degree, the overall cost may be the same or higher. The part-time PhD degree option provides free time in which to earn money for subsistence. Students may also take part in tutoring, work as research assistants, or (occasionally) deliver lectures, at a rate of typically £12–14 per hour, either to supplement existing low income or as a sole means of funding.
1250:. At this stage, the student is known as a "PhD student" or "doctoral student." It is usually expected that the student will have completed most of their required coursework by the end of this stage. Furthermore, it is usually required that by the end of eighteen to thirty-six months after the first registration, the student will have successfully completed the comprehensive exams.
7705:"Лучук О. Коли ми діждемося Вашинґтона? Тоді ж і станем "докторами"! До питання про академічні посади, наукові ступені та вчені звання в українському та американському наукових дискурсах // Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність: Збірник наукових праць. Випуск 21. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І.Крип'якевича НАН України"
511:, by the 19th century it had come to house all the courses of study in subjects now commonly referred to as sciences and humanities. Professors across the humanities and sciences focused on their advanced research. Practically all the funding came from the central government, and it could be cut off if the professor was politically unacceptable.
2525:) belongs to ISCED level 8, or "doctoral or equivalent", together with PhD, DPhil, DLitt, DSc, LLD, Doctorate, or similar. It is mentioned in the Russian version of ISCED 2011 (par.262) on the UNESCO website as an equivalent to PhD belonging to this level. In the same way as PhD degrees awarded in many English-speaking countries, Kandidat Nauk (
6242:... a Dr. philos. degree, which is the highest academic degree in Norway, roughly equivalent to the German Doktor Habilitation. Traditionally, this degree, which was considered a prerequisite for obtaining top positions within academia, was earned rather late in life, often after one had passed 50 years of age.
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the candidate with questions on their research. If approved, they will receive the doctorate. Four marks can be granted: Unsatisfactory, Pass, Satisfactory, and
Excellent. "Cum laude" (with all honours, in Latin) denomination can be added to the Excellent ones if all five members of the tribunal agree.
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Indeed there is a 'new route' to the PhD in some UK institutions where in an individual may complete a series of postgraduate level taught courses as a part of the doctoral programme. This is called the 'New Route PhD', an integrated PhD that resembles somewhat the
American PhD program. For a list of
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Wisker (2005) has reported that research into this field distinguishes two models of supervision: The technical-rationality model of supervision, emphasising technique; and the negotiated order model, which is less mechanistic, emphasising fluid and dynamic change in the PhD process. These two models
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for the last three years), although this can rise to over £16,000 at elite institutions. Higher fees are often charged for laboratory-based degrees. As of 2022/23, the national indicative fee for PhD students is £4,596, increasing annually, typically with inflation; there is no regulation of the fees
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The courses at the doctoral level are mainly completed in the first and second years, and the remaining years are spent doing experiments/research and writing papers. At most universities, the maximum duration of doctoral study is 7 years. If a doctoral student does not complete their degree within 7
872:
The motivation may also include increased salary, but in many cases, this is not the result. Research by
Bernard H. Casey of the University of Warwick, U.K, suggests that, over all subjects, PhDs provide an earnings premium of 26% over non-accredited graduates, but notes that master's degrees already
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Many students who are not in receipt of external funding may choose to undertake the degree part-time, thus reducing the tuition fees. The tuition fee per annum for part-time PhD degrees are typically 50–60% of the equivalent full-time doctorate. However, since the duration of a part-time PhD degree
2177:
In the United
Kingdom, universities admit applicants to PhD programs on a case-by-case basis; depending on the university, admission is typically conditional on the prospective student having completed an undergraduate degree with at least upper second-class honours or a postgraduate master's degree
1137:
Australian citizens, permanent residents, and New
Zealand citizens are not charged course fees for their PhD or research master's degree, with the exception in some universities of the student services and amenities fee (SSAF) which is set by each university and typically involves the largest amount
876:
A PhD is also required in some positions outside academia, such as research jobs in major international agencies. In some cases, the Executive Directors of some types of foundations may be expected to hold a PhD. A PhD is sometimes felt to be a necessary qualification in certain areas of employment,
599:
In 1917, the current PhD degree was introduced, along the lines of the American and German model, and quickly became popular with both British and foreign students. The slightly older degrees of Doctor of Science and Doctor of Literature/Letters still exist at British universities; together with the
514:
These reforms proved extremely successful, and fairly quickly the German universities started attracting foreign students, notably from the United States. The American students would go to Germany to obtain a PhD after having studied for a bachelor's degree at an American college. So influential was
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At some universities, there may be training for those wishing to supervise PhD studies. There is much literature available, such as Delamont, Atkinson, and Parry (1997). Dinham and Scott (2001) have argued that the worldwide growth in research students has been matched by the increase in the number
2577:
On 19 June 2013, for the first time in the Russian Federation, defenses were held for the PhD degree awarded by universities, instead of the Candidate of Sciences degree awarded by the State Supreme Certification Commission. Renat Yuldashev, the graduate of the Department of Applied Cybernetics of
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programme and may transfer to PhD regulations upon satisfactory progress, this is sometimes referred to as APG (Advanced Postgraduate) status. This is typically done after one or two years and the research work done may count towards the PhD degree. If a student fails to make satisfactory progress,
2110:
The student must write their thesis presenting a new discovery or original contribution to science. If approved by her or his "thesis director (or directors)", the study will be presented to a panel of 3–5 distinguished scholars. Any doctor attending the public presentations is allowed to challenge
1576:
The duration of the doctorate depends on the field. A doctorate in medicine may take less than a full-time year to complete; those in other fields, two to six years. Most doctorates are awarded with specific Latin designations for the field of research (except for engineering, where the designation
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Upon successful completion of the comprehensive exams, the student becomes known as a "PhD candidate." From this stage on, the bulk of the student's time will be devoted to their own research, culminating in the completion of a PhD thesis or dissertation. The final requirement is an oral defense of
812:
with high academic standing, in order to be considered for a PhD program. In the US, Canada, India, and Denmark, for example, many universities require coursework in addition to research for PhD degrees. In other countries (such as the UK) there is generally no such condition, though this varies by
639:
Similar developments occurred in many other continental European universities, and at least until reforms in the early 21st century, many European countries (e.g., Belgium, Spain, and the Scandinavian countries) had in all faculties triple degree structures of bachelor (or candidate) − licentiate −
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For the defense procedure in the field of mathematics, it was used the experience of joint Finnish-Russian research and educational program organized in 2007 by the Faculty of Information Technology of the University of Jyväskylä and the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State
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decided in 2010 that those doctorates do not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree. There are different forms of university-level institution in Germany, but only professors from "Universities" (Univ.-Prof.) can serve as doctoral supervisors – "Universities of Applied Sciences"
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called doctoral contract: the institution of higher education is the employer and the PhD candidate the employee. However, the candidate can apply for funds from a company, which can host them at its premises (as in the case where PhD candidates do their research at a company). In another possible
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Completion requirements vary. Most Australian PhD programs do not have a required coursework component. The credit points attached to the degree are all in the product of the research, which is usually an 80,000-word thesis that makes a significant new contribution to the field. Recent pressure on
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or dissertation containing original research in science or in the humanities. In Germany, the name of the doctorate was adapted after the philosophy faculty started being split up − e.g. Dr. rer. nat. for doctorates in the faculty of natural sciences − but in most of the English-speaking world the
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There has recently been an increase in the number of Integrated PhD programs available, such as at the University of Southampton. These courses include a Master of Research (MRes) in the first year, which consists of a taught component as well as laboratory rotation projects. The PhD must then be
1360:
After two or two and a half years, it is expected that the research work of the doctoral candidate be submitted in the form of oral qualification, where suggestions and corrections about the research hypothesis and methodology, as well as on the course of the research work, are performed. The PhD
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and research assistantships; experience as a teaching assistant is encouraged but not requisite in many programs. Some programs may require all PhD candidates to teach, which may be done under the supervision of their supervisor or regular faculty. Besides these sources of funding, there are also
1212:
While some students work outside the university (or at student jobs within the university), in some programs students are advised (or must agree) not to devote more than ten hours per week to activities (e.g., employment) outside of their studies, particularly if they have been given funding. For
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Upon completion of at least two years' research and coursework as a graduate student, a candidate must demonstrate truthful and original contributions to their specific field of knowledge within a frame of academic excellence. The doctoral candidate's work should be presented in a dissertation or
868:
A career in academia generally requires a PhD, although in some countries it is possible to reach relatively high positions without a doctorate. In North America, professors are increasingly being required to have a PhD, and the percentage of faculty with a PhD may be used as a university ratings
1262:
In China, doctoral programs can be applied directly after obtaining a bachelor's degree or applied after obtaining a master's degree. Those who directly apply for a doctoral program after a bachelor's degree usually need four to five years to obtain a doctorate and will not be awarded a master's
1116:
Admission to a PhD program in Australia requires applicants to demonstrate capacity to undertake research in the proposed field of study. The standard requirement is a bachelor honours degree with either first-class or upper second-class honours. Research master's degrees and coursework master's
1079:
While a significant portion of postgraduate students finance their tuition and living costs with teaching or research work at private and state-run institutions, international institutions, such as the Fulbright Program and the Organization of American States (OAS), have been known to grant full
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which focused on its PhD program. By the 1890s, Harvard, Columbia, Michigan and Wisconsin were building major graduate programs, whose alumni were hired by new research universities. By 1900, 300 PhDs were awarded annually, most of them by six universities. It was no longer necessary to study in
2379:
Typically, PhD programs require applicants to have a bachelor's degree in a relevant field, and, in many cases in the humanities, a master's degree, reasonably high grades, several letters of recommendation, relevant academic coursework, a cogent statement of interest in the field of study, and
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There is usually a preliminary assessment to remain in the program and the thesis is submitted at the end of a three- to four-year program. These periods are usually extended pro rata for part-time students. With special dispensation, the final date for the thesis can be extended for up to four
2055:
for doctorates awarded by institutes of technology (for doctorates in engineering or natural science related subjects such as materials science, molecular biology, computer science etc.). The Swedish term fil. dr is often also used as a translation of corresponding degrees from e.g. Denmark and
963:, was opposed to the PhD system and did not have a PhD degree. On the other hand, it was understood by all his peers that he was a world leading scientist with many accomplishments already under his belt during his graduate study years and he was eligible to gain the degree at any given moment.
2325:
Recent years have seen the introduction of professional doctorates, which are the same level as PhDs but more specific in their field. Most tend not to be solely academic, but combine academic research, a taught component or a professional qualification. These are most notably in the fields of
2322:(Doctor of Science), which may be granted on the recommendation of a committee of examiners on the basis of a substantial portfolio of submitted (and usually published) research. However, some UK universities still maintain the option of submitting a thesis for the award of a higher doctorate.
1196:
scores. A common criterion for prospective PhD students is the comprehensive or qualifying examination, a process that often commences in the second year of a graduate program. Generally, successful completion of the qualifying exam permits continuance in the graduate program. Formats for this
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of what they term "how-to" texts for both students and supervisors, citing examples such as Pugh and Phillips (1987). These authors report empirical data on the benefits to a PhD candidate from publishing; students are more likely to publish with adequate encouragement from their supervisors.
2268:
As of 2022/23, the national minimum stipend for UKRI-funded students is £16,062 per year, increasing annually typically with inflation. The period of funding for a PhD project is between three and four years, depending on the research council and the decisions of individual institutions, with
2046:
and commonly abbreviated fil. dr or FD. The degree represents the traditional Faculty of Philosophy and encompasses subjects from biology, physics, and chemistry, to languages, history, and social sciences, being the highest degree in these disciplines. Sweden currently has two research-level
833:
this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university; this defense is open to the public in some countries, and held in private in others; in other countries, the dissertation is examined by a panel of expert examiners who stipulate whether the dissertation is in principle
382:
associated with this usage may be subject to the professional ethics of the particular scholarly field, culture, or society. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or
1816:
candidates are required to appear for an interview with the available PhD supervisor and give presentations of their research proposal (plan of work or synopsis). During study, candidates must submit progress reports and after successful completion of the coursework, are required to give a
628:), and few students undertook formal study in theology. This contrasted with the situation in the continental European universities at the time, where the preparatory role of the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts was to a great extent taken over by secondary education: in modern France, the
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awarded by US universities has risen nearly every year since 1957, according to data compiled by the US National Science Foundation. In 1957, US universities awarded 8,611 PhD diplomas; 20,403 in 1967; 31,716 in 1977; 32,365 in 1987; 42,538 in 1997; 48,133 in 2007, and 55,006 in 2015.
619:
In English (but not Scottish) universities, the Faculty of Arts had become dominant by the early 19th century. Indeed, the higher faculties had largely atrophied, since medical training had shifted to teaching hospitals, the legal training for the common law system was provided by the
2197:
tests, although the requirements may vary depending on the institution. 143 UK universities require applicants to undergo IELTS before admission, with minimum acceptable scores ranging from 4 to 6.5 and above. However, some universities are willing to accept students without IELTS.
1138:
allowed by the Australian government. All fees are paid for by the Australian government, except for the SSAF, under the Research Training Program. International students and coursework master's degree students must pay course fees unless they receive a scholarship to cover them.
817:
or equivalent or higher. In order to submit a successful PhD admission application, copies of academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, a research proposal, and a personal statement are often required. Most universities also invite for a special interview before admission.
767:
At the start of the 20th century, U.S. universities were held in low regard internationally and many American students were still traveling to Europe for PhDs. The lack of centralised authority meant anyone could start a university and award PhDs. This led to the formation of the
2603:
PhD graduates represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries. Slovenia, Switzerland and Luxembourg have higher numbers of PhD Graduates per capita as illustrated here. For Slovenia, this is because MSc degrees before
1361:
degree is only received after a successful defense of the candidate's thesis is performed (four or five years after the enrollment), most of the time also requiring the most important results having been published in at least one peer-reviewed high-impact international journal.
7623:"Décret n° 2003-744 du 1er août 2003 portant publication de l'accord entre le Gouvernement de la République française et le Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie – sur la reconnaissance mutuelle des documents sur les grades et titres universitaires, signé à Saint-Pétersbourg"
1270:
China has thirteen statutory types of academic degrees, which also apply to doctorate degrees. Despite the naming difference, all these thirteen types of doctoral degrees are research and academic degrees that are equivalent to PhD degrees. These thirteen doctorates are:
6998:
Groves, Nicholas (2014). "The Academic Robes of Graduates of the University of Cambridge The Academic Robes of Graduates of the University of Cambridge from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present Day".
1988:, a document presenting the author's research and findings, and successfully defended the doctoral thesis. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, by a supervisory committee with expertise in the given discipline.
1340:, the PhD course admission may require a master's degree (Magíster) in some universities, specially public universities. However, it could also be applied for a direct doctorate in specific cases, according to the jury's recommendations on the thesis proposal.
2007:
Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a degree known as a doctorate of philosophy, based upon the German model. Denmark and Norway both introduced the Dr. Phil(os). degree in 1824, replacing the Magister's degree as the highest degree, while
848:
A PhD student or candidate is conventionally required to study on campus under close supervision. With the popularity of distance education and e-learning technologies, some universities now accept students enrolled into a distance education part-time mode.
2118:
let PhD holders to take seat and cover their heads during an act in the University of Salamanca in which the King took part so as to recognise their merits. This right to cover their heads in the presence of the King is traditionally reserved in Spain to
2370:
awarded by universities in most fields of study. There are more than 282 universities in the United States that award the PhD degree, and those universities vary widely in their criteria for admission, as well as the rigor of their academic programs.
2103:(Royal Decree in Spanish) 99/2011 from the 2014/2015 academic year. They are granted by a university on behalf of the King, and its diploma has the force of a public document. The Ministry of Science keeps a National Registry of Theses called TESEO.
856:" program, PhD candidates do not spend their entire study period at the same university. Instead, the PhD candidates spend the first and last periods of the program at their home universities and in between conduct research at another institution or
196:
PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a
2560:
About 88% of Russian students studying at state universities study at the expense of budget funds. The average stipend in Russia (as of August 2011) is $ 430 a year ($ 35/month). The average tuition fee in graduate school is $ 2,000 per year.
1083:
Others apply for funds to CONICET, the national public body of scientific and technical research, which typically awards more than a thousand scholarships each year for this purpose, thus guaranteeing many PhD candidates remain within the system.
1003:
In German-speaking nations, most Eastern European nations, successor states of the former Soviet Union, most parts of Africa, Asia, and many Spanish-speaking countries, the corresponding degree to a Doctor of Philosophy is simply called "Doctor"
944:
that total reform of PhD programs in almost every field is necessary in the U.S. and that pressure to make the necessary changes will need to come from many sources (students, administrators, public and private sectors, etc.). Other articles in
1852:(research doctorate), abbreviated to "Dott. Ric." or "PhD", is an academic title awarded at the end of a course of not less than three years, admission to which is based on entrance examinations and academic rankings in the Bachelor of Arts ("
1204:). Depending on the field, the student may also be required to demonstrate ability in one or more additional languages. A prospective student applying to French-speaking universities may also have to demonstrate some English language ability.
1468:
Students pursuing the PhD degree must first complete a master's degree program, which takes two years after graduation with a bachelor's degree (five years in total). The candidate must apply to a doctoral research project associated with a
640:
doctor as opposed to bachelor − master − doctor; the meaning of the different degrees varied from country to country, however. To this day, this is also still the case for the pontifical degrees in theology and canon law; for instance, in
6095:
2260:. Tuition fees are charged at different rates for "Home/EU" and "Overseas" students, generally £3,000–£6,000 per year for the former and £9,000–14,500 for the latter (which includes EU citizens who have not been normally resident in the
1220:
At some Canadian universities, most PhD students receive an award equivalent to part or all of the tuition amount for the first four years (this is sometimes called a tuition deferral or tuition waiver). Other sources of funding include
1497:
situation, the company and the institute can sign a funding agreement together so that the candidate still has a public doctoral contract but is works at the company on a daily basis (for example, this is particularly the case for the
772:
by 14 leading research universities (producing nearly 90% of the approximately 250 legitimate research doctorates awarded in 1900), with one of the main goals being to "raise the opinion entertained abroad of our own Doctor's Degree."
387:
such as "Ph.D.", "PhD", or "DPhil", depending on the awarding institution. It is, however, traditionally considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals together, although usage in that regard has been evolving over time.
5433:
2330:), educational psychology (DEdPsych), occupational psychology (DOccPsych), clinical psychology (DClinPsych), health psychology (DHealthPsy), social work (DSW), nursing (DNP), public administration (DPA), business administration (
1381:. A Master's degree is required, and the doctorate combines approximately 4–5 years of research (amounting to 3–5 scientific articles, some of which must be first-author) and 60 ECTS points of studies. Other universities such as
413:). All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees (bachelor of arts, of theology, of laws, of medicine) and final degrees. Initially, the titles of master and doctor were used interchangeably for the final degrees—the title
8012:"R. Yuldashev, Dissertation "Nonlinear Analysis and Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loops (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki), Saint-Petersburg State University Studies in Mathematics, Vol. 1, 2013 (PhD thesis)"
2306:
Some UK universities (e.g. Oxford) abbreviate their Doctor of Philosophy degree as "DPhil", while most use the abbreviation "PhD"; but these are stylistic conventions, and the degrees are in all other respects equivalent.
7541:
Gemeinsame Erklärungzur gegenseitigen akademischen Anerkennungvon tudienzeiten und Abschlüssen im Hochschulbereichsowie von Urkunden über russische wissenschaftliche Gradeund deutsche akademische Qualifikationen zwischen
483:, but before the early modern era, many exceptions to this existed. Most students left the university without becoming masters of arts, whereas regulars (members of monastic orders) could skip the arts faculty entirely.
2427:. Graduate schools increasingly encourage their students to seek outside funding; many are supported by fellowships they obtain for themselves or by their advisers' research grants from government agencies such as the
1197:
examination include oral examination by the student's faculty committee (or a separate qualifying committee), or written tests designed to demonstrate the student's knowledge in a specialized area (see below) or both.
919:
The U.S. higher education system often offers little incentive to move students through PhD programs quickly and may even provide incentive to slow them down. To counter this problem, the United States introduced the
2342:. These typically have a more formal taught component consisting of smaller research projects, as well as a 40,000–60,000-word thesis component, which together are officially considered equivalent to a PhD degree.
1759:
The typical duration of a doctoral program can depend heavily on the subject and area of research. Usually, three to five years of full-time research work are required. The average time to graduation is 4.5 years.
5733:
5623:
455:
in the 17th century (circa 1652). There were no PhDs in Germany before the 1650s (when they gradually started replacing the MA as the highest academic degree; arguably, one of the earliest German PhD holders is
7124:
6615:
2106:
All doctoral programs are of a research nature. The studies should include original results and can take a maximum of three years, although this period can be extended under certain circumstances to 5 years.
911:
fellows earned less than or equal to an average construction worker ($ 38,600 a year). According to the article, only the fastest developing countries (e.g. China or Brazil) have a shortage of PhDs. In 2022,
6225:
Dommasnes, Liv Helga; Else Johansen Kleppe; Gro Mandt; Jenny-Rita Næss (1998). "Women archeologists in retrospect, The Norwegian case". In Margarita Díaz-Andreu García and Marie Louise Stig Sørensen (ed.).
1117:
degrees with a 25% research component are usually considered equivalent. It is also possible for research master's degree students to "upgrade" to PhD candidature after demonstrating sufficient progress.
7596:Совместное заявление о взаимном академическом признании периодов обучения в высших учебных заведениях, документов о высшем образовании, российских ученых степенях и германских академических квалификациях
7682:
7391:
5036:
3662:
1980:. Students with a master's degree or equivalent are accepted to a doctoral entrance exam. The title of PhD is awarded to a scientist who has completed a minimum of three years of PhD studies (Pol.
3613:
2229:
for courses in sensitive areas where research could be used for weapons development. This requirement was introduced in 2007 due to concerns about overseas terrorism and weapons proliferation.
1200:
At English-speaking universities, a student may also be required to demonstrate English language abilities, usually by achieving an acceptable score on a standard examination (for example the
1709:
While most German doctorates are considered equivalent to the PhD, an exception is the medical doctorate, where "doctoral" dissertations are often written alongside undergraduate study. The
636:
transformed the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts (and its more recent successors such as the Faculty of Sciences) from a lower faculty into one on a par with the Faculties of Law and Medicine.
1155:
as opposed to the more traditional Ph.D by dissertation, which typically requires a minimum of two publications, but which also requires traditional thesis elements such as an introductory
5679:
2439:
and other well-endowed universities provide funding for the entire duration of the degree program (if it is short) or for most of it, especially in the forms of tuition waivers/stipends.
776:
In Germany, the national government funded the universities and the research programs of the leading professors. It was impossible for professors who were not approved by Berlin to train
421:
the terms Master of Arts and Doctor of Theology/Divinity, Doctor of Law, and Doctor of Medicine had become standard in most places (though in the German and Italian universities the term
4715:
5590:
4684:
2808:
2578:
the Faculty of Mathematics and Mechanics of St. Petersburg State University, was the first to defend his thesis in field of mathematics according to new rules for the PhD SPbSU degree.
1189:
to a PhD program; other programs allow a student to fast-track to a doctoral program after one year of outstanding work in a Master's program (without having to complete the Master's).
5192:
2289:. Reflecting the status of the PhD as a lower doctorate, it uses a black Master's gown with scarlet facings rather than the scarlet Doctor's gown of the higher doctorates at Cambridge.
1977:
1730:) can be required to attend formal classes or lectures, some of them also including exams or other scientific assignments, in order to get one or more certificates of qualification (
519:
started granting the PhD degree to younger students who, after having obtained the bachelor's degree, had completed a prescribed course of graduate study and successfully defended a
5558:
3397:, to distinguish the proposed arrangement from both the DLitt and the German PhD by adopting the English title "doctor of philosophy" (DPhil), the scheme meet with little opposition
2557:
in Germany, Poland and several other countries. It constitutes a higher qualification compared to PhD as against the European Qualifications Framework (EQF) or Dublin Descriptors.
1946:" (master degree) or similar academic title awarded abroad which has been recognised as equivalent to an Italian degree by the Committee responsible for the entrance examinations.
1887:) in Italy were introduced by law and Presidential Decree in 1980, referring to the reform of academic teaching, training and experimentation in organisation and teaching methods.
680:
Until the mid-19th century, advanced degrees were not a criterion for professorships at most colleges. That began to change as the more ambitious scholars at major schools went to
6255:
6180:
3925:
2047:
degrees, the Licentiate's degree, which is comparable to the Danish degree formerly known as the Licentiate's degree and now as the ph.d., and the higher doctorate of philosophy,
577:
introduced the DSc in 1860, but as an advanced study course, following on directly from the BSc, rather than a research degree. The first higher doctorate in the modern sense was
7056:
4515:
6056:"Article 3 of the Law of 14 February 1987, No.41 | L. 14 febbraio 1987, n. 41 Istituzione della Scuola superiore di studi universitari e di perfezionamento S. Anna di Pisa"
8018:
6817:
2403:
The median age of PhD recipients in the US is 32 years. While many candidates are awarded their degree in their 20s, 6% of PhD recipients in the US are older than 45 years.
1702:, dropping the designation entirely. However, leaving out the designation is only allowed when the doctorate degree is not an honorary doctorate, which must be indicated by
451:
According to Keith Allan Noble (1994), the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150. The doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal
8044:"R.Yuldashev, Dissertation "Synthesis of Phase-Locked Loop" (supervisors: N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, T. Tiihonen), Jyväskylä University Printing House, 2013"
7197:
3719:
2582:
University: co-chairs of the program — N. Kuznetsov, G. Leonov, P. Neittaanmäki, were organizers of the first defenses and co-supervisors of dissertations.
6484:"Raíces de las normas y tradiciones del protocolo y ceremonial universitario actual: las universidades del Antiguo Régimen y los actos de colación. Protocolo y Etiqueta"
5727:
5162:
745:
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895:
in the public service is seeing a dramatic increase in the number of graduate positions going to PhDs and masters degrees becoming the base entry level qualification".
201:, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a
7802:
7222:
6558:
4463:
2479:
Since most education systems only have one advanced research qualification granting doctoral degrees or equivalent qualifications (ISCED 2011, par.270), the degree of
8050:
5649:
1694:
Over fifty such designations exist, many of them rare or no longer in use. As a title, the degree is commonly written in front of the name in abbreviated form, e.g.,
1492:
The financing of PhD research comes mainly from funds for research of the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. The most common procedure is a short-term
7114:
7736:
3184:
3134:
2608:
are ranked at the same level of education as PhD. Without the MSc, Slovenia has 1.4% PhD graduates, which is comparable to the average in OECD and EU-23 countries.
2127:. The concession is remembered in solemn ceremonies held by the University by telling Doctors to take seat and cover their heads as a reminder of that royal leave.
829:
context. Moreover, some PhD programs, especially in science, require one to three published articles in peer-reviewed journals. In many countries, a candidate must
7956:
7769:
7137:
282 is the sum of all three categories of doctoral universities. Since some primarily undergraduate institutions also award the PhD, the number is greater than 282
6487:
3393:
by opening the DLitt to persons offering a suitable dissertation nine terms after graduation. Apart from a successful move led by Sidney Ball, philosophy tutor at
2486:
According to the Joint Statement by the Permanent Conference of the Ministers for Education and Cultural Affairs of the Länder of the Federal Republic of Germany (
2023:
The degrees were uncommon and not a prerequisite for employment as a professor; rather, they were seen as distinctions similar to the British (higher) doctorates (
752:
in 1897. This had a nation-wide impact, and after 1907, less than 10 honorary PhDs were awarded in the United States each year. The last authenticated PhD awarded
316:
6003:
4159:
C. Singer and S.W.F. Holloway, Early Medical Education in England in Relation to the Pre-History of the University of London, Med Hist. 1960 January; 4(1): 1–17.
3189:
553:
804:
Detailed requirements for the award of a PhD degree vary throughout the world and even from school to school. It is usually required for the student to hold an
7678:
7387:
5032:
236:, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom". In most of Europe, all fields (history, philosophy,
6890:
6864:
3806:
326:
The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to
7026:
6326:
5325:
5263:
3646:
3478:
300:
287:
this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university. Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the
7149:
5010:
1348:
Most of postgraduate students in Colombia must finance their tuition fees by means of teaching assistant seats or research works. Some institutions such as
4357:
232:
In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of
4304:, "Research, graduate education, and the ecology of American universities: An interpretive history." in Lester F. Goodchild and Harold S. Weschler, eds.,
7849:
7626:
7119:
5469:
925:
592:
transforming its DSc into a research degree in 1885. These were, however, very advanced degrees, rather than research-training degrees at the PhD level.
428:
The doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current PhD degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original
8363:
8325:
8288:
8251:
3620:
992:
7549:
3588:
2265:
charged by institutions, but if they charge a higher fee they may not require Research Council funded students to make up any difference themselves.
1227:
6792:
6357:
527:
The PhD degree and similar awards spread across Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree was introduced in France in 1808, replacing
338:; a student who has completed any necessary coursework and related examinations and is working on their thesis/dissertation is sometimes known as a
7656:
7824:
5671:
2351:
1235:
8539:
7330:
4739:
4707:
2483:(Kandidat Nauk) of the former USSR countries is usually considered to be at the same level as the doctorate or PhD degrees of those countries.
1777:
In India, a master's degree is usually required to gain admission to a doctoral program. Direct admission to a PhD program after graduating to
887:
in Washington's foreign policy world, it is no wonder many are starting to feel that the PhD is a necessary escalation, another case of costly
6293:
5581:
4676:
4654:
3765:, Society for Research into Higher Education, 1994, p. 8; Bourner, T., Bowden, R., & Laing, S. (2001). "Professional doctorates in England
813:
university and field. Some individual universities or departments specify additional requirements for students not already in possession of a
7711:
6971:
Bray, M.; Kwok, P. (2003). "Demand for private supplementary tutoring: Conceptual considerations, and socio-economic patterns in Hong Kong".
6949:
6552:
5188:
2084:
1794:
3413:
1565:, which literally translate to "doctor's father" and "doctor's mother" respectively. The formal admission is the beginning of the so-called
6920:
6127:
6062:
5104:
5939:
5891:
5550:
5528:
4541:
2521:
According to the International Standard Classification of Education, for purposes of international educational statistics, Kandidat Nauk (
4215:
1786:
1192:
An application package typically includes a research proposal, letters of reference, transcripts, and in some cases, a writing sample or
972:
7600:
6838:
6732:
6262:
5913:
5865:
5130:
5082:
3916:
3046:
2837:
8224:
7063:
5346:
5221:
4507:
2495:
7428:
6703:
6535:
6461:
6387:
6153:
4335:
1612:; humanities such as philosophy, philology, history, and social sciences such as sociology, political science, or psychology as well);
1182:
in a related field, with sufficiently high grades and proven research ability. In some cases, a student may progress directly from an
8011:
6435:
4113:
4083:
308:
1071:
degree. Non-Argentine Master's titles are generally accepted into a PhD program when the degree comes from a recognized university.
907:
that, based on pre-2000 data, only 20% of life science PhD students would gain a faculty job in the U.S., and that in Canada 80% of
3294:
2553:) is given as an example of second advanced research qualifications or higher doctorates in ISCED 2011 (par.270) and is similar to
1125:
PhD students are sometimes offered a scholarship to study for their PhD degree. The most common of these was the government-funded
841:-speaking world have begun adopting similar standards to those of the anglophone PhD degree for their research doctorates (see the
405:, study was organized in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine, and law (
6513:
2130:
All Doctor Degree holders are reciprocally recognized as equivalent in Germany and Spain ("Bonn Agreement of November 14, 1994").
784:
in 1919. Meanwhile, the leading universities, in cooperation with the learned societies, set up a network of scholarly journals. "
7201:
7088:
6576:
5972:
3715:
3027:
2419:
PhD students at US universities typically receive a tuition waiver and some form of annual stipend. Many US PhD students work as
2183:
2088:
1919:
5494:
1984:; not required to obtain PhD), finished a theoretical or laboratory scientific work, passed all PhD examinations; submitted the
1315:
In international academic communication, Chinese doctoral degree recipients sometimes translate their doctorate degree names to
541:, roughly equivalent to the MA, as the highest academic degree; and in Italy in 1927, when PhDs gradually started replacing the
7927:
5705:
3446:
1231:
312:
7360:
7175:
5840:
5166:
3260:
1949:
The number of places on offer each year and details of the entrance examinations are set out in the examination announcement.
307:. These were followed in 2016 by the "Florence Principles", seven basic principles for doctorates in the arts laid out by the
6762:
6235:
4144:
4077:
3880:
3866:
3849:
3522:
2464:, Kandidat Nauk) was the first advanced research qualification in the former USSR (it was introduced there in 1934) and some
1201:
1148:
8106:
7904:
7794:
7493:
7215:
6409:
4455:
3337:
1812:, universities must conduct Research Eligibility Tests in ability and the selected subject. After clearing these tests, the
120:, that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of
8043:
5759:
5645:
5064:
The Foreigner's Guide to German Universities: Origin, Meaning, and Use of Terms and Expressions in Everyday University Life
3693:
2396:
Depending on the specific field of study, completion of a PhD program usually takes four to eight years of study after the
1809:
903:
published an article in 2010 citing various criticisms against the state of PhDs. These included a prediction by economist
769:
4000:
Lenoir, Timothy (1998). "Revolution from above: The Role of the State in Creating the German Research System, 1810–1910".
436:
or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements and examinations. Besides these degrees, there was the
7747:
3952:
A History of the University in Europe: Volume 3, Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945)
3212:
2222:
1856:", a three-year diploma) and Master of Arts ("Laurea Magistrale" a two-year diploma). While the standard PhD follows the
1106:
749:
7776:
7353:"Education in Russia for foreign citizens: Recognition and equivalence of documents of education and scientific degrees"
6483:
5280:
7949:
2385:
1891:
1226:
various competitive scholarships, bursaries, and awards available, such as those offered by the federal government via
5995:
4237:
Rosenberg, Ralph P. (1961). "The First American Doctor of Philosophy Degree: A Centennial Salute to Yale, 1861–1961".
7487:
5802:
5076:
4209:
3584:
3372:
2331:
2182:
requires a minimum of a 2:1 honours degree (or international equivalent) for a PhD in clinical psychology, while its
2080:
1790:
1602:
sciences, i.e. physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, computer science and information technology, or psychology);
1456:
created in 1923), for technical research. After 1984, only one type of doctoral degree remained, called "doctorate" (
167:
6432:"Artículo 3.2 del Real Decreto 99/2011, de 28 de enero, por el que se regulan las enseñanzas oficiales de doctorado"
5425:
4624:
6886:
6860:
6458:"Artículo 14 del Real Decreto 99/2011, de 28 de enero, por el que se regulan las enseñanzas oficiales de doctorado"
3814:
3389:
put it, that the University 'should divert the stream' of American aspirants to the German universities' degree of
3232:
2072:
2068:
1915:
1872:
7989:
7950:"N.V. Kuznetsov, P. Neittaanmäki, G.A. Leonov, Supervisors' manifest on the first PhD SPbSU (2013)"
7034:
6318:
6155:
Untranslated regions of thyroid hormone receptor beta 1 mRNA are impaired in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma
5780:
5297:
5267:
3468:
8278:
7153:
5003:
4489:
2226:
2186:
requires a master's degree with an average of 65% in the taught components and a distinction-level dissertation.
2167:
2076:
1782:
220:
5403:
4441:
The term "doctor of philosophy" is not always applied by those countries to graduates in disciplines other than
4028:
Rosenberg, R. P. (1962). "Eugene Schuyler's Doctor of Philosophy Degree: A Theory Concerning the Dissertation".
2613:
8217:
5755:
Draft University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of PhD Degree) Regulations, 2022
5283:
3380:
3194:
2339:
7882:
7838:
6656:
5458:
3005:
1829:
to apply for a professorship, lectureship or Junior Research Fellowship (NET for LS and JRF) conducted by the
1063:
In Argentina, the admission to a PhD program at public Argentine University requires the full completion of a
7622:
5409:
5352:
3965:
Turner, R. Steven (1971). "The Growth of Professorial Research in Prussia, 1818 to 1848-Causes and Context".
3379:
Very few persons had received even an honorary DLitt by 1916 when the Reverend E. M. Walker, Senior Tutor of
2491:
2432:
1126:
649:
496:
320:
5753:
5384:
4096:
The UK higher doctorate has a long history with the first (a DSc) being offered by Durham University in 1882
1520:
In Germany, admission to a doctoral program is generally on the basis of having an advanced degree (i.e., a
616:(MD), they form the higher doctorates, but apart from honorary degrees, they are only infrequently awarded.
8505:
6631:
6033:
5364:
4569:
4426:
3394:
2694:
1193:
956:
935:
825:
often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a
7539:
4898:"Fix the PhD: No longer a guaranteed ticket to an academic career, the PhD system needs a serious rethink"
3577:
3166:
3117:
3101:
3084:
3034:
2986:
2844:
2770:
8274:
6784:
6349:
4343:
2428:
879:
735:, also began granting the degree. Major shifts toward graduate education were foretold by the opening of
645:
596:
said that getting a Cambridge ScD was "more or less equivalent to being proposed for the Royal Society."
292:
7648:
6589:
1217:
and Fonds québécois de la recherche sur la nature et les technologies, this is an absolute requirement.
8131:
3872:
3841:
1985:
1969:
732:
303:
defined the "Salzburg Principles", 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees (doctorates) within the
2648:
264:) were traditionally known as philosophy, and in Germany and elsewhere in Europe the basic faculty of
8564:
8210:
7322:
5068:
4563:
1826:
1710:
1352:, Colfuturo, CeiBA, and Icetex grant scholarships or provide awards in the form of forgivable loans.
1247:
653:
8194:
7580:
7524:
7459:
6211:
5249:
4597:
3792:
444:
or doctoral degree by the diocese in which the university was located, but later it evolved into an
8343:
6285:
4646:
4478:
4110:"The Mathematics PhD in the United Kingdom: Historical Notes for the Mathematics Genealogy Project"
2854:
2688:
2215:
2211:
2190:
740:
558:
410:
224:
7704:
6942:
6669:
6286:"Forskrift for graden philosophiae doctor (ph.d.) ved Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo (AHO)"
5281:
Current students » Academic skills » Research writing » Introductions » Length
3541:
Dinham, S.; Scott, C. (2001). "The Experience of Disseminating the Results of Doctoral Research".
2042:'s Faculty of Philosophy in 1863. In Sweden, the Latin term is officially translated into Swedish
8270:
5264:"HEIMSHELP: Information about requirements and procedures for higher education and VET providers"
3901:
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3301:
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Doctorate courses are open, without age or citizenship limits, to all those who already hold a "
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6087:
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5883:
5520:
5371:
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2221:
PhD students from outside the EU/EEA or other exempt countries are required to comply with the
1778:
1498:
1378:
1178:
Admission to a doctoral programme at a university in Canada typically requires completion of a
1102:
1053:
978:
888:
781:
709:
319:, the International Association of Universities and Colleges of Art, Design and Media, and the
288:
265:
129:
121:
58:
6570:
5585:
5298:"Completing a PhD by publication: a review of Australian policy and implications for practice"
4199:
916:
reported that PhD students' wages in biological sciences in the US do not cover living costs.
8377:
6831:
6728:
5917:
5869:
5137:
5062:
3743:
Doctoral education from its medieval foundations to today's globalisation and standardisation
3144:
3023:
2786:
2729:
2526:
2522:
2510:. The Russian degree of Kandidat Nauk is also officially recognised by the Government of the
2480:
2453:
2380:
satisfactory performance on a graduate-level exam specified by the respective program (e.g.,
2327:
1152:
960:
929:
892:
891:
to potential employers". Similarly, an article on the Australian public service states that "
661:
7594:
5215:
4614:
4445:
itself. These doctoral degrees, however, are sometimes identified in English as PhD degrees.
1452:, created in 1954 and shorter than the State doctorate) and the diploma of doctor-engineer (
357:
to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "ABD", meaning "
8491:
8447:
8353:
8339:
8297:
8242:
7419:
6832:"STFC TRAINING GRANTS (TGs) – ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQs)"
6695:
6539:
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In the United Kingdom, funding for PhD students is sometimes provided by government-funded
2020:
rather than the doctorate, as Scandinavian countries did not have a separate Habilitation.
1848:
1798:
1542:), mostly in a related field and having above-average grades. A candidate must also find a
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The first universities: Studium generale and the origins of university education in Europe
2031:). Denmark introduced an American-style PhD, the ph.d., in 1989; it formally replaced the
8:
8482:
8467:
3359:
Robert Currie (1994). "The Arts and Social Studies, 1914–1939". In Brian Harrison (ed.).
3123:
United Kingdom: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, doctor, the abbreviation DPhil is used by the
3070:
2969:
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1493:
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In general, the first two years of study are devoted to completion of coursework and the
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passable and any issues that need to be addressed before the dissertation can be passed.
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In the United Kingdom, PhD degrees are distinct from other doctorates, most notably the
2210:
they may be offered the opportunity to write up and submit for an MPhil degree, e.g. at
1481:
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2424:
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2009:
1997:
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1521:
1501:). Many other resources come from some regional/city projects, some associations, etc.
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Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the shape of the
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80:
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years, it is likely that they can only obtain a study certificate without any degree.
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7907:[Scholarships for priority specialties will be from 2 to 4 thousand rubles].
7818:
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6231:
6224:
6172:
5672:"ZEIT ONLINE | Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl"
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Degrees of Success: The Expert Panel on the Labour Market Transition of PhD Graduates
5321:
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2001:
1973:
1743:
1718:) are not entitled to award doctorates, although some exceptions apply to this rule.
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785:
578:
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name "Doctor of Philosophy" was retained for research doctorates in all disciplines.
125:
7935:
5701:
3438:
2218:. In many universities, the MPhil is also offered as a stand-alone research degree.
2163:
491:
This situation changed in the early 19th century through the educational reforms in
463:
The full course of studies might, for example, lead in succession to the degrees of
8531:
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1968:) is an advanced academic degree awarded by universities in most fields and by the
1470:
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940:
838:
796:
777:
736:
464:
327:
135:
8166:
Research and Relevant Knowledge: American Research Universities Since World War II
6754:
3395:
chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP5ePl7i5EIC&pg=PA125 |St John's
2004:
was the highest degree at the Faculty of Philosophy, equivalent to the doctorate.
440:. Originally this was a license to teach, awarded shortly before the award of the
128:. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in
8569:
8526:
8510:
8472:
8457:
8424:
8234:
8099:"Centennial celebration of the first doctorate awarded at Slovenian universities"
8098:
7912:
7474:
6594:
6256:"Den danske forskeruddannelse. Rapporter, evalueringer og anbefalinger 1992–2006"
6167:
5313:
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3327:
3207:
2605:
2511:
2367:
1958:
1857:
1802:
1748:
1686:
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1008:), and the subject area is distinguished by a Latin suffix (e.g., "Dr. med." for
853:
842:
705:
701:
685:
641:
605:
593:
516:
445:
366:
304:
245:
117:
6319:"Forskrift for graden doctor philosophiae (dr.philos.) ved Universitetet i Oslo"
3685:
3150:
Vatican City State: Doctor of Sacred Theology (STD) or Doctor of Canon Law (JCD)
2569:
629:
8496:
8452:
8419:
8302:
7770:"Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries"
7737:"Study on the organisation of doctoral programmes in EU neighbouring countries"
6643:
6121:"Università in Italia, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR)"
5830:"STATUTO DELLA SCUOLA NORMALE SUPERIORE DI PISA (legge 18 giugno 1986, n. 308)"
5033:"Paragraph 262 International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011"
4783:
4758:
4201:
Higher Education in Transition: A History of American Colleges and Universities
3040:
2980:
2952:
2818:
2664:
2469:
1715:
1599:
1183:
921:
857:
830:
805:
472:
417:
was merely a formality bestowed on a Teacher/Master of the art—but by the late
374:
284:
237:
103:
4272:
3772:
3554:
2448:
Candidate of Science degree awarded by the State Higher Attestation Commission
1822:
1557:
throughout the doctoral program. This supervisor is informally referred to as
8558:
8175:
How the PhD came to Britain: A century of struggle for postgraduate education
8157:
To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940
7278:
Doctoral Recipients from U.S. Universities, 2012. Survey of Earned Doctorates
4399:
4288:
4137:
How the PhD came to Britain: A Century of Struggle for Postgraduate Education
3658:
3473:
3091:
2814:
2703:
2363:
1586:
952:
899:
689:
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is the examination taken at the end of secondary studies. The reforms at the
621:
457:
441:
8202:
1431:
8414:
7012:
6176:
4988:
4931:
4849:
4792:
3011:
2732:) was used until 1998, since 1998 doktor (Ph.D.) is used; doktorát (degree)
2681:
2554:
2507:
2498:, the degree of Kandidat Nauk is recognised in Germany at the level of the
2465:
2253:
2017:
2016:(fil. dr) in 1863. These degrees, however, became comparable to the German
1554:
1538:
1474:
562:
5809:
4615:
4412:
Christopher Jencks and David Riesman. The academic revolution (1968) ch 1.
4333:
1417:) requires only 2–3 years of research and is sometimes done before an FT.
372:
Individuals who have earned the Doctor of Philosophy degree use the title
8477:
8083:
5618:
3578:"BOLOGNA SEMINAR: DOCTORAL PROGRAMMES FOR THE EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY"
2913:
2550:
2503:
1813:
1349:
826:
757:
533:
418:
280:
7307:
7290:
7262:
7245:
4881:
4864:
4759:"PhD students face cash crisis with wages that don't cover living costs"
3986:
2496:
Ministry of General and Professional Education of the Russian Federation
2225:(ATAS), which involves undergoing a security clearance process with the
2193:
requires universities to assess English proficiency. Many do this using
7981:
5776:
4442:
4375:
4258:
4049:
2442:
2436:
2246:
2114:
The social standing of doctors in Spain was evidenced by the fact that
1861:
515:
this practice that it was imported to the United States, where in 1861
508:
233:
4953:
Cyranoski, D.; Gilbert, N.; Ledford, H.; Nayar, A.; Yahia, M. (2011).
4013:
3868:
A history of the university in Europe: Universities in the Middle Ages
800:
A South African PhD graduate (on the right, wearing a ceremonial gown)
684:
for one to three years to obtain a PhD in the sciences or humanities.
330:. During the studies that lead to the degree, the student is called a
8372:
7905:"Стипендии на приоритетных специальностях составят от 2 до 4 тыс руб"
6554:
Entry requirements for the PhD/MSc by Research in Clinical Psychology
5763:
4508:"Higher education: Agreement reached with Glasgow for 'sandwich' PhD"
3978:
3741:
3716:"How to Correctly Use the Titles Dr. & PhD With a Name | Synonym"
3154:
3108:
3077:
3064:
2996:
2973:
2931:
2898:
2894:
2828:
2802:
2760:
2751:
2722:
2655:
2178:
but requirements can vary even within institutions. For example, the
2064:
1546:
860:. Occasionally a "sandwich PhD" will be awarded by two universities.
657:
537:
degree, roughly equivalent to a PhD, gradually started replacing the
406:
379:
261:
4979:
4954:
4922:
4897:
4840:
4815:
4391:
4250:
4041:
2138:
In Ukraine, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy (PhD,
1448:, the old doctorate introduced in 1808), the third cycle doctorate (
7874:
3017:
2940:
2766:
2671:
2120:
1337:
1156:
429:
276:
257:
249:
181:
The abbreviation DPhil, for "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by the
6913:"Part Time PhD Guide – Fees, Durations, Benefits & Challenges"
4483:
University of Groningen Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science
4376:"Honoris Causa: An Examination of the Doctor of Philosophy Degree"
2154:), which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine.
1978:
Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland
1577:
is German), instead of a general name for all fields (such as the
275:, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic
7388:"International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 2011"
6812:
6810:
3514:
2473:
2257:
2249:
1549:
from a university to serve as the formal advisor and supervisor (
883:
wrote in 2013 that "f having a master's degree at the minimum is
681:
528:
492:
448:
in its own right, in particular in the continental universities.
362:
8076:
Figure 6.17. Share of doctorate holders in the population (2017)
6025:
4423:
4197:
8462:
8429:
8348:
8140:
5702:"Academics.de: Zeitspanne der Promotion: Dauer im Durchschnitt"
4334:
Lori Thurgood; Mary J. Golladay; Susan T. Hill (October 2006).
2530:
1943:
1853:
1818:
1543:
1526:
1437:
988:
822:
542:
520:
433:
272:
198:
7276:
National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. 2014.
6807:
6616:“What level of English do I need to get into a UK university?”
5163:"Comisión Nacional de Evaluación y Acreditación Universitaria"
5057:
3361:
The History of the University of Oxford: The twentieth century
2000:
in 1479 and awarded in theology, law, and medicine, while the
531:
as the highest academic degree; into Russia in 1819, when the
159:
144:
2202:
2194:
2024:
1868:
1763:
In 2014, the median age of new PhD graduates was 30.4 years.
1578:
1214:
692:. In 1852, the first honorary PhD in the nation was given at
150:
7427:(IIEP research papers). Paris: UNESCO-IIEP. pp. 11–12.
6228:
Excavating women: a history of women in European archaeology
5189:"Home, Graduate Research, University of Tasmania, Australia"
4952:
2067:
has six universities offering doctoral study opportunities:
1302:
Doctor of Medicine (equivalent to a PhD in Medical Sciences)
584:
This was soon followed by other universities, including the
215:
7417:
7216:"In humanities, ten years may not be enough to get a Ph.D."
6619:
5646:"Higher Education in Germany: Hochschulen vs. Universities"
4183:
German influences on education in the United States to 1917
2206:
2124:
1931:
1151:
students to publish has resulted in increasing interest in
147:
7200:. US Department of Education. 18 June 2006. Archived from
6559:
University of Edinburgh School of Health in Social Science
2189:
For students who are not from English-speaking countries,
7649:"Соглашения об эквивалентности документов об образовании"
4422:
programmes and institutions offering the 'new route' see
3441:. UK: Centre for Life History and Life Writing Research,
2533:. The second doctorate (or post-doctoral degree) in some
2038:
In Sweden, the doctorate of philosophy was introduced at
2028:
1927:
1642:; economics, business administration, political science);
253:
6536:"Урядовий портал – найновіші надходження документів КМУ"
3908:
3614:"THE 'FLORENCE PRINCIPLES' ON THE DOCTORATE IN THE ARTS"
317:
International Association of Film and Television Schools
6943:"Check Out UCAS Advice On Postgrad Fees And Funding..."
5557:. (German) Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
5466:
Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
4181:
Henry Geitz, Jürgen Heideking, and Jurgen Herbst, eds.
3763:
Changing doctoral degrees: an international perspective
3575:
3190:
List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States
2619:
1275:
Doctor of Philosophy (for the discipline of philosophy)
1213:
large and prestigious scholarships, such as those from
700:
to Ebenezer Newton Elliott. Nine years later, in 1861,
5932:"Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382"
5884:"Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382"
4856:
3265:
Oxford Living Dictionaries – British and World English
2391:
1996:
The doctorate was introduced in Sweden in 1477 and in
1741:
Many universities have established research-intensive
1080:
scholarships for tuition with apportions for housing.
260:(the so-called professional, vocational, or technical
219:
A group of new PhD graduates with their professors at
8129:
7152:. Wharton.upenn.edu. 15 December 2009. Archived from
7150:"Wharton Doctoral Programs: Application Requirements"
5959:
5957:
5803:"Student Guidebook, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa"
4198:
John Seiler Brubacher; Willis Rudy (1 January 1997).
3924:. York, UK: The Higher Education Academy. p. 4.
1976:
acts and the government orders, in particular by the
1817:
pre-submission presentation and finally defend their
739:
in 1887 which offered only graduate programs and the
573:(DSc or ScD) and other such "higher doctorates". The
168:
138:
7679:"International Standard Classification of Education"
4369:
4367:
2443:
USSR, Russian Federation and former Soviet Republics
156:
141:
7120:
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
4677:"Even A PhD Couldn't Keep This Man Off Food Stamps"
3298:
Oxford Living Dictionaries – North American English
2840:, دکترای تخصصی, (PhD) , (دکتر) , (پی اچ دی (title))
2564:
1569:, while the final granting of the degree is called
926:
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching
396:
279:, which is in principle worthy of publication in a
153:
6791:. Graduate Prospects Ltd. How much does it cost?.
6632:IELTS requirements for applying to a UK university
5954:
5131:"GFME: Global Foundation for Management Education"
1473:(Directeur de thèse or directeur doctoral) with a
1377:) is awarded by traditional universities, such as
1024:, Doctor of the Natural Sciences; "Dr. phil." for
993:International Standard Classification of Education
346:. A student attaining this level may be granted a
7764:
7762:
7760:
6510:"Boletín Oficial del Estado. Texto del Documento"
5777:"N E T, Inside H E, University Grants Commission"
4708:"The Peril of Credential Creep in Foreign Policy"
4364:
4346:. Archived from the original on 10 February 2016.
4101:
3864:
1436:Before 1984 three research doctorates existed in
1401:, art), etc., which are translated in English to
486:
8556:
4356:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
4072:. UK Council for Graduate Education. p. 6.
3807:"Erhard-Weigel-Gesellschaft: Biographie Weigels"
3185:History of higher education in the United States
3060:South Africa: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Doctor)
2051:. Some universities in Sweden also use the term
1726:Depending on the university, doctoral students (
1355:
1241:
1141:
548:
378:(often abbreviated "Dr" or "Dr."), although the
350:degree at some institutions or may be granted a
6313:
6311:
6280:
6278:
5495:"Colciencias Call for Scholarships in Colombia"
5386:Canada Graduate Scholarships — Doctoral program
4134:
2529:) allows its holders to reach the level of the
2352:Graduate science education in the United States
1825:. It is mandatory in India to qualify for the
1801:(MPhil) is a prerequisite to obtaining funding/
1405:(D.Sc.), and they are formally equivalent. The
675:
8540:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
8004:
7757:
7729:
7246:"Career change: It's never too late to switch"
6655:Cassandra Evangeline Benjamin. (20 Sep 2023).
6486:(in Spanish). Protocolo.org. 26 October 2007.
5348:Oral Defence of the Thesis in Research Degrees
4321:(1970) is the standard history; see pp 121–79.
2976:(traditionally considered higher degrees), PhD
1087:
588:establishing its ScD in the same year and the
383:conversation". Alternatively, holders may use
365:in the process of transitioning from study to
299:(Ed.D.) for studies in education. In 2005 the
8232:
8218:
7280:. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation
6512:. Boe.es. 24 May 1995. pp. 15188–15189.
6347:
5579:
3898:The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages
3740:Ruano-Borbalan, Jean-Claude. (23 July 2022).
3536:
3534:
3358:
2085:Singapore University of Technology and Design
1908:
1896:
1881:
1795:Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
495:, most strongly embodied in the model of the
283:journal. In many countries, a candidate must
7799:Education and Training – European Commission
7472:
7413:
7411:
7409:
6670:"Academic Technology Approval Scheme (ATAS)"
6657:Is it possible to study in UK without IELTS?
6308:
6275:
5611:
5521:"Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta"
4609:
4607:
2099:In Spain, doctoral degrees are regulated by
949:have also examined the issue of PhD reform.
185:. Additionally, it was formerly used by the
7911:(in Russian). 4 August 2011. Archived from
7823:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7180:Columbia University in the City of New York
6253:
5987:
5302:Higher Education Research & Development
5165:(in Spanish). Coneau.edu.ar. Archived from
4616:"Doctoral degrees: The disposable academic"
4170:Americans and German scholarship, 1770–1870
4062:
3967:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
3759:
3540:
3431:
2241:(UK Research and Innovation – UKRI) or the
1879:. Further, the research doctorates or PhD (
1751:that provide funding for doctoral studies.
1038:
1026:
1018:
1010:
973:List of doctoral degrees awarded by country
966:
111:
8225:
8211:
7382:
7380:
7378:
6270:Aarhus: Dansk Center for Forskningsanalyse
5295:
4538:"2009 FT rankings table and criteria list"
3531:
1734:). Depending on the doctoral regulations (
1499:(French) Scientific Cooperation Foundation
1016:, Doctor of Medicine; "Dr. rer. nat." for
268:was known as the "faculty of philosophy".
30:"PhD" redirects here. For other uses, see
7482:. Bucharest: UNESCO, CEPES. p. 199.
7406:
7306:
7261:
6861:"Terms and conditions of training grants"
6166:
5824:
5822:
5769:
4978:
4921:
4880:
4839:
4782:
4604:
4236:
4230:
4193:
4191:
4027:
3130:United States: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
1864:programme may be completed in two years.
1808:According to new rules prescribed by the
309:European League of Institutes of the Arts
132:), pronounced as three separate letters (
8103:Republic of Slovenia, Statistical Office
7982:"PhD SPbU – Saint Petersburg University"
6970:
6688:
6151:
5996:"Italy's big six form network for elite"
4816:"Reform the PhD system or close it down"
4756:
4319:The emergence of the American university
4107:
3895:
3835:
2585:
2568:
2280:
2012:of Sweden renamed its Magister's degree
1460:). The latter is equivalent to the PhD.
924:degree in 1970 with seed money from the
795:
552:
499:, founded in 1810 and controlled by the
214:
8172:
7697:
7375:
6577:University of Edinburgh Business School
5993:
4705:
4699:
4204:. Transaction Publishers. p. 192.
3686:"How address the holder of a Doctorate"
3644:
3543:Journal of Further and Higher Education
2958:New Zealand: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
2598:
2089:Singapore University of Social Sciences
1871:to create a doctoral program (PhD) was
877:such as in foreign policy think-tanks:
271:A PhD candidate must submit a project,
14:
8557:
8163:
8154:
7930:[protection takes the floor].
7499:from the original on 15 September 2012
7418:Varghese, N. V.; Püttmann, V. (2011).
7190:
6997:
6735:from the original on 21 September 2020
6723:
6721:
6644:Universities in the UK requiring IELTS
6006:from the original on 23 September 2012
5965:"ResearchItaly, Pagina di transizione"
5942:from the original on 29 September 2016
5894:from the original on 29 September 2016
5819:
5217:PhD students living below poverty line
4813:
4329:
4327:
4188:
3999:
3964:
3439:"MPhil/DPhil in Life History Research"
3094:(Mandarin: Bo-shi; Taiwanese: Phok-sū)
2338:). A more generic degree also used is
998:
863:
313:European Association of Conservatoires
8206:
7885:from the original on 27 December 2008
7685:from the original on 10 February 2016
7394:from the original on 10 February 2016
7243:
7127:from the original on 4 September 2009
6765:from the original on 13 December 2016
6706:from the original on 17 December 2008
6590:"Looking to work or study in the UK?"
6161:. Vol. 1802. pp. 995–1005.
6068:from the original on 14 February 2012
6036:from the original on 30 November 2020
5652:from the original on 10 February 2015
5561:from the original on 22 February 2020
5475:from the original on 11 December 2022
5453:
5451:
5420:
5418:
5061:; Kelly Neudorfer (11 October 2016).
5039:from the original on 10 February 2016
5013:from the original on 12 November 2017
4862:
4657:from the original on 12 November 2017
4627:from the original on 27 December 2012
4518:from the original on 12 February 2012
4494:echnissche Universitat Kaiserslautern
4466:from the original on 26 November 2018
3499:
3426:A DPhil is the Oxford term for a PhD.
2927:Mauritius: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
2644:Australia: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
1202:Test of English as a Foreign Language
979:Doctor (title) § Worldwide usage
8056:from the original on 27 January 2020
8024:from the original on 26 January 2020
7992:from the original on 28 January 2020
7962:from the original on 26 January 2020
7875:"Статистика Российского образования"
7434:from the original on 1 November 2013
7225:from the original on 23 October 2020
7115:"Listing of Research I Universities"
7062:. ESRC Society Today. Archived from
6867:from the original on 24 October 2020
6841:from the original on 24 October 2020
6516:from the original on 26 January 2016
6380:"BOE.es – Documento BOE-A-2011-2541"
5846:from the original on 26 January 2016
5760:University Grants Commission (India)
5736:from the original on 25 October 2012
5708:from the original on 15 January 2021
5551:"Requirements – Research in Germany"
5531:from the original on 4 February 2015
4895:
4737:
4718:from the original on 11 October 2017
4373:
4086:from the original on 20 October 2021
3914:
3594:from the original on 11 October 2017
3503:Academic Genealogy of Mathematicians
3416:from the original on 17 October 2015
3340:from the original on 2 February 2017
2677:Bosnia and Herzegovina: Doktor nauka
2620:International PhD equivalent degrees
2201:Students are first accepted onto an
1922:still keep their reputed historical
1920:Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
1323:) to facilitate peer understanding.
1321:PhD in Engineering, Computer Science
983:Doctorate § National variations
770:Association of American Universities
295:(S.J.D.) for legal scholars and the
8109:from the original on 6 January 2022
7629:from the original on 21 August 2018
6923:from the original on 9 January 2022
6795:from the original on 6 October 2016
6718:
6538:. 17 September 2016. Archived from
6247:
6186:from the original on 27 August 2019
6133:from the original on 7 January 2017
5783:from the original on 4 January 2010
5720:
5213:
5107:. Spuweb.siu.edu.ar. Archived from
5001:
4687:from the original on 20 August 2017
4572:from the original on 9 January 2022
4565:The economic contribution of Ph.D.s
4340:U.S. Doctorates in the 20th Century
4324:
3931:from the original on 6 October 2016
3722:from the original on 23 August 2018
3665:from the original on 31 August 2018
3481:from the original on 7 January 2021
3213:Doctor of Philosophy by publication
2961:Nigeria: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
2641:Austria: Doktor (Dr., plural: DDr.)
2392:Duration, age structure, statistics
2301:
2223:Academic Technology Approval Scheme
1581:). The most important degrees are:
1107:Australian Qualifications Framework
821:A candidate must submit a project,
750:University of the State of New York
565:, shakes hands with the chancellor.
84:(varied by country and institution)
24:
8125:
7805:from the original on 5 August 2020
7792:
7476:The Doctorate in the Europe Region
7291:"PHD programmes: Doctorate deluge"
7001:Transactions of the Burgon Society
6893:from the original on 9 August 2020
6696:"Postgrad checks worry scientists"
6360:from the original on 13 March 2018
5994:Bompard, Paul (18 February 2000).
5866:"Law of February 21, 1980, No. 28"
5612:Bernd Kramer (28 September 2015).
5448:
5415:
5328:from the original on 29 April 2019
5195:from the original on 11 March 2011
3683:
3645:Schuman, Rebecca (1 August 2014).
3449:from the original on 3 August 2020
3113:Uganda: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
2715:Costa Rica: PhD or Doctorado (Dr.)
2699:Canada: Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
1892:Superior Graduate Schools in Italy
1480:The PhD admission is granted by a
311:, which have been endorsed by the
25:
8581:
8096:
7855:from the original on 4 March 2016
7603:from the original on 4 March 2013
7333:from the original on 7 April 2018
7219:The Chronicle of Higher Education
6490:from the original on 4 March 2008
6101:from the original on 4 March 2016
5975:from the original on 7 March 2013
5914:"Law of 21 February 1980, No. 28"
5626:from the original on 24 June 2018
5593:from the original on 6 April 2018
5296:Jackson, Denise (22 April 2013).
4706:Alikhan, Faris (2 October 2013).
4651:The Chronicle of Higher Education
4647:"From Graduate School to Welfare"
4544:from the original on 8 April 2009
4116:from the original on 4 March 2016
3949:
3865:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde (2003).
3696:from the original on 25 June 2020
3585:European Universities Association
3509:. World Scientific. p. 183.
2374:
2157:
2081:Singapore Institute of Technology
1797:. In some subjects, completing a
1747:("graduate colleges"), which are
1477:throughout the doctoral program.
624:(with some minor exceptions, see
460:(Dr. phil. hab., Leipzig, 1652).
361:". PhD graduates may undertake a
8139:
8090:
8068:
8036:
7974:
7942:
7925:
7919:
7897:
7867:
7831:
7786:
7717:from the original on 24 May 2013
7671:
7659:from the original on 6 July 2020
7641:
7615:
7587:
7555:from the original on 13 May 2013
7532:
7466:
7363:from the original on 6 July 2020
7345:
7315:
7283:
7270:
7237:
7208:
7168:
7142:
7107:
7081:
7049:
7027:"The PhD is in need of revision"
7019:
6991:
6964:
6952:from the original on 6 June 2020
6935:
6905:
6879:
6853:
6824:
6777:
6747:
6662:
6649:
6637:
6625:
6609:
6582:
6564:
6546:
6528:
6502:
6476:
6464:from the original on 5 July 2018
6450:
6438:from the original on 5 July 2018
6424:
6402:
6390:from the original on 6 July 2020
6372:
6341:
6325:(in Norwegian). 19 August 2011.
5682:from the original on 9 July 2020
5648:. Quacquarelli Symonds Limited.
5580:Sarah Schmidt (1 October 2015).
5366:How to apply for a PhD in Canada
5220:. Vol. 2008. pp. 1–2.
4740:"More PhDs enter public service"
4066:Higher Doctorates in the UK 2013
3767:. Vol. 26. pp. 65–88.
3576:Kirsti Koch Christensen (2005).
3051:Slovakia: Doktor filozofie (PhD)
2992:Paraguay: PhD or Doctorado (Dr.)
2638:Armenia: գիտությունների թեկնածու
2612:
2565:PhD degree awarded by university
2345:
2164:Doctorates in the United Kingdom
2073:Nanyang Technological University
2069:National University of Singapore
1916:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
1875:in 1927 under the historic name
1873:Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
719:Over the following two decades,
545:as the highest academic degree.
397:Medieval and early modern Europe
134:
8279:Certificate of Higher Education
7775:. December 2010. Archived from
7746:. December 2010. Archived from
7744:Technopolis Group, GHK. Ukraine
7198:"Research Doctorate Programmes"
6818:"Funding for research training"
6729:"Funding for research training"
6350:"Why do your PhD in Singapore?"
6329:from the original on 7 May 2019
6296:from the original on 7 May 2019
6254:Vestergaard, Elisabeth (2006).
6218:
6145:
6113:
6080:
6048:
6018:
5924:
5906:
5876:
5858:
5808:. 26 April 2012. Archived from
5795:
5747:
5694:
5664:
5638:
5605:
5582:"Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ..."
5573:
5543:
5513:
5487:
5396:
5378:
5358:
5340:
5289:
5274:
5256:
5224:from the original on 1 May 2008
5207:
5181:
5155:
5123:
5097:
5085:from the original on 7 May 2019
5051:
5025:
4995:
4946:
4889:
4807:
4757:Woolston, Chris (23 May 2022).
4750:
4731:
4669:
4639:
4556:
4530:
4500:
4448:
4435:
4415:
4406:
4380:The Journal of Higher Education
4311:
4306:The History of Higher Education
4295:
4273:"Phi Beta Kappa News and Notes"
4265:
4218:from the original on 7 May 2019
4175:
4162:
4153:
4128:
4056:
4030:The Journal of Higher Education
4020:
3993:
3958:
3943:
3889:
3858:
3829:
3799:
3753:
3734:
3708:
3677:
3638:
3606:
3569:
2168:Education in the United Kingdom
2077:Singapore Management University
1149:higher degree by research (HDR)
1120:
791:
403:universities of Medieval Europe
301:European University Association
291:(D.M.A.) for music performers,
221:Worcester Polytechnic Institute
6731:. UK Research and Innovation.
6152:Master A; et al. (2010).
6026:"Scuole, Scuole di Eccellenza"
5284:Australian National University
4456:"Categories of PhD Candidates"
3493:
3461:
3402:
3352:
3320:
3287:
3253:
3225:
3195:Doctor of Professional Studies
2728:Czech Republic: kandidát věd (
2358:Doctorate § United States
2172:
1991:
1957:In Poland, a doctoral degree (
1937:
1898:Scuola Superiore Universitaria
1515:
1463:
1331:
1173:
1111:
708:in philosophy and psychology,
487:Educational reforms in Germany
13:
1:
7244:Dance, Amber (October 2017).
6985:10.1016/S0272-7757(03)00032-3
6973:Economics of Education Review
6755:"Postgraduate fees in the UK"
6348:Mather-L’Huillier, Nathalie.
5410:Council of Canadian Academies
5353:University of South Australia
5266:. DEEWR. 2011. Archived from
5002:Lin, Thomas (26 March 2014).
4865:"What is a PhD really worth?"
4424:http://www.newroutephd.ac.uk/
4135:Simpson, Renate (June 1983).
3954:. Cambridge University Press.
3811:Erhard-weigel-gesellschaft.de
3218:
2433:National Institutes of Health
2276:
1454:diplôme de docteur-ingénieur
1127:Australian Postgraduate Award
837:Some universities in the non-
650:Licentiate of Sacred Theology
549:History in the United Kingdom
479:, Licentiate of Medicine, or
425:was used for all faculties).
321:Society for Artistic Research
208:
6168:10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.025
5314:10.1080/07294360.2012.692666
4955:"Education: The PhD factory"
4738:Hare, Julie (3 April 2014).
4479:"PhD scholarship programmes"
4002:The American Economic Review
3057:Somalia: Dhaqtarka Falsafada
2887:Kurdistan: دکتۆرا (Doctorah)
2884:Kuwait: دكتوراه (Dektoraah)
2499:
2414:
2232:
2059:
1964:), abbreviated to PhD (Pol.
1924:"Diploma di Perfezionamento"
1877:"Diploma di Perfezionamento"
1841:
1721:
1706:(from Latin honoris causa).
1696:Dr. rer. nat. Max Mustermann
1487:
1425:
1343:
1207:
1194:Graduate Record Examinations
1096:
1058:
1047:
957:Institute for Advanced Study
955:, professor emeritus at the
880:U.S. News & World Report
676:History in the United States
581:'s DSc, introduced in 1882.
557:A new PhD graduate from the
205:, researcher, or scientist.
27:Postgraduate academic degree
7:
8275:Diploma of Higher Education
7839:"Shared Dublin Descriptors"
7323:"PhD Funding Opportunities"
5779:. Ugc.ac.in. 22 July 1988.
5732:, Statistisches Bundesamt,
5105:"Scholarships in Argentina"
5004:"A 'Rebel' Without a Ph.D."
4344:National Science Foundation
4239:Journal of Higher Education
3896:Rashdall, Hastings (1964).
3760:Allan Noble, Keith (2001).
3178:
2909:Lebanon: دكتوراه (doktorah)
2670:Belgium (French-speaking):
2515:
2429:National Science Foundation
2245:, usually in the form of a
1781:may also be granted by the
1754:
1450:doctorat de troisième cycle
1356:Requirements for completion
1326:
1242:Requirements for completion
1142:Requirements for completion
1088:Requirements for completion
646:Bachelor of Sacred Theology
293:Doctor of Juridical Science
10:
8586:
8159:. Oxford University Press.
7793:A3, EAC (31 August 2018).
7473:Kouptsov, O., ed. (1994).
4784:10.1038/d41586-022-01392-w
3873:Cambridge University Press
3842:Cambridge University Press
2874:Jordan: دكتوراه (Doctorah)
2663:Belgium (Dutch-speaking):
2635:Argentina: Doctorado (Dr.)
2632:Algeria: Doctorat, دكتوراه
2629:Albania: Doktorature.(Dr.)
2492:German Rectors' Conference
2355:
2349:
2161:
2133:
1970:Polish Academy of Sciences
1770:
1508:
1504:
1429:
1369:In Finland, the degree of
1364:
1263:degree during the period.
1248:comprehensive examinations
1166:
1100:
1074:
1051:
976:
970:
733:University of Pennsylvania
391:
29:
8519:
8438:
8397:
8390:
8362:
8324:
8315:
8287:
8250:
8241:
8164:Geiger, Roger L. (2001).
8155:Geiger, Roger L. (1986).
5426:"全日制研究生读几年?学费是多少?-中国教育在线"
5069:Columbia University Press
4308:(2nd ed, 1997), pp 273–89
4139:. Open University Press.
3773:10.1080/03075070020030724
3555:10.1080/03098770020030498
3469:"The disposable academic"
3143:Uzbekistan: Fan nomzodi (
3054:Slovenia: Doktor znanosti
2924:Malaysia: Doktor Falsafah
2921:North Macedonia: Докторат
2890:Kyrgyzstan (Илим доктору)
2789:and any degree of tohtori
2546:
2461:
2452:In Russia, the degree of
2151:
2143:
1952:
1867:The first institution in
1827:National Eligibility Test
1711:European Research Council
1420:
1162:
1032:, Doctor of Philosophy; "
654:Doctor of Sacred Theology
72:
64:
54:
44:
8173:Simpson, Renate (1983).
7089:"Professional Doctorate"
6386:. pp. 13909–13926.
5614:"Akademische Ramschware"
4374:Lady, R. Andrew (1967).
3918:Redefining the Doctorate
3500:Chang, Sooyoung (2010).
3412:. University of Oxford.
2945:Mozambique: Doutoramento
2918:Macau: 博士 (Doutoramento)
2850:Ireland: an Doctúireacht
2718:Croatia: Doktor znanosti
2366:, the PhD degree is the
2216:University of Manchester
2191:UK Visas and Immigration
2094:
1836:
1766:
1257:
967:Degrees around the globe
741:Johns Hopkins University
559:University of Birmingham
225:Worcester, Massachusetts
8271:Higher National Diploma
7795:"Development of skills"
6889:. Academic conditions.
5555:Research-in-Germany.org
4336:"Historical Background"
3902:Oxford University Press
3836:Pedersen, Olaf (1997).
3302:Oxford University Press
3269:Oxford University Press
3201:Piled Higher and Deeper
2833:Indonesia: Doktor (Dr.)
2506:at the level of German
2500:German degree of Doktor
2488:Kultusministerkonferenz
2368:highest academic degree
2318:(Doctor of Letters) or
2287:University of Cambridge
2180:University of Edinburgh
1831:National Testing Agency
1732:Qualifikationsnachweise
1682:; veterinary medicine);
1432:Doctorate § France
1411:filosofian lisensiaatti
1223:teaching assistantships
1132:
1020:Doctor rerum naturalium
823:thesis, or dissertation
756:was awarded in 1937 to
704:awarded three PhDs: to
698:Lewisburg, Pennsylvania
666:Licentiate of Canon Law
586:University of Cambridge
348:Candidate of Philosophy
193:in the United Kingdom.
7013:10.4148/2475-7799.1110
6887:"Prospective students"
6572:PhD Entry Requirements
6088:"SITO IN MANUTENZIONE"
6000:Times Higher Education
5372:Times Higher Education
4568:. Vol. 31. 2009.
4277:The Phi Beta Kappa Key
3240:Trinity College Dublin
3233:"Degrees and Diplomas"
3116:United Arab Emirates:
2660:Belarus: кандидат наук
2574:
2408:number of PhD diplomas
2290:
1909:
1897:
1882:
1680:medicinae veterinariae
1385:award degrees such as
1379:University of Helsinki
1103:Education in Australia
1054:Education in Argentina
1039:
1027:
1019:
1011:
801:
782:Rockefeller Foundation
710:Arthur Williams Wright
688:slowly emerged in the
600:much older degrees of
566:
289:Doctor of Musical Arts
227:
112:
107:
59:Postgraduate education
8378:Candidate of Sciences
7176:"Doctoral admissions"
6542:on 17 September 2016.
6230:. London: Routledge.
6030:scuoledieccellenza.it
5468:. 14 September 2022.
5459:"研究生教育学科专业目录(2022 年)"
4460:Wageningen University
3097:Thailand: ดุษฎีบัณฑิต
2864:(Dott. Ric. or Ph.D.)
2824:Hungary: Doktor (Dr.)
2586:Models of supervision
2573:PhD SPbSU certificate
2572:
2527:Candidate of Sciences
2523:Candidate of Sciences
2481:Candidate of Sciences
2454:Candidate of Sciences
2356:Further information:
2284:
2212:King's College London
1904:Schools of Excellence
1299:Doctor of Agriculture
1296:Doctor of Engineering
909:postdoctoral research
799:
662:Bachelor of Canon Law
556:
218:
113:doctor in philosophia
8448:Academic certificate
8340:Postgraduate diploma
8084:10.1787/888933941538
7928:"слово берет защита"
7057:"ESRC Society Today"
7031:UniversityAffairs.ca
6837:. STFC. March 2016.
6646:. ukuni.net website.
6420:on 18 December 2012.
5729:Bestandene Prüfungen
5391:Government of Canada
4623:. 18 December 2010.
4514:. 11 February 2012.
4317:Laurence R. Veysey,
4283:(7): 354–356. 1915.
4063:Tina Barnes (2013).
3477:. 16 December 2010.
3443:University of Sussex
3125:University of Oxford
2862:Dottorato di ricerca
2775:Estonia: Doktor (Dr)
2750:Dominican Republic:
2599:PhD in the workforce
2243:European Social Fund
1910:Scuole di Eccellenza
1883:Dottorato di ricerca
1849:Dottorato di ricerca
1799:Master of Philosophy
1511:Education in Germany
1311:Doctor of Fine Arts.
1308:Doctor of Management
1287:Doctor of Literature
729:Princeton University
590:University of London
575:University of London
497:University of Berlin
477:Bachelor of Medicine
453:teacher's credential
385:post-nominal letters
359:all but dissertation
203:university professor
191:University of Sussex
183:University of Oxford
92:Doctor of Philosophy
40:Doctor of Philosophy
32:PHD (disambiguation)
8483:Professional degree
7938:on 1 November 2012.
7915:on 9 November 2013.
7327:Yale (Public Health
7308:10.1038/nj7664-483b
7301:(7664): 483. 2017.
7263:10.1038/nj7675-289a
7186:on 19 October 2007.
6292:. 8 December 2011.
5920:on 4 November 2011.
5872:on 4 November 2011.
5586:Süddeutsche Zeitung
5501:on 17 December 2014
5436:on 11 December 2022
5402:(26 January 2021).
4971:2011Natur.472..276C
4914:2011Natur.472R.259.
4882:10.1038/nj7343-381a
4832:2011Natur.472..261T
4814:Taylor, M. (2011).
4775:2022Natur.605..775W
4462:. 2 November 2012.
4429:6 July 2014 at the
4026:See, for instance,
3817:on 14 November 2016
3690:FormsOfAddress.info
3626:on 21 December 2016
3391:philosophiae doctor
3383:, proposed, as the
3001:Philippines: Doktor
2782:, Doctor (PhD, Dr.)
2747:are higher degrees)
2712:Colombia: Doctorado
2626:Afghanistan: دکتورا
2425:research assistants
2421:teaching assistants
1982:studia doktoranckie
1972:, regulated by the
1821:in an open defense
1670:medicinae dentariae
1567:Promotionsverfahren
1494:employment contract
1284:Doctor of Education
1278:Doctor of Economics
1169:Education in Canada
1153:Ph.D by publication
1044:, Doctor of Laws).
1028:Doctor philosophiae
999:National variations
864:Value and criticism
725:New York University
714:James Morris Whiton
694:Bucknell University
670:Doctor of Canon Law
634:Humboldt University
610:Doctor of Civil Law
501:Prussian government
297:Doctor of Education
240:, mathematics, and
108:philosophiae doctor
41:
8410:Doctor of Sciences
7069:on 29 October 2008
6948:. 9 October 2014.
5969:ricercaitaliana.it
5143:on 31 October 2006
4863:Fiske, P. (2011).
3410:"What is a DPhil?"
3308:on 11 October 2017
3140:Uruguay: Doctorado
2936:Mongolia: Эрдэмтэн
2787:Filosofian tohtori
2756:Ecuador: Doctorado
2575:
2539:Doctor of Sciences
2535:post-Soviet states
2502:and the degree of
2291:
2285:A PhD gown at the
2252:which consists of
2040:Uppsala University
2010:Uppsala University
1773:Education in India
1744:Graduiertenkollegs
1700:Dr. Max Mustermann
1371:filosofian tohtori
1305:Doctor of Military
938:opined in 2011 in
905:Richard B. Freeman
802:
762:Gonzaga University
721:Harvard University
644:, the degrees are
614:Doctor of Medicine
602:Doctor of Divinity
567:
539:specialist diploma
481:Doctor of Medicine
469:Licentiate of Arts
340:doctoral candidate
242:natural philosophy
228:
187:University of York
39:
8552:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8502:Specialist degree
8386:
8385:
8354:Engineer's degree
8311:
8310:
8298:Bachelor's degree
8266:Foundation degree
7848:. 23 March 2004.
7653:www.russia.edu.ru
7256:(7675): 289–291.
6702:. 12 March 2007.
6268:on 19 July 2011.
6237:978-0-415-15760-5
6092:www.istruzione.it
5815:on 26 April 2012.
5169:on 25 August 2010
4965:(7343): 276–279.
4908:(7343): 259–260.
4769:(7911): 775–777.
4485:. 7 January 2010.
4146:978-0-900868-95-5
4079:978-0-9563812-7-9
3915:Park, C. (2007).
3882:978-0-521-36105-7
3851:978-0-521-59431-8
3748:Wiley (publisher)
3524:978-981-4282-29-1
2514:as equivalent to
2398:bachelor's degree
2312:higher doctorates
2239:Research Councils
2053:teknologie doktor
2002:magister's degree
1974:Polish parliament
1944:laurea magistrale
1736:Promotionsordnung
1640:rerum politicarum
1403:Doctor of Science
1387:tekniikan tohtori
1317:PhD in Discipline
1293:Doctor of Science
1290:Doctor of History
1187:Bachelor's degree
815:bachelor's degree
786:Publish or perish
778:graduate students
579:Durham University
571:Doctor of Science
328:higher doctorates
126:original research
88:
87:
77:Bachelor's degree
16:(Redirected from
8577:
8565:Doctoral degrees
8488:Graduate diploma
8405:Higher doctorate
8395:
8394:
8322:
8321:
8261:Associate degree
8248:
8247:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8192:
8188:
8186:
8178:
8169:
8160:
8144:
8143:
8135:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8072:
8066:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8055:
8048:
8040:
8034:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8023:
8016:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7978:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7967:
7961:
7954:
7946:
7940:
7939:
7934:. Archived from
7923:
7917:
7916:
7901:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7854:
7846:www.tempus.ac.rs
7843:
7835:
7829:
7828:
7822:
7814:
7812:
7810:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7774:
7766:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7741:
7733:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7716:
7709:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7675:
7669:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7645:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7578:
7574:
7572:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7554:
7547:
7536:
7530:
7528:
7522:
7518:
7516:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7498:
7481:
7470:
7464:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7433:
7426:
7415:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7384:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7357:en.russia.edu.ru
7349:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7287:
7281:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7221:. 27 July 2007.
7212:
7206:
7205:
7204:on 3 March 2007.
7194:
7188:
7187:
7182:. Archived from
7172:
7166:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7156:on 13 April 2010
7146:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7132:
7111:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7091:. Archived from
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7033:. Archived from
7023:
7017:
7016:
6995:
6989:
6988:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6939:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6836:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6814:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6785:"What is a PhD?"
6781:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6751:
6745:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6725:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6666:
6660:
6653:
6647:
6641:
6635:
6629:
6623:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6586:
6580:
6568:
6562:
6550:
6544:
6543:
6532:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6416:. Archived from
6414:educacion.gob.es
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6345:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6315:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6301:
6282:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6261:. Archived from
6260:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6209:
6205:
6203:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6185:
6170:
6160:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6132:
6125:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6100:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6067:
6060:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5916:. Archived from
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5868:. Archived from
5862:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5845:
5834:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5773:
5767:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5724:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5698:
5692:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5668:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5497:. Archived from
5491:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5463:
5455:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5432:. Archived from
5422:
5413:
5400:
5394:
5382:
5376:
5362:
5356:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5293:
5287:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5270:on 30 July 2008.
5260:
5254:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5211:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5142:
5136:. Archived from
5135:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4982:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4925:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4786:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4735:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4681:Business Insider
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4618:
4611:
4602:
4601:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4486:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4452:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4347:
4331:
4322:
4315:
4309:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4195:
4186:
4179:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4071:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3979:10.2307/27757317
3962:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3923:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3813:. Archived from
3803:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3776:
3757:
3751:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3684:Hickey, Robert.
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3619:. Archived from
3618:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3582:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3304:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3271:. Archived from
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3237:
3229:
3135:Доктор філософії
3071:Filosofie doktor
2798:Georgia: დოქტორი
2709:Chile: Doctorado
2616:
2548:
2516:French doctorate
2463:
2302:Other doctorates
2256:together with a
2153:
2145:
2144:Доктор філософії
2049:Filosofie Doktor
2044:filosofie doktor
2014:Filosofie Doktor
1912:
1900:
1885:
1749:graduate schools
1592:rerum naturalium
1471:doctoral advisor
1393:, engineering),
1383:Aalto University
1042:
1030:
1022:
1014:
1012:Doctor medicinae
746:Board of Regents
737:Clark University
712:in physics, and
686:Graduate schools
626:Doctors' Commons
465:Bachelor of Arts
332:doctoral student
175:
171:
166:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
115:
42:
38:
21:
8585:
8584:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8544:
8527:Honorary degree
8515:
8511:Terminal degree
8473:Magister degree
8458:External degree
8440:
8434:
8382:
8358:
8335:Master's degree
8307:
8283:
8237:
8235:academic degree
8231:
8201:
8190:
8189:
8180:
8179:
8150:
8138:
8130:
8128:
8126:Further reading
8123:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8095:
8091:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8059:
8057:
8053:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8005:
7995:
7993:
7986:english.spbu.ru
7980:
7979:
7975:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7952:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7932:CareerRussia.ru
7926:Krut, Natalia.
7924:
7920:
7903:
7902:
7898:
7888:
7886:
7873:
7872:
7868:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7841:
7837:
7836:
7832:
7816:
7815:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7787:
7782:on 13 May 2013.
7779:
7772:
7768:
7767:
7758:
7753:on 13 May 2013.
7750:
7739:
7735:
7734:
7730:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7707:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7688:
7686:
7677:
7676:
7672:
7662:
7660:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7632:
7630:
7625:. 12 May 2003.
7621:
7620:
7616:
7606:
7604:
7593:
7592:
7588:
7576:
7575:
7566:
7565:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7538:
7537:
7533:
7520:
7519:
7510:
7509:
7502:
7500:
7496:
7490:
7479:
7471:
7467:
7455:
7454:
7445:
7444:
7437:
7435:
7431:
7424:
7416:
7407:
7397:
7395:
7386:
7385:
7376:
7366:
7364:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7336:
7334:
7321:
7320:
7316:
7289:
7288:
7284:
7275:
7271:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7214:
7213:
7209:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7174:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7157:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7130:
7128:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7098:
7096:
7087:
7086:
7082:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7059:
7055:
7054:
7050:
7040:
7038:
7037:on 31 July 2013
7025:
7024:
7020:
6996:
6992:
6969:
6965:
6955:
6953:
6941:
6940:
6936:
6926:
6924:
6919:. 19 May 2020.
6911:
6910:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6870:
6868:
6859:
6858:
6854:
6844:
6842:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6798:
6796:
6783:
6782:
6778:
6768:
6766:
6753:
6752:
6748:
6738:
6736:
6727:
6726:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6679:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6654:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6626:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6598:
6595:British Council
6588:
6587:
6583:
6569:
6565:
6551:
6547:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6519:
6517:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6482:
6481:
6477:
6467:
6465:
6456:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6378:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6361:
6346:
6342:
6332:
6330:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6299:
6297:
6284:
6283:
6276:
6265:
6258:
6252:
6248:
6238:
6223:
6219:
6207:
6206:
6197:
6196:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6158:
6150:
6146:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6098:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6037:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6007:
5992:
5988:
5978:
5976:
5963:
5962:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5930:
5929:
5925:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5888:www.edscuola.it
5882:
5881:
5877:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5786:
5784:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5752:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5726:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5685:
5683:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5627:
5610:
5606:
5596:
5594:
5578:
5574:
5564:
5562:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5504:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5461:
5457:
5456:
5449:
5439:
5437:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5401:
5397:
5383:
5379:
5363:
5359:
5345:
5341:
5331:
5329:
5294:
5290:
5279:
5275:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5245:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5227:
5225:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5191:. Utas.edu.au.
5187:
5186:
5182:
5172:
5170:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5146:
5144:
5140:
5133:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5079:
5059:Albrecht Behmel
5056:
5052:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
5007:Quanta Magazine
5000:
4996:
4980:10.1038/472276a
4951:
4947:
4923:10.1038/472259b
4894:
4890:
4861:
4857:
4841:10.1038/472261a
4812:
4808:
4755:
4751:
4736:
4732:
4721:
4719:
4704:
4700:
4690:
4688:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4593:
4592:
4583:
4582:
4575:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4519:
4512:Express Tribune
4506:
4505:
4501:
4488:
4477:
4469:
4467:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4440:
4436:
4431:Wayback Machine
4420:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4392:10.2307/1979043
4372:
4365:
4349:
4348:
4332:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4302:Roger L. Geiger
4300:
4296:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4251:10.2307/1978076
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4212:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4176:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4106:
4102:
4089:
4087:
4080:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4042:10.2307/1979947
4025:
4021:
3998:
3994:
3963:
3959:
3950:Rüegg, Walter.
3948:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3909:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3758:
3754:
3750:online library.
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3419:
3417:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3386:Oxford Magazine
3375:
3367:. p. 125.
3365:Clarendon Press
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3333:Merriam-Webster
3326:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3208:Terminal degree
3204:, a comic strip
3181:
3176:
3028:ru: доктор наук
2905:Zinātņu doktors
2893:Latin America:
2649:Fəlsəfə doktoru
2622:
2611:
2606:Bologna Process
2601:
2588:
2567:
2512:French Republic
2450:
2445:
2417:
2394:
2377:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2304:
2279:
2235:
2184:business school
2175:
2170:
2160:
2136:
2097:
2062:
1994:
1955:
1940:
1902:), also called
1858:Bologna process
1844:
1839:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1724:
1716:Fachhochschulen
1522:master's degree
1518:
1513:
1507:
1490:
1482:graduate school
1466:
1446:doctorat d'État
1442:State doctorate
1434:
1428:
1423:
1395:taiteen tohtori
1367:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1329:
1260:
1244:
1210:
1180:Master's degree
1176:
1171:
1165:
1144:
1135:
1123:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1077:
1065:Master's degree
1061:
1056:
1050:
1001:
985:
975:
969:
866:
843:Bologna process
810:Master's degree
794:
706:Eugene Schuyler
702:Yale University
678:
642:sacred theology
606:Doctor of Music
594:Harold Jeffreys
563:doctor's bonnet
551:
517:Yale University
489:
446:academic degree
399:
394:
367:academic tenure
352:master's degree
305:Bologna Process
238:social sciences
230:
229:
211:
173:
169:
137:
133:
118:terminal degree
83:
81:Master's degree
79:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8583:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8550:
8549:
8546:
8545:
8543:
8542:
8537:
8529:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8508:
8499:
8497:Higher diploma
8494:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8453:Artist diploma
8450:
8444:
8442:
8441:classification
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8401:
8399:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8375:
8369:
8367:
8360:
8359:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8337:
8331:
8329:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8303:Honours degree
8300:
8294:
8292:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8268:
8263:
8257:
8255:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8230:
8229:
8222:
8215:
8207:
8200:
8199:
8170:
8161:
8151:
8149:
8148:
8127:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8089:
8067:
8035:
8003:
7973:
7941:
7918:
7896:
7866:
7830:
7785:
7756:
7728:
7696:
7670:
7640:
7614:
7586:
7531:
7488:
7465:
7405:
7374:
7344:
7314:
7282:
7269:
7236:
7207:
7189:
7167:
7141:
7106:
7095:on 28 May 2010
7080:
7048:
7018:
6990:
6979:(6): 611–620.
6963:
6934:
6904:
6878:
6863:. March 2020.
6852:
6823:
6806:
6776:
6746:
6717:
6687:
6661:
6648:
6636:
6624:
6608:
6581:
6563:
6545:
6527:
6501:
6475:
6449:
6423:
6401:
6371:
6340:
6307:
6274:
6246:
6236:
6217:
6144:
6112:
6079:
6047:
6017:
5986:
5953:
5923:
5905:
5875:
5857:
5818:
5794:
5768:
5746:
5719:
5693:
5663:
5637:
5604:
5572:
5542:
5512:
5486:
5447:
5414:
5395:
5377:
5357:
5339:
5308:(3): 355–368.
5288:
5273:
5255:
5206:
5180:
5154:
5122:
5096:
5077:
5071:. p. 42.
5050:
5024:
4994:
4945:
4888:
4855:
4806:
4749:
4744:The Australian
4730:
4698:
4668:
4653:. 6 May 2012.
4638:
4603:
4555:
4529:
4499:
4490:"Sandwich PhD"
4447:
4434:
4414:
4405:
4386:(4): 197–205.
4363:
4323:
4310:
4294:
4264:
4245:(7): 387–394.
4229:
4210:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4152:
4145:
4127:
4108:John Aldrich.
4100:
4078:
4055:
4036:(7): 381–386.
4019:
3992:
3957:
3942:
3907:
3888:
3881:
3857:
3850:
3828:
3798:
3752:
3733:
3707:
3676:
3637:
3605:
3568:
3530:
3523:
3492:
3460:
3430:
3401:
3373:
3351:
3319:
3286:
3252:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3033:Saudi Arabia:
3031:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2983:
2977:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2875:
2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2600:
2597:
2587:
2584:
2566:
2563:
2494:(HRK) and the
2470:Czechoslovakia
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2416:
2413:
2393:
2390:
2376:
2373:
2350:Main article:
2347:
2344:
2340:DProf or ProfD
2334:), and music (
2303:
2300:
2278:
2275:
2234:
2231:
2227:Foreign Office
2174:
2171:
2159:
2158:United Kingdom
2156:
2135:
2132:
2096:
2093:
2061:
2058:
1998:Denmark–Norway
1993:
1990:
1954:
1951:
1939:
1936:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1768:
1765:
1756:
1753:
1723:
1720:
1692:
1691:
1690:(engineering).
1683:
1673:
1666:Dr. med. dent.
1663:
1653:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1603:
1517:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1489:
1486:
1465:
1462:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1259:
1256:
1243:
1240:
1209:
1206:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1000:
997:
971:Main article:
968:
965:
936:Mark C. Taylor
922:Doctor of Arts
865:
862:
858:field research
806:Honours degree
793:
790:
677:
674:
656:(STD), and in
550:
547:
488:
485:
473:Master of Arts
398:
395:
393:
390:
213:
212:
210:
207:
122:graduate study
86:
85:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8582:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8560:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8393:
8389:
8379:
8376:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8361:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8349:Diplom degree
8347:
8345:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8286:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8253:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8243:Undergraduate
8240:
8236:
8228:
8223:
8221:
8216:
8214:
8209:
8208:
8205:
8196:
8184:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8097:Sever, Maja.
8093:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8052:
8045:
8039:
8020:
8013:
8007:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7977:
7958:
7951:
7945:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7922:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7900:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7870:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7834:
7826:
7820:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7789:
7778:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7761:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7732:
7713:
7706:
7700:
7684:
7680:
7674:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7644:
7628:
7624:
7618:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7590:
7582:
7570:
7551:
7544:
7543:
7535:
7526:
7514:
7495:
7491:
7489:92-9069-133-6
7485:
7478:
7477:
7469:
7461:
7449:
7430:
7423:
7422:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7393:
7389:
7383:
7381:
7379:
7362:
7358:
7354:
7348:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7318:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7279:
7273:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7240:
7224:
7220:
7217:
7211:
7203:
7199:
7193:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7138:
7126:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7094:
7090:
7084:
7065:
7058:
7052:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7022:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6994:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6951:
6947:
6944:
6938:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6892:
6888:
6882:
6866:
6862:
6856:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6750:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6722:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6676:. 4 July 2023
6675:
6671:
6665:
6658:
6652:
6645:
6640:
6633:
6628:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6567:
6560:
6556:
6555:
6549:
6541:
6537:
6531:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6463:
6459:
6453:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6375:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6312:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6229:
6221:
6213:
6201:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6157:
6156:
6148:
6129:
6122:
6116:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6083:
6064:
6057:
6051:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6021:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5842:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5823:
5811:
5804:
5798:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5750:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5667:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5608:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5583:
5576:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5546:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5500:
5496:
5490:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5411:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5381:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5361:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5343:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5251:
5239:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5210:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5139:
5132:
5126:
5111:on 7 May 2010
5110:
5106:
5100:
5084:
5080:
5078:9783838268323
5074:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5038:
5034:
5028:
5012:
5008:
5005:
4998:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:Anon (2011).
4892:
4883:
4878:
4875:(7343): 381.
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4826:(7343): 261.
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4702:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4626:
4622:
4621:The Economist
4617:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4587:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4418:
4409:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4328:
4320:
4314:
4307:
4303:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4217:
4213:
4211:9781412815383
4207:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4178:
4171:
4165:
4156:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4131:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3953:
3946:
3927:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3794:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:"ABD Company"
3641:
3622:
3615:
3609:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3504:
3496:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3474:The Economist
3470:
3464:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3427:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3374:9780198229742
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3290:
3275:on 7 May 2019
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3241:
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3209:
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3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:Switzerland:
3075:
3073:(fil.dr., FD)
3072:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3024:кандидат наук
3021:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:Netherlands:
2950:
2948:Nepal: Doctor
2947:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2911:
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2896:
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2820:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2759:El Salvador:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
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2705:
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2698:
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2562:
2558:
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2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:кандидат наук
2459:
2455:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2364:United States
2359:
2353:
2346:United States
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2326:engineering (
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2149:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1926:PhD title by
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1764:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:Dr. med. vet.
1674:
1672:; dentistry);
1671:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:Dr. rer. pol.
1634:
1632:; economics);
1631:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1587:Dr. rer. nat.
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:(abbreviated
1372:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1281:Doctor of Law
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1007:
996:
994:
990:
984:
980:
974:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:Freeman Dyson
950:
948:
943:
942:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
917:
915:
910:
906:
902:
901:
900:The Economist
896:
894:
893:credentialism
890:
886:
882:
881:
874:
870:
861:
859:
855:
850:
846:
844:
840:
835:
832:
828:
827:peer-reviewed
824:
819:
816:
811:
807:
798:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
765:
763:
759:
755:
754:honoris causa
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
716:in classics.
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:United States
687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Inns of Court
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
597:
595:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
564:
560:
555:
546:
544:
540:
536:
535:
530:
525:
522:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
458:Erhard Weigel
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
389:
386:
381:
377:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
353:
349:
345:
344:PhD candidate
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:peer-reviewed
278:
274:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:) other than
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
222:
217:
206:
204:
200:
194:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
176:
164:
131:
130:North America
127:
123:
119:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
82:
78:
75:
73:Prerequisites
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
8532:
8415:Habilitation
8398:Postdoctoral
8317:Postgraduate
8177:. Guildford.
8174:
8165:
8156:
8111:. Retrieved
8102:
8092:
8075:
8070:
8058:. Retrieved
8038:
8026:. Retrieved
8006:
7994:. Retrieved
7985:
7976:
7964:. Retrieved
7944:
7936:the original
7931:
7921:
7913:the original
7908:
7899:
7887:. Retrieved
7878:
7869:
7857:. Retrieved
7845:
7833:
7807:. Retrieved
7798:
7788:
7777:the original
7748:the original
7743:
7731:
7719:. Retrieved
7699:
7687:. Retrieved
7673:
7661:. Retrieved
7652:
7643:
7631:. Retrieved
7617:
7605:. Retrieved
7595:
7589:
7557:. Retrieved
7540:
7534:
7501:. Retrieved
7475:
7468:
7436:. Retrieved
7420:
7396:. Retrieved
7365:. Retrieved
7356:
7347:
7335:. Retrieved
7326:
7317:
7298:
7294:
7285:
7277:
7272:
7253:
7249:
7239:
7229:14 September
7227:. Retrieved
7218:
7210:
7202:the original
7192:
7184:the original
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7154:the original
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7118:
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7097:. Retrieved
7093:the original
7083:
7071:. Retrieved
7064:the original
7051:
7039:. Retrieved
7035:the original
7030:
7021:
7004:
7000:
6993:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6954:. Retrieved
6945:
6937:
6925:. Retrieved
6917:DiscoverPhDs
6916:
6907:
6897:13 September
6895:. Retrieved
6881:
6871:13 September
6869:. Retrieved
6855:
6845:13 September
6843:. Retrieved
6826:
6797:. Retrieved
6788:
6779:
6767:. Retrieved
6759:Postgrad.com
6758:
6749:
6739:13 September
6737:. Retrieved
6710:16 September
6708:. Retrieved
6699:
6690:
6678:. Retrieved
6673:
6664:
6651:
6639:
6627:
6611:
6599:. Retrieved
6593:
6584:
6571:
6566:
6553:
6548:
6540:the original
6530:
6518:. Retrieved
6504:
6492:. Retrieved
6478:
6466:. Retrieved
6452:
6440:. Retrieved
6426:
6418:the original
6413:
6404:
6392:. Retrieved
6383:
6374:
6362:. Retrieved
6353:
6343:
6331:. Retrieved
6322:
6298:. Retrieved
6289:
6269:
6263:the original
6249:
6241:
6227:
6220:
6188:. Retrieved
6154:
6147:
6135:. Retrieved
6115:
6103:. Retrieved
6091:
6082:
6070:. Retrieved
6050:
6038:. Retrieved
6029:
6020:
6008:. Retrieved
5999:
5989:
5977:. Retrieved
5968:
5944:. Retrieved
5935:
5926:
5918:the original
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5896:. Retrieved
5887:
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5870:the original
5860:
5848:. Retrieved
5836:
5810:the original
5797:
5785:. Retrieved
5771:
5754:
5749:
5738:, retrieved
5728:
5722:
5710:. Retrieved
5696:
5684:. Retrieved
5675:
5666:
5654:. Retrieved
5640:
5628:. Retrieved
5617:
5607:
5595:. Retrieved
5584:
5575:
5563:. Retrieved
5554:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5524:
5515:
5503:. Retrieved
5499:the original
5489:
5477:. Retrieved
5465:
5438:. Retrieved
5434:the original
5429:
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5398:
5385:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5347:
5342:
5330:. Retrieved
5305:
5301:
5291:
5276:
5268:the original
5258:
5226:. Retrieved
5216:
5214:ABC (2008).
5209:
5197:. Retrieved
5183:
5171:. Retrieved
5167:the original
5157:
5145:. Retrieved
5138:the original
5125:
5113:. Retrieved
5109:the original
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5063:
5053:
5041:. Retrieved
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
5006:
4997:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4905:
4901:
4891:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4743:
4733:
4720:. Retrieved
4711:
4701:
4689:. Retrieved
4680:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4650:
4641:
4629:. Retrieved
4620:
4574:. Retrieved
4564:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4532:
4520:. Retrieved
4511:
4502:
4493:
4482:
4468:. Retrieved
4459:
4450:
4437:
4417:
4408:
4383:
4379:
4339:
4318:
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4305:
4297:
4280:
4276:
4267:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4200:
4182:
4177:
4169:
4168:Carl Diehl,
4164:
4155:
4136:
4130:
4120:27 September
4118:. Retrieved
4103:
4095:
4088:. Retrieved
4065:
4058:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4008:(2): 22–27.
4005:
4001:
3995:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3951:
3945:
3933:. Retrieved
3917:
3910:
3897:
3891:
3867:
3860:
3837:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3815:the original
3810:
3801:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3742:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3710:
3698:. Retrieved
3689:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3650:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3621:the original
3608:
3596:. Retrieved
3571:
3546:
3542:
3515:10.1142/7420
3502:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3472:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3433:
3425:
3418:. Retrieved
3404:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3360:
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3331:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3306:the original
3297:
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3273:the original
3264:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3239:
3227:
3199:
3047:Доктор наука
2955:(dr. or PhD)
2878:
2868:
2857:("doctorat")
2744:
2674:(dr. or PhD)
2667:(dr. or PhD)
2654:Bangladesh:
2647:Azerbaijan:
2610:
2602:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2576:
2559:
2555:Habilitation
2520:
2508:Habilitation
2485:
2478:
2466:Eastern Bloc
2451:
2418:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2395:
2378:
2375:Requirements
2361:
2324:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2271:
2267:
2254:tuition fees
2236:
2220:
2200:
2188:
2176:
2137:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:Real Decreto
2100:
2098:
2063:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2022:
2018:Habilitation
2013:
2006:
1995:
1986:dissertation
1981:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1941:
1923:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1880:
1876:
1866:
1847:
1845:
1807:
1776:
1762:
1758:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1662:; medicine);
1659:
1655:
1652:; theology);
1649:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1615:
1610:philosophiae
1609:
1605:
1591:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1563:Doktormutter
1562:
1558:
1555:dissertation
1550:
1539:staatsexamen
1537:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1491:
1479:
1475:habilitation
1467:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1245:
1219:
1211:
1199:
1191:
1177:
1145:
1136:
1124:
1121:Scholarships
1115:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1062:
1040:Doctor iuris
1037:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1002:
986:
951:
946:
939:
934:
918:
913:
898:
897:
884:
878:
875:
871:
867:
854:sandwich PhD
851:
847:
836:
820:
803:
792:Requirements
775:
766:
753:
718:
679:
638:
630:Baccalauréat
618:
598:
583:
568:
561:, wearing a
532:
526:
513:
490:
462:
450:
434:dissertation
427:
422:
414:
400:
373:
371:
354:
343:
339:
335:
331:
325:
270:
266:liberal arts
231:
199:dissertation
195:
180:
99:
95:
91:
89:
68:3 to 8 years
36:
8492:certificate
8478:Microdegree
8439:No dominant
8344:certificate
8191:|work=
7909:РИА Новости
7879:stat.edu.ru
7721:27 November
7689:18 February
7633:27 November
7607:27 November
7577:|work=
7559:27 November
7521:|work=
7503:27 November
7456:|work=
7438:27 November
7421:UNESCO-IIEP
7398:18 February
6520:11 November
6208:|work=
5936:edscuola.it
5676:www.zeit.de
5656:10 February
5619:Der Spiegel
5565:22 February
5525:helsinki.fi
5479:10 December
5440:11 December
5246:|work=
5043:18 February
5017:11 November
4691:12 November
4661:12 November
4631:25 December
4594:|work=
4576:15 February
4470:26 November
3973:: 137–182.
3789:|work=
3630:21 December
3485:17 December
3245:9 September
3153:Venezuela:
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8559:Categories
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8028:28 January
7996:28 January
7966:28 January
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6434:. BOE.es.
6384:www.boe.es
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4443:philosophy
4090:19 October
3821:29 October
3420:14 January
3344:27 January
3312:27 January
3279:27 January
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