268:
626:
1059:
712:
33:
199:
475:
1015:
has been dated to perhaps the first century AD. It "shows the existence of a monumental domical tradition in
Central Asia that had hitherto been unknown and which seems to have preceded Roman Imperial monuments or at least to have grown independently from them." It likely had a wooden dome. The room
939:
tubes partially inserted into each other and arranged in parallel arches that were then completely covered with mortar. Iron pins were used to connect some of the tubes horizontally. It is also the earliest known example of this technique of tubular vault construction. A Hellenistic bathing complex
258:
stone domes have been found from the Middle East to
Western Europe. These may indicate a common source or multiple independent traditions. A variety of materials have been used, including wood, mudbrick, or fabric. Indigenous peoples around the world produce similar structures today.
1100:
chambers and domed ceilings. These underground vaults and domes did not require buttress supports since they were held in place by earthen pits. The continued use of domed ceilings in underground tomb architecture can be seen at sites such as the Baisha Tomb near
353:
In developing countries, domes are often less expensive alternatives to flat or sloped-roofed construction because they use less material to enclose a given volume and provide a lower rate of heat transfer due to the reduced surface area. Domes made with
754:
of Crete. Only the lowest 3 or 4 meters remain standing of structures that may have risen up to 12 meters, but they are generally agreed to have been domed and provide a developmental link between
Neolithic round houses and the circular tombs of the
441:
in the first millennium BC. Another explanation, however, is that the use of the dome shape in construction did not have a single point of origin and was common in virtually all cultures long before domes were constructed with enduring materials.
570:, dating to around 2500 BC. Set in mud mortar, it was a "true dome with pendentives rounding off the angles of the square chamber." Other small domes can be inferred from the remaining ground plans, such as one in the courtyard of
868:
and has a round room preceded by a long rectilinear porch. Its layout might have been copied from
Mycenaean tholos tombs and, still in use in the Roman period, it has also been suggested as an inspiration or precedent for the
1046:. The hall was used by the king for passing judgments and was decorated with a mosaic of blue stone to resemble the sky, with images of gods in gold. A bulbous Parthian dome can be seen in the relief sculpture of the
596:
construction. However, because the relief depicts the
Assyrian overland transport of a carved stone statue, the background buildings most likely refer to a foreign village, such as those at the foothills of the
852:, which is typically depicted with a shallow conical roof. Evidence for such wooden domes over round buildings in ancient Greece, if they existed, has not survived and the issue is much debated. The
977:
comes from the first century BC in the region of
Palestine, Syria, and southern Anatolia, the "heartland of Oriental Hellenism". A stone pendentive dome is known from a first century BC bath in
362:. A way of building them without centering called the Persian dome technique has been used for centuries in Afghanistan. Although descended from a longer tradition, the examples of clay brick
250:
dwellings using local materials. Although it is not known when or where the first dome was created, sporadic examples of early domed structures have been discovered. Brick domes from the
1004:, the domical shape was used in wooden construction over houses, tombs, temples, and city towers, and was translated into masonry construction only after the beginning of Roman rule.
2489:
704:
with dates beginning in the second millennium BC. The "Nubian dome" technique of using a movable guide to lay courses of a spherical dome dates back thousands of years in
2636:
Paner, Henryk; Borcowski, Zbigniew (2007). "Dome graves and other uncommon constructions from the Fourth
Cataract region". In Näser, Claudia; Lange, Mathias (eds.).
1028:
roofing to vaulted and domed construction in the first century AD, at least in
Mesopotamia. The domed sanctuary hall of the temple was preceded by a barrel vaulted
786:
covered with a mound of earth, dates to around 1330 BC. It is about 15 meters in diameter and one of several tholos tombs with corbelled domes. Others include the "
592:
depicts domed buildings, although remains of such a structure in that ancient city have yet to be identified, perhaps due to the impermanent nature of sun-dried
2855:
2880:
69:
740:
built between the 17th century BC and the 5th century BC include stone corbelled domes, some of which were covered by a flat roof or terrace. The largest,
805:
in the first millennium BC. Corbelling in the corners created pendentives. Built between the eighth century and the first century BC, particularly around
948:, and the technique of their construction may be related to his method of analyzing spheres as a series of parallel truncated cone segments. The ship
1020:
and, along with other structures at the site, hosted some sort of cult activities connected to the memory of the kings of kings." The Sun Temple at
291:, or more durable stone as a result of local conditions. The earliest discovered remains of domed constructions may be four small dwellings made of
2374:
Modern
Perspectives in Western Art History: An Anthology of Twentieth-Century Writings on the Visual Arts (Medieval Academy Reprints for Teaching)
2965:
2319:
521:
buildings, likely granaries. Other examples of mud-brick buildings that also seemed to employ the "true" dome technique have been excavated at
578:
period are thought to have had brick domes, but the issue is unsettled due to insufficient evidence in what has survived of these structures.
2001:
Bardill, Jonathan (2008). "Chapter II.7.1: Building
Materials and Techniques". In Jeffreys, Elizabeth; Haldon, John; Cormack, Robin (eds.).
1906:
429:
The historical development from structures like these to more sophisticated domes is not well documented. That the dome was known to early
2888:
Ancient Arcadia: Papers from the Third International Seminar on Ancient Arcadia, Held at the Norwegian Institute at Athens, 7–10 May 2002
2327:
229:
2747:
641:
Ancient stone corbelled domes have been found from the Middle East to Western Europe. Corbelled beehive domes were used as granaries in
2488:
Martines, Giangiacomo (2015). "Four - The Conception and Construction of Drum and Dome". In Marder, Tod A.; Jones, Mark Wilson (eds.).
935:, dated to the mid third century BC. The dome measured 5.75 metres in diameter over the circular hot room of the baths. It was made of
790:" and the "Treasury of Minyas". Smaller scale examples from this time can also be found in other parts of southern and western Europe.
885:
held audiences and festivals in domical tents derived from the nomadic traditions of central Asia. They were likely similar to the
2616:
2369:
2639:
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Archaeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract, Berlin, August 4th - 6th, 2005
517:, in the vicinity of the modern city of Dezful in Khuzestan province, show the extensive use of dome structures in mud-brick and
299:, Ukraine, in 1965 while he was digging in his cellar and archaeologists unearthed three more. They date from 19,280–11,700 BC.
1920:
2935:
2914:
2844:
2802:
2780:
2722:
2647:
2626:
2573:
2552:
2531:
2510:
2478:
2458:
2401:
2381:
2358:
2350:
Mesopotamian Architecture and Town Planning: from the Mesolithic to the end of the Proto-Historic Period c. 10,000-3,500 B.C.
2308:
2287:
2266:
2228:
2147:
2102:
2081:
2060:
2012:
2769:
Stronach, David (1976). "On the Evolution of the Early Iranian Fire Temple". In Loicq, Jean; Duchesne-Guillemin, J. (eds.).
1118:
84:
74:
64:
2134:
335:
574:'s ziggurat, and in later shrines and temples of the 14th century BC. Some monumental Mesopotamian buildings of the
2173:
Building Materials and Techniques in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Hellenistic Period to the Fourth Century AD
2034:
2583:Ӧzdeniz, M. B.; Bekleyen, A.; Gönül, I. A.; Gönül, H.; Sarigül, H.; Ilter, T.; Dalkiliç, N.; Yildirim, M. (1998).
394:
for use as temporary shelters at seasonal cattle camps, and as permanent homes by the poor. Extraordinarily thin
222:
89:
79:
778:
between 1500 BC and 1300 BC, increasing in diameter from about 8 meters to about 14 meters in that time. The "
1079:
1063:
1036:. An account of a Parthian domed palace hall from around 100 AD in the city of Babylon can be found in the
893:. Called "Heavens", the tents emphasized the cosmic significance of the divine ruler. They were adopted by
2035:"The Transformation of Sacred Space, Topography, and Royal Ritual in Persia and the Ancient Iranian World"
696:
between 3200 and 2700 BC. Similar above-ground tombs made of corbelled stone domes have been found in the
2832:
2412:"Using finite element methods to analyze ancient architecture: an example from the North American Arctic"
1038:
2960:
296:
215:
2336:
1943:
Andrews, P. A. (1973), "The White House of Khurasan: The Felt Tents of the Iranian Yomut and Gökleñ",
562:, a "complete rubble dome built over a timber centring" was found among the chambers of the tombs for
2658:
1047:
1017:
2451:
The nature and function of water, baths, bathing, and hygiene from antiquity through the Renaissance
944:
may also have used domes like these to cover its circular rooms. The domes are contemporaneous with
760:
446:
wrote that domes were evidently of Persian origin, with those early Persian domes being thought by
59:
1860:
1088:, the use of brick vaults and domes in aboveground structures is unknown, while in later periods
606:
275:
The earliest domes were likely domed huts made from saplings, reeds, or timbers and covered with
2732:
1912:
2411:
2094:
The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees: A Year in the Lives of the Cattle-herding Himba of Namibia
783:
771:
666:
646:
338:
and covered with hides or bark. A kind of corbelled dome using lengths of wood was used by the
164:
2824:
838:
825:
is an example. Wooden domes were evidently used in Etruria on the Italian peninsula from the
818:
814:
697:
661:, and as kilns and cellars. They have been found in brick and in stone. The mastaba tombs of
462:
to have been derived from an earlier use of brick dome-shaped huts like those he had seen in
459:
154:
450:
to have been derived from hemispherical bent-pole hide tents of the nomadic Iliate tribe of
2797:, translated by K.C. Chang and Collaborators, New Haven and London: Yale University Press,
2447:"Archimedes, the North Baths at Morgantina, and Early Developments in Vaulted Construction"
1097:
1092:
were built in some aboveground temples and tombs. However, underground tombs dating to the
1085:
955:
921:
787:
658:
494:, but domes did not play an important role in monumental architecture. The discoveries of
418:
for at least a thousand years in central Asia, and to the early 1900s they were used from
8:
1071:
894:
747:
582:
339:
203:
2856:"Forest Foragers: A Day in the Life of Efe Pygmies in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
2699:
2205:
2121:
1960:
1012:
905:
865:
779:
726:
630:
179:
40:
2772:
Acta Iranica, Encyclopédie Permanente des Études Iraniennes, Deuxième Serié, Volume XI
2600:
2320:"Parthian Brick Vaults in Mesopotamia, Their Antecedents and Decendants [sic]"
1865:
267:
2931:
2910:
2840:
2812:
2798:
2776:
2737:
2718:
2678:
2674:
2643:
2622:
2584:
2569:
2548:
2527:
2506:
2474:
2454:
2397:
2377:
2354:
2304:
2283:
2262:
2224:
2143:
2098:
2077:
2056:
2008:
1058:
909:
882:
625:
610:
601:. The relief dates to the 8th century BC, while the use of domical structures in the
487:
251:
750:
free-standing tombs about 4 to 13 meters in diameter are partially preserved on the
2670:
2618:
Unearthing the past: the great archaeological discoveries that have changed history
2596:
2498:
2426:
2197:
2176:
1952:
989:
941:
928:
861:
829:. Reproductions were preserved as rock-cut Etruscan tombs produced until the Roman
775:
741:
443:
1007:
The remains of a large domed circular hall measuring 17 meters in diameter in the
2925:
2904:
2770:
2712:
2637:
2563:
2542:
2521:
2502:
2468:
2446:
2391:
2348:
2298:
2277:
2256:
2218:
2092:
2071:
2050:
2023:
2002:
1972:
1928:
1033:
1008:
605:
region may go back as far as the fourth millennium BC. Likewise, domed houses at
522:
398:
20 feet in diameter, 30 feet high, and nearly parabolic in curve, are known from
395:
391:
311:
2376:, vol. 25, University of Toronto Press (published 1989), pp. 227–270,
958:
and construction of which was overseen by Archimedes, included a domed library.
2970:
2955:
2690:
Sinopoli, Anna (2010). "No Tension behaviour and Best Shape of Pseudo-Vaults".
870:
845:
826:
403:
379:
191:
106:
2430:
2028:. Vol. 1 (GĂłmez de Mora ed.). Boston, MA: J. B. Millet. p. 236.
1858:
Qiyi, Liu; Sullivan, Michael; and Silbergeld, Jerome. "Chinese architecture".
482:
Small domes in corbelled stone or brick over round-plan houses go back to the
2949:
2790:
2751:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 956–961.
2742:
2682:
2153:
1050:
in Rome, its shape apparently due to the use of a light tent-like framework.
901:
of Roman and Byzantine practice was presumably inspired by this association.
890:
751:
642:
598:
548:
495:
438:
363:
330:, a shelter built from blocks of ice in a spiral, was used by the Inuit. The
111:
2775:. Belgium: Centre International d'Études Indo-iraniennes. pp. 605–628.
2055:. Reference Guides to National Architecture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1911:, Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage (ADACH), 2012, archived from
375:
2756:
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1993). "The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan".
2042:
Heaven on Earth: Temples, Ritual, and Cosmic Symbolism in the Ancient World
1106:
1043:
830:
764:
693:
689:
537:
447:
383:
303:
284:
144:
2175:(Thesis) (PhD Thesis ed.). Newcastle, England: Newcastle University.
692:
built above ground called "Hafit graves", or "Mezyat graves", date to the
2136:
Chogha Mish: The First Five Seasons of Excavations 1961-1971 Part 1: Text
1093:
1089:
716:
705:
673:
showing the tops of three domes just emerging through the terraced roof.
654:
563:
499:
430:
358:
are found in Europe, Asia, and Africa, almost always using mud-bricks or
347:
315:
255:
2703:
2565:
Building with Earth: Design and Technology of a Sustainable Architecture
2239:
2188:
Grabar, Oleg (December 1963). "The Islamic Dome, Some Considerations".
1985:
1964:
1217:
993:
945:
936:
913:
756:
614:
526:
491:
370:, Turkey, have been dated to the 19th century AD, as are the dry stone
243:
159:
116:
2909:(illustrated ed.). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
2209:
2125:
1342:
32:
2180:
2112:
Creswell, K. A. C. (January 1915). "Persian Domes before 1400 A.D.".
1067:
1025:
985:
950:
898:
857:
849:
822:
810:
806:
483:
288:
276:
174:
2523:
An Introduction to Shell Structures: the Art and Science of Vaulting
2142:. Chicago, IL: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
1956:
744:
from the 15th century BC, is 11.8 meters tall and spans 6.4 meters.
2497:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–131.
2201:
2133:
Delougaz, Pinhas; Kantor, Helene A. (1996). Alizadeh, Abbas (ed.).
2044:, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pp. 319–372
1169:
1096:(202 BC – 220 AD) have been discovered and often feature archways,
1001:
997:
974:
962:
733:
711:
593:
575:
571:
455:
451:
423:
419:
399:
319:
149:
1109:(960–1279 AD), which features two chambers with conical ceilings.
2526:(softcover ed.). New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
969:
semi-domes from the second century BC. The earliest evidence for
917:
834:
802:
737:
721:
685:
657:, as pressure-relieving devices in private brick pyramids of the
650:
634:
589:
510:
407:
387:
292:
169:
2097:. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group, Inc.
1102:
970:
932:
927:
The earliest physical evidence of a Hellenistic dome is at the
853:
798:
794:
585:
551:
have revealed pitched-brick domical vaults from about 2000 BC.
474:
463:
371:
367:
331:
314:
by 1300 AD, were made of whalebone frames lashed together with
139:
134:
1990:
Archnet-IJAR (International Journal of Architectural Research)
1486:
1157:
198:
2568:(3rd; revised ed.). Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter.
1032:, a combination that would be used by the subsequent Persian
1021:
978:
701:
670:
662:
602:
567:
555:
518:
434:
359:
327:
307:
2927:
Ancient Building Technology, Volume 3: Construction (2 Vols)
2736:
2120:(142). The Burlington Magazine Publications, Ltd.: 146–155.
1193:
908:. The possible use of domed ceilings in the architecture of
1029:
966:
886:
881:
Although they had palaces of brick and stone, the kings of
677:
514:
490:, and served as dwellings for poorer people throughout the
415:
411:
355:
343:
247:
24:
1813:
1630:
1378:
1135:
1133:
1024:
appears to indicate a transition from columned halls with
2582:
1979:, New York, NY: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd., pp. 62–63
1883:
1777:
1608:
1606:
1253:
1241:
1223:
681:
323:
280:
2930:(illustrated ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
2220:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
1842:
1840:
1618:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1515:
1513:
1450:
1265:
1205:
620:
2279:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
1871:
1801:
1729:
1669:
1537:
1181:
1130:
793:
Corbelled beehive tombs over square chambers appear in
559:
2615:
Palmer, Douglas; Pettitt, Paul; Bahn, Paul G. (2005).
1753:
1693:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1603:
1525:
1426:
1332:
1330:
1328:
770:
Underground tombs called "treasuries", a term used by
1837:
1789:
1765:
1717:
1705:
1588:
1561:
1510:
1414:
1277:
346:
between 900 and 1250. A similar technique is used in
271:
Photo of an Apache wigwam, by Edward S. Curtis, 1903.
2621:(Illustrated ed.). Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot.
2595:(4). Great Britain: Elsevier Science Ltd.: 477–485.
1986:"Persian Domes: History, Morphology, and Typologies"
1741:
1681:
1549:
1498:
1462:
1390:
1366:
1354:
1313:
1229:
295:
tusks and bones. The first was found by a farmer in
2758:
Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture
2258:
The Shape of Green: Aesthetics, Ecology, and Design
1866:
https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-architecture
1825:
1642:
1402:
1325:
2881:"The Exploration of Ancient Stymphalos, 1982-2002"
2453:, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 43–59,
2190:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1977:The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture
1438:
1301:
1289:
876:
302:More recently, semi-subterranean dwellings of the
2614:
2393:A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Architecture
2223:(Illustrated ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
1474:
1163:
2947:
2642:. Wiesbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
1975:, in Strudwick, Helen; Strudwick, Nigel (eds.),
1145:
897:after his conquest of the empire, and the domed
1984:Ashkan, Maryam; Ahmad, Yahaya (November 2009).
283:, or skins. Materials may have transitioned to
2635:
2132:
1492:
1348:
478:Drawing of an Assyrian bas-relief from Nimrud.
2853:
2717:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
2544:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology
2396:, London and New York: Taylor & Francis,
1247:
262:
223:
2854:Wilkie, David S.; Morelli, Gilda A. (2000).
2473:(2 ed.). Abingdon, England: Routledge.
2282:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
2069:
2007:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
1384:
322:dome shape covered with hides and blocks of
2698:. The Construction History Society: 21–51.
2585:"Vernacular domed houses of Harran, Turkey"
2491:The Pantheon: From Antiquity to the Present
2328:Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society
1983:
1783:
759:. They are dated after the round houses of
433:may explain the existence of domes in both
2866:(3). Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, Inc
2755:
2409:
1889:
1175:
676:In an area straddling the borders between
230:
216:
70:Medieval Arabic and Western European domes
2714:The Dome: A Study in the History of Ideas
2656:
2519:
2466:
2449:, in Kosso, Cynthia; Scott, Anne (eds.),
2275:
2111:
1624:
1612:
1582:
1456:
1271:
1199:
1139:
904:Simple domical mausoleums existed in the
665:and of Neferi are examples. A model of a
2878:
2768:
2689:
2487:
2303:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2114:The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs
2090:
2004:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
1919:
1807:
1675:
1543:
1531:
1468:
1259:
1057:
844:Wooden domes may also have been used in
732:Examples on the Mediterranean island of
710:
624:
473:
266:
2367:
2025:Spanish-colonial Architecture in Mexico
2000:
1942:
1819:
1759:
1663:
1636:
1283:
774:for the grave of a hero, flourished in
617:, Cyprus, date back to around 6000 BC.
2966:Ancient Near East art and architecture
2948:
2923:
2902:
2890:. Uppsala, Sweden: Paul Forlag Astroms
2831:
2731:
2540:
2444:
2390:Leick, Gwendolyn, ed. (2003), "Dome",
2317:
2187:
2048:
2032:
2021:
1970:
1951:, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 93–110,
1921:"Tombs cast light on nation's origins"
1846:
1795:
1771:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1597:
1570:
1555:
1519:
1444:
1420:
1372:
1319:
1235:
916:and by a poem from a third century BC
2710:
2561:
2410:Levy, Richard; Dawson, Peter (2009).
2389:
2346:
2296:
2254:
2237:
2170:
2070:Chant, Colin; Goodman, David (1999).
1905:
1831:
1747:
1699:
1687:
1651:
1504:
1480:
1432:
1408:
1396:
1360:
1336:
1307:
1211:
1187:
1151:
621:Ancient Middle East and Mediterranean
547:to 4000 BC) cultures. Excavations at
2839:, New Haven: Yale University Press,
2789:
2216:
2073:Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology
1877:
1295:
1119:History of early modern period domes
469:
378:of central Africa construct similar
2906:Studies in Hellenistic Architecture
817:of Italy have been identified. The
498:impressions in the ancient site of
13:
2372:, in Kleinbauer, W. Eugène (ed.),
912:is suggested by rock-cut tombs in
14:
2982:
2419:Journal of Archaeological Science
2547:. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
2300:Principles of Roman architecture
2261:. Washington, DC: Island Press.
2076:. Abingdon, England: Routledge.
1053:
736:have been dated to 2500 BC. The
382:, using leaves as shingles. The
197:
31:
2470:Developments in Structural Form
2217:Hill, Donald Routledge (1996).
1898:
1852:
1164:Palmer, Pettitt & Bahn 2005
1105:, Henan province, dated to the
988:built domed tombs, as did some
877:Hellenistic and pre-Roman domes
2520:Melaragno, Michele G. (1991).
2467:Mainstone, Rowland J. (2001).
2276:Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012).
1:
2903:Winter, Frederick E. (2006).
2601:10.1016/S0197-3975(98)00027-7
1124:
1080:Han dynasty tomb architecture
965:, there are remains of stone
848:, over buildings such as the
837:show examples of them in the
669:house has also been found in
541:
530:
525:, a Mesopotamian site of the
503:
390:construct "desert igloos" of
2711:Smith, Earl Baldwin (1950).
2675:10.1016/0360-1323(87)90011-4
2669:(3). Elsevier Ltd: 233–235.
2503:10.1017/CBO9781139015974.005
2347:Kubba, Shamil A. A. (1987).
509:to 3000 BC), located in the
310:who were established in the
246:to modern times constructed
7:
2860:Cultural Survival Quarterly
2837:The Arts of China to AD 900
2659:"The Anasazi cribbed domes"
2425:(10). Elsevier: 2298–2307.
2297:Jones, Mark Wilson (2003).
2091:Crandall, David P. (2000).
2033:Canepa, Matthew P. (2013),
1112:
1039:Life of Apollonius of Tyana
920:that references a fountain
860:has been dated to the late
821:"Tomb of the Diavolino" at
813:, thousands of examples of
761:Chalcolithic western Cyprus
10:
2987:
2445:Lucore, Sandra K. (2009),
2255:Hosey, Lance, ed. (2012).
2040:, in Deena Ragavan (ed.),
2022:Baxter, Sylvester (1902).
1868:. Accessed 5 January 2022.
1493:Paner & Borcowski 2007
1349:Delougaz & Kantor 1996
1077:
924:covered with a semi-dome.
263:Early and indigenous domes
2879:Williams, Hector (2005).
2541:McNeil, Ian, ed. (2002).
2431:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.014
2318:Kawami, Trudy S. (1982).
1248:Wilkie & Morelli 2000
1178:, p. 2298-9, 2301-2.
1048:Arch of Septimius Severus
1016:"contained a portrait of
929:North Baths of Morgantina
763:and before the Mycenaean
629:Drawing of the so-called
85:Early modern period domes
75:Italian Renaissance domes
65:Roman and Byzantine domes
2663:Building and Environment
2657:Salvadori, M.G. (1987).
2353:Oxford, England: B.A.R.
2241:Mezhirich - Mammoth Camp
1385:Chant & Goodman 1999
1002:Germanic north of Europe
788:Treasury of Clytemnestra
2924:Wright, G.R.H. (2009).
2748:Encyclopædia Britannica
2335:: 61–67. Archived from
1971:Arnold, Dieter (2003),
1861:Encyclopedia Britannica
1784:Ashkan & Ahmad 2009
1351:, p. 131-132, 143.
396:domes of sun-baked clay
204:Architecture portal
2562:Minke, Gernot (2012).
2368:Lehmann, Karl (1945),
1176:Levy & Dawson 2009
1075:
729:
698:fourth cataract region
638:
479:
272:
55:Early and simple domes
2733:Spiers, Richard Phené
2589:Habitat International
2171:Dodge, Hazel (1984).
2052:Architecture of Italy
2049:Castex, Jean (2008).
1078:Further information:
1064:Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb
1061:
714:
628:
477:
460:Frederic Edwin Church
270:
2692:Construction History
2370:"The Dome of Heaven"
1202:, pp. 233, 235.
1086:Chinese architecture
956:Hiero II of Syracuse
815:Etruscan domed tombs
1931:, February 20, 2010
1880:, pp. 175–178.
1224:Ó¦zdeniz et al. 1998
1214:, p. 119, 127.
1072:Eastern Han dynasty
895:Alexander the Great
850:Tholos of Epidaurus
833:, and paintings at
719:of the Sant-Antine
306:, ancestors of the
90:Modern period domes
19:Part of a series on
2823:has generic name (
1822:, p. 250-251.
1639:, p. 248-249.
1190:, p. 138-139.
1076:
906:Hellenistic period
866:Hellenistic period
780:Treasury of Atreus
730:
727:Torralba, Sardinia
639:
631:Treasury of Atreus
599:Lebanese mountains
558:Royal Cemetery of
492:prehistoric period
480:
273:
180:Whispering gallery
2961:Arches and vaults
2937:978-9-004-17745-1
2916:978-0-8020-3914-9
2846:978-0-300-08284-5
2821:|translator=
2804:978-0-300-02723-5
2782:978-9-068-31002-3
2724:978-0-691-03875-9
2649:978-3-447-05680-9
2628:978-1-59228-718-5
2575:978-3-034-60872-5
2554:978-1-134-98165-6
2533:978-1-4757-0225-5
2512:978-1-139-01597-4
2480:978-0-7506-5451-7
2460:978-9-004-17357-6
2403:978-0-203-19965-7
2383:978-0-802-06708-1
2360:978-0-860-54476-0
2310:978-0-300-10202-4
2289:978-0-19-539536-5
2268:978-1-61091-214-3
2230:978-0-415-15291-4
2149:978-1-885-92301-1
2104:978-0-82641-270-6
2083:978-1-134-63620-4
2062:978-0-313-32086-6
2014:978-0-19-925246-6
1915:on March 15, 2012
1908:Jebel Hafit Tombs
883:Achaemenid Persia
488:ancient Near East
470:Ancient Near East
458:, and thought by
410:nomads have used
252:ancient Near East
240:
239:
80:South Asian domes
2978:
2941:
2920:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2850:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2795:Han Civilization
2786:
2765:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2707:
2686:
2653:
2632:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2579:
2558:
2537:
2516:
2496:
2484:
2463:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2416:
2406:
2386:
2364:
2343:
2341:
2324:
2314:
2293:
2272:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2238:Hitchcock, Don,
2234:
2213:
2184:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2158:
2152:. Archived from
2141:
2129:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2045:
2039:
2029:
2018:
1997:
1980:
1967:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1916:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1864:, 28 Oct. 2021,
1856:
1850:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1738:, p. 43-53.
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1702:, p. 81-82.
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1435:, p. 61-62.
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1262:, p. 34-35.
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1011:capital city of
776:Mycenaean Greece
742:Nuraghe Is Paras
546:
543:
536:to 5400 BC) and
535:
532:
508:
505:
484:Neolithic period
444:Sylvester Baxter
336:Native Americans
232:
225:
218:
202:
201:
35:
16:
15:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2917:
2893:
2891:
2883:
2869:
2867:
2847:
2833:Watson, William
2820:
2819:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2783:
2725:
2650:
2629:
2605:
2603:
2576:
2555:
2534:
2513:
2494:
2481:
2461:
2435:
2433:
2414:
2404:
2384:
2361:
2339:
2322:
2311:
2290:
2269:
2246:
2244:
2231:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2139:
2105:
2084:
2063:
2037:
2015:
1957:10.2307/4300487
1934:
1932:
1929:Abu Dhabi Media
1901:
1896:
1890:Steinhardt 1993
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1495:, p. 2, 9.
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1115:
1090:corbelled domes
1082:
1070:, dated to the
1056:
1034:Sasanian Empire
961:In the city of
910:Ptolemaic Egypt
879:
831:Imperial period
623:
544:
533:
523:Tell Arpachiyah
506:
472:
392:wattle and daub
312:Canadian Arctic
265:
236:
196:
184:
121:
12:
11:
5:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2900:
2876:
2851:
2845:
2829:
2803:
2791:Wang, Zhongshu
2787:
2781:
2766:
2753:
2743:Chisholm, Hugh
2729:
2723:
2708:
2687:
2654:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2612:
2580:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2538:
2532:
2517:
2511:
2485:
2479:
2464:
2459:
2442:
2407:
2402:
2387:
2382:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2342:on 2013-10-29.
2315:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2235:
2229:
2214:
2202:10.2307/988190
2196:(4): 191–198.
2185:
2168:
2148:
2130:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2046:
2030:
2019:
2013:
1998:
1981:
1968:
1940:
1917:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1892:, p. 376.
1882:
1870:
1851:
1849:, p. 108.
1836:
1824:
1812:
1810:, p. 623.
1800:
1798:, p. 345.
1788:
1776:
1774:, p. 192.
1764:
1762:, p. 340.
1752:
1750:, p. 285.
1740:
1728:
1726:, p. 169.
1716:
1714:, p. 194.
1704:
1692:
1690:, p. 180.
1680:
1678:, p. 404.
1668:
1666:, p. 248.
1656:
1641:
1629:
1627:, p. 117.
1625:Mainstone 2001
1617:
1613:Melaragno 1991
1602:
1600:, p. 188.
1587:
1585:, p. 303.
1583:Hourihane 2012
1575:
1573:, p. 179.
1560:
1548:
1546:, p. 129.
1536:
1524:
1522:, p. 883.
1509:
1507:, p. 128.
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1459:, p. 147.
1457:Creswell 1915a
1449:
1437:
1425:
1423:, p. 957.
1413:
1401:
1399:, p. 114.
1389:
1377:
1365:
1363:, p. 202.
1353:
1341:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1274:, p. 155.
1272:Creswell 1915a
1264:
1252:
1240:
1238:, p. 191.
1228:
1226:, p. 479.
1216:
1204:
1200:Salvadori 1987
1192:
1180:
1168:
1156:
1144:
1142:, p. 116.
1140:Mainstone 2001
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1055:
1052:
1018:Mithradates II
996:shape. In the
878:
875:
846:ancient Greece
827:Archaic period
784:Mycenaean tomb
622:
619:
471:
468:
374:of Italy. The
342:to cover some
326:and snow. The
264:
261:
242:Cultures from
238:
237:
235:
234:
227:
220:
212:
209:
208:
207:
206:
194:
186:
185:
183:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
120:
119:
114:
109:
107:Cloister vault
103:
100:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2983:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2814:
2806:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:"Vault"
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2159:on 2012-10-07
2155:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1834:, p. 82.
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1808:Stronach 1976
1804:
1797:
1792:
1786:, p. 99.
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1676:Williams 2005
1672:
1665:
1660:
1654:, p. 11.
1653:
1648:
1646:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1558:, p. 13.
1557:
1552:
1545:
1544:Martines 2015
1540:
1534:, p. 21.
1533:
1532:Sinopoli 2010
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1469:National 2010
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1411:, p. 62.
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1387:, p. 23.
1386:
1381:
1375:, p. 63.
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1339:, p. 64.
1338:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1322:, p. 11.
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1298:, p. 69.
1297:
1292:
1286:, p. 93.
1285:
1280:
1273:
1268:
1261:
1260:Crandall 2000
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1166:, p. 24.
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:Model of the
1060:
1054:Ancient China
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
971:dressed stone
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
938:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
874:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
752:Messara Plain
749:
745:
743:
739:
735:
728:
724:
723:
718:
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:beehive tombs
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
653:tombs of the
652:
648:
647:first dynasty
644:
643:Ancient Egypt
636:
632:
627:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
552:
550:
549:Tell al-Rimah
539:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
476:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:beehive domes
361:
357:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
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278:
269:
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158:
156:
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151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
129:
125:
124:
118:
115:
113:
112:Geodesic dome
110:
108:
105:
104:
102:
101:
97:
96:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
60:Persian domes
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
50:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
34:
30:
29:
26:
23:
22:
18:
17:
2926:
2905:
2892:. Retrieved
2887:
2868:. Retrieved
2863:
2859:
2836:
2794:
2771:
2761:
2757:
2746:
2713:
2695:
2691:
2666:
2662:
2638:
2617:
2604:. Retrieved
2592:
2588:
2564:
2543:
2522:
2490:
2469:
2450:
2434:. Retrieved
2422:
2418:
2392:
2373:
2349:
2337:the original
2332:
2326:
2299:
2278:
2257:
2245:, retrieved
2240:
2219:
2193:
2189:
2172:
2161:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2135:
2117:
2113:
2093:
2072:
2051:
2041:
2024:
2003:
1996:(3): 98–115.
1993:
1989:
1976:
1948:
1944:
1933:, retrieved
1925:The National
1924:
1913:the original
1907:
1899:Bibliography
1885:
1873:
1859:
1854:
1827:
1820:Lehmann 1945
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1760:Bardill 2008
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1664:Lehmann 1945
1659:
1637:Lehmann 1945
1632:
1620:
1615:, p. 9.
1578:
1551:
1539:
1527:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1315:
1310:, p. 6.
1303:
1291:
1284:Andrews 1973
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1107:Song dynasty
1083:
1074:(25–220 AD).
1044:Philostratus
1037:
1006:
992:tribes in a
983:
960:
954:, built for
949:
926:
903:
891:Mongol Khans
880:
843:
792:
769:
746:
731:
720:
694:Hafit period
675:
667:10th dynasty
640:
583:Neo-Assyrian
580:
553:
481:
448:Pascal Coste
428:
384:Himba people
352:
334:was made by
318:straps in a
304:Thule people
301:
285:rammed earth
274:
241:
54:
2870:December 7,
1847:Watson 2000
1796:Canepa 2013
1772:Grabar 1963
1736:Lucore 2009
1724:Winter 2006
1712:Grabar 1963
1598:Wright 2009
1571:Wright 2009
1556:Wright 2009
1520:McNeil 2002
1445:Arnold 2003
1421:Spiers 1911
1373:Kawami 1982
1320:Baxter 1902
1236:Castex 2008
1094:Han dynasty
1084:In ancient
973:domes with
887:later tents
841:and later.
839:third style
782:", a large
717:tholos tomb
706:Upper Egypt
659:New Kingdom
655:Old Kingdom
564:Meskalamdug
545: 5300
534: 6100
507: 6800
500:Chogha Mish
431:Mesopotamia
414:covered in
412:domed tents
348:Afghanistan
244:pre-history
2950:Categories
2764:: 369–381.
2247:August 15,
2163:2015-03-13
1935:January 2,
1832:Smith 1950
1748:Dodge 1984
1700:Smith 1950
1688:Jones 2003
1652:Smith 1950
1505:Minke 2012
1481:ADACH 2012
1433:Smith 1950
1409:Smith 1950
1397:Kubba 1987
1361:Leick 2003
1337:Leick 2003
1308:Smith 1950
1212:Minke 2012
1188:Hosey 2012
1125:References
998:Saar basin
994:paraboloid
946:Archimedes
940:in nearby
937:terracotta
914:Alexandria
858:Stymphalos
757:Bronze Age
615:Khirokitia
586:bas-relief
513:plains of
380:structures
376:Efé people
160:Pendentive
117:Onion dome
47:History of
2894:April 26,
2683:0360-1323
2181:10443/868
1878:Wang 1982
1296:Hill 1996
1152:Hitchcock
1068:Hong Kong
1026:trabeated
986:Scythians
975:voussoirs
951:Syracusia
899:baldachin
873:in Rome.
864:or early
862:Classical
823:Vetulonia
811:Cerveteri
807:Tarquinia
801:, and in
772:Pausanias
725:tower at
645:from the
637:, Greece.
607:Shulaveri
454:near the
408:Mongolian
320:parabolic
297:Mezhirich
289:mud-brick
256:corbelled
175:Tholobate
41:Symbolism
2835:(2000),
2813:citation
2793:(1982),
2735:(1911).
2704:41613958
1973:"Cupola"
1113:See also
1009:Parthian
990:Germanic
963:Pergamon
942:Syracuse
871:Pantheon
819:Etruscan
765:"tholoi"
734:Sardinia
688:, stone
594:mudbrick
590:Kuyunjik
572:Ur-Nammu
556:Sumerian
456:Aral Sea
452:Turkmens
439:the West
424:Mongolia
420:Anatolia
400:Cameroon
192:Category
150:Muqarnas
126:Elements
2745:(ed.).
2606:May 30,
2436:May 17,
1965:4300487
1098:vaulted
1000:of the
967:apsidal
918:papyrus
889:of the
835:Pompeii
803:Etruria
738:nuraghe
722:nuraghe
686:Bahrain
651:mastaba
635:Mycenae
611:Georgia
576:Kassite
554:At the
511:Susiana
486:in the
388:Namibia
340:Anasazi
293:Mammoth
170:Squinch
165:Rotunda
145:Lantern
2934:
2913:
2843:
2801:
2779:
2721:
2702:
2681:
2646:
2625:
2572:
2551:
2530:
2509:
2477:
2457:
2400:
2380:
2357:
2307:
2286:
2265:
2227:
2210:988190
2208:
2146:
2126:859853
2124:
2101:
2080:
2059:
2011:
1963:
1103:Gongyi
933:Sicily
854:heroon
799:Crimea
797:, the
795:Thrace
748:Minoan
684:, and
603:Syrian
464:Turkey
404:Turkic
372:trulli
368:Harran
360:adobes
332:wigwam
277:thatch
155:Oculus
140:Cupola
135:Coffer
98:Styles
2971:Roofs
2956:Domes
2884:(PDF)
2741:. In
2700:JSTOR
2495:(PDF)
2415:(PDF)
2340:(PDF)
2323:(PDF)
2206:JSTOR
2157:(PDF)
2140:(PDF)
2122:JSTOR
2038:(PDF)
1961:JSTOR
1022:Hatra
1013:Nyssa
979:Petra
922:niche
702:Nubia
671:Rifeh
663:Seneb
649:, in
588:from
568:Puabi
538:Ubaid
527:Halaf
519:adobe
435:China
344:kivas
328:igloo
308:Inuit
248:domed
25:Domes
2932:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2896:2015
2872:2010
2841:ISBN
2825:help
2799:ISBN
2777:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2679:ISSN
2644:ISBN
2623:ISBN
2608:2020
2570:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2455:ISBN
2438:2015
2398:ISBN
2378:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2249:2009
2225:ISBN
2144:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2057:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1945:Iran
1937:2011
1030:iwan
984:The
809:and
715:The
678:Oman
613:and
566:and
515:Iran
496:seal
437:and
416:felt
406:and
356:loam
316:hide
281:turf
254:and
2671:doi
2597:doi
2499:doi
2427:doi
2198:doi
2177:hdl
1953:doi
1066:of
1042:by
931:in
856:at
700:of
682:UAE
633:in
609:in
426:.
422:to
386:of
366:at
324:sod
2952::
2886:.
2864:24
2862:.
2858:.
2817::
2815:}}
2811:{{
2762:10
2760:.
2696:25
2694:.
2677:.
2667:22
2665:.
2661:.
2593:22
2591:.
2587:.
2505:.
2423:36
2421:.
2417:.
2333:14
2331:.
2325:.
2204:.
2194:22
2192:.
2118:26
2116:.
1992:.
1988:.
1959:,
1949:11
1947:,
1927:,
1923:,
1839:^
1644:^
1605:^
1590:^
1563:^
1512:^
1327:^
1132:^
981:.
767:.
708:.
680:,
581:A
560:Ur
542:c.
531:c.
504:c.
466:.
402:.
350:.
287:,
279:,
2940:.
2919:.
2898:.
2874:.
2849:.
2827:)
2807:.
2785:.
2727:.
2706:.
2685:.
2673::
2652:.
2631:.
2610:.
2599::
2578:.
2557:.
2536:.
2515:.
2501::
2483:.
2440:.
2429::
2363:.
2313:.
2292:.
2271:.
2233:.
2212:.
2200::
2183:.
2179::
2166:.
2128:.
2107:.
2086:.
2065:.
2017:.
1994:3
1955::
1483:.
1471:.
1447:.
1250:.
1154:.
540:(
529:(
502:(
231:e
224:t
217:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
