720:
570:
312:
404:
35:
809:
201:
353:. Each of the eight sides of the dome also conceal a pair of intermediate stone ribs that are connected to the main ribs by means of a series of masonry rings. A temporary wooden tension ring still exists near the bottom of the dome. Three horizontal chains of sandstone blocks notched together and reinforced with lead-coated iron cramps also extend the entire circumference of the dome: one at the base (where radial
740:'s treatise, one of the most popular architectural treatises ever published, was responsible for the spread of the oval in late Renaissance and Baroque architecture. Book I (1545), on geometry, included techniques to create ovals, and Book V (1547), on architecture, included a design for an oval church. The first church with an oval dome in the Renaissance period was the
708:
sixteen windows in the drum to act as buttresses, and are aligned with the sixteen ribs of the dome and the paired columns of the lantern. An artist and sculptor, rather than an engineer, Michelangelo's did not create full engineering plans for the dome and his model lacked construction details. The dome of St. Peter's basilica was later built by
847:(the decorative strip above the drum), which are about 18 meters tall. The two shells of the dome are brick and each about 1.19 meters thick at the base of the dome. Because the shells separate from each other as they rise, the dome is 2.7 meters thick overall. The sixteen ribs connect the two shells together and are made of stone.
340:
surmounting the dome, also designed by
Brunelleschi, was not begun until 1446, after his death. It was completed in 1467. He had also planned for a two-story external gallery and cornice to be built at the top of the drum where a strip of unclad masonry can be seen today. Although a portion of it was
632:
pattern. Work began in 1506 and continued under a succession of builders over the next 120 years. Bramante's project for St. Peter's marks the beginning of the displacement of the Gothic ribbed vault with the combination of dome and barrel vault. Proposed inspirations for
Bramante's plan have ranged
835:
by 4.8 meters, and changing the shape of the dome. Giacomo della Porta insisted on a vertically elliptical profile for the dome of St. Peter's
Basilica, for structural reasons, and construction began in June 1588. The dome was completed up to the base of the lantern in May 1590, a few months before
394:
developed as the characteristic structural forms of large
Renaissance churches following a period of innovation in the later fifteenth century. Renaissance domes were a development of Romanesque domes and inspired by ancient Roman models, with the domes of medieval Islam also a potential influence.
867:
by stating "explicitly that the stability of a structure can be established unequivocally if it can be shown that the thrust line lies completely within the masonry." His observation of cracks in the outer shell by the ribs has more recently been attributed by computer models to the heavy lantern.
698:
redesigned the dome to have two shells, a mostly brick internal structure, and three iron chains to resist outward pressure. His dome was a lower, hemispherical design. He further strengthened the piers by eliminating niches in them and the internal spiral staircase. Michelangelo obtained a decree
830:
in 1588 to begin construction of the dome of St. Peter's
Basilica to Michelangelo's model. They made modifications to his design estimated to have reduced the tensile stresses in the dome by 40%, including thinning the two shells near the top, reducing the thickness and exterior projection of the
335:
in 1420. Brunelleschi's plan to use suspended scaffolding for the workers won out over alternatives such as building a provisional stone support column in the center of the crossing or filling the space with earth. The octagonal brick domical vault was built between 1420 and 1436, with
Ghiberti
707:
against anyone who altered his design, completed construction of the base for the drum by May 1558, and spent
November 1558 to December 1561 creating a detailed wooden model. Construction of the drum was completed a few months after he died in 1564. Sixteen pairs of columns project out between
395:
Florence was the first
Italian city to develop the new style, followed by Rome, then Venice. From the late 15th century, semicircular arches became preferred in Milan, but round domes were less successful due to structural difficulties compared to those with pointed profiles.
369:
in the brick allowed for short horizontal sections of the layers of the dome to be completed as self-supporting units. Over 32 meters in height, it remains the largest masonry dome ever built. The dome is not itself
Renaissance in style, although the lantern is closer.
357:
from this chain protrude to the exterior), one a third of the way up the dome, and one two thirds of the way up the dome. Only four major cracks have been observed on the inner dome, compared to about fourteen each on the domes of the
Pantheon and St. Peter's Basilica.
512:
plan with a dome and lantern 100 braccia high over a crossing 44 braccia wide (about 24.5 meters wide). Little more than foundations and part of the choir walls were completed before work stopped with the death of Nicholas V. This innovation would culminate in
854:
Cracks in the dome were noticed as early as 1603, when the mosaics covering the dome interior were completed, and additional cracks were recorded after 1631 and in 1742, demonstrating progression. Five more tie rings were added around the dome in 1743-44 by
748:. Use of the oval dome subsequently spread quickly through Italy, Spain, France, and central Europe. Such domes allowed for a synthesis of the two fundamental church types, longitudinal and central plan, and would become characteristic of
348:
The dome is 42 meters wide and made of two shells. A stairway winds between them. Eight white stone external ribs mark the edges of the eight sides, next to the red tile roofing, and extend from the base of the dome to the base of the
1760:
Niglio, Olimpia (2012), "A scientific approach to the Dome of St. Peter in Rome. The expertise of three mathematicians of the Dotti's Roman Republic (1742)", in Tampone, Gennaro; Corazzi, Roberto; Mandelli, Emma (eds.),
641:. He completed the four massive central piers and the arches linking them by 1512, but cracking in the arches was detected between 1514 and 1534, possibly due to settling. The two eastern piers rest on solid
692:. The design had been altered by Giuliano da Sangallo from being hemispherical to being 9 meters taller, segmental, and ribbed, and he had strengthened the piers and completed building the pendentives.
517:'s 1505–6 projects for a wholly new St. Peter's Basilica, and throughout the sixteenth century the Renaissance set of dome and barrel vault would displace use of Gothic ribbed vaults.
443:(1430–52) illustrates the Renaissance enthusiasm for geometry and for the circle as geometry's supreme form. Twelve ribs between twelve circular windows converge on a small
1407:
540:(1481–89) with a dome over the sacristy. The masonry dome on a shallow drum and pendentives is covered by a taller outer wooden dome with a lantern. There is evident
500:
for churches, as in the Pantheon, and the first design for a dome at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is usually attributed to him, although the recorded architect is
1963:
71:
1579:
Gentry, T. Russell; Lesniewski, Anatoliusz "Tolek" (2011). "Structural Design and Construction of Brunelleschi's Duomo di Santa Maria del Fiore".
1595:"On the art and the culture of domes. Construction in Milan and Lombardy in the late sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century"
836:
the death of Pope Sixtus V. The lantern and lead covering for the dome were completed later, with the brass orb and cross being raised in 1592.
419:
The examples from Florence are mostly from the early Renaissance, in the fifteenth century. Cities within Florence's zone of influence, such as
668:
Michelangelo inherited the project to design the dome of St. Peter's basilica in 1546. It had previously been in the hands of Bramante (with
472:
760:(c. 1568–1575), designed by Vignola and completed by his son Giacinto Barozzi, was the first church to have an oval dome over an oval plan.
645:
and clay, while the other two rest upon remains of earlier Roman construction. That the piers and arches were left to stand with incomplete
1880:
859:. The iron chains included in the design to contain the dome's lateral thrust have had to be replaced ten times since it was constructed.
2074:
1762:
365:
and it is unclear what the influences were, it does share some similarities with earlier and smaller brick domes in Persia. The use of a
231:
2413:
471:. Like that of the Pazzi Chapel, the dome is ribbed. Another Renaissance dome with a ribbed or spoked wheel design is that of the
2403:
2150:
2057:
1841:
1418:
780:. Its highly symmetrical square plan centers on a circular room covered by a dome, and it would prove highly influential on the
2167:
2020:
2118:
1831:
1812:
1775:
1750:
1729:
1708:
1658:
1620:
1569:
1490:
1988:
86:
66:
2301:
439:
established them as a key element of Renaissance architecture. His plan for the dome of the Pazzi Chapel in Florence's
2003:
1910:
1793:
1548:
1469:
525:
456:
440:
432:
412:
56:
2249:
1998:
1873:
537:
2360:
1968:
769:
681:
224:
2324:
2084:
793:
741:
724:
638:
91:
81:
2319:
2309:
2079:
2035:
1993:
757:
574:
341:
constructed on the southeast side beginning in 1508, work stopped after the visual effect was criticized by
2398:
2135:
2111:
2025:
2015:
1429:
Betts, Richard J. (March 1993). "Structural Innovation and Structural Design in Renaissance Architecture".
658:
529:
2314:
1866:
628:
was for a Greek cross plan with a large central hemispherical dome and four smaller domes around it in a
505:
459:(1499–1514) is circular and also includes pendentives with circular medallions. Another early example is
451:
of Florentine ceramic. This emphasis on geometric essentials would be very influential. The dome of the
2393:
2172:
1932:
839:
The lantern is 17 meters high and the dome is 136.57 meters from the base to the top of the cross. The
745:
217:
1631:
464:
1953:
863:'s 1748 report on the state of the dome, written in response to observed cracking, anticipated the
448:
61:
1594:
851:'s extended nave, built between 1609 and 1614, included bays covered by oval domes with lanterns.
2367:
2350:
2259:
2177:
812:
625:
606:
295:
1764:
Proceedings of the International Congress. DOMES IN THE WORLD. Florence, 19th – 23rd March, 2012
1580:
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2130:
2106:
2069:
1978:
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dome was built with 16 ribs and an inner diameter of 42.7 meters. It begins above the drum and
610:
590:
541:
166:
2345:
2254:
2199:
2123:
2030:
781:
618:
489:
444:
156:
1739:
Millon, Henry A. (2005). "Michelangelo to Marchionni, 1546–1784". In Tronzo, William (ed.).
1500:
Cowan, Henry J. (1977). "A History of Masonry and Concrete Domes in Building Construction".
2355:
2214:
2204:
2194:
2140:
2047:
1897:
749:
669:
549:
504:. Under Pope Nicholas V, construction started between 1451 and 1455 on an extension of the
460:
324:
275:
1540:
1533:
8:
2280:
2222:
2159:
2096:
1937:
1582:
Eleventh North American Masonry Conference (NAMC). Minneapolis, Minnesota. June 5–8, 2011
823:
753:
709:
689:
501:
484:
431:, mainly produced examples later, from the sixteenth century on. Brunelleschi's domes at
366:
271:
255:. Beginning in Florence, the style spread to Rome and Venice and made the combination of
205:
719:
528:, perhaps delayed due to Venice's political independence, was blended with the existing
2285:
2232:
2227:
2187:
2052:
1925:
1685:
1446:
685:
332:
316:
279:
181:
42:
614:
569:
2242:
2237:
2182:
2101:
2091:
2064:
2042:
1958:
1827:
1808:
1789:
1771:
1746:
1725:
1704:
1654:
1616:
1604:, Madrid, Spain: Sociedad Española de Historia de la Construcción, pp. 1033–1042
1565:
1544:
1513:
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1465:
737:
673:
634:
408:
2340:
1915:
1677:
1646:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1438:
856:
827:
785:
713:
598:
452:
328:
2010:
1740:
1719:
1698:
1610:
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1459:
860:
832:
773:
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582:
553:
533:
493:
287:
283:
1650:
1415:
Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Construction History, Cottbus
2408:
2388:
797:
796:(1565–1610), the former built in thanksgiving for the end of a bad outbreak of
597:'s martyrdom. It has inspired numerous copies and adaptations since, including
362:
311:
193:
108:
403:
2382:
848:
819:
680:(assisted by Giuliano da Sangallo and Fra Giovanni Giocondo) until 1520, and
602:
113:
789:
695:
662:
509:
436:
391:
342:
337:
291:
264:
146:
784:
of 18th century England, architects in Russia, and architects in America,
1983:
1905:
1889:
594:
248:
1024:
1689:
1602:
Proceedings of the First International Congress on Construction History
387:
161:
118:
1450:
34:
1920:
704:
383:
260:
176:
1721:
An Introduction to Shell Structures: the Art and Science of Vaulting
1681:
1048:
1442:
646:
629:
586:
514:
361:
Although the design of the dome is very different from that of the
151:
1539:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art: H.N. Abrams. pp.
1724:(softcover ed.). New York, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
808:
777:
677:
447:. The circular dome rests on pendentives decorated with circular
171:
649:
while construction stopped for over 30 years was also a factor.
925:
497:
350:
141:
136:
1858:
1668:
Kuban, Doğan (1987). "The Style of Sinan's Domed Structures".
200:
1822:
Stephenson, Davis; Hammond, Victoria; Davi, Keith F. (2005).
840:
552:, built between 1506 and 1534 by Giorgio Pietro Spavento and
468:
455:(1396–1473) has a ribbed or spoked wheel design. The dome of
428:
424:
420:
354:
331:
were made joint leaders of the project to build the dome for
252:
1164:
937:
1263:
901:
642:
545:
379:
256:
26:
1275:
1205:
1203:
1154:
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1150:
1101:
1099:
1072:
1000:
1215:
637:
to the Byzantine quincunx church and the dome of Milan's
1564:(illustrated, revised ed.). Yale University Press.
1371:
1311:
1299:
1188:
1123:
1012:
988:
877:
788:
among them. Palladio's two domed churches in Venice are
1826:(illustrated ed.). Princeton Architectural Press.
1612:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture
1383:
1200:
1147:
1096:
1084:
1251:
1111:
976:
581:
The Tempietto, a small domed building modelled on the
1821:
1359:
1335:
1323:
1287:
1227:
1054:
1030:
1824:
Visions of Heaven: the Dome in European Architecture
1408:"The Architecture and Mechanics of Elliptical Domes"
1239:
1060:
954:
952:
889:
1347:
1176:
1135:
251:period of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in
1532:
1431:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
1036:
964:
913:
949:
2380:
1578:
907:
624:Bramante's initial design for the rebuilding of
1745:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–110.
1807:(illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
1557:
943:
544:influence in the line of three domes over the
1874:
1700:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology
1632:"Oval Domes: History, Geometry and Mechanics"
1535:The Vatican: Spirit and Art of Christian Rome
225:
1840:
1457:
1305:
931:
772:, also known as "La Rotunda", was built by
1881:
1867:
1645:(2). SAHGB Publications Limited: 211–248.
1531:Francia, Ennio (1982). "New St. Peter's".
463:'s 1485 design of a dome on the church of
232:
218:
72:Medieval Arabic and Western European domes
1717:
1608:
1521:
1482:Statics of Historic Masonry Constructions
1389:
1377:
1281:
1209:
1158:
1078:
1018:
1006:
1783:
1592:
1405:
1269:
1245:
1170:
1105:
1090:
994:
982:
807:
718:
568:
402:
310:
1530:
1508:. Great Britain: Pergamon Press: 1–24.
1293:
1257:
1194:
803:
2381:
1802:
1759:
1738:
1696:
1629:
1365:
1341:
1329:
1233:
1221:
895:
883:
373:
1862:
1667:
1558:Frankl, Paul; Crossley, Paul (2000).
1499:
1458:Chant, Colin; Goodman, David (1999).
1428:
1353:
1141:
1117:
1066:
1042:
970:
958:
306:
1788:. Hong Kong: Phaidon Press Limited.
1478:
1461:Pre-Industrial Cities and Technology
1317:
1182:
1129:
919:
559:
496:around 1452, recommends vaults with
323:After years of considering options,
301:
1055:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005
1031:Stephenson, Hammond & Davi 2005
688:), whose work was disrupted by the
13:
14:
2425:
2414:Renaissance architecture in Italy
1911:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
665:and built between 1521 and 1534.
526:Venetian Renaissance architecture
413:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence
530:Venetian architectural tradition
199:
33:
1888:
1398:
682:Antonio da Sangallo the Younger
652:
2404:Baroque architectural features
1718:Melaragno, Michele G. (1991).
1609:Hourihane, Colum, ed. (2012).
1406:Bagliani, Stefano (May 2009).
548:and crossing of the church of
270:Notable architects during the
1:
1846:, Uffici di Presidenza S.C.V.
1770:, Florence: Nardini Editore,
871:
744:, built from 1550 to 1554 by
2112:Platonism in the Renaissance
2016:Early Netherlandish painting
1514:10.1016/0360-1323(77)90002-6
908:Gentry & Lesniewski 2011
661:in Florence was designed by
7:
1651:10.1007/978-3-7643-8699-3_4
1615:. Oxford University Press.
763:
742:Sant'Andrea in Via Flaminia
725:Sant'Andrea in Via Flaminia
593:to commemorate the site of
564:
398:
267:standard structural forms.
10:
2430:
2021:Dutch and Flemish painting
1964:Central and Eastern Europe
1933:Outline of the Renaissance
1784:Nuttgens, Patrick (1997).
1742:St. Peter's in the Vatican
944:Frankl & Crossley 2000
758:Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri
294:, designer of the dome of
2333:
2300:
2268:
2213:
2158:
2149:
1946:
1896:
1803:Schütz, Bernhard (2002).
1786:The Story of Architecture
1697:McNeil, Ian, ed. (2002).
520:
475:in Piacenza (1522–1528).
465:Santa Maria delle Carceri
278:, builder of the dome of
247:were designed during the
245:Italian Renaissance domes
87:Early modern period domes
77:Italian Renaissance domes
67:Roman and Byzantine domes
1630:Huerta, Santigo (2007).
1593:Giustina, Irene (2003),
1502:Building and Environment
932:Chant & Goodman 1999
731:
538:Santa Maria dei Miracoli
506:old St. Peter's Basilica
1523:2027/mdp.39015041999635
776:from 1565 to 1569 near
639:Basilica of San Lorenzo
585:, was built in 1502 by
536:designed the church of
478:
441:Basilica of Santa Croce
336:resigning in 1433. The
206:Architecture portal
816:
728:
633:from some sketches of
591:San Pietro in Montorio
578:
532:of Eastern influence.
416:
320:
57:Early and simple domes
2346:Medieval renaissances
2124:Scientific Revolution
1639:Nexus Network Journal
811:
722:
674:Fra Giovanni Giocondo
572:
490:Leon Battista Alberti
457:San Sisto in Piacenza
406:
317:Santa Maria del Fiore
314:
2215:Northern Renaissance
1479:Como, Mario (2013).
813:St. Peter's Basilica
804:St. Peter's Basilica
794:San Giorgio Maggiore
750:Baroque architecture
723:Plan and section of
690:sack of Rome in 1527
670:Giuliano da Sangallo
626:St. Peter's Basilica
607:St. Peter's Basilica
461:Giuliano da Sangallo
325:Filippo Brunelleschi
296:St. Peter's Basilica
276:Filippo Brunelleschi
2399:Church architecture
2168:Bergamo and Brescia
2160:Italian Renaissance
1938:Renaissance studies
1561:Gothic Architecture
1320:, p. 241, 243.
1173:, p. 184, 185.
1132:, p. 241, 242.
934:, p. 166, 169.
824:Giacomo della Porta
782:Georgian architects
754:Counter-Reformation
736:The publication of
710:Giacomo della Porta
703:that threatened an
611:St Paul's Cathedral
605:, and the domes of
601:, the mausoleum at
589:in the cloister of
502:Bernardo Rossellino
485:De re aedificatoria
473:Madonna di Campagna
378:The combination of
374:Structure and style
367:herringbone pattern
272:Italian Renaissance
92:Modern period domes
21:Part of a series on
2286:Spanish Golden Age
1926:Northern Mannerism
1272:, p. 187–189.
1224:, p. 230–231.
1033:, p. 175-177.
886:, p. 356-357.
831:ribs, raising the
817:
729:
686:Baldassare Peruzzi
579:
417:
333:Florence Cathedral
321:
307:Florence Cathedral
280:Florence Cathedral
182:Whispering gallery
2394:Arches and vaults
2376:
2375:
2296:
2295:
2269:Iberian peninsula
2036:Italian sculpture
1833:978-1-56898-549-7
1814:978-0-810-93297-5
1777:978-8-840-44211-2
1752:978-0-521-64096-1
1731:978-1-4757-0225-5
1710:978-1-134-98165-6
1660:978-3-7643-8444-9
1622:978-0-19-539536-5
1571:978-0-300-08799-4
1492:978-3-642-30131-5
1306:vaticanstate 2014
738:Sebastiano Serlio
635:Leonardo da Vinci
560:Sixteenth century
492:and dedicated to
315:The Cathedral of
302:Fifteenth century
242:
241:
82:South Asian domes
2421:
2341:Cloak and dagger
2156:
2155:
2026:Italian painting
1916:High Renaissance
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1837:
1818:
1805:Great Cathedrals
1799:
1780:
1769:
1756:
1735:
1714:
1693:
1664:
1636:
1626:
1605:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1575:
1554:
1538:
1527:
1525:
1496:
1475:
1454:
1425:
1423:
1417:. Archived from
1412:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1284:, p. 63-64.
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1198:
1197:, p. 64–67.
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1120:, p. 21–23.
1115:
1109:
1103:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1081:, p. 70-71.
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1009:, p. 57-58.
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
857:Luigi Vanvitelli
828:Domenico Fontana
786:Thomas Jefferson
756:. The church of
714:Domenico Fontana
599:Radcliffe Camera
453:Certosa di Pavia
329:Lorenzo Ghiberti
234:
227:
220:
204:
203:
37:
18:
17:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2329:
2292:
2264:
2209:
2145:
2058:Northern Europe
1942:
1892:
1887:
1857:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1815:
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1711:
1682:10.2307/1523097
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1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
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1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1001:
997:, p. 1038.
993:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
906:
902:
894:
890:
882:
878:
874:
861:Giovanni Poleni
815:in Vatican City
806:
774:Andrea Palladio
766:
734:
701:Pope Julius III
655:
583:Temple of Vesta
567:
562:
554:Tullio Lombardo
534:Pietro Lombardo
523:
494:Pope Nicholas V
481:
401:
376:
309:
304:
288:Andrea Palladio
284:Donato Bramante
238:
198:
186:
123:
12:
11:
5:
2427:
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2240:
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2153:
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2138:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2126:
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2114:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
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2067:
2062:
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2055:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
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1918:
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1908:
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1900:
1894:
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1878:
1871:
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1794:
1781:
1776:
1757:
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1736:
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1715:
1709:
1694:
1665:
1659:
1627:
1621:
1606:
1590:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1528:
1497:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1455:
1443:10.2307/990755
1426:
1424:on 2013-10-16.
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:Melaragno 1991
1382:
1380:, p. 242.
1378:Hourihane 2012
1370:
1368:, p. 881.
1358:
1346:
1344:, p. 8-9.
1334:
1332:, p. 106.
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1282:Melaragno 1991
1274:
1262:
1260:, p. 152.
1250:
1238:
1236:, p. 232.
1226:
1214:
1210:Melaragno 1991
1199:
1187:
1185:, p. 243.
1175:
1163:
1159:Melaragno 1991
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1108:, p. 184.
1095:
1093:, p. 183.
1083:
1079:Melaragno 1991
1071:
1069:, p. 5-7.
1059:
1057:, p. 177.
1047:
1035:
1023:
1021:, p. 304.
1019:Hourihane 2012
1011:
1007:Melaragno 1991
999:
987:
985:, p. 181.
975:
963:
948:
946:, p. 213.
936:
924:
922:, p. 190.
912:
900:
898:, p. 355.
888:
875:
873:
870:
833:springing line
805:
802:
792:(1577–92) and
765:
762:
733:
730:
678:Raphael Sanzio
676:) until 1514,
654:
651:
566:
563:
561:
558:
522:
519:
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477:
400:
397:
375:
372:
308:
305:
303:
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211:
210:
209:
208:
196:
188:
187:
185:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
133:
130:
129:
125:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
109:Cloister vault
105:
102:
101:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
30:
29:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2426:
2415:
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2308:
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2287:
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2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Low Countries
2248:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
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2229:
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2221:
2220:
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2165:
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2161:
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2154:
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2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
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2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2109:
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2100:
2098:
2095:
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2090:
2086:
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2078:
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2068:
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2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Italian domes
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1795:0-7148-3616-8
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:. Routledge.
1702:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1550:0-87099-348-8
1546:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1471:0-415-20076-8
1467:
1464:. Routledge.
1463:
1462:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1392:, p. 65.
1391:
1386:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1356:, p. 15.
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1296:, p. 67.
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1270:Nuttgens 1997
1266:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1246:Bagliani 2009
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1212:, p. 64.
1211:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1171:Nuttgens 1997
1167:
1161:, p. 63.
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1144:, p. 25.
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1106:Nuttgens 1997
1102:
1100:
1092:
1091:Nuttgens 1997
1087:
1080:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1003:
996:
995:Giustina 2003
991:
984:
983:Nuttgens 1997
979:
973:, p. 96.
972:
967:
960:
955:
953:
945:
940:
933:
928:
921:
916:
909:
904:
897:
892:
885:
880:
876:
869:
866:
862:
858:
852:
850:
849:Carlo Maderno
846:
842:
837:
834:
829:
825:
821:
820:Pope Sixtus V
814:
810:
801:
800:in the city.
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
726:
721:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
659:Medici Chapel
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:Castle Howard
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
571:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
518:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
488:, written by
487:
486:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
410:
405:
396:
393:
392:barrel vaults
389:
385:
381:
371:
368:
364:
359:
356:
352:
346:
344:
339:
334:
330:
326:
318:
313:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
265:barrel vaults
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
235:
230:
228:
223:
221:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
127:
126:
120:
117:
115:
114:Geodesic dome
112:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
99:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
68:
65:
63:
62:Persian domes
60:
58:
55:
54:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
28:
25:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2361:12th century
1973:
1954:Architecture
1848:, retrieved
1842:
1823:
1804:
1785:
1763:
1741:
1720:
1699:
1673:
1669:
1642:
1638:
1611:
1601:
1581:
1560:
1534:
1505:
1501:
1485:. Springer.
1481:
1460:
1434:
1430:
1419:the original
1414:
1399:Bibliography
1385:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1294:Francia 1982
1289:
1277:
1265:
1258:Francia 1982
1253:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1195:Francia 1982
1190:
1178:
1166:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1086:
1074:
1062:
1050:
1045:, p. 8.
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
961:, p. 5.
939:
927:
915:
903:
891:
879:
865:safe theorem
864:
853:
844:
838:
818:
790:Il Redentore
767:
735:
705:interdiction
696:Michelangelo
694:
667:
663:Michelangelo
656:
653:Michelangelo
623:
619:U.S. Capitol
580:
550:San Salvador
524:
508:to create a
483:
482:
437:Pazzi Chapel
418:
409:Old Sacristy
377:
360:
347:
343:Michelangelo
338:roof lantern
322:
319:in Florence.
292:Michelangelo
269:
244:
243:
76:
15:
2368:Reenactment
2351:Carolingian
1984:Plateresque
1906:Renaissance
1890:Renaissance
1437:(1): 5–25.
1366:McNeil 2002
1342:Niglio 2012
1330:Millon 2005
1234:Huerta 2007
1222:Huerta 2007
896:Schütz 2002
884:Schütz 2002
770:Villa Capra
647:buttressing
510:Latin cross
433:San Lorenzo
388:pendentives
249:Renaissance
2383:Categories
2325:Structures
2131:Technology
2107:Philosophy
2070:Literature
1989:Portuguese
1850:October 5,
1354:Cowan 1977
1142:Betts 1993
1118:Betts 1993
1067:Betts 1993
1043:Betts 1993
971:Kuban 1987
959:Betts 1993
872:References
822:appointed
617:, and the
449:medallions
162:Pendentive
119:Onion dome
49:History of
2320:Humanists
2310:Composers
2151:By region
2031:Sculpture
1979:Palladian
1921:Mannerism
1676:: 72–97.
1318:Como 2013
1183:Como 2013
1130:Como 2013
920:Como 2013
595:St. Peter
575:Tempietto
542:Byzantine
498:coffering
177:Tholobate
43:Symbolism
2356:Ottonian
2276:Portugal
2260:Scotland
2178:Lombardy
2173:Florence
2097:Medicine
2048:Humanism
2004:Venetian
1947:By field
1843:The Dome
1670:Muqarnas
764:Palladio
752:and the
630:quincunx
615:Panthéon
587:Bramante
577:in Rome.
565:Bramante
515:Bramante
435:and the
399:Florence
363:Pantheon
194:Category
152:Muqarnas
128:Elements
2334:Related
2315:Figures
2233:Germany
2223:England
2141:Warfare
2136:Theatre
2119:Science
2085:Spanish
1999:Spanish
1898:General
1690:1523097
778:Vicenza
746:Vignola
727:in Rome
411:of the
172:Squinch
167:Rotunda
147:Lantern
2255:Poland
2238:Saxony
2228:France
2205:Venice
2200:Urbino
2195:Sicily
2188:Papacy
2080:French
2053:France
1994:Purism
1969:French
1830:
1811:
1792:
1774:
1749:
1728:
1707:
1688:
1657:
1619:
1568:
1547:
1489:
1468:
1451:990755
1449:
845:attico
841:ogival
798:plague
684:(with
613:, the
521:Venice
445:oculus
427:, and
390:, and
355:struts
351:cupola
290:, and
263:, and
157:Oculus
142:Cupola
137:Coffer
100:Styles
2409:Roofs
2389:Domes
2302:Lists
2281:Spain
2243:Weser
2102:Music
2092:Magic
2075:Dutch
2065:Latin
2043:Dance
1959:Brick
1768:(PDF)
1686:JSTOR
1635:(PDF)
1598:(PDF)
1586:(PDF)
1541:62–88
1447:JSTOR
1422:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
732:Ovals
699:from
469:Prato
429:Turin
425:Milan
421:Genoa
274:were
253:Italy
27:Domes
2183:Rome
1852:2014
1828:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1726:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1466:ISBN
826:and
768:The
712:and
672:and
657:The
643:marl
573:The
546:nave
479:Rome
407:The
384:drum
380:dome
327:and
261:drum
257:dome
2011:Art
1678:doi
1647:doi
1518:hdl
1510:doi
1439:doi
467:in
2385::
1684:.
1672:.
1653:.
1641:.
1637:.
1600:,
1543:.
1516:.
1506:12
1504:.
1445:.
1435:52
1433:.
1413:.
1202:^
1149:^
1098:^
951:^
716:.
621:.
609:,
556:.
423:,
386:,
382:,
345:.
298:.
286:,
282:,
259:,
1882:e
1875:t
1868:v
1836:.
1817:.
1798:.
1755:.
1734:.
1713:.
1692:.
1680::
1674:4
1663:.
1649::
1643:9
1625:.
1588:.
1574:.
1553:.
1526:.
1520::
1512::
1495:.
1474:.
1453:.
1441::
1308:.
1248:.
910:.
415:.
233:e
226:t
219:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
