397:; Musa suspected with some reason that Abatcha had deliberately chosen the moment of his incarceration to organize the conference due to his fear of FLT's numerical superiority over the UNT. As a result, once freed Musa broke with the FROLINAT, the first of many splits that were to plague the history of the organization. Thus Abatcha had to face from the beginning a level of considerable internal strife, with the opposition guided by the anti-communist
273:
After his release, the UNT cadres decided that if the political situation in Chad became too unbearable to allow the party to survive, it would be wise to send some party members out of the country so that the organization would in any case maintain its existence. Thus
Abatcha, who held the position
340:
had formed. The students in Cairo had developed a strong political sensitivity because they had come to resent that the degrees obtained by them in Arab countries were of no use in Chad, as French was the only official language. Among these students
Abatcha recruited his first supporters, and with
31:
175:
politician reputed of
Marxist leanings and associations. His political activity started during the decolonization process of Chad from France, but after the country's independence he was forced to go in exile due to the increasing authoritarianism of the country's first President
345:
embassy in Egypt, which offered him a military stage. Seven Cairo students volunteered, leaving Egypt in June 1965 and returning in
October; these were to be with Abatcha the first military cadres of the rebels. Abatcha with his "Koreans" went then to Sudan in October 1965.
470:. Abatcha had been the one generally acceptable leader of the insurrection; after him the FROLINAT was more and more divided by inner rivalries, making it more difficult to provide the insurgents with a coherent organization.
332:, where the UNT had already a representative, probably Djalabo. His attempts were unsuccessful, as were those made from there to persuade the Chadian students in France to join him in his fight. From there he traveled to
290:. By going into exile the UNT members also meant to ensure their personal safety and organize abroad an armed revolt in Chad. Abartcha proclaimed the Islamic Republic of Chad in exile and wrote and published a
389:, whose first secretary-general was agreed to be Abatcha. The two groups were ideologically ill-fitted, as they combined the radicalism of the UNT and the Muslim beliefs of the FLT. FLT's president,
463:. Abatcha disavowed this action and ordered his men to free the nurse, but due to these actions, on February 11, he was tracked down by the Chadian army and killed in a clash.
302:. In this statement Abatcha declared class war, war against Tombalbaye, against Western imperialism and against French neocolonialism and called for the Islamic revolution.
255:
and socialism. Towards the end of the colonial rule
Abatcha was jailed for a year either for his political activities or for mismanagement in the performance of his duties.
443:. Mainly due to Abatcha's qualities as both secretary-general and field-commander, what had started in 1965 as a peasant uprising was becoming a revolutionary movement.
349:
Once in Sudan
Abatcha found fertile ground for further recruitment, as many Chadian refugees lived there. Abatcha was also able to enroll in his movement former
287:
283:
265:, and the UNT was banned with all other opposition parties on January 19, 1962. After that Abatcha was briefly imprisoned by the new Chadian government.
354:
405:
404:
The unity was stronger on the field, with
Abatcha and his so-called Koreans passing to Eastern Chad in mid-1966 to fight the government, and
428:. The rebels also toured the villages, indoctrinating the people on the future revolution and exhorting youths to join the FROLINAT forces.
328:
capitals always searching support for his project of beginning an insurgency against
Tombalbaye. The first capital he reached in 1965 was
879:
431:
The following year
Abatcha expanded his range and number of operations, officially claiming in his dispatches 32 actions, involving
321:
that had found asylum there. These
Cameroonians helped him attend conferences organized by international Communist groups.
884:
606:
587:
568:
546:
527:
508:
489:
467:
362:
889:
318:
711:
Collins, Robert O. Africa's Thirty Years War: Libya, Chad, and the Sudan, 1963–1993, p. 38.: Westview Press, 1999.
466:
Abatcha's death was the end of an important phase in the history of the FROLINAT and more generally of the
188:, of which he was the first leader and field commander. Two years later he was killed in a clash with the
899:
894:
864:
904:
244:
874:
382:
366:
869:
859:
436:
259:
240:
145:
262:
177:
417:
854:
849:
8:
432:
413:
337:
425:
317:, where he received his first military training and made friends among members of the
602:
583:
564:
542:
523:
504:
485:
390:
350:
440:
421:
398:
358:
248:
225:
212:), Abatcha was born into a family with a Muslim background in the French colony of
239:
He entered in to politics in 1958, becoming a prominent figure in the new radical
556:
381:
between June 19 and June 22, 1966, in which the UNT and another rebel force, the
103:
459:
road a Spanish veterinary and a French doctor, while they took hostage a French
232:. He found work as a clerk in the colonial administration and became a militant
252:
221:
205:
843:
336:, where a small secret committee of anti-government Chadian students of the
298:, which will serve as a kind of draft of the official program of the future
378:
247:(MSA) by promoters of the No-vote in the referendum on Chad's entry in the
217:
189:
78:
452:
258:
He and his party staunchly opposed after independence in 1960 the rule of
456:
353:, including a few officers, of whom the most distinguished was to become
342:
306:
233:
201:
99:
309:
dissident in search of support in foreign capitals, first residing in
274:
of second adjutant secretary-general of the UNT, was sent in 1963 to
220:(today N'Djamena) in 1938, and learned to speak French, English and
394:
386:
299:
229:
185:
150:
43:
30:
596:
329:
209:
124:
324:
After leaving Accra in 1965, Abatcha started wandering to other
412:
were badly trained and equipped, they were able to commit some
325:
291:
169:
460:
333:
314:
310:
279:
275:
181:
561:
Limits of Anarchy: Intervention and State Formation in Chad
213:
172:
129:
501:
Le Frolinat et les révoltes populaires du Tchad, 1965-1976
251:. The party's followers were all Muslims, and advocated
520:
Le Peuple Tchadien: ses racines et sa vie quotidienne
393:, missed the conference because he was imprisoned in
365:
already active in Chad, and with the insurgent group
341:
the help of the UPC Cameroonian exiles contacted the
498:
555:
408:assuming the role of his chief of staff. While his
479:
377:This merger was negotiated during the congress at
629:
627:
625:
597:Thompson, Virginia & Adloff, Richard (1981).
577:
841:
435:previously untouched by the rebellion, that is
622:
536:
517:
818:
816:
814:
830:
828:
451:On January 20, 1968, his men killed on the
372:
282:, where he was later joined by UNT members
811:
691:
689:
687:
29:
296:Toward a United National Liberation Front
825:
775:
647:
645:
643:
180:. To overthrow Tombalbaye he founded in
56:19 June 1966 – 11 February 1968
684:
294:-oriented political statement entitled
842:
640:
707:
705:
416:against the Chadian army, mainly in
385:(FLT) combined, giving birth to the
361:, who was in communication with the
305:Abatcha led the typical life of the
13:
880:Chadian National Union politicians
446:
14:
916:
702:
168:(1938 – February 11, 1968) was a
722:The State, Identity and Violence
580:The State, Identity and Violence
563:. University of Virginia Press.
319:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
834:V. Thompson & R. Adloff, 54
808:V. Thompson & R. Adloff, 53
802:
793:
784:
781:V. Thompson & R. Adloff, 52
762:
749:
243:(UNT), mainly a split from the
195:
736:
727:
714:
671:
658:
1:
695:V. Thompson & R. Adloff,
653:Historical Dictionary of Chad
539:Historical Dictionary of Chad
503:(in French). Mouton Éditeur.
499:Buijtenhuijs, Robert (1978).
473:
7:
480:Bouquet, Christian (1982).
268:
228:, as he did not study in a
10:
921:
578:R. Brian Ferguson (2002).
522:(in French). L'Harmattan.
484:(in French). L'Harmattan.
482:Tchad: Genène d'un conflit
245:African Socialist Movement
159:
138:
117:
109:
93:
88:
84:
72:
60:
49:
41:
37:
28:
21:
616:
383:Liberation Front of Chad
373:Creation of the FROLINAT
367:Liberation Front of Chad
363:first Chadian insurgents
890:People from Borno State
537:Decalo, Samuel (1987).
518:Chapelle, Jean (1981).
241:Chadian National Union
146:Chadian National Union
885:People from N'Djamena
601:. C. Hurst & Co.
357:. He also contacted
799:C. Bouquet, 131–132
733:C. Bouquet, 128–129
720:R. Brian Ferguson,
557:Nolutshungu, Sam C.
541:. Scarecrow Press.
414:hit-and-run attacks
338:Al-Azhar University
263:François Tombalbaye
224:, but not to write
204:(a province of the
178:François Tombalbaye
900:Nigerian emigrants
895:Immigrants to Chad
865:Chadian socialists
666:Le Peuple Tchadien
16:Chadian politician
905:Muslim socialists
770:Limits of Anarchy
755:R. Buijtenhuijs,
742:R. Buijtenhuijs,
633:R. Buijtenhuijs,
391:Ahmed Hassan Musa
351:Sudanese soldiers
288:Mahamat Ali Taher
284:Aboubakar Djalabo
163:
162:
912:
835:
832:
823:
820:
809:
806:
800:
797:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
768:S. Nolutshungu,
766:
760:
753:
747:
740:
734:
731:
725:
718:
712:
709:
700:
697:Conflict in Chad
693:
682:
675:
669:
662:
656:
649:
638:
631:
612:
599:Conflict in Chad
593:
574:
552:
533:
514:
495:
399:Mohamed Baghlani
359:Mohamed Baghlani
355:Hadjaro Senoussi
249:French Community
226:Classical Arabic
200:Originally from
113:11 February 1968
89:Personal details
75:
67:Post established
63:
54:
33:
19:
18:
920:
919:
915:
914:
913:
911:
910:
909:
875:Chadian Muslims
840:
839:
838:
833:
826:
822:C. Bouquet, 132
821:
812:
807:
803:
798:
794:
790:C. Bouquet, 131
789:
785:
780:
776:
767:
763:
754:
750:
741:
737:
732:
728:
719:
715:
710:
703:
694:
685:
676:
672:
663:
659:
650:
641:
632:
623:
619:
609:
590:
571:
549:
530:
511:
492:
476:
449:
447:Abatcha's death
375:
271:
230:Qur'anic school
198:
166:Ibrahim Abatcha
155:
139:Political party
134:
104:British Nigeria
98:
73:
61:
55:
50:
24:
23:Ibrahim Abatcha
17:
12:
11:
5:
918:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
870:Chadian exiles
867:
862:
860:Chadian rebels
857:
852:
837:
836:
824:
810:
801:
792:
783:
774:
761:
748:
735:
726:
713:
701:
683:
670:
657:
639:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
607:
594:
588:
575:
569:
553:
547:
534:
528:
515:
509:
496:
490:
475:
472:
448:
445:
420:, but also in
406:El Hadj Issaka
374:
371:
270:
267:
253:Pan-Africanism
234:trade unionist
222:Chadian Arabic
206:British colony
197:
194:
161:
160:
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
142:
140:
136:
135:
133:
132:
127:
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115:
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111:
107:
106:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
76:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
47:
46:
42:Leader of the
39:
38:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
917:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
845:
831:
829:
819:
817:
815:
805:
796:
787:
778:
771:
765:
758:
752:
745:
739:
730:
723:
717:
708:
706:
698:
692:
690:
688:
680:
674:
667:
664:J. Chapelle,
661:
654:
648:
646:
644:
636:
630:
628:
626:
621:
610:
608:0-905838-70-X
604:
600:
595:
591:
589:0-415-27412-5
585:
582:. Routledge.
581:
576:
572:
570:0-8139-1628-3
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
548:0-8108-1937-6
544:
540:
535:
531:
529:2-85802-169-4
525:
521:
516:
512:
510:90-279-7657-0
506:
502:
497:
493:
491:2-85802-210-0
487:
483:
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444:
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427:
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308:
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266:
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207:
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193:
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187:
183:
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174:
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167:
158:
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149:
147:
144:
143:
141:
137:
131:
128:
126:
123:
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120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
92:
87:
83:
80:
77:
71:
68:
65:
59:
53:
48:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
804:
795:
786:
777:
769:
764:
756:
751:
743:
738:
729:
721:
716:
696:
678:
677:C. Bouquet,
673:
665:
660:
652:
634:
598:
579:
560:
538:
519:
500:
481:
465:
450:
430:
409:
403:
376:
348:
343:North Korean
323:
304:
295:
272:
257:
238:
199:
196:Early career
190:Chadian Army
184:in 1966 the
165:
164:
79:Abba Siddick
74:Succeeded by
66:
51:
855:1968 deaths
850:1938 births
757:Le Frolinat
744:Le Frolinat
651:S. Decalo,
635:Le Frolinat
437:Moyen-Chari
433:prefectures
307:Third World
118:Citizenship
62:Preceded by
844:Categories
474:References
759:, 120-121
468:rebellion
453:Goz Beida
260:President
218:Fort-Lamy
52:In office
559:(1995).
395:Khartoum
387:FROLINAT
300:FROLINAT
269:In exile
186:FROLINAT
151:FROLINAT
44:FROLINAT
426:Salamat
418:Ouaddai
369:(FLT).
330:Algiers
326:African
210:Nigeria
173:Chadian
125:Nigeria
605:
586:
567:
545:
526:
507:
488:
457:Abéché
410:maquis
292:Maoist
170:Muslim
746:, 120
724:, 275
681:, 122
679:Tchad
668:, 257
637:, 117
617:Notes
461:nurse
441:Kanem
422:Guera
379:Nyala
334:Cairo
315:Ghana
311:Accra
280:Ghana
276:Accra
202:Borno
182:Sudan
100:Borno
772:, 58
699:, 51
655:, 21
603:ISBN
584:ISBN
565:ISBN
543:ISBN
524:ISBN
505:ISBN
486:ISBN
439:and
424:and
286:and
214:Chad
130:Chad
110:Died
97:1938
94:Born
216:at
208:of
846::
827:^
813:^
704:^
686:^
642:^
624:^
401:.
313:,
278:,
236:.
192:.
102:,
611:.
592:.
573:.
551:.
532:.
513:.
494:.
455:-
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