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become a specialist cardiologist. He expressed prophetic concerns about the specialisation of medicine including cardiology stating: 'I fear the day may come when a heart specialist will no longer be a physician looking at the body as a whole, but one with more and more complicated instruments working in a narrow and restricted area of the body – that was never my idea'.
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and in 1908 he had a severe episode of cardiac pain, probably due to a myocardial infarction. His angina continued after 1908 and became progressively worse until in
January 1925 he had a prolonged and severe attack of angina and died at around 4am on 26 January 1925. Before his death Mackenzie had
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in 1882) and had many scientific papers published. During
Mackenzie's initial research carried out in the Burnley general practice he corresponded and discussed his findings with other well known pioneers Wenkebach and Osler. Mackenzie's ongoing investigations led him to leave general practice and
161:, where his father was a farmer. He left school at Perth Academy aged 14 and was apprenticed to a chemist. In 1873 he was offered a partnership in the chemist's firm but turned it down in order to study medicine. After private tuition in Latin he passed his entrance examination for the
256:. Three years later he founded the influential Mackenzie Institute of Clinical Research in St Andrews, which involved local General Practitioners in detailed long-term recording of patients' symptoms and illnesses.
237:
and use of the polygraph enabled
Mackenzie to make original distinctions between harmless and dangerous types of pulse irregularities (arrhythmias). Mackenzie also demonstrated the efficacy of
871:
The Sir James
Mackenzie Institute for Early Diagnosis is established at the University of St. Andrews in 2019 in recognition of Sir James' research in the field of early diagnosis
263:. He had his first heart attack in 1901, and recorded in himself the atrial fibrillation that accompanied this episode. By 1907 Mackenzie experienced frequent episodes of
177:
where he continued to practice medicine for more than a quarter of a century. While he was engaged in a busy practice, he made many original observations, completed his
600:
Murdoch J, Denz-Penhey H (October–December 2007). "John Flynn meets James
Mackenzie: developing the discipline of rural and remote medicine in Australia".
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in
October 1874 and qualified as a doctor in 1878. After completing his residency in Edinburgh, Mackenzie became a general practitioner in
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225:," that allowed him to make simultaneous records of the arterial and venous pulses. He used this to evaluate the condition of the
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in 1939. Two early polygraphs and a bronze bust of
Mackenzie are in the collection of the Tayside Medical History Museum.
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in the treatment of arrhythmias and made important contributions to the study of the energetics of the heart muscle.
430:
141:. Due to his work in the cardiac field he is known as a research giant in primary care, and was knighted by King
900:
384:
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asked that his friend John
Parkinson perform an autopsy after his death. This was done and showed extensive
182:
827:
Moorhead, R (1999). "Sir James
Mackenzie (1853–1925): views on general practice education and research".
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125:
504:"John Flynn meets James Mackenzie: developing the discipline of rural and remote medicine in Australia"
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and set up as a consulting physician where his reputation grew rapidly. In 1915 he was elected a
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Sir James
Mackenzie on the Local Pioneers webpage of the Tayside Medical History Museum
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The study of the pulse. Arterial, venous, and hepatic and of the movements of the heart
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Ironically Mackenzie himself suffered from an irregular heart beat, as a result of
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623:"Mackenzie's puzzle—the cornerstone of teaching and research in general practice"
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814:. Vol. 143, no. 6 (published 10 February 2002). pp. 285–9.
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720:. Vol. 31, no. 222 (published January 1981). pp. 26–30.
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789:. Vol. 92, no. 2 (published February 2003). pp. 122–7.
764:. Vol. 46, no. 4 (published October 1953). pp. 479–84.
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831:. Vol. 92, no. 1 (published January 1999). pp. 38–43.
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McCormick, J S (1981). "James Mackenzie and coronary heart disease".
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695:. Vol. 11, no. 3 (published March 1988). pp. 193–4.
142:
88:
747:. Vol. 19, no. 5 (published May 1979). pp. 111–3.
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Clinical report of a case of hemiparaplegia spinalis with remarks
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658:"Sir James Mackenzie and atrial fibrillation—a new perspective"
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Papers and Correspondence of Sir James Mackenzie (1853–1925)
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Fazekas, T; Liszkai, G; Bielik, H; LĂĽderitz, B (2003). "".
385:"Sir James Mackenzie, M.D. 1853–1925. General Practitioner"
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The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners
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Principles of diagnosis and treatment in heart affections
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STEVENSON, I (1953). "Sir James Mackenzie, 1853–1953".
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280:. A description of the case was published in the
133:(12 April 1853 – 26 January 1925) was a Scottish
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353:. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
342:. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
333:. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
311:. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
300:. London: Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton.
809:
810:Fazekas, Tamás; Liszkai, Gizella (2002). "".
452:"Profiles in Cardiology: Sir James Mackenzie"
691:Krikler, D M (1988). "Sir James Mackenzie".
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547:Waterston D, Orr J, Cappell DF (July 1939).
532:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
244:In November 1907 Mackenzie left Burnley for
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926:19th-century Scottish medical doctors
906:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
502:Murdoch, J., Denz-Penhey, H. (2007).
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209:In his early studies Mackenzie used
483:(Thesis). University of Edinburgh.
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235:premature ventricular contractions
137:who was a pioneer in the study of
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319:Symptoms and their interpretation
16:Scottish cardiologist (1853-1925)
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233:interval. In 1890 he discovered
197:Memorial in Burnley, Lancashire.
364:. Edinburgh: Young J. Pentland.
276:and evidence of recent and old
861:A Biography of James Mackenzie
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450:Davidson, Hamish J.C. (2001).
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896:People from Perth and Kinross
549:"Sir James Mackenzie's Heart"
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221:. Later Mackenzie devised a "
916:Fellows of the Royal Society
770:10.1016/0002-8703(53)90059-3
621:Murdoch JC. (October 1997).
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7:
787:Zeitschrift fĂĽr Kardiologie
743:Borodulin, V I (1979). "".
308:Heart disease and pregnancy
250:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
947:
656:McMichael J. (July 1981).
383:McConaghey, R. M. (1974).
322:. London: Shaw & Sons.
217:to graphically record the
20:
795:10.1007/s00392-003-0889-4
477:Mackenzie, James (1882).
358:Mackenzie, James (1902).
347:Mackenzie, James (1908).
338:Mackenzie, James (1923).
327:Mackenzie, James (1919).
316:Mackenzie, James (1909).
305:Mackenzie, James (1921).
294:Mackenzie, James (1916).
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183:hemi-paraplegia spinalis
21:Not to be confused with
508:Rural and Remote Health
274:coronary artery disease
187:University of Edinburgh
163:University of Edinburgh
701:10.1002/clc.4960110312
330:The future of medicine
267:which he mentioned to
261:ischemic heart disease
206:
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901:British cardiologists
350:Diseases of the heart
282:British Heart Journal
278:myocardial infarction
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205:Blue plaque, London.
693:Clinical Cardiology
602:Rural Remote Health
565:10.1136/hrt.1.3.237
229:and to measure the
139:cardiac arrhythmias
122:Sir James Mackenzie
32:Sir James Mackenzie
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85:Nationality
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489:1842/24099
370:References
211:Riva-Rocci
171:Lancashire
106:Cardiology
69:1925-01-27
56:, Scotland
239:Digitalis
223:polygraph
179:MD degree
153:Biography
79:, England
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