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529:" Young. Addiewell remained the centre of operations for Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Co. Ltd.. By the 1900s nearly 2 million tons of shale were being extracted annually, employing 4,000 men. The West Lothian oil-shale industry peaked in around 1892 operating 120 oil shale works, but the end was approaching. Retorting the oil shale was energy intensive and expensive. Cheaper free-flowing petroleum from Russia and later the USA, effectively priced oil shales out of the market, causing the industry to almost collapse by 1919, long after Young himself had died. Young's refinery closed around 1921.
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518:. It was a substantial industrial complex, in its time one of the largest chemical works in Scotland. In 1866 Young sold the concern to Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Company. Although Young remained in the company, he took no active part in it, instead withdrawing from business to occupy himself with yachting, travelling, scientific pursuits, and looking after the estates which he had purchased.
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tree which
Livingstone planted in 1864 is still flourishing in the grounds of Limefield House. There too one can see a miniature version of the "Victoria Falls", which the missionary discovered in the mid-19th century. It was built, as a tribute to Livingstone, by Young on the little stream which
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In 1848 Young left
Tennants', and in partnership with his friend and assistant Edward Meldrum, set up a small business refining the crude oil. The new oils were successful, but the supply of oil from the coal mine soon began to fail (eventually being exhausted in 1851). Young, noticing that the oil
475:
In 1852 Young left
Manchester to live in Scotland and that same year took out a US patent for the production of paraffin oil by distillation of coal. Both the US and UK patents were subsequently upheld in both countries in a series of lawsuits and other producers were obliged to pay him royalties.
701:
Young had a lifelong friendship with David
Livingstone, whom he had met at Anderson's College. He gave generously towards the expenses of Livingstone's African expeditions, and contributed to a search expedition, which proved too late to find Livingstone alive. He also had Livingstone's servants
440:, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain a number of useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a substance resembling paraffin wax.
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despite the economic challenges, the UK Admiralty and later UK Governments kept the industry alive until 1962, to provide some degree of fuel independence, particularly during war time. Mining changed the physical landscape of West
Lothian, which is punctuated by large
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Torbanite was exceptionally rich, yielding 537 litres of petroleum spirit per tonne but it was a finite resource, which was completely exhausted by 1862. Geological surveys at the time showed the potential for similar sedimentary deposits in
288:, who had just been appointed as a lecturer on chemistry. In 1831 Young was appointed as Graham's assistant and occasionally took some of his lectures. While at Anderson's College he also met and befriended the explorer
661:. The 1881 census record shows him living with his son and daughter at this estate. Young died at the age of 71 in his home on 16 May 1883, in the presence of his son James. He was buried at Inverkip churchyard.
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from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward
William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at
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in 1858. The oil shales were less rich, typically yielding 150-180 litres per tonne, but the discovery meant that Young could extend his operations to West
Lothian.
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roof of the coal mine, theorised that it somehow originated from the action of heat on the coal seam and from this thought that it might be produced artificially.
817:
421:, Derbyshire from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a thicker oil suitable for lubricating machinery.
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at
Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works in the world, using oil extracted from locally mined
709:
The James Young High School in
Livingston, the streets James Young Road in Bathgate and James Young Avenue in Uphall Station, and the James Young Halls at the
542:, Young formed the 4th Linlithgowshire Rifle Volunteer Corps at Bathgate on 9 August 1862, mainly from employees of his chemical works, with Young himself as
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From 1868–1877 he was
President of Anderson's College and founded the Young Chair of Technical Chemistry at the College.
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as a means of combatting the disease; he was not elected a member of the Society until 19 October 1847. Finding the
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Following up this idea, he tried many experiments and eventually succeeded in producing, by distilling
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Young's wife died on 6 April 1868, and by 1871 he had moved with his children to Kelly House, near
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brought to England, and presented to Glasgow a statue to his memory, which was erected in
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In Young's first scientific paper, dated 4 January 1837, he described a modification of a
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and lubricating oils; paraffin for fuel use and solid paraffin were not sold till 1856.
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newspaper insufficiently liberal, he also began a movement for the establishment of the
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The company continued to grow and expanded its operations, selling paraffin oil and
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In 1865 Young bought out his business partners and built second and larger works at
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Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002
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1134:"Kirkbrae House, burial vault 65m ENE of, Inverclyde South West, Inverclyde"
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He became his father's apprentice at an early age, but educated himself at
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A Heritage of Light: Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home
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The memorial to James Young and his wife Mary is sited in the old
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Riflemen Form: A Study of the Rifle Volunteer Movement 1859–1908
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Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Company Letterhead, 1909
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James Young was born in Shuttle Street in the Drygate area of
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all over the world and earning for its founder the nickname "
892:, James Young, "Improvement in Making Paraffine-Oil"
689:
From 1855 James 'Paraffin' Young lived at Limefield House,
1073:(2001). "Dispersion in the Ether: Light over the Water".
617:
In 1879 he was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) from
546:
in command until 1865. It later became D Company of the
716:
In 2011 he was one of seven inaugural inductees to the
910:
The geology of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh (map 32)
925:"The geology of the oil-shale fields of the Lothians"
645:
churchyard, at the north end of the mausoleum of the
406:
In 1847 Young had his attention called to a natural
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in western Scotland on 13 May 1883. He is buried in
284:) from the age of 19. At Anderson's College he met
222:Portrait bust of James Young, on his gravestone in
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1126:
1000:Records of the Scottish Volunteer Force 1859–1908
674:, and of his fellow student and lifelong friend,
569:could be used to prevent it corroding iron ships.
382:, and suggested immersing the potatoes in dilute
1245:
929:Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society
557:ships in 1872, which were later adopted by the
330:. Later that same year he moved with Graham to
1123:Date shown on memorial in Inverkip churchyard.
778:Glasgow Post Office Directory 1811: John Young
492:Young's Paraffin Light and Mineral Oil Company
1041:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1035:Young, James (November 1869 – January 1872).
825:. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006.
678:, which stand respectively in George Square,
596:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
398:newspaper which was first published in 1846.
376:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
354:, and in 1844 to Tennants, Clow & Co. at
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761:Wilsontown, Morningside and Coltness Railway
624:From 1879–1881 he was Vice-President of the
334:where he helped him with experimental work.
233:(13 July 1811 – 13 May 1883) was a Scottish
1324:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees
1239:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
1223:The James Paraffin Young Memorial, Inverkip
295:On 21 August 1838 he married Mary Young of
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580:around 1880, using an improved version of
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1274:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
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358:, for whom he devised a method of making
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
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603:Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
538:During the height of enthusiasm for the
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374:In 1845 he served on a committee of the
237:best known for his method of distilling
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30:For other people named James Young, see
1264:Alumni of the University of Strathclyde
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908:Howell, H.H; Geikie, Archibald (1861).
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448:The production of these oils and solid
342:In 1839 Young was appointed manager at
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553:Young made significant discoveries in
280:at the nearby Anderson's College (now
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468:, and bituminous coal to manufacture
299:middle parish; in 1839 they moved to
1329:19th-century Scottish businesspeople
1002:, Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1909. p. 196
565:water was acidic, he suggested that
548:8th Volunteer Battalion, Royal Scots
67:adding citations to reliable sources
38:
1160:"Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame"
1037:"On the Preservation of Iron Ships"
966:. Memoirs of the Geological Survey.
24:
980:, Aldershot: Ogilby Trusts, 1982,
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436:at a low heat, a fluid resembling
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1345:
1284:People associated with Inverclyde
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1017:, Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2010,
751:History of the oil shale industry
718:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame
594:In 1847 Young was elected to the
1236:Dictionary of National Biography
1230:"Young, James (1811–1883)"
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1138:Ancient and Scheduled Monuments
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868:. University of Toronto Press.
276:, attending evening classes in
54:needs additional citations for
1294:Oil shale technology inventors
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964:The oil-shales of the Lothians
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670:Statues of his old professor,
480:, leading to the discovery of
18:James Young (Scottish chemist)
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1:
605:. (proposed by Lyon Playfair)
532:
245:. He is often referred to as
1269:Fellows of the Royal Society
1015:Tracing the Rifle Volunteers
796:National Records of Scotland
611:In 1873 Young was elected a
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269:, and his wife Jean Wilson.
32:James Young (disambiguation)
7:
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613:Fellow of the Royal Society
261:, the son of John Young, a
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1049:Royal Society of Edinburgh
864:Russell, Loris S. (2003).
588:
443:
332:University College, London
306:He died at Kelly House at
78:"James Young" chemist
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1334:Scottish company founders
1164:engineeringhalloffame.org
1057:10.1017/S037016460004298X
962:Carruthers, R.G. (1927).
792:"James Young (1811–1883)"
711:University of Strathclyde
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378:for the investigation of
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713:are all named after him.
698:runs through the estate.
1319:Scottish industrialists
1299:Scientists from Glasgow
998:Maj-Gen J.M. Grierson,
941:10.1144/transed.8.1.116
601:In 1861 he was elected
574:Professor George Forbes
401:
252:
1075:Physics in Perspective
923:Cadell, Henry (1901).
686:, were erected by him.
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619:St. Andrews University
507:
425:was dripping from the
282:Strathclyde University
227:
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1289:Oil shale researchers
1279:Oil shale in Scotland
1217:James Young (chemist)
647:Shaw-Stewart Baronets
640:
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352:St Helens, Merseyside
221:
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1219:at Wikimedia Commons
767:References and notes
741:Abraham Pineo Gesner
633:Retirement and death
458:E. Meldrum & Co.
456:in West Lothian and
63:improve this article
1095:2001PhP.....3..258P
657:in the district of
395:Manchester Examiner
389:Manchester Guardian
1314:Scottish engineers
1309:Scottish inventors
1103:10.1007/pl00000533
1071:Pippard, Sir Brian
976:Ian F.W. Beckett,
912:. Edinburgh: HMSO.
746:Alexander Selligue
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572:Young worked with
540:Volunteer movement
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346:'s chemical works
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216:
1304:Scottish chemists
1215:Media related to
1023:978-1-84884-211-3
756:Monkland Railways
684:Glasgow Cathedral
676:David Livingstone
408:petroleum seepage
348:Newton-le-Willows
290:David Livingstone
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561:. Noticing that
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555:rustproofing
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505:West Lothian
478:West Lothian
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450:paraffin wax
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187:(1883-05-13)
170:13 July 1811
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61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
1259:1883 deaths
1254:1811 births
1089:: 258–270.
935:: 116–163.
846:10 February
731:Pumpherston
516:West Calder
434:cannel coal
364:cassiterite
231:James Young
201:Nationality
185:13 May 1883
145:James Young
1248:Categories
706:, Glasgow.
655:Wemyss Bay
584:'s method.
559:Royal Navy
533:Other work
482:oil shales
356:Manchester
308:Wemyss Bay
301:Lancashire
243:oil shales
195:, Scotland
193:Wemyss Bay
176:, Scotland
166:1811-07-13
89:newspapers
1170:27 August
1111:123307220
1025:, p. 160.
949:176768495
682:, and at
567:quicklime
512:Addiewell
503:Works in
501:Addiewell
462:torbanite
438:petroleum
427:sandstone
338:Chemicals
278:Chemistry
226:cemetery.
1087:Springer
725:See also
695:sycamore
659:Inverkip
643:Inverkip
527:Paraffin
486:Broxburn
466:lamosite
454:Bathgate
419:Alfreton
415:colliery
412:Riddings
312:Inverkip
239:paraffin
224:Inverkip
204:Scottish
119:May 2009
1091:Bibcode
1051:: 702.
890:US 8833
802:14 July
691:Polbeth
680:Glasgow
589:Honours
576:on the
544:Captain
514:, near
470:naphtha
444:Patents
410:in the
350:, near
297:Paisley
259:Glasgow
235:chemist
174:Glasgow
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1083:Basel
1081:(3).
945:S2CID
840:(PDF)
823:(PDF)
693:. A
563:bilge
110:JSTOR
96:books
1172:2012
1146:2018
1019:ISBN
982:ISBN
870:ISBN
848:2020
827:ISBN
804:2017
402:Oils
265:and
253:Life
182:Died
160:Born
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