85:
277:
291:
224:
99:
249:
263:
210:
483:. The expansion was halted in 1578, and the Ottomans retired from most of the highlands. During the following centuries, the Ottoman administration largely refrained from further interventions, relying on a system of indirect rule. Only on the island of Massawa itself was there an Ottoman governor, who controlled trade and taxes; in Sawakin the Ottoman authorities appointed a customs officer.
521:
In 1701, Suakin and the other
Ottoman possessions on the African coast were put under the authority of the governor in Jeddah. After its combination with Jeddah, the eyalet gained importance. Owing to the great distance from the capital, the Ottomans had little control over the Pasha of Jeddah, and
735:
Part of the reasoning behind
Ottoman expansion was to aid fellow Muslim states in the new role it had taken on, but economic issues were pertinent as well. Though weapons were usually given unilaterally, the Muslim states could provide another source of revenue through the selling of firearms, as
924:
Immediately, therefore, after the complete conquest of the Red Sea basin had been accomplished, a new province was formed âthe Eyalet of Jeddah and Habecb (Abyssinia), with Jeddah for its chief town. It included the coast of Hejaz and, on the other side, that of Africa; the latter comprising the
781:
Habesh, along with other 16th century conquests, was not under the timar system as were lands conquered in Europe and
Anatolia. Rather, it was a salyaneli province, in which taxes "were collected directly for the centre and were transferred to the central treasury after the local expenses were
770:, Habesh did not provide much revenue for the Ottomans, partly because the spice trade was not very profitable, but more importantly because the rich hinterlands were unconquered, with the Ottomans holding only the dry and hot coasts. Given that Yemen often cost more in upkeep than it sent to
563:, thus also gaining control over the ports of Sawakin and Massawa. Muhammad Ali's control of Habesh was only temporary; after the Wahhabi emergence came to an end, it reverted to Ottoman rule in 1827. Massawa and Sawakin were given to him again in 1846, until his death in 1849.
691:
and the Somali coast). The
Ottoman navy was still relatively weak and in its infancy, so Ottoman land forces would have to capture key areas to ensure that the weak navy would have some influence and strengthen. Selman also recognized a religious duty to conquer Habesh.
727:), they would have controlled the whole region, both directly and through their allies. Despite the possible economic gain from taxing Habesh proper, the Ottomans were more concerned with overcoming and outmaneuvering the Portuguese in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.
793:
Although
Ottoman interest in Habesh had dwindled by the end of the 16th century, it was still strategically located and therefore still guarded by Ottoman galleys until the 17th century. After that, the Ottomans left the area.
570:
as a separate entity. Thus Habesh ceased to exist in its traditional form and starting from 1869 was replaced by a series of subsequent
Egyptian governorates. In 1871, after the removal from office of wali
540:
rebels of most of Hejaz in 1803, the appointment to the governorship of Jeddah was said to be little esteemed, and considered tantamount to exile. Burckhardt also noted that the Pasha styled himself
1477:
736:
those were greatly in demand there. More important, however, was the Red Sea trade, despite its relatively small revenue. The
Ottomans even constructed a canal some time after 1532 between the
1421:
579:
of Jeddah was installed in its place. This reorganization lasted only one year, and the walilik was brought back the following year. The Eyalet of Jeddah was then transformed into the
782:
deducted". Due to the aridity of the province, little in the way of taxes on agriculture were collected; the most important source of revenue was the customs duty collected through
1413:
The
Ottoman Response to European Expansion: Studies on Ottoman-Portuguese Relations in the Indian Ocean and Ottoman Administration in the Arab Lands During the Sixteenth Century
723:
Finally, there was a pre-emptive element to the
Ottoman invasion of Ethiopia. If the Portuguese had built fortresses and taken control of the Red Sea ports first (especially
719:, wrote a letter to Sultan SĂŒleyman to provide him with military help in order to expel the Portuguese from Hormuz. The ruler of Gujerat also sought Ottoman military help.
1470:
747:, the Ottomans were interested in the area because of the prospect of capturing slaves from other African regions via the ports. Then to use that for galleys, provisions,
464:
in 1555, and the province of Habesh was formed in 1557. Massawa being of secondary economical importance, the administrative capital was soon moved across the Red Sea to
1463:
763:, and the amount of merchandise and trade consisting of "gold, musk, and ivory" present at Berbera, on the Somali coast, was described by Selman as "limitless".
683:
Specific
Ottoman interest in Habeshistan arose from its pivotal geographic position in the region: it had ports and coastline on both the Red Sea (and near the
2353:
2383:
2348:
2373:
2174:
790:, and Suakin in Sudan. Individuals would be allowed to collect duties, but in return would have to send a specified amount to the Sultan every year.
494:, he could not "find precise data regarding the administrative and financial structure of the province" or information on any agricultural taxation.
437:
were controlled by the Ottomans. Jeddah was then expanded for the purpose of protecting the borders of the Ottoman Empire from Portuguese invasions.
2368:
487:
1535:
1486:
716:
2246:
703:, the Ottomans, being the successor of those states, was charged with protecting and providing safe passage to all undertaking the
490:'s Ottoman sources on Habesh come from the late 16th century, with some from the 17th century. Despite the seminal nature of his
2378:
468:(from the end of the 16th century until the early 19th century; Medina temporarily served as the capital in the 18th century).
84:
1181:
1104:
1035:
995:
911:
871:
825:
2241:
486:
There is very little in the way of source material for Ottoman rule in the eyalet of Habesh after the 16th century. Most of
544:(or governor) of not only Jeddah, but also Sawakin and Habesh, and he kept custom-house officers at Sawakin and Massawa.
2358:
2235:
1068:
406:, the Ottomans had no "effective, long term control" outside of the ports where there was a direct Ottoman presence.
440:
The Ottoman Empire then began extending its borders throughout the rest of the Red Sea coast. Muslim rulers from
346:
1058:
850:
Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer: A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer Or Geographical Dictionary of the World ...
533:, and the title was bestowed upon individuals who had never attempted to take possession of their governorship.
479:
was established in the 1560s. In 1571, the governor of Habesh moved to break a siege of Suakin by forces of the
711:. In the same vein, other Muslim states in the region saw the Ottomans as their defenders as Muslim brothers:
511:
448:
were dominant in the African Red Sea coast until the Ottoman Turks arrived in the 16th century. The ports of
17:
985:
774:
as taxes, and that Habesh had much less in the way of agricultural taxes (but just as high a salary for the
2090:
529:
described the pashalik of Jeddah as having been "reduced to perfect insignificance" by the power of the
2102:
1945:
420:
1971:
1664:
971:
2266:
1608:
480:
337:
1242:
1210:
514:
itself. In the 18th century, it was attached to the eyalet of HabeĆ, and governors of the rank of
2363:
1986:
1455:
687:, where Ottoman blockades could be performed if necessary) and on the Indian Ocean (specifically
2261:
2029:
1955:
848:
1279:
1025:
937:
815:
2317:
2307:
2256:
1845:
1797:
1171:
1094:
925:
ports of Suakin, Massowah, Zeila, Berbera, Obok, Tadjuru, Ac, with the territory behind them.
555:, he received the administration of Habesh in 1813. His son Ahmad Tushun Pasha was appointed
552:
548:
526:
507:
707:. Portuguese hegemony in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, however, gave them some control over
2276:
1913:
1659:
1547:
510:. As Jeddah developed into an important centre of trade, the Ottomans turned Jeddah into a
8:
695:
After the 1517 conquests, the Ottomans also were interested in the region because of the
502:
When the Ottomans became dominant in the Hejaz in 1517, Jeddah had been established as a
1441:"Power Without Pashas: The Anatomy of Na'ib Au-tonomy in Ottoman Eritrea (17th-19th C.)"
1236:
1204:
2297:
2271:
2225:
2220:
2018:
1961:
1689:
756:
576:
567:
566:
In 1866, however, Habesh was taken away from Jeddah and formally incorporated into the
530:
284:
242:
98:
60:
1734:
2230:
2193:
1996:
1976:
1593:
1177:
1100:
1064:
1031:
991:
907:
821:
445:
2302:
2210:
2059:
2054:
1866:
1785:
1638:
1628:
1623:
724:
380:
229:
215:
875:
457:
2312:
2205:
2198:
2141:
2064:
1966:
1780:
1754:
1729:
1724:
1598:
1578:
1552:
1525:
901:
744:
643:
329:
33:
1281:
Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe: description physique et géologique de la Thrace
572:
2085:
2080:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2024:
1950:
1939:
1841:
1804:
1775:
1719:
1714:
1613:
1603:
1588:
1173:
Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm: C. 1400 - 1800
771:
426:
357:
1684:
429:
conquered the Turkic Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of
2342:
2151:
2146:
2125:
2120:
2097:
2034:
1991:
1981:
1934:
1929:
1770:
1749:
1694:
1679:
1669:
1643:
1583:
1530:
684:
580:
270:
1894:
1709:
1633:
2292:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1825:
1820:
1792:
1744:
1739:
1704:
1674:
1573:
1568:
403:
395:
309:
256:
2002:
1699:
1618:
767:
752:
1096:
Quseir: An Ottoman And Napoleonic Fortress On The Red Sea Coast Of Egypt
2251:
939:
Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique
461:
755:, an ambitious Ottoman Red Sea admiral, the coast (specifically the
740:
and the Red Sea so that spices could go directly to Constantinople.
2215:
1440:
471:
The Ottoman Turks made multiple advances further inland conquering
1485:
1890:
1423:
The Emirs of Mecca and the Ottoman Government of Hijaz, 1840-1908
899:
783:
620:
614:
608:
537:
472:
453:
430:
399:
384:
317:
111:
47:
41:
575:, the position of the Jeddah wali was briefly abolished and the
1506:
787:
668:
662:
632:
560:
515:
503:
465:
449:
388:
368:
360:
115:
56:
27:
Administrative division of the Ottoman Empire from 1554 to 1872
387:
basin. On the Northeast Africa littoral, the eyalet comprised
760:
688:
656:
626:
602:
584:
476:
441:
434:
433:. As such, territories of the Sultanate including Jeddah and
376:
351:
313:
1888:
748:
737:
650:
556:
541:
1363:
1312:
1310:
1261:
1259:
1124:
1122:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1426:, The Institute for Graduate Studies in Social Sciences
813:
1387:
1351:
1307:
1295:
1256:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1119:
699:. Having conquered the former Muslim defenders of the
1375:
1339:
1322:
1234:
953:
1235:
John Lewis Burckhardt (1829). Sir W. Ouseley (ed.).
522:
their authority over the region was mostly nominal.
1146:
1134:
987:
Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders
1230:
1228:
1226:
1092:
1056:
840:
2340:
1202:
965:
786:(tax farming) on goods flowing through Massawa,
778:), the province was probably very unprofitable.
642:Sanjak of Yemen (until c. 1849, then became the
983:
1487:Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire
1223:
1169:
1023:
895:
893:
846:
2354:States and territories disestablished in 1872
1471:
1271:
1088:
1086:
497:
2384:1872 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire
1498:
1277:
1099:. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 35.
1063:. University of Florida Press. p. 31.
890:
590:
2349:States and territories established in 1554
2173:
1478:
1464:
1196:
1083:
900:National Archives (Great Britain) (2004).
97:
2374:1554 establishments in the Ottoman Empire
1030:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 951.
809:
807:
135:503,000 km (194,000 sq mi)
1163:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
977:
2369:Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Africa
1410:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1316:
1301:
1128:
959:
864:
14:
2341:
872:"Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire"
804:
394:Like Ottoman control in North Africa,
375:. It extended on the areas of coastal
2172:
1887:
1497:
1459:
1438:
1419:
1265:
1157:
1140:
1010:
820:. Taylor & Francis. p. 403.
1050:
942:. J. Perthes. 1867. pp. 827â829
341:
42:
333:
103:The Eyalet of Jeddah-Habesh in 1795
37:
24:
1432:
814:David Lea; Annamarie Rowe (2001).
25:
2395:
1060:A Pawn in World Politics: Eritrea
906:. Archive Editions. p. 328.
751:, and other goods. According to
1209:. Hurst & Blackett. p.
1206:Turkey: its history and progress
817:A political chronology of Africa
414:
289:
275:
261:
247:
222:
208:
83:
1420:Numan, Nurtaç (November 2005),
1176:. Lexington Books. p. 51.
2236:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
1027:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha
930:
518:started to be appointed here.
13:
1:
2379:1554 establishments in Africa
1499:
1403:
874:. Geonames.de. Archived from
853:J.B. Lippincott. p. 1968
678:
2247:Principality of Transylvania
730:
536:Even before the takeover by
352:
48:
7:
383:of Eritrea that border the
365:Eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh
363:. It was also known as the
10:
2400:
1093:Charles le Qusene (2007).
1057:Okbazghi Yohannes (1991).
498:Move of the seat to Jeddah
421:Ottoman conquest of Habesh
418:
409:
2359:Ottoman period in Eritrea
2285:
2252:Principality of Wallachia
2186:
2182:
2168:
2134:
2113:
2073:
2011:
1922:
1906:
1902:
1883:
1834:
1813:
1763:
1652:
1561:
1518:
1514:
1493:
1203:Sir James Porter (1854).
990:. ABC-CLIO. p. 295.
460:, who had been appointed
305:
187:
183:
179:
175:
165:
155:
151:
143:
139:
129:
121:
107:
96:
80:
66:
55:
32:
2267:Principality of Bulgaria
2216:Principality of Moldavia
1439:Miran, Jonathan (2007).
984:Fred M. Shelley (2013).
797:
766:Despite the promises of
591:Administrative divisions
551:successfully fought the
371:was its chief town, and
2257:Principality of Romania
1445:Eritrean Studies Review
1411:Ăzbaran, Salih (1994),
1284:. Bertrand. p. 148
1241:. H. Colburn. pp.
1170:Kenneth R Hall (2008).
1024:Siegbert Uhlig (2005).
847:Thomas Baldwin (1856).
598:Sanjaks of the Eyalet:
506:under the authority of
391:and their hinterlands.
2262:Principality of Serbia
721:
639:Sanjaks in the 1860s:
167:âą Disestablished
2318:Principality of Samos
1278:A. Viquesnel (1868).
759:) was also rich with
713:
583:, with a governor in
568:Egyptian vice-kingdom
527:John Lewis Burckhardt
508:Beylerbeylik of Egypt
2277:Septinsular Republic
1536:Muhammad Ali dynasty
972:"History of Arabia."
878:on 28 September 2013
715:The Shah of Hormuz,
1372:, pp. 108â109.
157:âą Established
2298:Khedivate of Egypt
2272:Kingdom of Imereti
2226:Republic of Ragusa
2221:Sharifate of Mecca
757:Dahlak Archipelago
285:Emirate of Diriyah
243:Khedivate of Egypt
61:the Ottoman Empire
2334:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2231:Serbian Despotate
2194:Cossack Hetmanate
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1238:Travels in Arabia
1183:978-0-7391-2835-0
1106:978-977-416-009-7
1037:978-3-447-05238-2
997:978-1-61069-106-2
913:978-1-84097-070-8
827:978-1-85743-116-2
743:According to Dom
676:
675:
553:OttomanâSaudi War
456:were occupied by
446:Arabian Peninsula
350:
323:
322:
301:
300:
297:
296:
235:
234:
16:(Redirected from
2391:
2303:Kurdish emirates
2211:Khanate of Kazan
2184:
2183:
2170:
2169:
1904:
1903:
1885:
1884:
1516:
1515:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1480:
1473:
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1457:
1456:
1452:
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1416:
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1337:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1269:
1268:, p. 61-62.
1263:
1254:
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1004:
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963:
957:
951:
950:
948:
947:
934:
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927:
921:
920:
903:Islam: 1916-1917
897:
888:
887:
885:
883:
868:
862:
861:
859:
858:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
811:
595:
594:
381:Northeast Africa
373:Habesh and Hejaz
355:
345:
343:
335:
293:
292:
279:
278:
265:
264:
251:
250:
239:
238:
230:Ethiopian Empire
226:
225:
216:Mamluk Sultanate
212:
211:
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204:
189:
188:
101:
87:
51:
45:
44:
39:
30:
29:
21:
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2392:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2322:
2313:Eastern Rumelia
2281:
2242:Duchy of Syrmia
2206:Crimean Khanate
2199:Ottoman Ukraine
2178:
2156:
2130:
2109:
2069:
2007:
1987:Mamuret-ul-Aziz
1918:
1898:
1871:
1830:
1809:
1759:
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1557:
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1502:
1489:
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1435:
1433:Further reading
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982:
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974:Britannica.com.
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828:
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800:
745:Andre de Oviedo
733:
681:
644:Eyalet of Yemen
593:
531:Sharif of Mecca
500:
423:
417:
412:
338:Ottoman Turkish
316:
312:
290:
276:
262:
248:
223:
209:
168:
158:
132:
102:
92:
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88:
76:
46:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2371:
2366:
2364:Ottoman Arabia
2361:
2356:
2351:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2308:Mamluk of Iraq
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2287:
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2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
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2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2177:and autonomies
2166:
2165:
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2161:
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2149:
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2030:Constantinople
2027:
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2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
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2000:
1994:
1989:
1984:
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1974:
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1964:
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1956:Constantinople
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1900:
1899:
1895:mutasarrıfates
1881:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1846:Mamluk of Iraq
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:, p. 196.
1386:
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 192.
1350:
1338:
1321:
1319:, p. 108.
1306:
1304:, p. 191.
1294:
1270:
1255:
1222:
1195:
1182:
1162:
1145:
1133:
1131:, p. 195.
1118:
1105:
1082:
1069:
1049:
1036:
1009:
996:
976:
964:
962:, p. 194.
952:
929:
912:
889:
863:
839:
826:
802:
801:
799:
796:
772:Constantinople
732:
729:
680:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
665:
659:
653:
647:
637:
636:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
592:
589:
499:
496:
492:Habesh Eyaleti
488:Cengiz Orhonlu
475:. A sanjak of
416:
413:
411:
408:
353:EyÄlet-i កabeĆ
321:
320:
307:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
287:
281:
280:
273:
267:
266:
259:
253:
252:
245:
236:
233:
232:
227:
219:
218:
213:
201:
200:
195:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
119:
118:
109:
105:
104:
94:
93:
90:
82:
81:
78:
77:
75:
74:
71:
67:
64:
63:
53:
52:
49:EyÄlet-i កabeĆ
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2396:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2337:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
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2301:
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2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2091:Mount Lebanon
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1868:
1865:
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1860:
1858:
1855:
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1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1822:
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1818:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:Mount Lebanon
1796:
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1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
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1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
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1590:
1587:
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1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
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1566:
1564:
1560:
1554:
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1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1395:
1390:
1384:, p. 35.
1383:
1378:
1371:
1366:
1359:
1354:
1348:, p. 96.
1347:
1342:
1336:, p. 95.
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1199:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1160:, p. 61.
1159:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1143:, p. 60.
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1072:
1070:0-8130-1044-6
1066:
1062:
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1053:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
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993:
989:
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973:
968:
961:
956:
941:
940:
933:
926:
915:
909:
905:
904:
896:
894:
877:
873:
867:
852:
851:
843:
829:
823:
819:
818:
810:
808:
803:
795:
791:
789:
785:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
728:
726:
720:
718:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
690:
686:
685:Bab-el-Mandeb
670:
666:
664:
660:
658:
654:
652:
648:
645:
641:
640:
638:
634:
630:
628:
624:
622:
618:
616:
612:
610:
606:
604:
600:
599:
597:
596:
588:
586:
582:
581:Hejaz Vilayet
578:
577:mutasarrıflık
574:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
495:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
458:Ăzdemir Pasha
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
436:
432:
428:
427:Ottoman Turks
425:In 1517, the
422:
415:Establishment
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:
354:
348:
339:
331:
327:
326:Habesh Eyalet
319:
315:
311:
308:
306:Today part of
304:
288:
286:
283:
282:
274:
272:
271:Hejaz Vilayet
269:
268:
260:
258:
255:
254:
246:
244:
241:
240:
237:
231:
228:
221:
220:
217:
214:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
164:
160:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
100:
95:
86:
79:
72:
69:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
35:
31:
19:
18:Jeddah Eyalet
2336:
2293:Cretan State
1972:HĂŒdavendigĂąr
1914:Tripolitania
1609:HĂŒdavendigĂąr
1548:Tripolitania
1542:
1448:
1444:
1422:
1415:, Isis Press
1412:
1394:Ăzbaran 1994
1389:
1382:Ăzbaran 1994
1377:
1370:Ăzbaran 1994
1365:
1358:Ăzbaran 1994
1353:
1346:Ăzbaran 1994
1341:
1334:Ăzbaran 1994
1317:Ăzbaran 1994
1302:Ăzbaran 1994
1297:
1286:. Retrieved
1280:
1273:
1247:. Retrieved
1237:
1214:. Retrieved
1205:
1198:
1187:. Retrieved
1172:
1165:
1136:
1129:Ăzbaran 1994
1110:. Retrieved
1095:
1074:. Retrieved
1059:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1026:
1001:. Retrieved
986:
979:
967:
960:Ăzbaran 1994
955:
944:. Retrieved
938:
932:
923:
917:. Retrieved
902:
880:. Retrieved
876:the original
866:
855:. Retrieved
849:
842:
831:. Retrieved
816:
792:
780:
775:
765:
742:
734:
722:
714:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
682:
573:HurĆid Pasha
565:
549:Muhammad Ali
546:
535:
524:
520:
512:beylerbeylik
501:
491:
485:
481:Funj kingdom
470:
439:
424:
393:
372:
364:
334:Ű„ÙۧÙŰ© ۧÙŰۚێ۩
325:
324:
310:Saudi Arabia
257:Egypt Eyalet
198:Succeeded by
197:
192:
38:Ű„ÙۧÙŰ© ۧÙŰۚێ۩
2238:(1672â1676)
2135:Mesopotamia
1946:Archipelago
1889:1867â1922 (
1835:Mesopotamia
1690:Herzegovina
1665:Archipelago
1503: 1365
882:25 February
768:Selman Reis
753:Selman Reis
717:Sharafaldin
193:Preceded by
131:âą 1856
2343:Categories
2286:Autonomies
2019:Adrianople
1962:Diyarbekir
1958:(Istanbul)
1660:Adrianople
1594:Diyarbekir
1404:References
1288:2013-06-01
1266:Numan 2005
1249:2013-06-02
1216:2013-06-01
1189:2013-06-01
1158:Numan 2005
1141:Numan 2005
1112:2013-06-10
1076:2013-07-23
1043:2013-06-01
1003:2013-06-10
946:2013-06-01
919:2013-06-01
857:2013-06-01
833:2013-06-01
776:beylerbeyi
679:Importance
667:Sanjak of
661:Sanjak of
655:Sanjak of
649:Sanjak of
631:Sanjak of
625:Sanjak of
619:Sanjak of
613:Sanjak of
607:Sanjak of
601:Sanjak of
419:See also:
2103:Jerusalem
1999:(Trabzon)
1997:Trebizond
1977:Kastamonu
1867:Shahrizor
1786:Jerusalem
1639:Trebizond
1629:Kurdistan
1624:Kastamonu
731:Resources
525:In 1829,
462:beylerbey
356:) was an
347:romanized
342:ۧÛۧÙŰȘ Űۚێ
73:1813â1872
70:1554â1802
43:ۧÛۧÙŰȘ Űۚێ
2060:Salonica
2055:Manastir
2021:(Edirne)
1942:(Ankara)
1923:Anatolia
1891:vilayets
1781:Damascus
1735:TemeĆvar
1730:Silistra
1725:Salonica
1599:Dulkadir
1579:Anatolia
1562:Anatolia
1505:â 1867 (
1451:: 33â88.
444:and the
2187:Vassals
2175:Vassals
2142:Baghdad
2065:Scutari
1967:Erzurum
1842:Baghdad
1805:Tripoli
1720:Rumelia
1715:Podolia
1614:Karaman
1604:Erzurum
1589:Childir
1526:Algiers
1507:eyalets
784:iltizam
621:Massawa
615:Hargigo
609:Sawakin
538:Wahhabi
473:Eritrea
454:Massawa
431:Selim I
410:History
400:Bahrain
385:Red Sea
358:Ottoman
349::
318:Eritrea
144:History
112:Sawakin
108:Capital
2114:Arabia
2086:Beirut
2081:Aleppo
2074:Levant
2050:Kosovo
2045:Janina
2040:Danube
2025:Bosnia
2012:Europe
1951:Bitlis
1940:Angora
1907:Africa
1814:Arabia
1776:Cyprus
1771:Aleppo
1764:Levant
1755:Yanina
1750:Widdin
1695:Kanije
1670:Bosnia
1653:Europe
1584:Ankara
1543:Habesh
1519:Africa
1180:
1103:
1067:
1034:
994:
910:
824:
788:Beylul
761:pearls
725:Dahlak
709:hajjis
669:Medina
663:Jeddah
633:Jeddah
561:firman
516:vizier
504:sanjak
466:Jeddah
450:Suakin
402:, and
389:Suakin
369:Jeddah
361:eyalet
330:Arabic
147:
125:
116:Jeddah
57:Eyalet
34:Arabic
2152:Basra
2147:Mosul
2126:Yemen
2121:Hejaz
2098:Syria
2035:Crete
1992:Sivas
1982:Konya
1935:Aidin
1930:Adana
1862:Rakka
1857:Basra
1852:Mosul
1826:Lahsa
1821:Yemen
1793:Sidon
1745:Varat
1740:Uyvar
1705:Morea
1680:Crete
1675:Budin
1574:Aidin
1569:Adana
1553:Tunis
1531:Egypt
798:Notes
689:Zeila
657:Mecca
627:Zayla
603:Ibrim
585:Mecca
559:by a
547:When
477:Ibrim
442:Sudan
435:Mecca
404:Lahsa
396:Yemen
377:Hejaz
367:, as
314:Sudan
1893:and
1700:Kefe
1685:Egir
1619:Kars
1178:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1032:ISBN
992:ISBN
908:ISBN
884:2013
822:ISBN
749:iron
738:Nile
705:hajj
701:hajj
697:hajj
651:Najd
557:wali
542:wali
452:and
379:and
171:1872
161:1554
122:Area
91:Flag
2003:Van
1710:NiĆĄ
1644:Van
1634:Rum
1245:â88
1211:104
59:of
2345::
1500:c.
1447:.
1443:.
1324:^
1309:^
1258:^
1243:87
1225:^
1148:^
1121:^
1085:^
1012:^
922:.
892:^
806:^
587:.
398:,
344:,
340::
336:;
332::
114:,
36::
1897:)
1848:)
1844:(
1509:)
1479:e
1472:t
1465:v
1449:5
1291:.
1252:.
1219:.
1192:.
1115:.
1079:.
1046:.
1006:.
949:.
886:.
860:.
836:.
646:)
328:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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