535:
into his affinity, nor to maintain them. He was summoned before the King and his council. Mowbray was instructed in how to conduct himself henceforth, and a precise regimen was imposed upon him. Exactly which aspects of
Mowbray's behaviour were viewed as problematic is unknown, but since it resulted in unprecedented council-imposed restrictions upon him, his conduct must have been viewed as "abnormal". The ordinances not only dictated the time he should go to bed at night and rise in the morning, but the conditions addressed his demeanour also. His unruly followers were dismissed and replaced with those deemed suitable by Henry VI. Their stated role was to turn Mowbray towards "good reule and good governaunce," and they were not just to guide Mowbray but to report any disobedience of the council's instructions back to that body.
615:
563:
72:
780:
1467:
559:, a situation which repeated itself on the elder Mowbray's death in 1432, leaving Constance and Katherine as the two dowagers. Constance died in 1437, but Mowbray's mother survived until around 1483. Because of this, the historian Rowena Archer—who made one of the few full-length studies of the Mowbray family—described Mowbray as inheriting a "hopeless" and "onerous" legacy. It also had political consequences for the future. As he never held much property in the counties where his inheritance was (only holding, for example, seven of the twenty-six manors held by the Mowbrays in Norfolk and Suffolk), his influence was thus restricted there.
1231:
6067:
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1068:
1375:
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1601:(1662). If this is the case then the "Duke of Norfolk" referred to in the play would be Mowbray. According to J. M. Bromley, the play evokes "the similarities between poaching and treason", and the anonymous author deliberately links this Duke of Norfolk to both. Rudolph Fiehler noted how Blague's service to the duke was very much based upon the unsavoury characteristics of "cowardice, poaching and thievery". It has further been suggested that his comic catchphrase was deliberately intended to invoke
6590:
394:, who by the 1450s felt excluded from government, grew belligerent. He rebelled twice, and both times Mowbray defended King Henry. Eventually, Mowbray drifted towards York, with whom he shared enmity towards de la Pole. For much of the decade, Mowbray was able to evade direct involvement in the fractious political climate, and aligned with York early in 1460 until York's death later that year. In March 1461, Mowbray was instrumental in
6078:
6051:
348:, alongside whom Mowbray would later campaign in France. He seems to have had an unruly and rebellious youth. Although the details of his misconduct are unknown, they were severe enough for the King to place strictures upon him and separate him from his followers. Mowbray's early career was spent in the military, where he held the wartime office of Earl Marshal. Later he led the defence of England's possessions in
697:
with others. By the time of his majority, de la Pole—with his links to central government and the King—was an established power in the region. He hindered
Mowbray's attempts at regional domination for over a decade, leading to a feud that stretched from the moment Mowbray became Duke of Norfolk to the murder of de la Pole in 1450. The feud was often violent, and led to fighting between their followers. In 1435,
1647:, the marshalcy was one of the two great military officers of the medieval English crown, and has also been described as being of the "utmost importance in matters of ceremony and frequently involved questions of precedence", as well as being responsible for the marshalling of parliament. Archer notes, however, that "specific instances of the earl undertaking tasks arising from his office are extremely rare".
1536:. He appears in act I, scene I, and act II, scene II as a supporter of the Duke of York; the first time just after the Battle of St Albans, and is portrayed "conspicuously associated with opposition." This is ahistorical, as Mowbray was still loyal to King Henry at this point. His second appearance in the play is at the Battle of Towton. The play has been adapted for the screen several times. In the 1960
932:. It was this lack of political connections (specifically, his exclusion from the King's council) that led to his defeat against de la Pole. Mowbray was unsuccessful in influencing local commissions and in nominating parliamentary candidates for shire elections. In any case, the county of Norfolk already possessed a strong and relatively independent layer of wealthy gentry, including the Pastons, the
799:. This found against Mowbray, who had to pay Wingfield 3,500 marks as compensation for the damage the duke caused to Letheringham. He also had to recompense Wingfield for Hoo before he could get it back. It was presumably as part of these proceedings that Mowbray suffered his second bout of imprisonment in the Tower, which commenced on 28 August 1444; he was released six days later.
1117:, on hearing that Wentworth "cast it down and fled" the battlefield. Whatever part, if any, Mowbray played in the fighting, by now contemporaries viewed him as being sympathetic to York. It is likely that Mowbray was deliberately vacillating. He did not attend York's victory parliament in 1455, and might have gone on pilgrimage: he is known to have walked to
1791:, author of the most recent study of Calais as it stood in the fifteenth century, "As the last foothold of English kings on the continental mainland, Calais became the focus of the crown's military and diplomatic efforts to assert its pretensions to the French throne," and that, "despite its importance in the English wool export trade, Calais was
1839:.... Bastard feudal lords were expected to support their retainers in their just causes" and that this could mean that "the lord backed his man in all his quarrels, just or not, took his side, if necessarily backed him by force and/or in the courts, and was ultimately drawn into conflict with his opponent's lord".
1786:
Calais had been an
English possession since 1347. Although economically and industrially it was little different to other towns on the north-French coast, for the English its greatest advantage lay in its location as the nearest good harbour to England. Even before 1347 Edward III had spent much time
1656:
William de la Pole entered East
Anglian political society in 1431, after fifteen years of campaign in France. His increasing power in East Anglia, which so often thwarted Mowbray's ambitions, was not confined to regional politics. Under a weak King such as Henry VI, de la Pole "virtually governed the
1386:
played an important role in coronations. Like his predecessors, as Earl
Marshal Mowbray officiated the coronation of Edward IV on 28 June 1461. Within two months he received several lucrative offices. Public order was a problem from the beginning of the King's reign, and East Anglia was no exception.
1503:
Ralph
Griffiths has suggested that when Archbishop John Kemp died in 1453, it may have been in part because of the bullying and threats he had been subjected to, most "notably by Norfolk himself". One modern historian has attributed much of Suffolk's success in the region, which antagonised Mowbray,
1195:
The King and Queen still had the support of much of the nobility and withdrew to the north to commence a campaign of ravaging York and the
Nevilles' estates. This forced York, Salisbury and Rutland, to move north on 9 December to suppress the Lancastrians. Mowbray remained in London with Salisbury's
815:
jury to examine the murder, but the case stalled. Scrope petitioned the King on the basis that
Mowbray's proceedings were "inaccurate and inherently malicious," and as a result, the King ordered that proceedings against Scrope's men cease. At least five of the thirteen jurors were Mowbray retainers.
696:
For
Mowbray, East Anglia as the focus of his landed authority was forced upon him since this was where the majority of his estates were located: much of his Lincolnshire inheritance was held by his mother as dower. He was then a newcomer to political society in the region, and had to share influence
731:
De la Pole fought back with what one contemporary labelled "greet hevyng an shoving." He was successful in doing so. Within a couple of years, Mowbray could not protect his retainers as he had previously done. A Paston letter tells how Robert
Wingfield, who was involved in a bitter dispute with one
1508:
described Mowbray as a "disreputable thug", while Richmond concludes that he was "cavalier with the rights of others to a safe life and a secure livelihood". Richmond writes that while "many medieval aristocrats were irresponsible men ... Mowbray's individuality lay in the thoroughness of his
1182:
York returned from exile in October 1460, and much to the frustration of his allies, made claim to the throne. Mowbray's reaction is uncertain as the chroniclers omit mention of him, but some historians note how Mowbray sided with them during the Yorkists' return from exile. The exact cause of his
954:
The King was urged "to take about his noble person his true blood of his royal realm, that is to say, the high and mighty prince the Duke of York, exiled from our sovereign lord's person by the noising of the false traitor the Duke of Suffolk and his affinity. Also to take about him his person the
605:
estates. Even his father—after he became duke of Norfolk and inherited his mother's East Anglian dower lands—was often an absentee lord. Mowbray's father was thus never able to establish a sizeable (or "particularly coherent") regional following there, and this was the situation Mowbray inherited.
534:
As a young adult, Mowbray appears to have been raucous and troublesome, and surrounded himself with equally unruly followers. This seems to have drawn the King's attention: Mowbray had only recently—with the other lords—sworn an oath in parliament not to recruit or welcome villains and wrong-doers
1084:
the following month. The Duke of York feared that the purpose of this council was to destroy him; several chroniclers of the day suggest that Somerset was poisoning the King's mind against York. The duke and his Neville allies proceeded to raise an army from their northern estates. The King and a
775:
described Mowbray's "methods of argument" as exceptionally belligerent. According to Storey the duke "brought a force of men, with cannon and other siege engines, battered Wingfield's house at Letheringham, forced an entry, ransacked the building and removed valuables amounting to nearly ÂŁ5,000."
948:
During the 1450s, English politics become increasingly partisan and factional, with intermittent rises in violence and local disorder. Jack Cade's rebellion in 1450—directly aimed at royal favourites like de la Pole—explicitly named Mowbray as one of the King's "natural counsellors" necessary to
1928:
In 1443, Somerset was promoted from earl to duke and received not only an annuity but precedence over Mowbray in the peerage. In fact, although Mowbray (according to Michael Hicks) "prided himself on being royal himself", two other royal dukes were also created in the 1440s, apart from Suffolk
1298:
Mowbray transferred command to Howard, knowing that time was of the essence for the Yorkists and while he was with them, his soldiers could only march as quickly as he could. If Mowbray was ill, then it is unlikely that he fought personally; Boardman observed that "a sick man would never have
1097:
were used during negotiations between the two camps. It is uncertain at what point Mowbray joined the battle, or if he even reached the King in time to take part. The fighting lasted only a short time, and though there were very few fatalities among the soldiery, Henry Percy, the 2nd Earl of
1033:
when Mowbray was with the King. For his service, he received ÂŁ200 and a gold cup. York may have abandoned the alliance because of his objection to Mowbray's violent behaviour in East Anglia at a time when York was presenting himself as a candidate of law and order. Mowbray's campaign against
1250:
the throne. The following day—indicating the urgency for resolution felt by the Yorkists by this stage—Mowbray was sent to East Anglia to "prepare for the war on the party of King Edward". The Lancastrian army had returned to the north where, on 29 March 1461, York and Lancaster met at the
1992:, omits the last years of the reign. Beadle suggests that, for the Norfolk composer of the verses, "one reason for his not wanting to remember them might be the uncertain allegiance of the Duke of Norfolk, who had at various times supported and distanced himself from the Yorkist cause."
752:, Mowbray's influence "proved woefully inadequate" to protect and defend his retainers and tenants to the degree they could reasonably expect from their lord. It was his supporters' misfortune, one historian has said, that "Norfolk's power never matched the status attributed to him".
701:, Mowbray's steward of Framlingham, led a group of Mowbray retainers who murdered James Andrew, one of de la Pole's men. When local aldermen attempted to arrest Wingfield's party, the latter rained arrow fire upon the aldermen, but Mowbray secured royal pardons for those responsible.
1079:
Following the collapse of the 1454–55 protectorate, the Yorkist lords retreated to their estates, and Mowbray distanced himself from factional politics. An uneasy peace existed between the court and the Yorkists until April 1455, when the King summoned a Great Council to meet at
692:
in Suffolk, but the local importance of the duke weakened his grasp. Mowbray clashed with de la Pole, and committed many illegalities doing so. These included damaging property of rivals, assaults, false allegations of outlawry (with confiscation of goods), and even murder.
1302:
Mowbray arrived late but at a crucial point of the battle. His prolonged absence after a day's bitter fighting must have been a worry for the Yorkists, especially as they may have thought him up to a day's march away. Mowbray's absence presented an acute problem for them;
992:
to meet him there "with as many clenly people as ye may get"), and may have travelled into London with York, who had also recruited locally. Thus, when he arrived for the parliament it was with a large, heavily armed force. Mowbray was appointed, with the Duke of York and
1776:
says of the second Duke of Norfolk, he "spent a considerable proportion of the years between 1415 and 1425 serving in France, but that on his periodic returns to England, he seems to have visited East Anglia relatively rarely, dividing his time instead between London and
988:. York canvassed Mowbray for support, as he was one of the few nobles openly critical of the court. For the former, this was a logical alliance as Mowbray was as bitter an enemy of Somerset as York was. Mowbray gathered his forces at Ipswich on 8 November (having ordered
802:
In June 1446 Henry Howard, one of Mowbray's father's retainer, was murdered. He was visiting his sister-in-law (and Mowbray's aunt), Margaret Mowbray, at the time, as her house was only five miles (8.0 km) away. Howard's killers appear to have been retainers of
724:), he received no other significant offices or patronage from the crown. A recent biographer of Mowbray's, the historian Colin Richmond, has described this as Mowbray's "eclipse". Richmond suggests that soon after his last imprisonment in 1449, Mowbray undertook a
1422:. His mother, Katherine Duchess of Norfolk lived until 1483. She had already taken two more husbands during Mowbray's lifetime, and, after Mowbray's death, took a fourth husband, the much younger John Woodville, a younger brother of Queen Elizabeth Woodville.
1187:
puts it down almost solely to Mowbray's failure to improve his position in Norfolk under Henry, while Castor points to the October 1460 Yorkist parliament being the turning point for Mowbray: possibly he believed that the attempted settlement contained in the
732:
Robert Lyston, "procured and exited the wurthi prince the Duke of Norffolk to putte oute ageyn the seid Robert Lyston" from the latter's Suffolk manors. Lyston, with de la Pole's support, repeatedly sued Wingfield until in 1441 Wingfield was imprisoned in the
1299:
survived such a strength-sapping ordeal, especially a noble in armour-plate." If his contingent was tasked with bringing up Yorkist artillery, which would have further slowed them down and they may have abandoned armoury en route to increase their speed.
860:
By the early 1450s, Mowbray believed that East Anglia was his to rule, and described himself as the "princypall rewle and governance throw all this schir" (i.e. that his was the "principal rule and governance through all this shire"). In the late 1440s,
1581:, Mowbray does not appear as a character on stage, but the comical figure Blague repeatedly claims that: "I serve the good Duke of Norfolk." Exactly what period the play is set is the subject debate among scholars. Suggestions range from the reign of
383:. His enemies, particularly de la Pole, also resorted to violent tactics. As a result, the local gentry looked to Mowbray for leadership, but often in vain; de la Pole was a powerful local force and a favourite of the King, while Mowbray was neither.
1183:
change of loyalty is unknown. Colin Richmond argues that the Lancastrian defeat at Northampton in June 1460 was fundamental, and Mowbray lost friends and colleagues. It is possible that King Henry's capture there encouraged him to desert the King.
919:
to release a man charged with murder into Mowbray's custody. According to the gaoler's later report, he had done so but only out of "fear and terror" of the Duke of Norfolk. Mowbray spent much of the early 1450s hunting down de la Pole's affinity.
495:
For the good rewle and governaunce of my lord of Northfolk beyng in the Kynges ward, it semeth expedient that he as wele as tho that shall be a boute hys person kepe and observe as hit towcheth hem severally the rewle comprised in tharticles undir
1171:. The Nevilles returned to England in June 1460. They were admitted into London, where they could plan an assault on the King's army, then based in Northampton. On 10 July the Yorkist army under Warwick and March defeated the royalist army at the
641:. The expedition, in which Mowbray provided a contingent, was "one of the largest English armies assembled during the fifteenth century." The campaign was a success, and Burgundy was forced to withdraw. On 13 September that year, Mowbray received
1332:
And about four o'clock at night the two battles joined and fought all night till on the morrow in the afternoon. About noon the aforesaid John, Duke of Norfolk, with a fresh band of good men of war came to the aid of the newly elected King
923:
The removal of de la Pole did not advance Mowbray's power in East Anglia. He still had rivals in the region with wealth and court connections. The Earl of Oxford in particular wished to extend his landholdings from Essex into Suffolk, while
1401:
in the first year of the reign. This was despite the support of the King, and the backing of John Howard in the shires. Howard was by now one of Mowbray's senior retainers—described as Mowbray's "right well-beloved cousin and servant"—and
794:
of 500 marks for the head of a Mowbray retainer. In November 1443, Mowbray was bound over for ÂŁ2,000 to keep the peace with Wingfield and instructed to appear before the royal council the following April. The council ordered them to seek
6584:
Briefly joined the Lancastrians. Briefly joined the Yorkists. Defected from the Yorkist to the Lancastrian cause. Initially a Yorkist who later supported the Tudor claim. Initially a Lancastrian who later supported the Tudor claim.
1290:
troops; the army recently raised to fight at St Alban's had been dispersed and this would require re-mustering. It is likely that—since he died only a few months later—Mowbray was too ill to keep up with the main Yorkist force.
1042:, attacking his failure to prevent the loss of the "two so noble Duchies of Normandy and Guyenne" in France. Somerset was imprisoned in the Tower for the next year. In April 1454, Mowbray was asked to join the York's regency
1763:
Since the next parliament was in October 1435. Rowena Archer considers this "proof that at a critical moment there was no substitute for the personal, determined stance of an adult lord" when it came to defending a family's
997:, to maintain law and order in the City of London for the duration of the parliament, though his retinue caused as much trouble as it prevented. On 1 December, they joined with York's force and attacked Somerset's house in
594:(receiving special permission to attend as a minor). Mowbray—"in a rather remarkable decision," says Archer—lost the case. Maltravers, though, died in May 1435 and so was never summoned to parliament under his new title.
857:), and started breaking into Mowbray's retainers' houses in the area. Mowbray requested that a commission of oyer and terminer be organised to investigate Wingfield and Brandon, which was issued in late December 1447.
1712:
The legal concept of dower had existed since the late twelfth century as a means of protecting a woman from being left landless if her husband died first. He would, when they married, assign certain estates to her—a
1821:
John Fastolf's adversaries were always in the affinity of the Duke of Suffolk, and Fastolf spent a lot of time and more money on prosecuting them; likewise, Mowbray was "the lord to whom Fastolf usually turned" for
1005:. Two days later the King and his magnates rode through London with up to 10,000 men; Mowbray rode ahead with a force of 3,000. The display was carefully designed to quell any remnants of support for Cade's rebels.
1010:
Certayn notable knyghtis and squyers of this countee theer to have comonyngs with your good Lordshep (the earl of Oxford) for the sad rule and governaunce of this counte, (Norfolk) wych standyth ryght indisposed.
1513:
believes that honour was clearly important to Mowbray, as his pursuit of Somerset (for that duke's abject performance in France) shows. Likewise, as Earl Marshal, he must have possessed a firm understanding of
877:, according to Richmond, committed "one outrage after another the duke was either unable to control them, or chose not to do so". Mowbray used any means to defeat his opponents, including charging them with
2029:
considers it "impossible" that Edward would not have gathered artillery while in London, however, subsequent archaeological excavation has not uncovered any sign at all of their presence on the battlefield.
5732:
890:... after the dethe of Henri Howard the sessions of pees were at Gippeswiche the Saturday next after Trinity Sunday last passed there being oure right trusty and right welbeloved cousin the Duc of Norff
869:, which had broken out the previous year. The region continued to experience disorder, and Mowbray's men were responsible for much of it. The unrest included the destruction of properties belonging to
708:
for the significant amount of ÂŁ10,000, and confined to living within the royal Household, preventing him from returning to seek revenge in East Anglia. Likewise, apart from an appointment to
759:, who was close to de la Pole. Mowbray was bound over on 2 July 1440 for the "enormous" sum of 10,000 marks, had to reside in the King's household, while swearing no further harm to Heydon.
660:
in 1438, leading an expedition to strengthen their defences as Burgundy still presented a threat. Although he shortly after returned to England, in June 1439 he was again back in Calais, at
1915:
York felt increasingly isolated from court, even though he was the King's closest blood relation, and was, at the time, the royal heir. However, Suffolk's fall merely led to the rise of
1741:. Edmund died in 1408; his wife then became the fourth dowager on the inheritance, and, there being no male heirs, it was broken up and divided amongst them and Edmund's five sisters.
505:
For the benefit of the Duke of Norfolk as the King's ward, it is expedient that he and those with him obey the rules written below as far as he and his followers are affected by them
1808:
From the fourteenth century, concerned at "the potential loss of resources, in terms of men, valuables, currency and horses", the English governments tried to control pilgrimage, ("
4668:
The Chronicles of the White Rose of York: A Series of Historical Fragments, Proclamations, Letters, and Other Contemporary Documents Relating to the Reign of King Edward the Fourth
865:, another enemy of de la Pole, sought Mowbray's "good Lordship". In 1451 Mowbray and de Vere collaborated in the county of Suffolk while investigating suspected participants in
1311:
had almost certainly set in on both sides by the time Mowbray's troops arrived on the eastern edge of the battlefield. A contemporary chronicler described the situation thus
1212:, marched north to intercept the approaching Lancastrians. Mowbray brought King Henry with them. The armies clashed on 17 February 1461 outside St Albans, where the Yorkists
1442:. The couple appears to have shared a close bond: while travelling in 1451, Mowbray supposedly dispensed with his retinue to enjoy, according to Colin Richmond, "a private
1255:. It was to be one of the longest and bloodiest battles fought on British soil, and "fought in bitter Yorkshire weather and no less bitter spirit", according to historian
721:
555:, the elder Mowbray's mother Elizabeth Fitzalan (until her death in 1425), and his sister-in-law, Constance Holland. They each held a third of the inheritance as their
1721:
of. By the fifteenth century, the widow was deemed entitled to her dower. The situation the Mowbray heirs experienced was not uncommon in the late middle ages. The
1208:
on 30 December. York, Rutland and Salisbury, died in or soon after the battle. The Queen's army made its way south towards London. Mowbray, Warwick and his brother
755:
Mowbray's personal and political situation did not improve over the following decade. Between 1440 and 1441 he was imprisoned in the Tower following a dispute with
5456:
Ross, J. A. (2011). "'Mischieviously Slewen": John, Lord Scrope, the Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, and the Murder of Henry Howard in 1446". In Kleineke, H. (ed.).
1391:
1316:
So did The White Lion full worthily he wrought, Almighty Jesus bless his soul, that their armies taught. Blessed be the time, that God ever spread that flower!
1307:
describes them, by four o'clock in the afternoon, as doomed without him. There must have been much messaging between Edward and Mowbray throughout the day, but
894:... at the wyche tyme the said Duc as it is said seing that he might not doo endite the said lord Scrop nor noone of his maynee for the dethe of the said Howard
1362:, turning them left. His arrival both reinvigorated the Yorkist army and crushed Lancastrian morale with his surprise attack and led rapidly to a Lancastrian
1216:. Mowbray and Warwick abandoned the King to his wife and her supporters, and retreated to London before the victorious Lancastrian army could reach the city.
1049:
The King recovered his health early in 1455 and the protectorate came to an end. Somerset was released from the Tower and as a result, according to historian
4260:
402:, bringing reinforcements late in the combat. He was rewarded by the new regime but did not live to enjoy it. He died in November 1461, and was succeeded as
2017:
notes that this was in spite of his family relationship with York. His cousins also attended the Coventry parliament and likewise took the oath to Henry VI.
1984:
This may have been recognised by Mowbray's contemporaries, particularly those from his own area. Some fifteenth-century political verses in the archives of
5738:
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become increasingly powerful, both at court and in the region, and was Mowbray's biggest rival. Mowbray had enough political clout in the 1430s to control
17:
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were killed. They were not only three of the King's most loyal supporters, but Percy and Somerset at least were bitter enemies of the Nevilles and York.
487:
243:
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2038:
The Howard family at this time has been described by one modern historian as "one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England", and
1703:
with his own chaplain, then attend morning mass. A similar pattern was to be repeated in the evening, with prayers to the Virgin before a 10 pm curfew.
1156:, and on 11 December 1459 Mowbray took an oath of loyalty to keep Henry VI on the throne. He received several royal commissions in the final months of
786:, still remarkably preserved in 2008, was Mowbray's East Anglian headquarters, from where he directed many of the attacks on his rivals and opponents.
6295:
689:
1504:
to Mowbray's "crass incompetence" and that he was "ineffectual" in assisting those who expected to rely on the protection of a lord of his stature.
375:. Mowbray prosecuted his feuds with vigour, often taking the law into his own hands. This often violent approach drew the disapproving attention of
1989:
1788:
1387:
Mobs rampaged during that year's parliamentary elections. Norfolk may have encouraged this; he is certainly a candidate for ordering the murder of
704:
By 1440, de la Pole was a royal favourite. He instigated Mowbray's imprisonment on at least two occasions: in 1440 and in 1448. The first saw him
1691:
There was a religious focus to this regimen. Specific restrictions on Mowbray included having to rise between 6 am and 7 am each morning, attend
4281:
5370:
Rose, J. A. (2006). "Litigation and Political Conflict in Fifteenth-Century East Anglia: Conspiracy and Attaint Actions and Sir John Fastolf".
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Kenny, G. (2003). "The Power of Dower: The Importance of Dower in the Lives of Medieval Women in Ireland". In Meek, C.; Lawless, C. (eds.).
1619:
to "Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk", Mowbray's grandfather. Falstaff is commonly considered to be a fictional representation of either Sir
653:
for a one-year term. He had little experience of the north of England, yet was paid wartime wages of ÂŁ5,000 to campaign against the Scots.
1971:. The alliance had begun sometime in the early 1450s, and had been cemented during the protectorate when York had appointed Salisbury his
5946:
4219:
Archer, R. E. (1995). "Parliamentary Restoration: John Mowbray and the Dukedom of Norfolk in 1425". In Archer, R. E.; Walker, S. (eds.).
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1988:, composed between the Battle of Towton and November 1461, describe the period of Henry VI's reign up until the 1450s, but according to
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Richmond, C. (2005). "East Anglian Politics and Society in the Fifteenth Century: Reflections, 1956–2003". In Harper-Bill, C. (ed.).
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country". According to Roger Virgo, Mowbray was "forced into a position of inferiority, even humiliation" by de la Pole's dominance.
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2042:(John Howard's father) had married Mowbray's aunt, Margaret some years before. Robert had long been a member of Mowbray's father's
1873:
98:
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had been lost to the Turks in the thirteenth century, and by the fifteenth was considered an "unusual activity" for English lords.
822:
The arbitration did not resolve their feud, and in 1447 Wingfield returned to the attack. Along with another ex-Mowbray retainer,
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and March. York and Salisbury's expedition ended in disaster. Choosing to engage a Lancastrian army outside the duke's castle at
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Bogner, G. (2006). "Alchemists, Pirates, and Pilgrims: Towards a Revised Model of English Knighthood in the Lancastrian Era".
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5720:
5701:
5661:
5642:
5564:
5545:
5484:
5465:
5446:
5427:
5408:
5360:
5341:
5299:
5280:
5261:
5242:
5223:
5204:
5156:
5137:
5118:
5099:
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5061:
4984:
4952:
4933:
4914:
4895:
4876:
4857:
4838:
4819:
4800:
4781:
4762:
4693:
4655:
4607:
4588:
4569:
4550:
4531:
4512:
4493:
4474:
4455:
4436:
4417:
4377:
4358:
4339:
4228:
4192:
1968:
1916:
1679:
1547:
1414:
Mowbray did not live long enough to benefit from the Yorkist victory. He died on 6 November 1461, aged 45, and was buried at
1209:
1197:
985:
423:
329:
291:
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of his inheritance, and immediately began a busy period devoted to royal service. In 1437, possibly because of Gloucester's
6624:
6350:
6345:
6300:
6116:
6111:
5916:
5899:
1934:
1451:
1419:
1278:, as such not part of the main army, and were intending to join with it later. He was still not with Warwick's and March's
826:, he assaulted, robbed and threatened Mowbray's staff. Mowbray—as Justice of the Peace for Suffolk—ordered him to keep the
419:
407:
325:
281:
259:
5555:
Smith, A. (1984). "Litigation and Politics: Sir John Fastolf's Defence of his English Property". In Pollard, A. J. (ed.).
4145:
1234:
Yorkist and Lancastrian positions at the Battle of Towton, showing the attack of Norfolk's force on the Lancastrian flank.
6405:
6310:
6226:
6216:
1455:
771:
manor. Wingfield had received Hoo from Mowbray's father, but Mowbray wanted it returned. The dispute fell into violence;
579:
571:
109:
6236:
6141:
5882:
1730:
1556:
1439:
816:
This may have been the only occasion on which Mowbray personally sat on a local King's Bench commission as the hearing
6360:
6201:
6196:
6146:
6136:
5810:
5793:
4729:
1447:
981:
956:
870:
862:
391:
367:
Mowbray's marriage to Eleanor Bourchier in the early 1430s drew him into the highly partisan and complex politics of
2055:
She outlived all her Mowbray descendants, and as a result, no Mowbray duke of Norfolk received his full inheritance.
1085:
small force left London on 20 May; the Yorkists approached from the north with a speed calculated to surprise. In a
853:) of Mowbray. This order too was ignored, and they stayed at Letheringham (only five miles from Mowbray's castle at
6305:
6285:
6126:
1930:
1856:'s father) married Mowbray's aunt, Margaret some years before. Robert had long been a member of Mowbray's father's
1853:
1734:
1726:
1466:
1271:
1039:
6571:
6131:
5939:
4704:
1725:
inheritance had been more or less the same for the previous eighty years, but when the last Holland Earl of Kent
1554:. In 1965 the BBC again adapted the history plays for television, this time based on the 1963 theatre production
1184:
873:. The Duke of Suffolk himself fell from power and was murdered in April 1450. In the following years, Mowbray's
614:
6659:
6531:
6231:
1644:
1431:
744:—in one of the latter's many lawsuits 1441, and was able to impose an advantageous settlement (for Fastolf) in
1848:
The Howard family were described as "one of the wealthiest and most prestigious gentry lines in England", and
1750:
The precise date of Katherine Neville's death is unknown, but she is known to have attended the coronation of
740:
to quash Wingfield's fines; but Mowbray's success was fleeting. Mowbray was more successful in his support of
672:. Possibly Mowbray disapproved of royal foreign policy, which was then aimed at making peace with the French.
547:, but not yet his father's lands or titles. Mowbray's father lacked full control of his estates, as they were
6505:
6425:
6330:
6256:
6121:
320:
who, despite having a relatively short political career, played a significant role in the early years of the
71:
6654:
6410:
6335:
1172:
562:
451:
345:
4183:
Archer, R. E. (1984a). "Rich Old Ladies: The Problem of Late Medieval Dowagers". In Pollard, A. J. (ed.).
566:
Mowbray's 1433 petition to parliament over the lordship of Arundel and the right to the earldom of Arundel
6546:
6465:
6206:
6151:
6106:
5837:
5827:
1577:
1347:
823:
650:
57:
5512:
5252:
Pollard, A. J. (2011). "The People and Parliament in Fifteenth-Century England". In Kleineke, H. (ed.).
4728:
Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005b).
4703:
Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005a).
1029:
Mowbray's alliance with York was intermittent. York again rebelled in 1452, confronting a royal army at
949:
reform the realm. Even so, Mowbray was part of a major royal army which eventually defeated the rebels.
570:
Immediately after his father's death, Mowbray made claim to the earldom of Arundel, setting him against
6593:
6430:
6325:
6166:
5932:
4152:
1700:
1213:
838:
357:
230:
202:
4261:"Chaucer [married names Phelip, Montagu, de la Pole], Alice, duchess of Suffolk(c. 1404–1475)"
1397:
Even though Mowbray supported the Yorkist regime, he met with strong opposition from the East Anglian
1144:. The Yorkists escaped into exile. Mowbray had taken neither side, but with the Yorkists exiled, when
6639:
6495:
6400:
6380:
6181:
1832:
1671:
1510:
1090:
1754:
in June 1483; Rowena Archer places her death as occurring at Epworth "in the late summer" that year.
1075:; both Mowbray and his arch-enemy Suffolk were imprisoned here at different stages of their careers.
438:. The younger Mowbray was born on 12 September 1415 while his father was in France campaigning with
6556:
6500:
6470:
5998:
5031:
Kaufman, A. L. (2004). "To Write: Sir Thomas Malory and his Cautionary Narrative of Legitimation".
2014:
1565:
1256:
1238:
The Lancastrian army marched on London, but were refused entry. On 3 March 1461 Mowbray attended a
1141:
866:
131:
120:
1179:
describes Mowbray as "more likely to have observed from a safe distance than participated" in it.
6664:
6634:
6629:
6450:
6340:
1480:
1458:. The son was seventeen when his father died in 1461, and inherited the estate four years later.
1164:
989:
756:
5458:
The Fifteenth Century X: Parliament, Personalities and Power. Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark
5254:
The Fifteenth Century X: Parliament, Personalities and Power. Papers Presented to Linda S. Clark
4963:
779:
470:
to the benefit of the crown, at a time when the government was in dire need of cash, due to the
6644:
6551:
6490:
6475:
6395:
6246:
6036:
2039:
1849:
1751:
1286:
in late March. There are different explanations for the delay. He may have faced difficulty in
1239:
630:
455:
4486:
The King, the Crown, and the Duchy of Lancaster: Public Authority and Private Power, 1399–1461
1906:, she married William de la Pole sometime between 1430 and 1432 as her third and last husband.
6510:
6435:
6390:
6066:
6010:
5966:
1528:
1434:, and Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Buckingham. Eleanor was the sister of his successor as
1137:
619:
591:
471:
361:
353:
148:
5235:
North-Eastern England during the Wars of the Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics 1450-1500
1627:—or possibly an amalgamation of the two—both of whom are variously associated with Mowbray.
940:. They were eager to augment their positions at the expense of a neighbour, even if a lord.
6619:
6614:
6541:
6485:
6046:
1247:
1145:
817:
395:
5496:
The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France and Lord of Ireland
1163:
The Nevilles and Earl of March spent their exile in Calais, while York and his other son,
1093:. Mowbray managed to avoid involvement in the fighting, even though, as Earl Marshal, his
8:
6420:
6091:
6006:
5692:
Virgoe, R. (1997). "Three Suffolk Parliamentary Elections of the mid-Fifteenth Century".
1582:
1572:
1533:
1243:
1205:
998:
874:
837:, but three hours later Brandon broke him out of prison. Mowbray successfully applied to
447:
341:
308:
43:
4666:
1946:
York held lands in over twenty English counties, mostly in the north of England and the
1733:(who died childless), in 1404, the estates had to support the dowers of Edmund's mother
6271:
6061:
6040:
6030:
6020:
5971:
5890:
5179:
2002:
1877:
1471:
1274:, his cousin and retainer. Mowbray's army may have constituted elements of the Yorkist
1157:
1086:
1050:
1046:, and although he swore loyalty to York's government, claimed to be too ill to attend.
1034:
Somerset, meanwhile, continued unabated. In 1453, with the King incapacitated and York
1002:
854:
807:; who may have actively abetted the killing. On 18 June 1446 Mowbray oversaw the
783:
737:
483:
439:
94:
790:
Wingfield deserted Mowbray in light of the continuing attacks over Hoo, and offered a
6460:
6445:
6415:
6086:
5955:
5768:
5716:
5713:
The Livery Collar in Late Medieval England and Wales: Politics, Identity and Affinity
5697:
5680:
5657:
5638:
5579:
5560:
5541:
5499:
5480:
5461:
5442:
5423:
5404:
5387:
5356:
5337:
5295:
5276:
5257:
5238:
5219:
5200:
5183:
5152:
5133:
5114:
5095:
5076:
5057:
5040:
4980:
4948:
4929:
4910:
4891:
4872:
4853:
4834:
4815:
4796:
4777:
4758:
4689:
4672:
4651:
4634:
4603:
4584:
4565:
4546:
4527:
4508:
4489:
4470:
4451:
4432:
4413:
4396:
4373:
4354:
4335:
4318:
4224:
4207:
4188:
2066:
1835:
notes that "Bastard Feudalism existed for the mutual advantage of lords and retainers
1675:
1602:
1359:
1322:
1287:
1140:. Salisbury won that battle but was defeated soon after with the Duke of York at the
1118:
1062:
1035:
929:
745:
713:
479:
387:
386:
As law and order collapsed in eastern England, national politics became increasingly
321:
316:(12 September 1415 – 6 November 1461) was a fifteenth-century English
254:
197:
4562:
Medieval Market Morality: Life, Law and Ethics in the English Marketplace, 1200–1500
1787:
attempting to build alliances with the town burghers, although unsuccessfully. Says
1132:
After four years of peace, the civil war resumed in September 1459 when the Yorkist
642:
486:
for ÂŁ2,000. By March 1434, Anne had arranged for Mowbray's marriage to her daughter
6480:
6455:
6440:
6355:
5656:. The History of Valois Burgundy (New ed.). Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
5379:
5175:
4626:
4310:
4301:
Beadle, R. (2002). "Fifteenth-century Political Verses From the Holkham Archives".
1960:
1903:
1881:
1607:
1491:
1487:
1266:
mentions that "every town hath waged and sent forth." Mowbray left East Anglia via
1259:. On Mowbray's advice, Edward followed the Lancastrian army north with a new army.
1252:
1225:
1122:
1114:
882:
741:
709:
698:
669:
638:
629:
In August 1436 Mowbray accompanied the Duke of Gloucester on a campaign to relieve
435:
399:
271:
207:
5755:
5625:
5023:
4648:
Blood Red Roses: The Archaeology of a Mass Grave from the Battle of Towton AD 1461
1406:
of Norfolk. By November, however, he had been arrested by the new Yorkist regime.
1001:. The battle led to the beleaguered duke seeking refuge in the Tower of London in
6221:
5906:
5867:
2064:
Mowbray's grandfather Thomas, 1st Duke of Norfolk, also appears in Shakespeare's
2026:
1972:
1950:, but he held a significant swathe of manors around the Suffolk / Norfolk border.
1696:
1605:, one of Shakespeare's best-known characters, for the audience. In Shakespeare's
1542:
1435:
1415:
1304:
1110:
1072:
916:
831:
791:
733:
634:
459:
403:
380:
173:
105:
53:
1230:
6566:
6561:
6536:
6385:
6072:
5671:
Virgoe, R. (1980). "The murder of James Andrew: Suffolk faction in the 1430s".
5151:. English Historical Documents. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
2310:
2308:
2306:
1722:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1551:
1308:
1279:
1263:
1176:
1021:
842:
466:
1,667). Until his majority, the Mowbray lands were administered by the English
5503:
5383:
5311:
4630:
4239:
1919:
as the new royal favourite, further eclipsing the duke. York resorted to arms.
1378:
The ruins of Thetford Priory, Norfolk, in 2006, where John Mowbray was buried.
6608:
6526:
6266:
5684:
5583:
5391:
5187:
5044:
4676:
4638:
4467:
The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509
4400:
4221:
Rulers and Ruled in Late Medieval England: Essays Presented to Gerald Harriss
4211:
3460:
2043:
1947:
1857:
1594:
1483:
1201:
1189:
933:
127:
116:
5593:
The Holland family, Dukes of Exeter, Earls of Kent and Huntingdon, 1352–1475
4322:
2303:
963:, the Duke of Norfolk ... and he shall be the richest Christian king."
6280:
6241:
5800:
1985:
1773:
1624:
1383:
937:
881:
in another county without their knowledge, and then seizing their goods as
772:
768:
749:
705:
602:
598:
544:
313:
225:
65:
1893:
At some point before 1461, Brandon married Wingfield's daughter Elizabeth.
728:
to Rome; a licence for him to do so had been granted three years earlier.
5872:
5694:
East Anglian Society and the Political Community of Late Medieval England
1586:
1043:
984:
in Autumn 1450—Mowbray took York's side against the new royal favourite,
925:
827:
808:
796:
681:
574:, who had also made claim. This was an old dispute. Mowbray's father and
548:
443:
368:
333:
184:
1374:
1053:, Mowbray may have ("quite rightly" he says) feared for his own safety.
6251:
6077:
6050:
5976:
1590:
1295:
1067:
968:
725:
475:
337:
1443:
6016:
4314:
2001:
Although the latter may have been more unlikely due to the fact that
1593:
places it in the reign of Henry VI, basing his conclusion in part on
1283:
1275:
1267:
1153:
1126:
1081:
850:
665:
661:
646:
467:
379:, and he was bound over for massive sums and imprisoned twice in the
376:
5924:
4086:
3795:
1246:, organised a small group of Yorkist loyalists, and agreed to offer
657:
6026:
4812:
The Calais Garrison: War and Military Service in England, 1436–1558
1515:
1149:
1030:
349:
3307:
442:. Mowbray was seventeen at his father's death and still legally a
3544:
3542:
1403:
1388:
812:
717:
552:
431:
317:
266:
4727:
4702:
3466:
2314:
332:. He inherited his titles upon his father's death in 1432. As a
5576:
The High Court of Chivalry: A Study of the Civil Law in England
5557:
Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History
4185:
Property and Politics: Essays in Later Medieval English History
4017:
2070:, but is a far more pivotal character with a much greater role.
1718:
1692:
1495:
1398:
1168:
1094:
1017:
912:
878:
543:
On his father's death in 1432, Mowbray inherited the office of
5673:
Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute ofArchaeology and History
4204:
The Mowbrays: Earls of Nottingham and Dukes of Norfolk to 1432
3539:
3448:
5054:
Studies on Medieval and Early Modern Women: Pawns Or Players?
4964:"Monumental Heraldry in Dorset | British History Online"
4162:
4160:
3935:
3933:
3503:
2376:
1526:
Mowbray, as "Duke of Norfolk", is a minor figure in the play
1476:
556:
517:
5336:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: The Boydell Press. pp. 183–208.
4282:"Mowbray, John, second duke of Norfolk (1392–1432), magnate"
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3372:
3370:
3297:
3295:
2555:
356:. He fought in Calais in 1436, and during 1437–38 served as
4505:
Blood and Roses: The Paston Family in the Fifteenth Century
4053:
4029:
3331:
2993:
2991:
1363:
1121:
in 1456, and over the next two years may have travelled to
846:
834:
5536:
Shakespeare, W. (2001). Cox, J. D.; Rasmussen, E. (eds.).
5477:
Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama
4774:
Fatal Colours: Towton, 1461 – England's Most Brutal Battle
4157:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4076:
4074:
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4070:
4068:
3930:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3619:
3617:
1518:
and its application, as it was fundamental to the office.
928:
had been granted the remnants of de la Pole's affinity by
582:'s claim. Mowbray based his right through his grandmother
463:
3981:
3653:
3578:
3566:
3484:
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3412:
3367:
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2764:
2584:
2582:
2447:
2445:
2325:
2323:
1537:
1262:
Mowbray seems to have recruited successfully; one of the
4617:
Fiehler, R. (1949). "I Serve the Good Duke of Norfolk".
3807:
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2405:
2403:
5510:
4543:
Yorkist Lord: John Howard, Duke of Norfolk c. 1425–1485
4098:
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2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
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2211:
2209:
2207:
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2195:
2193:
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2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2136:
2134:
390:, with popular revolts against the King's councillors.
5696:. Norwich: University of East Anglia. pp. 53–64.
4240:"Neville, Katherine, duchess of Norfolk (c.1400–1483)"
4041:
3957:
3918:
3906:
3870:
3686:
3676:
3674:
3672:
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3668:
3554:
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2635:
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2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2119:
1358:
Mowbray launched a decisive attack on the Lancastrian
4645:
4564:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17.
4524:
Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England
4127:
3945:
3882:
3801:
3382:
3191:
3119:
3051:
2976:
2894:
2892:
2874:
2859:
2847:
2803:
2788:
2737:
2725:
2671:
2647:
2623:
2594:
2507:
2472:
2457:
2400:
2243:
2107:
324:. Mowbray was born in 1415, the only son and heir of
82:
19 October 1432 – 6 November 1461
4736:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge.
4711:. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge.
4115:
4005:
3993:
3858:
3831:
3763:
3710:
3436:
3397:
3232:
3090:
3039:
3015:
2820:
2611:
2131:
2095:
1737:, his brother's widow, Joan Stafford, and his aunt,
943:
845:
ordering Brandon and Wingfield to not come within 7
762:
5603:"Holland, Edmund, seventh earl of Kent (1383–1408)"
4979:(repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4688:(2nd ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
4600:
Pilgrimage in Medieval English Literature, 700–1500
4445:
3819:
3665:
3629:
3602:
3590:
3527:
3472:
3313:
3179:
3027:
2904:
2835:
2749:
2713:
2686:
2415:
2352:
2335:
2291:
2255:
2146:
1674:from the mid-1450s and into the early years of the
446:. During his minority, his estates were granted by
5731:
5601:
5498:. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green. & Co.
5460:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 75–96.
5312:"Mowbray, John, third duke of Norfolk (1415–1461)"
5310:
4995:
3155:
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2889:
2231:
2083:
1089:, York and his allies intercepted the King at the
5733:"Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)"
5479:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5256:. Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 1–16.
5111:Violence and Social Order: East Anglia, 1422–1442
3969:
3167:
2495:
1109:After the battle, Mowbray threatened to hang the
830:but was ignored. Wingfield was then committed to
6606:
5353:Medieval Framlingham: Select Documents 1270–1524
4429:Intimacy and Sexuality in the Age of Shakespeare
1963:, which consisted primarily of Mowbray's uncle,
1717:, or dower—usually a third of everything he was
1446:" with his wife. The couple had one child, also
1038:, Mowbray presented charges against Somerset in
522:, Ordinances for John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk,
373:William de la Pole, Earl (later Duke) of Suffolk
5637:(2nd ed.). Stroud: Sutton Publishing Ltd.
5289:
5199:(2nd ed.). London: Yale University Press.
4869:From Wakefield to Towton: The Wars of the Roses
4650:(2nd paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxbow Books.
4023:
1430:Mowbray married Eleanor Bourchier, daughter of
680:For much of the 1430s, Mowbray had problems in
675:
590:. In July 1433 Mowbray presented a petition to
5166:Orme, N. (1984). "The Education of Edward V".
4850:Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk, c. 1484–1545
4646:Fiorato, V.; Boylston, A.; KnĂĽsel, C. (2007).
1270:on 17 March 1461, where he joined forces with
1016:– August 1450, and Mowbray summons his men to
5940:
4370:The Medieval Soldier in the Wars of the Roses
1967:, and his son, the premier earl in the land,
1589:reign). The 20th-century Shakespeare scholar
980:During the next crisis—the near-rebellion of
736:. In 1440, Mowbray was able to influence the
5765:Pilgrims and Pilgrimage in the Medieval West
5422:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5401:Calais: An English Town in France, 1347–1558
5094:. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press.
5092:Government and Community: England, 1450–1509
4795:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
4757:(2nd ed.). New York: Barnes and Noble.
4446:Burley, P.; Elliott, M.; Watson, H. (2007).
4223:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 99–116.
1812:"). and licences to travel became mandatory.
767:In 1443 Mowbray and Wingfield fell out over
618:The 1436 Siege of Calais, as illustrated in
516:, Chancery Masters' Exhibits, C 115/K2/6682
5559:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 35–58.
5540:(3rd ed.). London: Arden Shakespeare.
5535:
5147:Myers, A. R. (1996). Douglas, D. C. (ed.).
4578:
4353:(repr. ed.). Gloucester: Alan Sutton.
4187:. Gloucester: Alan Sutton. pp. 15–35.
4059:
4035:
1666:Westmorland's eldest son, Mowbray's uncle,
1152:, Mowbray attended. Here the Yorkists were
586:; Maltravers through his great-grandfather
5947:
5933:
5742:(online ed.). Oxford University Press
5612:(online ed.). Oxford University Press
5599:
5590:
5010:(online ed.). Oxford University Press
4683:
3548:
3454:
2394:
2382:
5075:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4790:
4469:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4464:
4431:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4407:
3987:
3659:
3584:
3509:
3497:
3376:
3361:
3349:
3325:
3301:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3226:
3149:
3137:
3113:
3009:
2997:
2665:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2285:
1739:Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter
1615:refers to Falstaff as having once been a
684:, where the bulk of his estates now lay.
5493:
5439:The Wars of the Roses: A Concise History
5403:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
5331:
5308:
5273:Henry V and the Southampton Plot of 1415
5127:
4831:A Short History of the Wars of the Roses
4828:
4814:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
4809:
4540:
4367:
4348:
3852:
3813:
3789:
3757:
3740:
3728:
3647:
3623:
3214:
3202:
2707:
2588:
2525:
2513:
2225:
2125:
1546:, the character appears in the episode "
1465:
1373:
1229:
1175:, and once again the King was captured.
1066:
973:Historical Memoranda on Cade's rebellion
778:
613:
561:
484:Anne of Gloucester, Countess of Stafford
6177:Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
6172:Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland
5739:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5654:Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy
5651:
5609:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5350:
5317:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5251:
5232:
5130:Women Pilgrims in Late Medieval England
5108:
5056:. Dublin: Four Courts. pp. 59–74.
5030:
5007:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4993:
4885:
4833:. Short histories. London: I.B.Tauris.
4771:
4752:
4616:
4426:
4412:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited.
4329:
4286:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4279:
4265:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4258:
4244:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4237:
4206:(D.Phil thesis). University of Oxford.
4201:
4182:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4080:
3924:
3900:
3876:
3704:
3692:
3572:
3337:
3084:
3069:
3057:
3033:
2829:
2641:
2537:
2451:
2436:
2424:
2409:
2329:
2261:
2113:
1870:John Scrope, 4th Baron Scrope of Masham
1461:
413:
344:and was placed under the protection of
14:
6607:
6097:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
5691:
5670:
5632:
5595:(D.Phil thesis). University of Oxford.
5573:
5474:
5089:
5070:
4502:
4483:
4386:
4300:
4218:
4166:
4047:
3999:
3963:
3939:
3912:
3560:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3125:
3101:
3021:
2982:
2970:
2883:
2814:
2797:
2731:
2680:
2653:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2489:
2466:
2140:
2101:
2089:
1965:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
1668:Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury
1521:
588:Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
584:Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk
578:had also sought the earldom, blocking
428:Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland
6192:Humphrey Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
6167:Thomas Neville, Bastard of Fauconberg
6107:Edmund Beaufort, 4th Duke of Somerset
6102:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
6092:Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England
5954:
5928:
5729:
5554:
5523:from the original on 23 February 2018
5213:
5146:
5073:Shakespeare and the Idea of Apocrypha
5051:
4974:
4942:
4923:
4904:
4888:Shaping the Nation: England 1360-1461
4866:
4740:from the original on 18 February 2018
4715:from the original on 17 February 2018
4705:"'Introduction: Henry VI: July 1433'"
4664:
4559:
4521:
4334:(repr. ed.). London: Routledge.
4011:
3951:
3888:
3864:
3840:
3772:
3716:
3635:
3403:
3391:
3185:
3173:
3045:
2841:
2782:
2770:
2755:
2370:
2273:
2249:
2237:
1969:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
1917:Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset
1729:inherited the title from his brother
1680:Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick
1425:
1369:
597:Mowbray's ancestors had been largely
6346:George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence
5762:
5715:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
5710:
5455:
5436:
5417:
5398:
5369:
5355:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
5270:
5216:Curious Tales of Old North Yorkshire
5194:
5165:
4961:
4847:
4602:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
4597:
4526:. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
3975:
3825:
3680:
3608:
3596:
3533:
3521:
3478:
3238:
3161:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2898:
2868:
2853:
2743:
2719:
2695:
2501:
2358:
2346:
2297:
1474:with Mowbray's arms at centre left:
1418:. He was succeeded by his only son,
1056:
420:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
371:, and he became the bitter rival of
326:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
282:John de Mowbray, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
260:John de Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk
18:John de Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
6341:Edmund Plantagenet, Earl of Rutland
6227:Thomas Clifford, 8th Baron Clifford
6087:Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England
5113:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4947:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Routledge.
4890:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4583:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4581:The Oxford Companion to Shakespeare
4488:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3802:Fiorato, Boylston & KnĂĽsel 2007
1219:
1204:, the Yorkists were crushed at the
1098:Northumberland, (father of the 3rd
24:
6321:Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury
6291:Thomas FitzGerald, Earl of Desmond
6187:Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham
5290:Quennell, P.; Johnson, H. (2002).
5180:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1984.tb02237.x
1599:History of the Worthies of England
1560:. Mowbray appears in the episode "
1366:to give the victory to Edward IV.
720:in 1443 (after the suppression of
25:
6681:
6296:William Herbert, Earl of Pembroke
6212:George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
6157:John Neville, Marquess of Montagu
5635:The End of the House of Lancaster
5319:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
5275:. Gloucester: Sutton Publishing.
4928:. London: Yale University Press.
4246:. Oxford: Oxford University Press
3314:Burley, Elliott & Watson 2007
1136:fought off a royal ambush at the
986:Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
944:Later career and political crisis
871:Alice Chaucer, Duchess of Suffolk
763:Crime and disorder in East Anglia
418:John Mowbray was the only son of
304:John Mowbray, 3rd Duke of Norfolk
6650:Earls of Norfolk (1312 creation)
6589:
6588:
6351:Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon
6301:William Hastings, Baron Hastings
6286:John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
6270:
6162:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick
6117:Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset
6112:John Beaumont, Viscount Beaumont
6076:
6065:
6049:
6039:
6029:
6019:
6009:
5511:Shakespeare and History (2018).
4977:The Fifteenth Century, 1399-1485
4139:
2058:
2049:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1995:
1978:
1959:York had become allied with the
1953:
1940:
1880:for his treasonable role in the
1509:irresponsibility." In contrast,
863:John de Vere, the Earl of Oxford
609:
70:
6670:People of the Wars of the Roses
6572:Second Cornish uprising of 1497
6311:Francis Lovell, Viscount Lovell
6217:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
5513:"John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk"
4175:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1887:
1863:
1842:
1825:
1815:
1802:
1780:
1767:
1757:
1744:
1706:
1685:
1660:
1456:John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury
1192:was the best possible outcome.
656:Mowbray returned to Calais and
6532:Issue of Edward III of England
6281:Anne Neville, Queen of England
6242:Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke
6237:Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond
4579:Dobson, M.; Wells, S. (2001).
4507:. Chatham: Faber & Faber.
1795:... above all, a 'town of war.
1650:
1645:Lord High Constable of England
1637:
1432:William Bourchier, Count of Eu
1196:and York's sons, the Earls of
538:
364:, before returning to Calais.
13:
1:
6506:Stafford and Lovell rebellion
6331:William Neville, Earl of Kent
6316:John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk
6257:Edward Woodville, Lord Scales
6202:George Stanley, Baron Strange
6197:Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby
6147:Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter
6142:John Courtenay, Earl of Devon
6137:John Clifford, Baron Clifford
6122:John Sutton, 1st Baron Dudley
5600:Stansfield, M. M. N. (2004).
5591:Stansfield, M. M. N. (1987).
5441:. London: Thames and Hudson.
2077:
1682:, known today as "Kingmaker."
1585:(1421–1471) to the 1580s (in
668:'s diplomatic mission to the
523:
6406:Siege of the Tower of London
6306:John Howard, Duke of Norfolk
6127:James Butler, Earl of Ormond
5756:UK public library membership
5626:UK public library membership
5024:UK public library membership
4093:Shakespeare and History 2018
1102:), the Duke of Somerset and
805:John, Baron Scrope of Masham
690:parliamentary representation
676:Feud with William de la Pole
452:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
346:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
27:English magnate and nobleman
7:
6625:15th-century English people
6466:1470 Lincolnshire Rebellion
6152:John Neville, Baron Neville
6132:John Butler, Earl of Ormond
5828:Warden of the Eastern March
5578:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5237:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5218:. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure.
4871:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
4852:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
4730:"'Henry VI: November 1459'"
4450:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword.
4410:Jasper Tudor: Dynasty Maker
4332:The Merry Devil of Edmonton
4024:Quennell & Johnson 2002
1578:The Merry Devil of Edmonton
1548:Henry VI: The Morning's War
651:Warden of the Eastern March
358:Warden of the Eastern March
231:Warden of the Eastern March
10:
6686:
6232:James Tuchet, Baron Audley
5821:The Earl of Northumberland
4665:Giles, J. A., ed. (1845).
4330:Bennett, C., ed. (2000) .
4153:Folger Shakespeare Library
1902:Granddaughter of the poet
1597:'s posthumously published
1223:
1210:John Neville, Lord Montagu
1060:
748:. Generally, though, says
624:Vigiles du roi Charles VII
203:Second Battle of St Albans
6582:
6519:
6373:
6265:
6060:
5997:
5990:
5962:
5913:
5904:
5896:
5889:
5879:
5865:
5857:
5852:
5844:
5834:
5825:
5817:
5807:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5384:10.1080/01440360600601896
4968:www.british-history.ac.uk
4909:. Oxford: Longman Group.
4791:Griffiths, R. A. (1981).
4631:10.1215/00267929-10-3-364
4619:Modern Language Quarterly
4288:. Oxford University Press
4267:. Oxford University Press
3467:Given-Wilson et al. 2005b
2315:Given-Wilson et al. 2005a
1672:Richard, 3rd Duke of York
1091:first Battle of St Albans
297:
287:
277:
265:
253:
249:
239:
218:
190:
180:
168:
156:
141:
86:
78:
64:
51:
36:
5494:Scofield, C. L. (1923).
5372:Journal of Legal History
5292:Who's who in Shakespeare
5149:Late Medieval: 1327–1485
5128:Morrison, S. S. (2000).
4448:The Battles of St Albans
4368:Boardman, A. W. (1998).
4349:Boardman, A. W. (1996).
1630:
1409:
911:Mowbray also forced the
649:, Mowbray was appointed
426:, who was a daughter of
6547:Bonville–Courtenay feud
5767:. London: I.B. Tauris.
5517:Shakespeare and History
5233:Pollard, A. J. (1990).
5109:Maddern, P. C. (1992).
4886:Harriss, G. L. (2005).
4684:Gillingham, J. (1990).
4427:Bromley, J. M. (2011).
4280:Archer, R. E. (2004c).
4259:Archer, R. E. (2004b).
4238:Archer, R. E. (2004a).
4202:Archer, R. E. (1984b).
4060:Dobson & Wells 2001
1352:Thomae Sprotti Chronica
1165:Edmund, Earl of Rutland
6496:Buckingham's rebellion
6476:Readeption of Henry VI
5574:Squibb, G. D. (1959).
5090:Lander, J. R. (1980).
4734:British History Online
4709:British History Online
4671:. London: James Bohn.
4465:Carpenter, C. (1997).
4408:Breverton, T. (2014).
1678:; Salisbury's son was
1670:would later ally with
1500:
1450:, who in 1448 married
1379:
1356:
1318:
1235:
1100:Earl of Northumberland
1076:
1013:
1003:for his own protection
965:
900:
787:
722:Gladman's Insurrection
633:, then under siege by
626:
601:magnates based around
567:
509:
6660:Knights of the Garter
6182:Thomas Ros, Baron Ros
5967:Red Rose of Lancaster
5633:Storey, R.L. (1999).
5309:Richmond, C. (2004).
5294:. London: Routledge.
5132:. London: Routledge.
4975:Jacob, E. F. (1993).
4943:Hicks, M. A. (2013).
4926:The Wars of the Roses
4924:Hicks, M. A. (2010).
4907:Warwick the Kingmaker
4905:Hicks, M. A. (1998).
4867:Haigh, P. A. (2001).
4829:Grummitt, D. (2013).
4793:The Reign of Henry VI
4755:The Wars of the Roses
4686:The Wars of the Roses
4545:. London: Continuum.
4541:Crawford, A. (2010).
4522:Coote, L. A. (2000).
1557:The Wars of the Roses
1529:King Henry VI, Part 3
1469:
1377:
1330:
1314:
1248:Edward, Earl of March
1233:
1173:Battle of Northampton
1138:Battle of Blore Heath
1111:Royal Standard bearer
1070:
1008:
952:
904:The National Archives
888:
867:Jack Cade's Rebellion
782:
617:
572:John, Lord Maltravers
565:
514:The National Archives
493:
392:Richard, Duke of York
362:Anglo-Scottish border
149:Epworth, Lincolnshire
6557:Neville–Neville feud
6542:Princes in the Tower
5652:Vaughan, R. (2014).
5538:King Henry VI Part 3
5437:Ross, C. D. (1986).
5418:Ross, C. D. (1974).
5351:Ridgard, J. (1985).
5334:Medieval East Anglia
5271:Pugh, T. B. (1988).
4994:Kathman, D. (2004).
4848:Gunn, S. J. (1988).
4810:Grummitt, D (2008).
4772:Goodwin, G. (2011).
4753:Goodman, A. (1996).
4351:The Battle of Towton
1462:Character and legacy
1115:Sir Philip Wentworth
666:Archbishop John Kemp
480:arrange his marriage
414:Background and youth
6655:Earls of Nottingham
6336:Sir Richard Herbert
5861:The Earl of Arundel
5811:The Duke of Norfolk
5794:The Duke of Norfolk
5475:Saccio, P. (2000).
5168:Historical Research
5071:Kirwan, P. (2015).
4503:Castor, H. (2004).
4484:Castor, H. (2000).
4169:, pp. 108–110.
3942:, pp. 151–152.
3551:, pp. 119–122.
3512:, pp. 146–147.
3457:, pp. 107–108.
3340:, pp. 257–258.
2973:, pp. 114–115.
2785:, pp. 150–151.
2564:, pp. 162–163.
2385:, pp. 151–161.
1872:was the brother of
1587:Queen Elizabeth I's
1534:William Shakespeare
1522:Cultural depictions
1206:Battle of Wakefield
1185:Christine Carpenter
478:, and the right to
6552:Percy–Neville feud
6431:St Albans (Second)
6326:Sir Thomas Neville
5972:White Rose of York
5891:Peerage of England
5786:Political offices
5730:Watts, J. (2004).
5214:Peach, H. (2004).
4560:Davis, J. (2011).
4372:. Stroud: Sutton.
1874:Henry, Lord Scrope
1501:
1472:Bruges Garter Book
1426:Marriage and issue
1380:
1370:Under the Yorkists
1236:
1087:pre-emptive strike
1077:
961:Duke of Buckingham
955:mighty prince the
788:
784:Framlingham Castle
686:William de la Pole
627:
620:Martial d'Auvergne
580:Maltravers' father
568:
472:Hundred Years' War
398:'s victory at the
354:Hundred Years' War
95:Earl of Nottingham
6602:
6601:
6381:St Albans (First)
6369:
6368:
6247:Margaret Beaufort
5956:Wars of the Roses
5923:
5922:
5914:Succeeded by
5883:The Earl of Essex
5880:Succeeded by
5845:Succeeded by
5835:Succeeded by
5808:Succeeded by
5774:978-1-86064-649-2
5763:Webb, D. (2001).
5754:(Subscription or
5722:978-1-78327-115-3
5711:Ward, M. (2016).
5703:978-0-906219-44-7
5663:978-0-85115-917-1
5644:978-0-75092-199-2
5624:(Subscription or
5566:978-0-86299-163-0
5547:978-1-903436-30-1
5486:978-0-19802-871-0
5467:978-1-84383-692-6
5448:978-0-500-27407-1
5429:978-0-52002-781-7
5410:978-1-84383-401-4
5399:Rose, S. (2008).
5362:978-0-85115-432-9
5343:978-1-84383-151-8
5301:978-0-41526-035-0
5282:978-0-86299-549-2
5263:978-1-84383-692-6
5244:978-0-19820-087-1
5225:978-1-85058-793-4
5206:978-0-30009-754-2
5197:Medieval Children
5195:Orme, N. (2003).
5158:978-0-41560-467-3
5139:978-1-13473-763-5
5120:978-0-19820-235-6
5101:978-0-674-35793-8
5082:978-1-107-09617-2
5063:978-1-85182-775-6
5022:(Subscription or
4986:978-0-19-285286-1
4954:978-1-31789-896-2
4945:Bastard Feudalism
4935:978-0-30018-157-9
4916:978-0-63123-593-4
4897:978-0-19-921119-7
4878:978-0-85052-825-1
4859:978-0-63115-781-6
4840:978-1-84885-875-6
4821:978-1-84383-398-7
4802:978-0-520-04372-5
4783:978-0-29786-072-3
4776:. London: Orion.
4764:978-0-88029-484-3
4695:978-1-84885-875-6
4657:978-1-84217-289-6
4609:978-0-85991-623-3
4598:Dyas, D. (2001).
4590:978-0-19811-735-3
4571:978-1-13950-281-8
4552:978-1-44115-201-5
4533:978-1-903153-03-1
4514:978-0-571-21670-3
4495:978-0-19-820622-4
4476:978-0-521-31874-7
4457:978-1-47381-903-0
4438:978-1-13950-532-1
4419:978-1-44563-402-9
4379:978-0-75091-465-9
4360:978-0-75091-245-7
4341:978-1-135-86674-7
4230:978-1-85285-133-0
4194:978-0-86299-163-0
3575:, pp. 42–43.
3524:, pp. 43–47.
2871:, pp. 75–76.
2856:, pp. 79–80.
2773:, pp. 62–63.
2746:, pp. 53–54.
2540:, pp. 80–83.
2373:, pp. 59–60.
2276:, pp. 17–19.
2040:Sir Robert Howard
1850:Sir Robert Howard
1676:Wars of the Roses
1603:Sir John Falstaff
1323:The Rose of Rouen
1142:Battle of Ludford
1134:Earl of Salisbury
1063:Wars of the Roses
1057:Wars of the Roses
1020:with him and the
936:and those around
714:oyer and terminer
488:Eleanor Bourchier
424:Katherine Neville
406:by his only son,
330:Katherine Neville
322:Wars of the Roses
301:
300:
292:Katherine Neville
244:Eleanor Bourchier
198:Wars of the Roses
145:12 September 1415
16:(Redirected from
6677:
6640:Dukes of Norfolk
6592:
6591:
6426:Mortimer's Cross
6356:Margaret of York
6274:
6080:
6069:
6053:
6043:
6033:
6023:
6013:
5995:
5994:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5926:
5925:
5897:Preceded by
5858:Preceded by
5818:Preceded by
5791:Preceded by
5783:
5782:
5778:
5759:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5735:
5726:
5707:
5688:
5667:
5648:
5629:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5605:
5596:
5587:
5570:
5551:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5507:
5490:
5471:
5452:
5433:
5414:
5395:
5366:
5347:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5314:
5305:
5286:
5267:
5248:
5229:
5210:
5191:
5162:
5143:
5124:
5105:
5086:
5067:
5048:
5027:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5003:
4997:"Fabell, Peter (
4990:
4971:
4958:
4939:
4920:
4901:
4882:
4863:
4844:
4825:
4806:
4787:
4768:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4699:
4680:
4661:
4642:
4613:
4594:
4575:
4556:
4537:
4518:
4499:
4480:
4461:
4442:
4423:
4404:
4383:
4364:
4345:
4326:
4315:10.2307/43630392
4297:
4295:
4293:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4234:
4215:
4198:
4170:
4164:
4155:
4147:Henry IV, Part 2
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4036:Shakespeare 2001
4033:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3776:
3770:
3761:
3755:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3621:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3217:, p. xxxii.
3212:
3206:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3129:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3088:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2872:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2827:
2818:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2252:, pp. 1–13.
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2071:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1982:
1976:
1957:
1951:
1944:
1938:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1904:Geoffrey Chaucer
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1882:Southampton Plot
1867:
1861:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:King Richard III
1748:
1742:
1710:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1664:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1608:Henry IV, Part 2
1566:David Hargreaves
1494:of three points
1354:
1336:
1327:
1253:Battle of Towton
1244:Baynard's Castle
1226:Battle of Towton
1220:Battle of Towton
1025:
976:
907:
897:
893:
699:Robert Wingfield
670:peace conference
639:Duke of Burgundy
530:
528:
525:
499:
436:northern England
400:Battle of Towton
311:
208:Battle of Towton
191:Wars and battles
176:
163:
152:
74:
46:
34:
33:
21:
6685:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6578:
6515:
6491:Siege of London
6365:
6361:Richard of York
6269:
6261:
6222:Andrew Trollope
6207:William Stanley
6075:
6071:
6070:
6064:
6056:
5986:
5958:
5953:
5919:
5910:
5907:Duke of Norfolk
5902:
5885:
5876:
5870:
5868:Justice in Eyre
5863:
5848:
5840:
5838:Sir Robert Ogle
5831:
5823:
5813:
5804:
5796:
5781:
5775:
5753:
5745:
5743:
5723:
5704:
5664:
5645:
5623:
5615:
5613:
5567:
5548:
5526:
5524:
5487:
5468:
5449:
5430:
5411:
5363:
5344:
5322:
5320:
5302:
5283:
5264:
5245:
5226:
5207:
5159:
5140:
5121:
5102:
5083:
5064:
5021:
5013:
5011:
4987:
4955:
4936:
4917:
4898:
4879:
4860:
4841:
4822:
4803:
4784:
4765:
4743:
4741:
4718:
4716:
4696:
4658:
4610:
4591:
4572:
4553:
4534:
4515:
4496:
4477:
4458:
4439:
4420:
4380:
4361:
4342:
4291:
4289:
4270:
4268:
4249:
4247:
4231:
4195:
4178:
4173:
4165:
4158:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4099:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3974:
3970:
3962:
3958:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3899:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3875:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3779:
3771:
3764:
3756:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3559:
3555:
3549:Gillingham 1990
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3455:Gillingham 1990
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3300:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3237:
3233:
3225:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3201:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3124:
3120:
3112:
3108:
3100:
3091:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2804:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2706:
2702:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2556:
2548:
2544:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2520:
2512:
2508:
2500:
2496:
2488:
2473:
2465:
2458:
2450:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2395:Stansfield 2004
2393:
2389:
2383:Stansfield 1987
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2147:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2037:
2033:
2027:Andrew Boardman
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1973:Lord Chancellor
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1868:
1864:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1711:
1707:
1690:
1686:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1643:Along with the
1642:
1638:
1633:
1613:Justice Shallow
1564:" portrayed by
1550:" portrayed by
1543:An Age of Kings
1524:
1481:passant gardant
1464:
1440:Henry Bourchier
1436:Justice in Eyre
1428:
1416:Thetford Priory
1412:
1372:
1355:
1344:Hearne fragment
1341:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1305:Philip A. Haigh
1272:Sir John Howard
1228:
1222:
1125:, Rome or even
1073:Tower of London
1065:
1059:
1051:Ralph Griffiths
1027:
1024:at Framlingham.
1015:
982:Richard of York
978:
967:
946:
917:Bury St Edmunds
909:
902:
895:
891:
824:William Brandon
765:
734:Tower of London
678:
635:Philip the Good
612:
551:by two Mowbray
541:
532:
526:
511:
497:
462:(approximately
422:, and his wife
416:
404:Duke of Norfolk
381:Tower of London
307:
235:
214:
174:Thetford Priory
172:
161:
160:6 November 1461
147:
146:
137:
106:Earl of Norfolk
54:Duke of Norfolk
47:
42:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6683:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6665:Mowbray family
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6635:Barons Segrave
6632:
6630:Barons Mowbray
6627:
6622:
6617:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6569:
6567:Battle of Deal
6562:Perkin Warbeck
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6537:Titulus Regius
6534:
6529:
6523:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6501:Bosworth Field
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6471:Losecoat Field
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6396:Ludford Bridge
6393:
6388:
6386:Loveday (1458)
6383:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6277:
6275:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6083:
6081:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6044:
6034:
6024:
6014:
6003:
6001:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5929:
5921:
5920:
5915:
5912:
5903:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5881:
5878:
5864:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5853:Legal offices
5850:
5849:
5847:Sir Ralph Grey
5846:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5806:
5797:
5792:
5788:
5787:
5780:
5779:
5773:
5760:
5727:
5721:
5708:
5702:
5689:
5668:
5662:
5649:
5643:
5630:
5597:
5588:
5571:
5565:
5552:
5546:
5533:
5508:
5491:
5485:
5472:
5466:
5453:
5447:
5434:
5428:
5415:
5409:
5396:
5367:
5361:
5348:
5342:
5329:
5306:
5300:
5287:
5281:
5268:
5262:
5249:
5243:
5230:
5224:
5211:
5205:
5192:
5163:
5157:
5144:
5138:
5125:
5119:
5106:
5100:
5087:
5081:
5068:
5062:
5049:
5028:
5001:. 15th cent.)"
4991:
4985:
4972:
4962:HMSO (2023) .
4959:
4953:
4940:
4934:
4921:
4915:
4902:
4896:
4883:
4877:
4864:
4858:
4845:
4839:
4826:
4820:
4807:
4801:
4788:
4782:
4769:
4763:
4750:
4725:
4700:
4694:
4681:
4662:
4656:
4643:
4614:
4608:
4595:
4589:
4576:
4570:
4557:
4551:
4538:
4532:
4519:
4513:
4500:
4494:
4481:
4475:
4462:
4456:
4443:
4437:
4424:
4418:
4405:
4384:
4378:
4365:
4359:
4346:
4340:
4327:
4298:
4277:
4256:
4235:
4229:
4216:
4199:
4193:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4156:
4149: 3.2/26–28
4138:
4126:
4114:
4112:, p. 364.
4097:
4085:
4083:, p. 125.
4064:
4062:, p. 321.
4052:
4050:, p. 128.
4040:
4038:, p. 181.
4028:
4026:, p. 148.
4016:
4004:
3992:
3990:, p. 724.
3988:Griffiths 1981
3980:
3968:
3966:, p. 152.
3956:
3954:, p. 464.
3944:
3929:
3917:
3915:, p. 143.
3905:
3903:, p. 152.
3893:
3891:, p. 284.
3881:
3869:
3857:
3845:
3830:
3818:
3816:, p. 130.
3806:
3794:
3777:
3762:
3745:
3743:, p. 162.
3733:
3721:
3709:
3707:, p. 143.
3697:
3685:
3664:
3662:, p. 131.
3660:Breverton 2014
3652:
3640:
3628:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3587:, p. 872.
3585:Griffiths 1981
3577:
3565:
3563:, p. 188.
3553:
3538:
3526:
3514:
3510:Carpenter 1997
3502:
3500:, p. 158.
3498:Carpenter 1997
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3435:
3433:, p. 110.
3423:
3421:, p. 113.
3408:
3396:
3394:, p. 110.
3381:
3379:, p. 798.
3377:Griffiths 1981
3366:
3364:, p. 741.
3362:Griffiths 1981
3354:
3352:, p. 740.
3350:Griffiths 1981
3342:
3330:
3328:, p. 723.
3326:Griffiths 1981
3318:
3306:
3304:, p. 721.
3302:Griffiths 1981
3291:
3289:, p. 592.
3287:Griffiths 1981
3279:
3277:, p. 648.
3275:Griffiths 1981
3267:
3265:, p. 647.
3263:Griffiths 1981
3255:
3253:, p. 565.
3251:Griffiths 1981
3243:
3241:, p. 104.
3231:
3229:, p. 690.
3227:Griffiths 1981
3219:
3207:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3154:
3152:, p. 611.
3150:Griffiths 1981
3142:
3140:, p. 638.
3138:Griffiths 1981
3130:
3128:, p. 111.
3118:
3116:, p. 586.
3114:Griffiths 1981
3106:
3089:
3087:, p. 626.
3074:
3072:, p. 157.
3062:
3050:
3048:, p. 195.
3038:
3026:
3014:
3012:, p. 649.
3010:Griffiths 1981
3002:
3000:, p. 591.
2998:Griffiths 1981
2987:
2985:, p. 117.
2975:
2963:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2915:
2913:, p. 119.
2903:
2888:
2886:, p. 107.
2873:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2819:
2817:, p. 227.
2802:
2800:, p. 226.
2787:
2775:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2734:, p. 109.
2724:
2722:, p. 166.
2712:
2700:
2698:, p. 138.
2685:
2683:, p. 110.
2670:
2668:, p. 587.
2666:Griffiths 1981
2658:
2656:, p. 264.
2646:
2644:, p. 203.
2634:
2632:, p. 114.
2622:
2610:
2608:, p. 105.
2593:
2578:
2576:, p. 448.
2574:Griffiths 1981
2566:
2562:Griffiths 1981
2554:
2552:, p. 404.
2550:Griffiths 1981
2542:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2492:, p. 108.
2471:
2469:, p. 104.
2456:
2454:, p. 116.
2441:
2439:, p. 103.
2429:
2414:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2361:, p. 208.
2351:
2349:, p. 122.
2334:
2332:, p. 115.
2319:
2302:
2300:, p. 125.
2290:
2286:Griffiths 1981
2278:
2266:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2145:
2143:, p. 263.
2130:
2128:, p. 203.
2118:
2116:, p. 168.
2106:
2104:, p. 104.
2094:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2057:
2048:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1994:
1990:Richard Beadle
1977:
1961:Neville family
1952:
1939:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1886:
1876:, executed by
1862:
1841:
1824:
1814:
1801:
1789:David Grummitt
1779:
1766:
1756:
1743:
1723:Holland family
1705:
1684:
1659:
1649:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1621:John Oldcastle
1552:Jeffry Wickham
1523:
1520:
1479:, three lions
1470:Page from the
1463:
1460:
1454:, daughter of
1427:
1424:
1411:
1408:
1371:
1368:
1339:
1313:
1309:battle fatigue
1280:council of war
1264:Paston letters
1224:Main article:
1221:
1218:
1177:Colin Richmond
1148:was called at
1061:Main article:
1058:
1055:
1022:Earl of Oxford
1007:
957:Duke of Exeter
951:
945:
942:
930:Queen Margaret
906:, KB 145/6/25.
887:
843:letters patent
764:
761:
677:
674:
611:
608:
540:
537:
492:
482:, was sold to
415:
412:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
274:
269:
263:
262:
257:
251:
250:
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246:
241:
237:
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234:
233:
228:
222:
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213:
212:
211:
210:
205:
194:
192:
188:
187:
182:
178:
177:
170:
166:
165:
164:(aged 46)
158:
154:
153:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
124:
113:
102:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
68:
62:
61:
49:
48:
41:
37:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6682:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6645:Earls Marshal
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6595:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:Act of Accord
6525:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6451:Hedgeley Moor
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5950:
5945:
5943:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5927:
5918:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5851:
5843:
5839:
5830:
5829:
5822:
5816:
5812:
5803:
5802:
5795:
5789:
5784:
5776:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5757:
5741:
5740:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5705:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5611:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5558:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5539:
5534:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5488:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5469:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5364:
5358:
5354:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5318:
5313:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5097:
5093:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5009:
5008:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4779:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4760:
4756:
4751:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4389:The Ricardian
4385:
4381:
4375:
4371:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4299:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4142:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4061:
4056:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4014:, p. 88.
4013:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3965:
3960:
3953:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3927:, p. 10.
3926:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3879:, p. 68.
3878:
3873:
3867:, p. 63.
3866:
3861:
3855:, p. 50.
3854:
3853:Boardman 1996
3849:
3843:, p. 87.
3842:
3837:
3835:
3828:, p. 36.
3827:
3822:
3815:
3814:Boardman 1996
3810:
3804:, p. 19.
3803:
3798:
3792:, p. 75.
3791:
3790:Boardman 1996
3786:
3784:
3782:
3775:, p. 86.
3774:
3769:
3767:
3760:, p. 18.
3759:
3758:Boardman 1998
3754:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3741:Scofield 1923
3737:
3731:, p. 59.
3730:
3729:Boardman 1996
3725:
3719:, p. 65.
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3695:, p. 67.
3694:
3689:
3683:, p. 35.
3682:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3650:, p. ix.
3649:
3648:Boardman 1996
3644:
3637:
3632:
3626:, p. 78.
3625:
3624:Boardman 1996
3620:
3618:
3611:, p. 30.
3610:
3605:
3599:, p. 34.
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3543:
3536:, p. 48.
3535:
3530:
3523:
3518:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3481:, p. 22.
3480:
3475:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3406:, p. lv.
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3339:
3334:
3327:
3322:
3316:, p. 14.
3315:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3264:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3215:Grummitt 2013
3211:
3204:
3203:Boardman 1996
3199:
3197:
3195:
3188:, p. 80.
3187:
3182:
3175:
3170:
3164:, p. 12.
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3104:, p. 58.
3103:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3060:, p. 38.
3059:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3024:, p. 93.
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2961:, p. 47.
2960:
2955:
2949:, p. 86.
2948:
2943:
2937:, p. 84.
2936:
2931:
2925:, p. 83.
2924:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2901:, p. 80.
2900:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2844:, p. 96.
2843:
2838:
2831:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2794:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2758:, p. 62.
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2710:, p. 54.
2709:
2708:Morrison 2000
2704:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2620:, p. 56.
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2591:, p. 14.
2590:
2589:Crawford 2010
2585:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2558:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2528:, p. 29.
2527:
2526:Grummitt 2008
2522:
2515:
2514:Grummitt 2008
2510:
2503:
2498:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2412:, p. 29.
2411:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2391:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2288:, p. 95.
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2246:
2240:, p. 13.
2239:
2234:
2227:
2226:Richmond 2004
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2126:Richmond 2005
2122:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1949:
1948:Welsh marches
1943:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1834:
1833:Michael Hicks
1828:
1818:
1811:
1810:sainte vouage
1805:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:Thomas Fuller
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:King Henry VI
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1511:Michael Hicks
1507:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:that August.
1393:
1390:
1385:
1384:Earl Marshals
1376:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1348:Thomas Hearne
1345:
1338:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:great council
1232:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1214:were defeated
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1190:Act of Accord
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:, retired to
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1104:Lord Clifford
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Earl of Devon
991:
987:
983:
977:
974:
970:
964:
962:
958:
950:
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
921:
918:
914:
908:
905:
899:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
829:
825:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
800:
798:
793:
785:
781:
777:
774:
770:
760:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
729:
727:
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719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
700:
694:
691:
687:
683:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
625:
621:
616:
610:Royal service
607:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
564:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
536:
531:
521:
519:
515:
508:
506:
501:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:, a powerful
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
305:
296:
293:
290:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
270:
268:
264:
261:
258:
256:
252:
248:
245:
242:
238:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
221:
217:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
193:
189:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
159:
155:
150:
144:
140:
133:
129:
128:Baron Segrave
125:
122:
118:
117:Baron Mowbray
114:
111:
107:
103:
100:
96:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
45:
35:
32:
30:
19:
6315:
5917:John Mowbray
5905:
5900:John Mowbray
5866:
5826:
5801:Earl Marshal
5799:
5764:
5744:. Retrieved
5737:
5712:
5693:
5676:
5672:
5653:
5634:
5614:. Retrieved
5607:
5592:
5575:
5556:
5537:
5525:. Retrieved
5516:
5495:
5476:
5457:
5438:
5419:
5400:
5375:
5371:
5352:
5333:
5321:. Retrieved
5316:
5291:
5272:
5253:
5234:
5215:
5196:
5171:
5167:
5148:
5129:
5110:
5091:
5072:
5053:
5036:
5032:
5012:. Retrieved
5005:
4998:
4976:
4967:
4944:
4925:
4906:
4887:
4868:
4849:
4830:
4811:
4792:
4773:
4754:
4742:. Retrieved
4733:
4717:. Retrieved
4708:
4685:
4667:
4647:
4622:
4618:
4599:
4580:
4561:
4542:
4523:
4504:
4485:
4466:
4447:
4428:
4409:
4392:
4388:
4369:
4350:
4331:
4306:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4285:
4269:. Retrieved
4264:
4248:. Retrieved
4243:
4220:
4203:
4184:
4176:Bibliography
4146:
4141:
4136:, p. 6.
4134:Bennett 2000
4129:
4122:Kathman 2004
4117:
4110:Fiehler 1949
4088:
4081:Bromley 2011
4055:
4043:
4031:
4019:
4007:
4002:, p. 2.
3995:
3983:
3971:
3959:
3947:
3925:Pollard 2011
3920:
3908:
3901:Goodwin 2011
3896:
3884:
3877:Kaufman 2004
3872:
3860:
3848:
3821:
3809:
3797:
3736:
3724:
3712:
3705:Goodman 1996
3700:
3693:Kaufman 2004
3688:
3655:
3643:
3638:, p. 5.
3631:
3604:
3592:
3580:
3573:Goodman 1996
3568:
3556:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3445:, p. 4.
3438:
3426:
3399:
3357:
3345:
3338:Pollard 1990
3333:
3321:
3309:
3282:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3210:
3205:, p. 8.
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3085:Harriss 2005
3070:Maddern 1992
3065:
3058:Maddern 1992
3053:
3041:
3034:Archer 2004b
3029:
3017:
3005:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2918:
2906:
2849:
2837:
2832:, p. 5.
2830:Ridgard 1985
2778:
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2661:
2649:
2642:Harriss 2005
2637:
2625:
2613:
2569:
2557:
2545:
2538:Vaughan 2014
2533:
2521:
2516:, p. 1.
2509:
2504:, p. 9.
2497:
2452:Archer 1984b
2437:Archer 1984b
2432:
2425:Archer 2004a
2410:Archer 1984a
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2330:Harriss 2005
2293:
2281:
2269:
2262:Archer 2004c
2257:
2245:
2233:
2121:
2114:Archer 1984b
2109:
2097:
2092:, p. 1.
2085:
2065:
2060:
2051:
2034:
2022:
2015:Charles Ross
2010:
1997:
1986:Holkham Hall
1980:
1955:
1942:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1889:
1878:King Henry V
1865:
1844:
1827:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1782:
1774:Helen Castor
1769:
1759:
1746:
1715:dos nominata
1714:
1708:
1701:lesser hours
1687:
1662:
1652:
1639:
1625:John Fastolf
1606:
1598:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1541:
1527:
1525:
1506:J. R. Lander
1502:
1475:
1429:
1413:
1396:
1392:Thomas Denys
1381:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1301:
1293:
1261:
1257:Charles Ross
1237:
1194:
1181:
1162:
1146:a parliament
1131:
1108:
1078:
1048:
1028:
1014:
1009:
979:
972:
966:
953:
947:
938:John Fastolf
922:
910:
901:
889:
885:to himself.
859:
828:King's peace
821:
801:
789:
773:R. L. Storey
766:
754:
750:Helen Castor
742:John Fastolf
730:
703:
695:
679:
664:, escorting
655:
628:
623:
603:Lincolnshire
596:
569:
545:Earl Marshal
542:
533:
512:
510:
504:
502:
494:
474:. Mowbray's
417:
385:
366:
336:he became a
314:Earl Marshal
303:
302:
226:Earl Marshal
162:(1461-11-06)
87:Other titles
66:Coat of arms
38:John Mowbray
31:
29:
6620:1461 deaths
6615:1415 births
6511:Stoke Field
6436:Ferrybridge
6411:Northampton
6391:Blore Heath
6037:Richard III
5991:Key figures
5982:Family tree
5746:17 February
5679:: 263–268.
5527:23 February
5323:17 February
5174:: 119–130.
4744:18 February
4719:17 February
4625:: 364–366.
4309:: 101–121.
4303:Medium Ævum
4292:17 February
4271:17 February
4250:17 February
4167:Kirwan 2015
4048:Saccio 2000
4000:Lander 1980
3964:Castor 2004
3940:Castor 2004
3913:Castor 2004
3561:Castor 2000
3443:Bogner 2006
3431:Beadle 2002
3419:Beadle 2002
3126:Castor 2000
3102:Virgoe 1997
3022:Castor 2004
2983:Castor 2000
2971:Castor 2000
2884:Castor 2000
2815:Storey 1999
2798:Storey 1999
2732:Castor 2000
2681:Castor 2000
2654:Virgoe 1980
2630:Castor 2000
2618:Castor 2000
2606:Castor 2000
2490:Castor 2000
2467:Castor 2000
2141:Virgoe 1980
2102:Archer 1995
2090:Squibb 1959
1854:John Howard
1822:assistance.
1764:privileges.
1573:Elizabethan
1158:Lancastrian
999:Blackfriars
990:John Paston
926:Lord Scales
855:Framlingham
809:presentment
797:arbitration
757:John Heydon
710:commissions
682:East Anglia
576:grandfather
539:Inheritance
527: 1435
369:East Anglia
352:during the
185:East Anglia
6609:Categories
6486:Tewkesbury
6252:Owen Tudor
5977:Tudor rose
5911:1432–1461
5805:1432–1461
5758:required.)
5628:required.)
5504:1011868853
5026:required.)
4012:Hicks 2010
3952:Jacob 1993
3889:Myers 1996
3865:Haigh 2001
3841:Haigh 2001
3773:Haigh 2001
3717:Haigh 2001
3636:Peach 2004
3404:Giles 1845
3392:Hicks 2010
3186:Hicks 2010
3174:Watts 2004
3046:Coote 2000
2842:Hicks 2010
2783:Hicks 2013
2771:Smith 1984
2756:Smith 1984
2371:Kenny 2003
2274:Davis 2011
2250:Hicks 1998
2238:Hicks 1998
2078:References
2067:Richard II
1831:Historian
1591:W. W. Greg
1540:TV serial
1296:Pontefract
1119:Walsingham
1040:parliament
969:John Stowe
726:pilgrimage
706:bound over
592:Parliament
549:encumbered
6421:Wakefield
6062:Lancaster
6047:Henry VII
6017:Edward IV
5873:the Trent
5871:south of
5685:679927444
5584:504278136
5420:Edward IV
5392:709978800
5378:: 53–80.
5188:300188139
5045:984788270
5039:: 61–88.
5033:Enarratio
4677:319939404
4639:924728310
4401:906456722
4212:638691892
3976:HMSO 2023
3826:Ross 1974
3681:Ross 1974
3609:Ross 1974
3597:Ross 1974
3534:Ross 1986
3522:Ross 1986
3479:Ross 1974
3239:Ward 2016
3162:Ross 1974
2959:Gunn 1988
2947:Ross 2011
2935:Ross 2011
2923:Ross 2011
2911:Pugh 1988
2899:Ross 2011
2869:Ross 2011
2854:Ross 2011
2744:Rose 2006
2720:Webb 2001
2696:Dyas 2001
2502:Rose 2008
2359:Orme 2003
2347:Orme 1984
2298:Orme 1984
2044:household
2003:Palestine
1858:household
1777:Epworth".
1562:Edward IV
1452:Elizabeth
1326:, c. 1461
1288:mustering
1284:Doncaster
1276:rearguard
1268:Cambridge
1154:attainted
1127:Jerusalem
1082:Leicester
1036:protector
883:forfeited
738:Exchequer
647:patronage
468:exchequer
388:factional
377:the Crown
240:Spouse(s)
151:, England
6594:Category
6520:See also
6401:Sandwich
6027:Edward V
6007:Henry VI
5999:Monarchs
5521:Archived
5014:10 March
4738:Archived
4713:Archived
4323:67118740
1699:and the
1516:chivalry
1340:—
1150:Coventry
1031:Dartford
879:outlawry
875:affinity
839:Chancery
746:Chancery
599:Midlands
553:dowagers
476:wardship
458:of 2000
448:Henry VI
350:Normandy
342:Henry VI
340:of King
181:Locality
6461:Edgcote
6446:Piltown
6416:Worksop
5616:3 March
4395:: 1–8.
1935:Warwick
1623:or Sir
1571:In the
1404:Sheriff
1389:coroner
1198:Warwick
1095:heralds
1044:council
934:Howards
813:Ipswich
718:Norwich
503:(I.e.,
440:Henry V
432:magnate
360:on the
318:magnate
272:Mowbray
219:Offices
6481:Barnet
6456:Hexham
6441:Towton
6374:Events
5771:
5752:
5719:
5700:
5683:
5660:
5641:
5622:
5582:
5563:
5544:
5502:
5483:
5464:
5445:
5426:
5407:
5390:
5359:
5340:
5298:
5279:
5260:
5241:
5222:
5203:
5186:
5155:
5136:
5117:
5098:
5079:
5060:
5043:
5020:
4983:
4951:
4932:
4913:
4894:
4875:
4856:
4837:
4818:
4799:
4780:
4761:
4692:
4675:
4654:
4637:
4606:
4587:
4568:
4549:
4530:
4511:
4492:
4473:
4454:
4435:
4416:
4399:
4376:
4357:
4338:
4321:
4227:
4210:
4191:
1931:Exeter
1837:
1793:
1731:Thomas
1727:Edmund
1719:seised
1693:matins
1496:argent
1399:gentry
1335:
1333:Edward
1202:Sandal
1169:Dublin
1160:rule.
1123:Amiens
1018:parley
959:, the
913:gaoler
896:
892:
832:Melton
811:of an
792:bounty
658:Guînes
643:livery
631:Calais
498:
496:wryton
454:for a
396:Edward
328:, and
288:Mother
278:Father
169:Buried
79:Tenure
6073:Tudor
5877:1461
5832:1437
1735:Alice
1697:prime
1631:Notes
1575:play
1492:label
1488:chief
1486:, in
1477:Gules
1444:tryst
1410:Death
1360:flank
898:....
847:miles
557:dower
500:....
460:marks
444:minor
334:minor
267:House
255:Issue
126:10th
6267:York
5769:ISBN
5748:2017
5717:ISBN
5698:ISBN
5681:OCLC
5658:ISBN
5639:ISBN
5618:2017
5580:OCLC
5561:ISBN
5542:ISBN
5529:2018
5500:OCLC
5481:ISBN
5462:ISBN
5443:ISBN
5424:ISBN
5405:ISBN
5388:OCLC
5357:ISBN
5338:ISBN
5325:2017
5296:ISBN
5277:ISBN
5258:ISBN
5239:ISBN
5220:ISBN
5201:ISBN
5184:OCLC
5153:ISBN
5134:ISBN
5115:ISBN
5096:ISBN
5077:ISBN
5058:ISBN
5041:OCLC
5016:2018
4981:ISBN
4949:ISBN
4930:ISBN
4911:ISBN
4892:ISBN
4873:ISBN
4854:ISBN
4835:ISBN
4816:ISBN
4797:ISBN
4778:ISBN
4759:ISBN
4746:2018
4721:2018
4690:ISBN
4673:OCLC
4652:ISBN
4635:OCLC
4604:ISBN
4585:ISBN
4566:ISBN
4547:ISBN
4528:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4490:ISBN
4471:ISBN
4452:ISBN
4433:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4397:OCLC
4374:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4319:OCLC
4294:2017
4273:2017
4252:2017
4225:ISBN
4208:OCLC
4189:ISBN
1933:and
1617:page
1448:John
1420:John
1382:The
1364:rout
1342:The
1337:....
1071:The
849:(11
841:for
835:gaol
818:J.P.
456:farm
408:John
338:ward
157:Died
142:Born
132:1295
121:1283
115:9th
110:1312
104:6th
99:1383
93:4th
58:1397
52:3rd
5380:doi
5176:doi
4627:doi
4311:doi
1538:BBC
1532:by
1350:'s
1294:At
1282:at
1242:at
971:'s
915:of
769:Hoo
716:in
712:of
662:Oye
622:'s
520:251
518:fo.
450:to
434:in
6611::
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3616:^
3541:^
3486:^
3411:^
3384:^
3369:^
3294:^
3193:^
3092:^
3077:^
2990:^
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2876:^
2861:^
2822:^
2805:^
2790:^
2763:^
2688:^
2673:^
2596:^
2581:^
2474:^
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2444:^
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2322:^
2305:^
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2133:^
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1611:,
1568:.
1490:a
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851:km
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507:)
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410:.
312:,
309:KG
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