1245:
those who were immediately interested in, and alone responsible for, its consequences". In other words, they believed that the Act would leave decisions about whether slavery would be permitted in the hands of the people rather than the
Federal government. The far more common response was one of outrage, interpreting Douglas's actions as, in their words, "part and parcel of an atrocious plot to exclude from a vast unoccupied region emigrant from the Old World, and free laborers from our States, and convert it into a dreary region of despotism, inhabited by masters and slaves". Especially in the eyes of northerners, the Kansas–Nebraska Act was aggression and an attack on the power and beliefs of free states. The response led to calls for public action against the South, as seen in broadsides that advertised gatherings in northern states to discuss publicly what to do about the presumption of the Act.
973:
38:
1280:
867:... were intended to have a far more comprehensive and enduring effect than the mere adjustment of the difficulties arising out of the recent acquisition of Mexican territory. They were designed to establish certain great principles, which would not only furnish adequate remedies for existing evils, but, in all times to come, avoid the perils of a similar agitation, by withdrawing the question of slavery from the halls of Congress and the political arena, and committing it to the arbitrament of those who were immediately interested in, and alone responsible for its consequences.
1080:
for a postponement of debate on the ground that he had not yet familiarized himself with the bill. "Little did I suppose at the time that I granted that act of courtesy", Douglas remarked, that Chase and his compatriots had published a document "in which they arraigned me as having been guilty of a criminal betrayal of my trust", of bad faith, and of plotting against the cause of free government. While other
Senators were attending divine worship, they had been "assembled in a secret conclave", devoting the Sabbath to their own conspiratorial and deceitful purposes.
969:
concerned with the location of the territory's seat of government if such a large territory were created. Existing language to affirm the application of all other laws of the United States in the new territory was supplemented by the language agreed on with Pierce: "except the eighth section of the act preparatory to the admission of
Missouri into the Union, approved March 6, 1820 , which was superseded by the legislation of 1850, commonly called the compromise measures , and is declared inoperative." Identical legislation was soon introduced in the House.
1174:
777:
879:
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662:
875:, just as it was prohibited in Nebraska under the Missouri Compromise. Just as the creation of New Mexico and Utah territories had not ruled on the validity of Mexican law on the acquired territory, the Nebraska bill was neither "affirming nor repealing ... the Missouri act". In other words, popular sovereignty was being established by ignoring, rather than addressing, the problem presented by the Missouri Compromise.
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1126:
1111:
1232:
593:". Douglas and Pierce hoped that popular sovereignty would help bring an end to the national debate over slavery, but the Kansas–Nebraska Act outraged Northerners. The division between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces caused by the Act was the death knell for the ailing Whig Party, which broke apart after the Act. Its Northern remnants would give rise to the anti-slavery
1429:. The passing of the Kansas–Nebraska Act came into direct conflict with the relocations. White American settlers from both the free-soil North and pro-slavery South flooded the Northern Indian Territory, hoping to influence the vote on slavery that would come following the admittance of Kansas and, to a lesser extent, Nebraska to the United States.
1211:, of Georgia, who insisted that the Missouri Compromise had never been a true compromise but had been imposed on the South. He argued that the issue was whether republican principles, "that the citizens of every distinct community or State should have the right to govern themselves in their domestic matters as they please", would be honored.
1556:) to fill the anti-slavery void that the Whig Party had never seemed willing to fill. The changes in the act were viewed by anti-slavery Northerners as an aggressive, expansionist maneuver by the slave-owning South. Opponents of the Act were intensely motivated and began forming a new party. The party began as a coalition of anti-slavery
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infrastructure improvement projects dedicated to nearly every treaty, for example, took a great deal longer than expected. Beyond that, however, the most damaging violation by white
American settlers was the mistreatment of Native Americans and their properties. Personal maltreatment, stolen property, and
1472:
Manypenny's 1856 "Report on Indian
Affairs" explained the devastating effect on Indian populations of diseases that white settlers brought to Kansas. Without providing statistics, Indian Affairs Superintendent to the area Colonel Alfred Cumming reported at least more deaths than births in most tribes
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have all been cited. Furthermore, the squatters' premature and illegal settlement of the Kansas
Territory jeopardized the value of the land, and with it the future of the Indian tribes living on them. Because treaties were land cessions and purchases, the value of the land handed over to the Federal
1261:. He and Douglas both spoke to the large audience, Douglas first and Lincoln in response, two hours later. Lincoln's three-hour speech presented thorough moral, legal, and economic arguments against slavery and raised Lincoln's political profile for the first time. The speeches set the stage for the
968:
On
January 23, a revised bill was introduced in the Senate that repealed the Missouri Compromise and split the unorganized land into two new territories: Kansas and Nebraska. The division was the result of concerns expressed by settlers already in Nebraska as well as the senators from Iowa, who were
894:
believed that unless the
Missouri Compromise was explicitly repealed, slaveholders would be reluctant to move to the new territory until slavery was approved by the settlers, who would most likely oppose slavery. On January 16 Dixon surprised Douglas by introducing an amendment that would repeal the
705:
Several proposals in late 1852 and early 1853 had strong support, but they failed because of disputes over whether the railroad would follow a northern or a southern route. In early 1853, the House of
Representatives passed a bill 107 to 49 to organize the Nebraska Territory in the land west of Iowa
1235:
Charles Sumner on
Douglas – "Alas! too often those principles which give consistency, individuality, and form to the Northern character, which renders it staunch, strong, and seaworthy, which bind it together as with iron, are drawn out, one by one, like the bolts of the ill-fitted vessel, and from
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Douglas charged the authors of the "Appeal", whom he referred to throughout as the "Abolitionist confederates", with having perpetrated a "base falsehood" in their protest. He expressed his sense of betrayal, recalling that Chase, "with a smiling face and the appearance of friendship", had appealed
1035:, some of them former slaves themselves, were telling Northerners that the supposed beneficence of slavery was a Southern lie, and that enslaving another person was un-Christian, a horrible sin that must be fought. Both battles were "fought with a pertinacity, bitterness, and rancor unknown even in
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Douglas and Atchison first met alone with Pierce before the whole group convened. Pierce was persuaded to support repeal, and at Douglas' insistence, Pierce provided a written draft, asserting that the Missouri Compromise had been made inoperative by the principles of the Compromise of 1850. Pierce
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Douglas's committee met later that night. Douglas was agreeable to the proposal, but the Atchison group was not. Determined to offer the repeal to Congress on January 23 but reluctant to act without Pierce's commitment, Douglas arranged through Davis to meet with Pierce on January 22 even though it
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through the region, pressure mounted for the organization of the eastern parts of the unorganized territory. Though the organization of the territory was required to develop the region, an organization bill threatened to re-open the contentious debates over slavery in the territories that had taken
1244:
Immediate responses to the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act fell into two classes. The less common response was held by Douglas's supporters, who believed that the bill would withdraw "the question of slavery from the halls of Congress and the political arena, committing it to the arbitration of
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Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri – "What is the excuse for all this turmoil and mischief? We are told it is to keep the question of slavery out of Congress! Great God! It was out of Congress, completely, entirely, and forever out of Congress, unless Congress dragged it in by breaking down the sacred
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We arraign this bill as a gross violation of a sacred pledge; as a criminal betrayal of precious rights; as part and parcel of an atrocious plot to exclude from vast unoccupied region immigrants from the Old World and free laborers from our States, and convert it into a dreary region of despotism,
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immediately reintroduced the same legislation to organize Nebraska that had stalled in the previous session; it was referred to Douglas's committee on December 14. Douglas, hoping to achieve the support of the Southerners, publicly announced that the same principle that had been established in the
792:
In the Compromise of 1850, Utah and New Mexico Territories had been organized without any restrictions on slavery, and many supporters of Douglas argued that the compromise had already superseded the Missouri Compromise. The territories were, however, given the authority to decide for themselves
588:
strongly opposed the bill, it passed the House with the support of almost all Southerners and some Northern Democrats. After the passage of the act, pro- and anti-slavery elements flooded into Kansas to establish a population that would vote for or against slavery, resulting in a series of armed
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Guerrilla warfare in Kansas continued throughout Buchanan's presidency and extended into the 1860s. Buchanan attempted to admit Kansas as a state under the pro-slavery Lecompton Constitution, but Kansas voters rejected that constitution in an August 1858 referendum. Anti-slavery delegates won a
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between 1852 and 1856, contributing, in part, to the massive decline in population, from 8000 in 1850 to just 3500 in 1860. The Osage had already encountered epidemics associated with relocation and white settlement. The initial removal acts in the 1830s brought both White American settlers and
862:
Furthermore, any decisions on slavery in the new lands were to be made "when admitted as a state or states, the said territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union, with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission." In a report
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From a political standpoint, the Whig Party had been in decline in the South because of the effectiveness with which it had been hammered by the Democratic Party over slavery. The Southern Whigs hoped that by seizing the initiative on this issue, they would be identified as strong defenders of
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were at a distinct disadvantage in Congress. The Democrats held large majorities in each house, and Douglas, "a ferocious fighter, the fiercest, most ruthless, and most unscrupulous that Congress had perhaps ever known", led a tightly disciplined party. In the nation at large, the opponents of
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leaders who refused to allow the creation of territories that banned slavery; slavery would have been banned because the Missouri Compromise outlawed slavery in the territory north of latitude 36° 30′ north (except for Missouri). To win the support of Southerners like Atchison, Pierce and
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The Kansas–Nebraska Act divided the nation and pointed it toward civil war. Congressional Democrats suffered huge losses in the mid-term elections of 1854, as voters provided support to a wide array of new parties that opposed the Democrats and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Pierce deplored the new
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The American party system had been dominated by Whigs and Democrats for decades leading up to the Civil War. But the Whig party's increasing internal divisions had made it a party of strange bedfellows by the 1850s. An ascendant anti-slavery wing clashed with a traditionalist and increasingly
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ordered military support in removing the squatters, both the military and the squatters refused to comply, undermining both Federal authority and the treaties in place with Delaware. In addition to the violations of treaty agreements, other promises made were not being kept. Construction and
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would be handled. Davis and Cushing, from Massachusetts, along with Douglas, spearheaded the partisan efforts. By the end of April, Douglas believed that there were enough votes to pass the bill. The House leadership then began a series of roll call votes in which legislation ahead of the
1191:, nearly provoked the House into a war of more than words. Campbell, joined by other antislavery northerners, exchanged insults and invectives with southerners, neither side giving quarter. Weapons were brandished on the floor of the House. Finally, bumptiousness gave way to violence.
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The debate in the Senate concluded on March 4, 1854, when Douglas, beginning near midnight on March 3, made a five-and-a-half-hour speech. The final vote in favor of passage was 37 to 14. Free-state senators voted 14 to 12 in favor, and slave-state senators supported the bill 23 to 2.
1050:, which had earlier supported Pierce, predicted that this would be the last straw for Northern supporters of the slavery forces and would "create a deep-seated, intense, and ineradicable hatred of the institution which will crush its political power, at all hazards, and at any cost".
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To avoid and/or alleviate the reservation-settlement problem, further treaty negotiations were attempted with the tribes of Kansas and Nebraska. In 1854 alone, the U.S. agreed to acquire lands in Kansas or Nebraska from several tribes including the Kickapoo, Delaware,
1541:, had been burned by Taylor and were unwilling to support another Whig. Taylor, who despite being a slave owner, had proved notably anti-slave despite campaigning neutrally on the issue. With the loss of Southern Whig support and the loss of votes in the North to the
1166:, which he "had stood upon ... above thirty years, and intended to stand upon it to the end—solitary and alone, if need be; but preferring company". The speech was distributed afterward as a pamphlet when opposition to the action moved outside the walls of Congress.
1169:
It was not until May 8 that the debate began in the House. The debate was even more intense than in the Senate. While it seemed to be a foregone conclusion that the bill would pass, the opponents went all out to fight it. Historian Michael Morrison wrote:
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had been discussed since the 1840s. While there were debates over the specifics, especially the route to be taken, there was a public consensus that such a railroad should be built by private interests, and financed by public land grants. In 1845,
732:
Representatives then generally found lodging in boarding houses when they were in the nation's capital to perform their legislative duties. Atchison shared lodgings in an F Street house shared by the leading Southerners in Congress. He was the
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and a few areas adjacent to free states, there were no efforts to organize the Party in the southern states. So was born the Republican Party—campaigning on the popular, emotional issue of "free soil" in the frontier—which would capture the
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government was critical to the payment received by a given Native nation. Deforestation, destruction of property, and other general injuries to the land lowered the value of the territories that were ceded by the Kansas Territory tribes.
1214:
The final House vote in favor of the bill was 113 to 100. Northern Democrats supported the bill 44 to 42, but all 45 northern Whigs opposed it. Southern Democrats voted in favor by 57 to 2, and southern Whigs supported it by 12 to 7.
725:. Atchison was maneuvered into choosing between antagonizing the state's railroad interests or its slaveholders. Finally, he took the position that he would rather see Nebraska "sink in hell" before he would allow it to be overrun by
939:
supported repeal. Instead, the president and cabinet submitted to Douglas an alternative plan that would have sought out a judicial ruling on the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise. Both Pierce and Attorney General
2829:
2027:
Potter p. 165. The vote occurred at 3:30 a.m. and many senators, including Houston, had retired for the night. Estimates on what the vote might have been with all still in attendance vary from 40–20 to 42–18. Nevins p.
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section of the Missouri Compromise that prohibited slavery north of the 36°30' parallel. Douglas met privately with Dixon and in the end, despite his misgivings on Northern reaction, agreed to accept Dixon's arguments.
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and campaigned on "Bleeding Kansas" and the unpopularity of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Buchanan won the election, but Frémont carried a majority of the free states. Two days after Buchanan's inauguration, Chief Justice
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Stephen A. Douglas – "The great principle of self-government is at stake, and surely the people of this country are never going to decide that the principle upon which our whole republican system rests is vicious and
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Republican Party, because of its perceived anti-southern, anti-slavery stance. To Northerners, the President's perceived Southern bias did anything but de-escalate public mood and helped inflame abolitionist anger.
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of Alabama. With the encouragement of the "F Street Mess", Douglas met with them and Phillips to ensure that the momentum for passing the bill remained with the Democratic Party. They arranged to meet with President
757:, formed the nucleus that would insist on slaveholder equality in Nebraska. Douglas was aware of the group's opinions and power and knew that he needed to address its concerns. Douglas was also a fervent believer in
1646:, which asserted that Congress had no constitutional power to exclude slavery in the territories. Douglas continued to support the doctrine of popular sovereignty, but Buchanan insisted that Democrats respect the
1161:
was among those speaking forcefully against the measure. On April 25, in a House speech that biographer William Nisbet Chambers called "long, passionate, historical, polemical", Benton attacked the repeal of the
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Douglas took the appeal personally and responded in Congress, when the debate was opened on January 30 before a full House and packed gallery. Douglas biographer Robert W. Johanssen described part of the speech:
1252:
aired their disagreement over the Kansas–Nebraska Act in seven public speeches during September and October 1854. Lincoln gave his most comprehensive argument against slavery and the provisions of the act in
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During the Senate adjournment, the issues of the railroad and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise became entangled in Missouri politics, as Atchison campaigned for re-election against the forces of
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Alexander Stephens from Georgia – "Nebraska is through the House. I took the reins in my hand, applied the whip and spur, and brought the 'wagon' out at eleven o'clock P.M. Glory enough for one day."
1203:
and well-armed, had to be restrained from making a violent attack on Campbell. Only after the sergeant at arms arrested him, the debate was cut off, and the House adjourned did the melee subside.
560:, and since the 1840s Douglas had sought to establish a territorial government in a portion of the Louisiana Purchase that was still unorganized. Douglas's efforts were stymied by Senator
1027:. A political battle was being fought in Congress over the question of slavery in the new states that were coming. At the same time, there was a moral debate. Southerners claimed that
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4235:
484:
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1445:, Miami, and Kaskaskia and Peoria. In exchange for their land cessions, the tribes largely received small reservations in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma or Kansas in some cases.
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The report compared the situation in New Mexico and Utah with the situation in Nebraska. In the first instance, many had argued that slavery had previously been prohibited under
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announced that he would support the Nebraska proposal only if slavery were to be permitted. While the bill was silent on this issue, slavery would have been prohibited under the
1330:. Their influence in territorial elections was often bolstered by resident Missourians who crossed into Kansas solely for voting in such ballots. They formed groups such as the
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The unanimous sentiment of the North is indignant resistance. ... The whole population is full of it. The feeling in 1848 was far inferior to this in strength and universality.
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in the territory north of 36°30' latitude and west of the Mississippi River. Other Southern senators were as inflexible as Atchison. By a vote of 23 to 17, the Senate voted to
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whether they would apply for statehood as either free or slaves states whenever they chose to apply. The two territories, however, unlike Nebraska, had not been part of the
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1389:. Throughout the 1830s, large-scale relocations of Native American tribes to the Indian Territory took place, with many Southeastern nations removed to present-day
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1284:
477:
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1587:, on July 6, 1854. At that convention, the party opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories and selected a statewide slate of candidates. The
150:
1626:. Pierce remains the only elected president who actively sought reelection but was denied his party's nomination for a second term. Republicans nominated
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682:, had submitted an unsuccessful plan to organize the Nebraska Territory formally, as the first step in building a railroad with its eastern terminus in
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schoolhouse on March 20, 1854. The first statewide convention that formed a platform and nominated candidates under the Republican name was held near
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was a Sunday when Pierce generally refrained from conducting any business. Douglas was accompanied at the meeting by Atchison, Hunter, Phillips, and
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Missouri Compromise line (36°30′ parallel) in dark blue, 1820. Territory above this line would be reserved for free states, and below, slave states
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1506:, cholera, and smallpox killed an estimated 1242 Osage Indians, resulting in a population recession of roughly 20 percent between 1830 and 1850.
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960:, the communications organ for the administration, wrote on January 24 that support for the bill would be "a test of Democratic orthodoxy".
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Douglas's bill to repeal the Missouri Compromise and organize Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory won approval by a wide margin in the
3459:
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749:(from South Carolina, chairman of the Judiciary Committee). When Congress reconvened on December 5, 1853, the group, termed the F Street
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majority of the elections to the 1859 Kansas constitutional convention, and Kansas won admission as a free state under the anti-slavery
653:
often referred to as "Nebraska". As settlers poured into the unorganized territory, and commercial and political interests called for a
4255:
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Before the organization of the Kansas–Nebraska territory in 1854, the Kansas and Nebraska Territories were consolidated as part of the
573:". Under popular sovereignty, the citizens of each territory, rather than Congress, would determine whether slavery would be allowed.
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3859:
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On March 21, 1854, as a delaying tactic in the House of Representatives, the legislation was referred by a vote of 110 to 95 to the
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The bill was reported to the main body of the Senate on January 4, 1854. It had been modified by Douglas, who had also authored the
761:—the policy of letting the voters, almost exclusively white males, of a territory decide whether or not slavery should exist in it.
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Pierce was not enthusiastic about the implications of repealing the Missouri Compromise and had barely referred to Nebraska in his
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Under the Oaks: Commemorating the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Founding of the Republican Party, at Jackson, Michigan, July 6, 1854
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For the nations that remained in Kansas beyond 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act introduced a host of other problems. In 1855, white "
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Successive territorial governors, usually sympathetic to slavery, attempted to maintain the peace. The territorial capital of
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and Missouri. In March, the bill moved to the Senate Committee on Territories, which was headed by Douglas. Missouri Senator
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2259:"American Broadsides and Ephemera, Series I. "To the People of Massachusetts:" Worcester, MA: 1854. Accessed 3 March 2016"
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and his sons gained notoriety in the fight against slavery by murdering five pro-slavery farmers with a broadsword in the
1146:, where it was the last item on the calendar. Realizing from the vote to stall that the act faced an uphill struggle, the
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1031:, endorsed by the Bible, and generally good policy, whose expansion must be supported. The publications and speeches of
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both told Pierce that repeal would create serious political problems. The full cabinet met and only Secretary of War
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197:
2851:"History: Annual report of the commissioner of Indian affairs, for the year 1856: [Central superintendency]"
2822:"History: Annual report of the commissioner of Indian affairs, for the year 1855: [Central superintendency]"
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Douglas agreed to back the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the status of slavery instead decided based on "
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foreign Native American tribes to the Great Plains and into contact with the Osage people. Between 1829 and 1843,
1373:. Brown also helped defend a few dozen Free-State supporters from several hundred angry pro-slavery supporters at
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The Burden of Western History: Kansas, Collective Memory, and the Reunification of the American Empire, 1854–1913
1348:", moved from the East expressly to make Kansas a free state. A clash between the opposing sides was inevitable.
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made it clear to all Democrats that passage of the bill was essential to the party and would dictate how federal
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on the Delaware reservation without the consent of either Delaware or the US government. When Commissioner of
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537:. Douglas introduced the bill intending to open up new lands to develop and facilitate the construction of a
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1401:, and many Midwestern nations removed by way of the treaty to present-day Kansas. Among the latter were the
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political rallies were held across the north. Douglas remained the main advocate for the bill while Chase,
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Bleeding Kansas, Bloody Kansas, or the Border War was a series of violent political confrontations in the
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Partly due to the unpopularity of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Pierce lost his bid for re-nomination at the
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from Texas was one of the few southern opponents of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. In the debate, he urged, "
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686:. Railroad proposals were debated in all subsequent sessions of Congress with cities such as Chicago,
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local meeting where "Republican" was suggested as a name for a new anti-slavery party was held in a
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The Kansas–Nebraska Act was the final nail in the Whig coffin. It was also the spark that began the
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The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854: Popular Sovereignty and the Political Polarization over Slavery
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1545:, Whigs seemed doomed. So they were, as they would never again contest a presidential election.
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to ensure that the issue would be declared a test of party loyalty within the Democratic Party.
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Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War
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of Michigan, a proponent of popular sovereignty as far back as 1848 as an alternative to the
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Douglas's attempt to finesse his way around the Missouri Compromise did not work. Kentucky
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Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War
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Free soil, free labor, free men: the ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War
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Childers, Christopher. "Interpreting Popular Sovereignty: A Historiographical Essay",
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decision and its repudiation of federal interference with slavery in the territories.
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the motion, with every senator from the states south of Missouri voting to the table.
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597:. The Act, and the tensions over slavery it inflamed, were key events leading to the
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accompanying the bill, Douglas's committee wrote that the Utah and New Mexico Acts:
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1254:
1223:
President Franklin Pierce signed the Kansas–Nebraska Act into law on May 30, 1854.
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1023:
wrote that the country then became convulsed with two interconnected battles over
788:. Douglas sought to organize parts of the area labeled as "Unorganized territory".
117:
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137:
3603:
3574:
Millard Fillmore on the Fugitive Slave and Kansas–Nebraska Acts: Original Letter
2223:
Nichols, Roy F. (1956). "The Kansas–Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography".
919:
message delivered December 5, 1853, just a month before. Close advisors Senator
4149:
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later informed his cabinet, which concurred with the change of direction. The
4179:
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412:
174:
1516:
History of the Republican Party (United States) § Beginnings: 1854–1860
4069:
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1490:
1434:
1426:
1418:
1020:
3310:. The American Presidents (Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
2323:
4115:
3507:
The Kansas–Nebraska Bill: Party, Section, and the Coming of the Civil War
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1304:
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878:
872:
699:
510:
3430:
Nichols, Roy F. "The Kansas–Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography".
3265:
3222:
2244:
1474:
1438:
1345:
1155:
Kansas–Nebraska Act was called to the floor and tabled without debate.
988:
920:
506:
1355:, the target of much agitation, became such a hostile environment for
3954:
1592:
1503:
1449:
1442:
1414:
1188:
1053:
The day after the bill was reintroduced, two Ohioans, Representative
843:. A large portion of Nebraska Territory would soon be split off into
687:
3604:
President Pierce's Private Correspondence on the Kansas–Nebraska Act
3592:
Kansas–Nebraska Act and related resources at the Library of Congress
3435:
2236:
1591:
took the lead in forming state Republican Party tickets; apart from
2351:"Bleeding Kansas | History, Effects, & John Brown | Britannica"
1498:
1482:
1390:
1327:
661:
645:, remained in place for the other U.S. territories acquired in the
107:
3870:
2299:
2093:"To Pass H.R. 236. (P. 1254). – House Vote No. 309 – May 22, 1854"
1525:
pro-slavery southern wing. These divisions came to a head in the
1486:
1478:
1402:
1110:
683:
944:
believed that the Supreme Court would find it unconstitutional.
797:
and had arguably never been subject to the Missouri Compromise.
556:
The United States had acquired vast amounts of land in the 1803
3528:
2920:
2918:
2916:
1494:
1406:
1312:
1236:
the miserable, loosened fragments is formed that human anomaly—
1125:
996:
745:(from Virginia, chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee) and
3010:. The ordeal of the Union: A house dividing, 1852–1857. Vol. 2
1826:
Allan Kent Powell, Encyclopedia of Mormonism, "Utah Territory"
1702:"The Wealthy Activist Who Helped Turn 'Bleeding Kansas' Free"
1537:. Southern Whigs, who had supported the prior Whig president
1319:
would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a
1283:
This 1856 map shows slave states (gray), free states (pink),
1265:
four years later, when Lincoln sought Douglas's Senate seat.
1200:
2913:
1326:
Pro-slavery settlers came to Kansas mainly from neighboring
702:
competing to be the jumping-off point for the construction.
541:. However, the Kansas–Nebraska Act effectively repealed the
1315:. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether
1000:
750:
3326:
Stephen A. Douglas and the dilemmas of democratic equality
3078:"When Has A President Been Denied His Party's Nomination?"
2271:
1521:
slavery. Many Northern Whigs broke with them in the Act.
1477:, as a leading cause of death, Cumming specifically cited
1231:
549:
and contributing to a series of armed conflicts known as "
4236:
United States federal territory and statehood legislation
3081:
48:
An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas
3178:
3166:
3142:
3130:
1829:
3260:
Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era
2380:
Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era
2326:"Preface by Lewis Lehrman, Abraham Lincoln and Freedom"
1799:
1732:
Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era
3154:
2877:
2875:
1359:
that they set up their own, unofficial legislature at
2767:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2738:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2709:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2680:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2651:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2622:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2593:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2564:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2535:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2506:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2477:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2448:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2419:"Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Treaties"
2324:
The Lincoln Institute; Lewis E. Lehrman (2002–2008).
1137:
3652:
3451:
SenGupta, Gunja. "Bleeding Kansas: A Review Essay".
3285:
The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay 1776–1854
3118:
741:(from Virginia, chairman of the Finance Committee),
4009:
List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce
3350:. Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press.
2872:
1999:"To Pass S. 22. – Senate Vote No. 52 – Mar 3, 1854"
1855:
1853:
1380:
1084:The debate would continue for four months, as many
641:, which banned slavery in territories north of the
3470:
3203:
1065:in Congress to the People of the United States":
1340:, a term coined by the opponent and abolitionist
855:(1863) before the balance of the land became the
658:place during and after the Mexican–American War.
4177:
1984:
1982:
1850:
1509:
898:A similar amendment was offered in the House by
811:
3418:Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing 1852–1857
3252:Volume 57, Number 1, March 2011 pp. 48–70
3044:"Civil War Chronicles: Abolitionist John Doy",
2943:
1658:in the final months of Buchanan's presidency.
1044:Nebraska hoped to achieve a moral victory. The
977:Forcing Slavery Down the Throat of a Freesoiler
832:was created to extend from Kansas north to the
3023:The origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856
2938:The encyclopedia of American political history
2300:"Abraham Lincoln at Peoria: The Turning Point"
3886:
3638:
3243:Old Bullion Benton: Senator From the New West
2893:
2891:
1979:
478:
4261:Franklin Pierce administration controversies
2936:Paul Finkelman, and Peter Wallenstein, eds.
2393:War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861
1493:people, who lost an estimated 1300 lives to
1240:. Sir, no such man can speak for the North."
1096:, of Massachusetts, led the opposition. The
847:(1861), and smaller portions transferred to
3060:
1473:in the area. While noting intemperance, or
1248:Douglas and former Illinois Representative
3893:
3879:
3645:
3631:
2888:
2124:
485:
471:
4246:Expansion of slavery in the United States
3364:
3184:
3148:
2924:
1886:Johanssen pp. 412–413. Cooper pp. 350–351
1835:
1805:
617:had settled the debate over the issue of
609:In his 1853 inaugural address, President
3975:1852 United States presidential election
3512:Wunder, John R. and Joann M. Ross, eds.
3368:Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
2225:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
1278:
1230:
1172:
1124:
1109:
995:platform of making slave states out of "
971:
877:
775:
678:, then serving in his first term in the
660:
625:. The compromise had allowed slavery in
2222:
1779:Freehling pp. 550–551. Johanssen p. 407
1238:a Northern man with Southern principles
800:
580:, but faced stronger opposition in the
14:
4178:
3069:
2406:John Brown and the legend of fifty-six
2162:"Pierce signs the Kansas–Nebraska Act"
2132:"U.S. Senate: The Kansas–Nebraska Act"
1699:
1695:
1693:
1121:Stir not up agitation! Give us peace!"
1011:also holds down the giant's beard, as
910:
824:Acts, to mirror the language from the
4216:History of United States expansionism
3874:
3626:
3468:
3348:President James Buchanan: A Biography
3345:
3201:
3172:
3160:
3136:
3124:
3088:from the original on December 5, 2021
3075:
1700:Sutton, Robert K. (August 16, 2017).
1603:
457:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers
4206:African-American history of Nebraska
3509:, (Revisionist Press, 1977), 385 pp.
3432:Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3028:
2274:"1854 – Abraham Lincoln and Freedom"
1949:Nevins pp. 111–112. Johanssen p. 418
1895:Potter p. 161. Johanssen pp. 413–414
4044:1856 Democratic National Convention
3981:1852 Democratic National Convention
3900:
3619:available via the National Archives
3066:Holt (2010), pp. 91–94, 99, 106–109
2297:
2272:The Lincoln Institute (2002–2008).
1712:from the original on March 27, 2019
1690:
1620:1856 Democratic National Convention
1344:. Abolitionist settlers, known as "
1063:Appeal of the Independent Democrats
1061:, published a free-soil response, "
1015:shoves a black man down his throat.
963:
533:, and signed into law by President
24:
2964:The origin of the Republican Party
2159:
1268:
1138:Debate in House of Representatives
979:. An 1854 cartoon depicts a giant
367:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
223:End of slavery in British colonies
25:
4272:
4256:Origins of the American Civil War
4231:Pre-statehood history of Nebraska
3521:
3300:The Political Crisis of the 1850s
1119:Maintain the Missouri Compromise!
633:, which had been acquired in the
545:, stoking national tensions over
356:The Impending Crisis of the South
198:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
4159:
4158:
3855:
3854:
3654:Kansas in the American Civil War
3527:
3473:The Presidency of James Buchanan
3455:24 (Winter 2001/2002): 318–341.
2103:from the original on May 3, 2019
2009:from the original on May 3, 2019
1381:Effect on Native American tribes
1295:between 1854 and 1861 involving
1207:The floor debate was handled by
1070:inhabited by masters and slaves.
513:that created the territories of
36:
4004:Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
3514:The Nebraska-Kansas Act of 1854
3442:The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
3109:
3100:
3051:
3015:
3002:
2979:
2956:
2930:
2904:
2861:from the original on 2015-12-22
2843:
2832:from the original on 2015-12-22
2814:
2801:
2788:
2759:
2730:
2701:
2672:
2643:
2614:
2585:
2556:
2527:
2498:
2469:
2440:
2411:
2398:
2385:
2372:
2361:from the original on 2023-09-22
2343:
2317:
2306:from the original on 2019-06-26
2291:
2265:
2251:
2216:
2204:
2192:
2183:
2172:from the original on 2019-03-31
2153:
2142:from the original on 2019-03-29
2115:
2085:
2076:
2067:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2021:
1991:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1904:Potter p. 161. Johanssen p. 414
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1841:
1820:
1811:
3917:President of the United States
3434:43 (September 1956): 187–212.
3057:McPherson (1988), pp. 129–130.
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1724:
1668:History of slavery in Nebraska
735:Senate's President pro tempore
13:
1:
3606:Shapell Manuscript Foundation
3576:Shapell Manuscript Foundation
3236:A History of the Osage People
2899:A History of the Osage People
2883:A History of the Osage People
1743:Holt (2010), pp. 53–54, 72–73
1678:
1510:Destruction of the Whig party
1311:", or "Southern" elements in
812:Introduction of Nebraska bill
807:Presidency of Franklin Pierce
680:U.S. House of Representatives
604:
3365:McPherson, James M. (1988).
3076:Rudin, Ken (July 22, 2009).
2201:, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., No. 15.
1683:
1673:History of slavery in Kansas
1610:Presidency of James Buchanan
1226:
1218:
780:The United States after the
331:Burning of Pennsylvania Hall
293:Secession of Southern states
7:
4251:33rd United States Congress
3516:(2008), essays by scholars.
3448:-winning scholarly history.
2771:digital.library.okstate.edu
2742:digital.library.okstate.edu
2713:digital.library.okstate.edu
2684:digital.library.okstate.edu
2655:digital.library.okstate.edu
2626:digital.library.okstate.edu
2597:digital.library.okstate.edu
2568:digital.library.okstate.edu
2539:digital.library.okstate.edu
2510:digital.library.okstate.edu
2481:digital.library.okstate.edu
2452:digital.library.okstate.edu
2423:digital.library.okstate.edu
1661:
1393:, a process ordered by the
1321:slave state or a free state
1287:(green), and Kansas (white)
543:Missouri Compromise of 1820
531:33rd United States Congress
326:Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy
170:End of Atlantic slave trade
58:33rd United States Congress
10:
4277:
4201:1854 in Nebraska Territory
4075:Franklin Pierce University
3925:Senator from New Hampshire
3479:University Press of Kansas
3346:Klein, Philip S. (1995) .
3241:Chambers, William Nisbet.
3194:
1632:1856 presidential election
1607:
1513:
1272:
828:. In the bill, a vast new
804:
773:should apply in Nebraska.
737:. His housemates included
413:Recapture of Anthony Burns
283:1860 presidential election
258:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
4191:1854 in American politics
4137:
4108:
4100:Statue of Franklin Pierce
4090:Pierce County, Washington
4060:Franklin Pierce Homestead
4052:
3994:
3947:
3908:
3850:
3834:
3809:
3783:
3767:
3760:
3744:
3728:
3660:
3562:An annotated bibliography
3469:Smith, Elbert B. (1975).
3306:Holt, Michael F. (2010).
3305:
3210:. New York: Times Books.
2855:digicoll.library.wisc.edu
2826:digicoll.library.wisc.edu
2213:, 33 Cong., 1 Sess., 281.
1497:, measles, smallpox, and
1397:of 1830 and known as the
927:, and Secretary of State
671:transcontinental railroad
655:transcontinental railroad
539:transcontinental railroad
362:Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
337:American Slavery As It Is
91:
86:
76:
71:
63:
52:
44:
35:
4196:1854 in Kansas Territory
4128:Benjamin Kendrick Pierce
3115:Holt (2010), pp. 109–110
1257:, on October 16, in the
613:expressed hope that the
582:House of Representatives
385:Trial of Reuben Crandall
298:Peace Conference of 1861
273:Caning of Charles Sumner
4221:Legal history of Kansas
3373:Oxford University Press
3223:excerpt and text search
3202:Baker, Jean H. (2004).
3106:Holt (2010), loc. 1610.
1794:Oxford University Press
1600:just six years later.
1529:, where Whig candidate
1263:Lincoln-Douglas debates
1178:laws which settled it!"
753:, along with Virginian
278:Lincoln–Douglas debates
116:on March 3, 1854 (
4095:Pierce County, Georgia
4014:Young America movement
3283:Freehling, William W.
2985:William Stocking, ed.
1656:Wyandotte Constitution
1288:
1241:
1205:
1179:
1144:Committee of the Whole
1130:
1122:
1108:
1082:
1072:
1029:slavery was beneficent
1016:
935:and Secretary of Navy
884:
869:
789:
666:
564:of Missouri and other
426:Virginia v. John Brown
419:Dred Scott v. Sandford
321:Nat Turner's Rebellion
126:on May 22, 1854 (
4065:Franklin Pierce House
3960:9th Infantry Regiment
3389:Manypenny, George W.
3331:Johannsen. Robert W.
3021:William E. Gienapp,
2807:George W. Manypenny,
2794:George W. Manypenny,
1931:Johanssen pp. 415–417
1913:Johanssen pp. 414–415
1817:Johannsen pp. 402–403
1788:Robert W. Johansson,
1608:Further information:
1371:Pottawatomie massacre
1282:
1234:
1181:
1176:
1148:Pierce administration
1128:
1113:
1104:
1077:
1067:
975:
881:
865:
779:
664:
651:unorganized territory
452:Battle of Fort Sumter
407:Prigg v. Pennsylvania
288:Crittenden Compromise
4186:1854 in American law
3970:Battle of Churubusco
3548:US Statutes at Large
3536:at Wikimedia Commons
3495:Stewart, Matthew G.
1452:" built the city of
1183:A filibuster led by
950:John C. Breckinridge
818:New Mexico Territory
801:Congressional action
635:Mexican–American War
631:New Mexico Territory
589:conflicts known as "
521:. It was drafted by
509:) was a territorial
391:Commonwealth v. Aves
248:Nashville Convention
238:Mexican–American War
208:Nullification crisis
4226:Popular sovereignty
4039:Topeka Constitution
4029:Kansas–Nebraska Act
3965:Battle of Contreras
3933:U.S. Representative
3668:Kansas–Nebraska Act
3540:Kansas–Nebraska Act
3534:Kansas–Nebraska Act
3396:Morrison, Michael.
3175:, pp. 100–105.
3139:, pp. 120–121.
3025:(1987) pp. 189–223.
3012:(1947) pp. 316–323.
2927:, pp. 117–119.
2211:Congressional Globe
1796:, 1973) pp. 374–400
1164:Missouri Compromise
1102:wrote on March 2:
1092:, of New York, and
983:being held down by
911:Meeting with Pierce
759:popular sovereignty
712:Missouri Compromise
649:, including a vast
639:Missouri Compromise
571:popular sovereignty
562:David Rice Atchison
499:Kansas–Nebraska Act
263:Kansas–Nebraska Act
203:Missouri Compromise
193:Northwest Ordinance
158:
87:Legislative history
81:Missouri Compromise
32:
31:Kansas–Nebraska Act
18:Kansas-Nebraska Act
4143:← Millard Fillmore
4085:Pierceton, Indiana
3986:Old North Cemetery
3615:2024-05-11 at the
3597:2018-01-02 at the
3585:2014-12-16 at the
3567:2008-12-20 at the
3462:2021-04-19 at the
3407:2012-05-24 at the
3333:Stephen A. Douglas
3258:Etcheson, Nicole.
3228:2021-03-08 at the
3040:2010-01-02 at the
2996:2021-05-05 at the
2973:2021-06-24 at the
2355:www.britannica.com
2298:Lehrman, Lewis E.
2121:Nevins pp. 156–157
2064:Nevins pp. 154–155
1868:Holt (1978) p. 145
1790:Stephen A. Douglas
1770:Potter pp. 154–155
1761:Potter pp. 150–152
1752:Potter pp. 146–149
1604:Later developments
1562:Zachariah Chandler
1395:Indian Removal Act
1289:
1242:
1209:Alexander Stephens
1193:Henry A. Edmundson
1180:
1159:Thomas Hart Benton
1131:
1123:
1017:
1013:Stephen A. Douglas
991:, standing on the
917:State of the Union
885:
849:Colorado Territory
830:Nebraska Territory
826:Compromise of 1850
795:Louisiana Purchase
790:
782:Compromise of 1850
771:Compromise of 1850
723:Thomas Hart Benton
676:Stephen A. Douglas
667:
647:Louisiana Purchase
615:Compromise of 1850
599:American Civil War
584:. Though Northern
558:Louisiana Purchase
527:Stephen A. Douglas
253:Compromise of 1850
156:American Civil War
149:
100:Stephen A. Douglas
98:in the Senate by
30:
4173:
4172:
3868:
3867:
3830:
3829:
3817:Marais des Cygnes
3718:Marais des Cygnes
3532:Media related to
3440:Potter, David M.
3324:Huston, James L.
3317:978-0-8050-8719-2
3250:Civil War History
3163:, pp. 40–43.
3046:American Heritage
2391:Thomas Goodrich,
2378:Nicole Etcheson,
2166:American Heritage
1730:Nicole Etcheson,
1585:Jackson, Michigan
1185:Lewis D. Campbell
857:State of Nebraska
766:Augustus C. Dodge
501:of 1854 (10
495:
494:
344:Uncle Tom's Cabin
151:Events leading to
147:
146:
114:Passed the Senate
16:(Redirected from
4268:
4162:
4161:
4150:James Buchanan →
4024:Ostend Manifesto
4019:Gadsden Purchase
3940:
3928:
3920:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3842:General Order 11
3765:
3764:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3623:
3531:
3503:Wolff, Gerald W.
3492:
3476:
3391:Our Indian Wards
3386:
3361:
3321:
3234:Burns, Louis F.
3221:
3209:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3032:
3026:
3019:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2983:
2977:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2941:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2897:Louis F. Burns,
2895:
2886:
2881:Louis F. Burns,
2879:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2809:Our Indian Wards
2805:
2799:
2796:Our Indian Wards
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2773:. Archived from
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2744:. Archived from
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2715:. Archived from
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2686:. Archived from
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2657:. Archived from
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2628:. Archived from
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2599:. Archived from
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2570:. Archived from
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2541:. Archived from
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2512:. Archived from
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2483:. Archived from
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2454:. Archived from
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2425:. Archived from
2415:
2409:
2404:James C. Malin,
2402:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2328:. Archived from
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2276:. Archived from
2269:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1959:
1958:Johanssen p. 420
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1877:Nevins pp. 95–96
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:Johanssen p. 406
1857:
1848:
1847:Johanssen p. 405
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1697:
1581:Ripon, Wisconsin
1558:Conscience Whigs
1550:Republican Party
1533:was trounced by
1461:George Manypenny
1387:Indian Territory
1334:and were dubbed
1285:U.S. territories
1255:Peoria, Illinois
1099:New-York Tribune
964:Debate in Senate
958:Washington Union
929:William L. Marcy
845:Dakota Territory
841:US–Canada border
786:Gadsden Purchase
755:William O. Goode
747:Andrew P. Butler
739:Robert T. Hunter
595:Republican Party
529:, passed by the
487:
480:
473:
446:Star of the West
303:Corwin Amendment
268:Ostend Manifesto
233:Texas annexation
228:Texas Revolution
159:
148:
124:Passed the House
40:
33:
29:
27:1854 organic act
21:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4241:May 1854 events
4211:Bleeding Kansas
4176:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4133:
4122:Benjamin Pierce
4104:
4048:
4034:Bleeding Kansas
3990:
3943:
3931:
3923:
3912:
3904:
3902:Franklin Pierce
3899:
3869:
3864:
3846:
3826:
3805:
3779:
3756:
3740:
3724:
3673:Bleeding Kansas
3656:
3651:
3617:Wayback Machine
3599:Wayback Machine
3587:Wayback Machine
3569:Wayback Machine
3524:
3519:
3489:
3464:Wayback Machine
3436:Online at JSTOR
3409:Wayback Machine
3383:
3358:
3318:
3308:Franklin Pierce
3298:Holt, Michael.
3254:in Project MUSE
3230:Wayback Machine
3218:
3197:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
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3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3042:Wayback Machine
3033:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2998:Wayback Machine
2984:
2980:
2975:Wayback Machine
2961:
2957:
2948:
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2914:
2909:
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2736:
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2707:
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2606:
2604:
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2533:
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2519:
2517:
2504:
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2499:
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2470:
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2459:
2446:
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2432:
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2417:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2399:
2390:
2386:
2377:
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2349:
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2344:
2335:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2237:10.2307/1902683
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:Morrison p. 154
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:Chambers p. 401
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1664:
1628:John C. Frémont
1612:
1606:
1570:Salmon P. Chase
1543:Free Soil Party
1535:Franklin Pierce
1518:
1512:
1383:
1337:border ruffians
1277:
1275:Bleeding Kansas
1271:
1269:Bleeding Kansas
1250:Abraham Lincoln
1229:
1221:
1140:
1059:Salmon P. Chase
1055:Joshua Giddings
1009:Franklin Pierce
1005:Central America
966:
937:James C. Dobbin
933:Jefferson Davis
913:
905:Franklin Pierce
900:Philip Phillips
892:Archibald Dixon
853:Idaho Territory
814:
809:
803:
669:The topic of a
643:36°30′ parallel
611:Franklin Pierce
607:
591:Bleeding Kansas
551:Bleeding Kansas
535:Franklin Pierce
491:
462:
461:
440:
432:
431:
380:
372:
371:
350:Bleeding Kansas
316:
308:
307:
188:
180:
179:
165:
153:
143:
140:on May 30, 1854
138:Franklin Pierce
134:Signed into law
53:Enacted by
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4274:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3929:
3921:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3835:Related topics
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3801:Baxter Springs
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3607:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3571:
3559:
3550:
3537:
3523:
3522:External links
3520:
3518:
3517:
3510:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3466:
3453:Kansas History
3449:
3446:Pulitzer Prize
3438:
3428:
3411:
3402:online edition
3394:
3387:
3381:
3362:
3356:
3343:
3329:
3322:
3316:
3303:
3296:
3281:
3263:
3256:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3216:
3206:James Buchanan
3198:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:, p. 169.
3185:McPherson 1988
3177:
3165:
3153:
3151:, p. 784.
3149:McPherson 1988
3141:
3129:
3127:, p. 316.
3117:
3108:
3099:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3048:, Spring 2009.
3035:Tom Huntington
3027:
3014:
3008:Allan Nevins,
3001:
2978:
2955:
2942:
2940:(2001) p. 226.
2929:
2925:McPherson 1988
2912:
2903:
2887:
2871:
2842:
2813:
2800:
2798:(1880) 123–124
2787:
2758:
2729:
2700:
2671:
2642:
2613:
2584:
2555:
2526:
2497:
2468:
2439:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2357:. 2023-06-09.
2342:
2316:
2290:
2264:
2250:
2231:(2): 187–212.
2215:
2203:
2199:Senate Reports
2191:
2182:
2152:
2136:www.senate.gov
2123:
2114:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2030:
2020:
1990:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1849:
1840:
1838:, p. 124.
1836:McPherson 1988
1828:
1819:
1810:
1808:, p. 123.
1806:McPherson 1988
1798:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1723:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1639:delivered the
1624:James Buchanan
1605:
1602:
1539:Zachary Taylor
1531:Winfield Scott
1514:Main article:
1511:
1508:
1458:Indian Affairs
1399:Trail of Tears
1382:
1379:
1342:Horace Greeley
1309:Border Ruffian
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1139:
1136:
1094:Charles Sumner
1090:William Seward
1047:New York Times
1037:Wilmot Proviso
985:James Buchanan
965:
962:
925:Wilmot Proviso
912:
909:
822:Utah Territory
813:
810:
802:
799:
708:David Atchison
627:Utah Territory
606:
603:
493:
492:
490:
489:
482:
475:
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270:
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255:
250:
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243:Wilmot Proviso
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
218:Tariff of 1828
215:
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205:
200:
195:
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186:
185:
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2:
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3511:
3508:
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3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3488:0-7006-0132-5
3484:
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3454:
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3443:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:0-684-10424-5
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:Nevins, Allan
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3382:9780199743902
3378:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3363:
3359:
3357:0-945707-11-8
3353:
3349:
3344:
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3341:0-19-501620-3
3338:
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3313:
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3304:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3293:0-19-505814-3
3290:
3286:
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3279:
3278:0-19-509497-2
3275:
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3227:
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3217:0-8050-6946-1
3213:
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3199:
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3181:
3174:
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3018:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:A.F. Gilman,
2959:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2910:Cooper p. 350
2907:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2791:
2777:on 2016-01-14
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2748:on 2016-01-15
2747:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2719:on 2016-01-15
2718:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2690:on 2016-01-20
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2661:on 2016-03-03
2660:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2632:on 2016-03-04
2631:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2603:on 2016-03-04
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2574:on 2015-12-13
2573:
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2545:on 2015-12-07
2544:
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2530:
2516:on 2015-12-07
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2487:on 2015-02-13
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2458:on 2015-12-13
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2429:on 2015-12-07
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2189:Nevins p. 139
2186:
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2160:Sutton, Lee.
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2082:Nevins p. 155
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2046:Potter p. 166
2043:
2037:Nevins p. 154
2034:
2024:
2008:
2004:
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1994:
1988:Nevins p. 156
1985:
1983:
1976:Nevins p. 144
1973:
1967:Nevins p. 121
1964:
1955:
1946:
1940:Nevins p. 111
1937:
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1577:anti-Nebraska
1573:
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1259:Peoria Speech
1256:
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1198:
1195:, a Virginia
1194:
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1135:
1127:
1120:
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1103:
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1095:
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1087:
1086:Anti-Nebraska
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:abolitionists
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1006:
1002:
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986:
982:
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942:Caleb Cushing
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4080:Mount Pierce
4070:Pierce Manse
4053:Public image
4028:
3688:Pottawatomie
3678:Wakarusa War
3667:
3557:Congress.gov
3544:10 Stat. 277
3542:as enacted (
3513:
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3092:February 15,
3090:. Retrieved
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2949:Eric Foner,
2945:
2937:
2932:
2906:
2898:
2882:
2863:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2825:
2816:
2808:
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2775:the original
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2427:the original
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2379:
2374:
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2354:
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2330:the original
2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2293:
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2278:the original
2267:
2253:
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2224:
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2185:
2174:. Retrieved
2165:
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2126:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2096:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2060:
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2042:
2033:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2002:
1993:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1922:Foner p. 156
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1843:
1831:
1822:
1813:
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1775:
1766:
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1739:
1731:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1705:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1617:
1613:
1574:
1566:Free Soilers
1547:
1523:
1519:
1471:
1447:
1431:
1384:
1365:
1357:Free-Staters
1350:
1335:
1325:
1301:Free-Staters
1297:anti-slavery
1290:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1182:
1168:
1157:
1141:
1132:
1118:
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1097:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1057:and Senator
1052:
1045:
1021:Allan Nevins
1018:
976:
967:
957:
954:
946:
914:
897:
886:
870:
866:
861:
815:
791:
763:
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727:free soilers
720:
704:
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444:
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405:
398:
389:
354:
342:
335:
262:
133:
123:
113:
95:
72:Codification
67:May 30, 1854
4116:Jane Pierce
3939:(1833–1837)
3937:NH at-large
3927:(1837–1842)
3919:(1853–1857)
3266:Foner, Eric
2097:GovTrack.us
2003:GovTrack.us
1734:(2006) ch 1
1706:Smithsonian
1637:Roger Taney
1598:White House
1454:Leavenworth
1437:, Shawnee,
1332:Blue Lodges
1305:pro-slavery
1189:free-soiler
1115:Sam Houston
1041:freesoilers
1039:days". The
981:free soiler
873:Mexican law
851:(1861) and
743:James Mason
700:New Orleans
623:territories
511:organic act
4180:Categories
3996:Presidency
3822:Mine Creek
3729:Combatants
3713:Osawatomie
3708:Fort Titus
3698:Black Jack
3610:Transcript
3173:Baker 2004
3161:Smith 1975
3137:Baker 2004
3125:Klein 1995
2901:(2004) 243
2885:(2004) 239
2865:2015-12-14
2836:2015-12-14
2811:(1880) 127
2781:2015-12-14
2752:2015-12-14
2723:2015-12-14
2694:2015-12-14
2665:2015-12-14
2636:2015-12-14
2607:2015-12-14
2578:2015-12-14
2549:2015-12-14
2520:2015-12-14
2491:2015-12-14
2462:2015-12-14
2433:2015-12-14
2365:2023-06-23
2336:2008-08-25
2310:2008-08-25
2284:2008-08-25
2176:2019-03-12
2146:2019-03-12
1679:References
1648:Dred Scott
1642:Dred Scott
1575:The first
1475:alcoholism
1375:Osawatomie
1367:John Brown
1346:jayhawkers
1201:well oiled
1187:, an Ohio
1019:Historian
993:Democratic
989:Lewis Cass
921:Lewis Cass
805:See also:
605:Background
523:Democratic
96:Introduced
45:Long title
4130:(brother)
3955:Doughface
3745:Campaigns
3546:) in the
2953:(1970).
1716:March 12,
1684:Citations
1593:St. Louis
1504:influenza
1450:squatters
1415:Kaskaskia
1353:Lecompton
1227:Aftermath
1219:Enactment
1152:patronage
859:in 1867.
688:St. Louis
187:Political
64:Effective
4164:Category
4124:(father)
3860:Category
3796:Brooklyn
3791:Lawrence
3752:Missouri
3703:Franklin
3683:Lawrence
3613:Archived
3595:Archived
3583:Archived
3565:Archived
3553:H.R. 236
3460:Archived
3444:(1976),
3405:Archived
3226:Archived
3086:Archived
3038:Archived
2994:Archived
2971:Archived
2966:(1914).
2859:Archived
2830:Archived
2359:Archived
2304:Archived
2170:Archived
2140:Archived
2101:Archived
2007:Archived
1710:Archived
1662:See also
1644:decision
1568:such as
1560:such as
1499:scrofula
1483:smallpox
1443:Missouri
1411:Kickapoo
1407:Delaware
1391:Oklahoma
1328:Missouri
1197:Democrat
1003:", and "
837:parallel
784:and the
566:Southern
525:Senator
519:Nebraska
439:Military
379:Judicial
213:Gag rule
164:Economic
3775:Osceola
3761:Battles
3661:Origins
3420:(1947)
3400:(1997)
3335:(1973)
3287:(1990)
3272:(1970)
3195:Sources
2989:(1904)
2245:1902683
1630:in the
1589:Midwest
1554:Frémont
1487:measles
1479:cholera
1403:Shawnee
1025:slavery
883:wrong."
696:Memphis
684:Chicago
621:in the
619:slavery
547:slavery
399:Amistad
128:113–100
4118:(wife)
4109:Family
3499:(2014)
3485:
3457:online
3424:
3393:(1880)
3379:
3354:
3339:
3328:(2007)
3314:
3302:(1978)
3291:
3276:
3262:(2006)
3245:(1956)
3238:(2004)
3214:
2991:online
2968:online
2408:(1942)
2395:(2004)
2382:(2006)
2243:
2107:May 3,
2013:May 3,
1495:scurvy
1485:, and
1425:, and
1419:Peoria
1361:Topeka
1317:Kansas
1313:Kansas
1303:" and
997:Kansas
839:, the
698:, and
692:Quincy
637:. The
578:Senate
515:Kansas
505:
401:affair
315:Social
3736:Union
3693:Spurs
2241:JSTOR
1491:Osage
1435:Omaha
1427:Miami
1423:Ioway
716:table
586:Whigs
503:Stat.
118:37–14
3948:Life
3935:for
3914:14th
3810:1864
3784:1863
3768:1861
3483:ISBN
3422:ISBN
3377:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3212:ISBN
3094:2017
2109:2019
2015:2019
1718:2019
1564:and
1441:and
1439:Otoe
1417:and
1001:Cuba
999:", "
987:and
889:Whig
834:49th
820:and
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629:and
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3555:on
3082:NPR
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