Caliphate - Knowledge

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century. It may be useful to recall that such radical perceptions of the term float mostly in the realm of media coverage and are far removed from the actual historical reality of the achievements when a caliphate existed in the medieval period. If we take a longer view of the influence of the office of the caliphate on changes in Islamic society, it may be worth noting that most of the dramatic social and legal reforms instituted by, for instance, the Ottomans in the 19th century were only feasible because of the ability of the sultan to posture as caliph. The Gulhane Reform of 1839 which established the equality of all subjects of the empire before the law, the reforms of 1856 which eliminated social distinctions based on religion, the abolition of slavery in 1857, and the suspension of the traditional penalties of Islamic law in 1858 would all have been inconceivable without the clout that the umbrella of the caliphate afforded to the office of the reforming monarch.

2898: 12813: 2148: 4974: 2012: 1794: 2539: 2286: 75: 6527:, the founder of a transnational political movement devoted to the revival of the caliphate, writes that although the Shura is an important part of "the ruling structure" of the Islamic caliphate, "(it is) not one of its pillars", meaning that its neglect would not make a caliph's rule un-Islamic such as to justify a rebellion. However, the Muslim Brotherhood, the largest Islamic movement in Egypt, has toned down these Islamist views by accepting in principle that in the modern age the Majlis al-Shura is democracy. 3174: 2410: 4931:, a traditional requirement for a caliph. The caliphate was ostensibly an attempt to unite the many other jihadis who were not his followers and who were quarrelling among each other. It was not successful. Abu Issa's efforts to compel them to unite under his command were met "with mockery and then force". Local Afghans also despised him and his followers. Like the later Islamic State he tried to abolish infidel currency and rejected nationalism. According to scholar Kevin Jackson, 4789: 4228:. The argument of this book has been summarised as "Islam does not advocate a specific form of government". He focussed his criticism both at those who use religious law as contemporary political proscription and at the history of rulers claiming legitimacy by the caliphate. Raziq wrote that past rulers spread the notion of religious justification for the caliphate "so that they could use religion as a shield protecting their thrones against the attacks of rebels". 4113: 1641: 13857: 5978:'Umar). But the latter said: I have not come to sit with you. I have come to you to tell you a tradition I heard from the Messenger of Allah. I heard him say: One who withdraws his band from obedience (to the Amir) will find no argument (in his defence) when he stands before Allah on the Day of Judgment, and one who dies without having bound himself by an oath of allegiance (to an Amir) will die the death of one belonging to the days of Jahiliyyah. 5000: 4992: 2887: 3077: 4985: 2594: 4102: 819: 156: 4615: 12139:

of their transition to adulthood, and while most presumably did not (though little is known about literacy levels in pre-Mongol Muslim societies), others did. Types of literacy in any event varied, as Nelly Hanna has recently suggested, and are best studied as part of the complex social dynamics and contexts of individual Muslim societies. The need to conform commercial contracts and business arrangements to

2116:, by the hand and offered them to the Ansar as potential choices. He was countered with the suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each from among themselves, who would then rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this proposal and began to argue among themselves. Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his own allegiance to the latter, an example followed by the gathered men. 4887:

whenever He wills to raise it up. Afterwards, there will be a reign of violently oppressive rule and it will remain with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, there will be a reign of tyrannical rule and it will remain for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, Allah will raise it up whenever He wills to raise it up. Then, there will be a Caliphate that follows the guidance of Prophethood.

6284:, or consultative assembly. Candidates were usually from the same lineage as the deceased leader, but they were not necessarily his sons. Capable men who would lead well were preferred over an ineffectual direct heir, as there was no basis in the majority Sunni view that the head of state or governor should be chosen based on lineage alone. Since the Umayyads, all caliphates have been dynastic. 9569: 218: 2748: 5204:). Various Islamist movements gained momentum in recent years with the ultimate aim of establishing a caliphate. In 2014, ISIL/ISIS made a claim to re-establishing the caliphate. Those advocating the re-establishment of a caliphate differed in their methodology and approach. Some were locally oriented, mainstream political parties that had no apparent transnational objectives. 7129:, (Uthman ibn Affan) third Rashidun caliph, When Caliph Umar died in office aged 59/60 years, Uthman, aged 64/65 years, succeeded him and was the second oldest to rule as caliph. Under Uthman's leadership, the Islamic empire expanded into Fars (present-day Iran) in 650, and some areas of Khorasan (present-day Afghanistan) in 651. The conquest of Armenia had begun by the 640s. 6373:, are believed to have been considered, even before their birth, as the only valid Islamic rulers appointed and decreed by God. Shia Muslims believe that all the Muslim caliphs following Muhammad's death to be illegitimate due to their unjust rule and that Muslims have no obligation to follow them, as the only guidance that was left behind, as ordained in the 9561: 5245:(literally, "Party of Liberation"). It is particularly strong in Central Asia and Europe and is growing in strength in the Arab world. It is based on the claim that Muslims can prove that God exists and that the Qur'an is the word of God. Hizb ut-Tahrir's stated strategy is a non-violent political and intellectual struggle. 12098:

recent move from typographic culture to the Internet.) The result was remarkable. As historian Jonathan Bloom informs us, paper encouraged "an efflorescence of books and written culture incomparably more brilliant than was known anywhere in Europe until the invention of printing with movable type in the fifteenth century.

5176:– who was not merely a political leader but primarily a religious leader. If a khalifa does happen to bear governmental authority as a head of state, it is incidental and subsidiary in relation to his overall function as khalifa which is applicable to believers transnationally and not limited to one particular state. 2451:

government with a stable force to address domestic and foreign problems. However, creation of this foreign army and al-Mu'tasim's transfer of the capital from Baghdad to Samarra created a division between the caliphate and the peoples they claimed to rule. In addition, the power of the Mamluks steadily grew until

2571:, Abd al-Rahman III claimed the title of caliph himself. This helped Abd al-Rahman III gain prestige with his subjects, and the title was retained after the Fatimids were repulsed. The rule of the caliphate is considered as the heyday of Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula, before it fragmented into various 6625:

connected with Allah’s Prescribed Punishments?" Then he got up and delivered a sermon saying, "What destroyed the nations preceding you, was that if a noble amongst them stole, they would forgive him, and if a poor person amongst them stole, they would inflict Allah's Legal punishment on him. By Allah, if

4600:, who was a member of the Central Khilafat Committee. However, the movement lost its momentum after the abolition of the caliphate in 1924. After further arrests and flight of its leaders, and a series of offshoots splintered off from the main organisation, the Movement eventually died down and disbanded. 12016:

In neither case did the state supply or even systematically subsidise educational services. The Muslim world's eventual introduction of state funding under Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century was quickly followed by partisan religious squabbling over education and the gradual fall of Islam from its

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Islamic lawyers commented that when the rulers refuse to step down after being impeached through the Majlis, becoming dictators through the support of a corrupt army, if the majority is in agreement they have the option to launch a revolution. Many noted that this option is to be exercised only after

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More so than any previously existing society, Islamic society of the period 1000–1500 was profoundly a culture of books. The emergence of a culture of books is closely tied to cultural dispositions toward literacy in Islamic societies. Muslim young men were encouraged to memorise the Qur'an as part

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It has been reported on the authority of Nafi, that 'Abdullah b. Umar paid a visit to Abdullah b. Muti' in the days (when atrocities were perpetrated on the People Of Medina) at Harra in the time of Yazid b. Mu'awiya. Ibn Muti' said: Place a pillow for Abu 'Abd al-Rahman (family name of 'Abdullah b.

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And judge between them ˹O Prophet˺ by what Allah has revealed, and do not follow their desires. And beware, so they do not lure you away from some of what Allah has revealed to you. If they turn away ˹from Allah's judgment˺, then know that it is Allah's Will to repay them for some of their sins, and

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Prophethood will remain with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain, then Allah will raise it up whenever he wills to raise it up. Afterwards, there will be a Caliphate that follows the guidance of Prophethood remaining with you for as long as Allah wills it to remain. Then, He will raise it up

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leaders and representatives of the Islamic world. However, the earlier Ottoman caliphs did not officially bear the title of caliph in their documents of state, inscriptions, or coinage. It was only in the late eighteenth century that the claim to the caliphate was discovered by the sultans to have a

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in the fourth century BC, and later, China after the introduction of printing from the tenth century. One factor for the relatively high literacy rates in the early Islamic Empire was its parent-driven educational marketplace, as the state did not systematically subsidise educational services until

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Hadhrat Huzaifa narrated that the Messenger of Allah said: Prophethood will remain among you as long as Allah wills. Then Caliphate (Khilafah) on the lines of Prophethood shall commence, and remain as long as Allah wills. Then corrupt/erosive monarchy would take place, and it will remain as long as

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in the land, as He did with those before them; and will surely establish for them their faith which He has chosen for them; and will indeed change their fear into security—˹provided that˺ they worship Me, associating nothing with Me. But whoever disbelieves after this ˹promise˺, it is they who will

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caused fundamentally by the lack of righteousness in them. Although the khalifa is elected it is believed that God himself directs the hearts of believers towards an individual. Thus the khalifa is designated neither necessarily by right (i.e. the rightful or competent one in the eyes of the people

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claimed a diplomatic victory by being allowed to remain the religious leaders of Muslims in the now-independent Crimea as part of the peace treaty; in return Russia became the official protector of Christians in Ottoman territory. According to Barthold, the first time the title of "caliph" was used

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Whatever the source, the diffusion of paper-making technology via the lands of Islam produced a shift from oral to scribal culture across the rest of Afroeurasia that was rivalled only by the move from scribal to typographic culture. (Perhaps it will prove to have been even more important than the

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Reaching further back through the centuries, the civilisations regarded as having the highest literacy rates of their ages were parent-driven educational marketplaces. The ability to read and write was far more widely enjoyed in the early medieval Islamic empire and in fourth-century-B.C.E. Athens

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The majlis is also the means to elect a new caliph. Al-Mawardi has written that members of the majlis should satisfy three conditions: they must be just, have enough knowledge to distinguish a good caliph from a bad one and have sufficient wisdom and judgement to select the best caliph. Al-Mawardi

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Ahmadi Muslims believe that God has assured them that this caliphate will endure to the end of time, depending on their righteousness and faith in God. The Khalifa provides unity, security, moral direction and progress for the community. It is required that the Khalifa carry out his duties through

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Abu ʿIssa issued 'sad and funny' fatwas, as Abu al-Walid puts it, notably sanctioning the use of drugs. A nexus had been forged between and local drug smugglers. (The fatwa led one jihadist author to dismiss Abu Issa as the 'caliph of the Muslims among drug traffickers and takfir') Abu ʿIssa also

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who had committed theft. They asked, "Who will intercede for her with Allah's Apostle?" Some said, "No one dare to do so except Usama bin Zaid the beloved one to Allah's Apostle." When Usama spoke about that to Allah's Apostle; Allah's Apostle said: "Do you try to intercede for somebody in a case

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used to be ruled and guided by prophets: Whenever a prophet died, another would take over his place. There will be no prophet after me, but there will be Caliphs who will increase in number." The people asked, "O Allah's Messenger! What do you order us (to do)?" He said, "Obey the one who will be

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Leaders will take charge of you after me, where the pious (one) will lead you with his piety and the impious (one) with his impiety, so only listen to them and obey them in everything which conforms with the truth (Islam). If they act rightly it is for your credit, and if they acted wrongly it is

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According to Ahmadiyya thought, a khalifa need not be the head of a state; rather the Ahmadiyya community emphasises the spiritual and organisational significance of the Khilāfah. It is primarily a religious/spiritual office, with the purpose of upholding, strengthening and spreading Islam and of

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Life expectancy was another area where Islamic society diverged from the suggested model for agricultural society. No less than three separate studies about the life expectancy of religious scholars, two from 11th century Muslim Spain, and one from the Middle East, concluded that members of this

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Today the term 'caliphate' has come to denote in journalistic use a form of political and religious tyranny, a fanatical version of the application of Islamic law, and a general intolerence toward other faiths – another interpretation, albeit a distorted one, at the beginning of the twenty-first

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The Imams (scholars of the four schools of thought)- may Allah have mercy on them- agree that the Caliphate is an obligation, and that the Muslims must appoint a leader who would implement the injunctions of the religion, and give the oppressed justice against the oppressors. It is forbidden for

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province. Eventually he did not even control this area after the Taliban took it over in the late 1990s. The caliphate then moved to London, where they "preach to a mostly skeptical jihadi intelligentsia about the obligation of establishing a caliphate". They succeeded in attracting some jihadis

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created an army loyal only to their caliphate, composed predominantly of Turkic Cuman, Circassian and Georgian slave origin known as Mamluks. By 1250 the Mamluks came to power in Egypt. The Mamluk army, though often viewed negatively, both helped and hurt the caliphate. Early on, it provided the

2179:, or the first Islamic civil war. The followers of Ali later became the Shi'a ("shiaat Ali", partisans of Ali.) minority sect of Islam and reject the legitimacy of the first three caliphs. The followers of all four Rāshidun Caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali) became the majority Sunni sect. 2128:

stated that Ali also had support among the Ansar for his succession, explained by the genealogical links he shared with them. Whether his candidacy for the succession was raised during Saqifah is unknown, though it is not unlikely. Abu Bakr later sent Umar to confront Ali to gain his allegiance,

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was the tenth Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743. Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous

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This rate is uncommonly high, not only under the conditions in medieval cities, where these 'ulama' lived, but also in terms of the average life expectancy for contemporary males. In other words, the social group studied through the biographies is, a priori, a misleading sample, since it was

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and had a religious significance to Ismaili Muslims. They are also part of the chain of holders of the office of the caliphate, as recognised by some Muslims. Therefore, this constitutes a rare period in history in which the descendants of Ali (hence the name Fatimid, referring to Ali's wife

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rule, the caliphs lowered taxes, provided greater local autonomy (to their delegated governors), greater religious freedom for Jews and some indigenous Christians, and brought peace to peoples demoralised and disaffected by the casualties and heavy taxation that resulted from the decades of

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was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in 705. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680) and his own father, Caliph

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means representative. Man, according to Islam is the representative of "people", His (God's) viceregent; that is to say, by virtue of the powers delegated to him, and within the limits prescribed by the Qu'ran and the teaching of the prophet, the caliph is required to exercise Divine

5184:(consultative body). However, it is not incumbent upon him to always accept the views and recommendations of the members. The Khalifatul Masih has overall authority for all religious and organisational matters and is bound to decide and act in accordance with the Qur'an and sunnah. 3050:

and American military rule; the Sultan obliged them and wrote the letter which was sent to Sulu via Mecca. As a result, the "Sulu Mohammedans ... refused to join the insurrectionists and had placed themselves under the control of our army, thereby recognizing American sovereignty."

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This Ayah is a source in the selection of an Imaam, and a Khaleef, he is listened to and he is obeyed, for the word is united through him, and the Ahkam (laws) of the Caliph are implemented through him, and there is no difference regarding the obligation of that between the Ummah

3023:, the Ottoman state, despite its weakness relative to Europe, represented the largest and most powerful independent Islamic political entity. The sultan also enjoyed some authority beyond the borders of his shrinking empire as caliph of Muslims in Egypt, India and Central Asia. 6307:. At that meeting, Abu Bakr was elected caliph by the Muslim community. Sunni Muslims developed the belief that the caliph is a temporal political ruler, appointed to rule within the bounds of Islamic law (Sharia). The job of adjudicating orthodoxy and Islamic law was left to 2108:, both prominent companions of Muhammad, upon learning of the meeting became concerned of a potential coup and hastened to the gathering. Upon arriving, Abu Bakr addressed the assembled men with a warning that an attempt to elect a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the 6015:

A Imam is a shield for them. They fight behind him and they are protected by (him from tyrants and aggressors). If he enjoins fear of God, the Exalted and Glorious, and dispenses justice, there will be a (great) reward for him; and if he enjoins otherwise, it redounds on

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defeated the Mamluk Sultanate and made Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Al-Mutawakkil III was captured together with his family and transported to Constantinople as a prisoner where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.

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Geographically, the empire was divided into several provinces, the borders of which changed numerous times during the Umayyad reign. Each province had a governor appointed by the caliph. However, for a variety of reasons, including that they were not elected by

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and was much less successful, was "the forgotten caliphate" of Muhammad bin ʿIssa bin Musa al Rifaʿi ("known to his followers as Abu ʿIssa"). This "microcaliphate" was founded on 3 April 1993 on the Pakistan–Afghanistan border, when Abu Issa's small number of

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The British supported and propagated the view that the Ottomans were caliphs of Islam among Muslims in British India, and the Ottoman sultans helped the British by issuing pronouncements to the Muslims of India telling them to support British rule from Sultan

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was elected as the next caliph, but abdicated in favour of Mu'awiyah a few months later to avoid any conflict within the Muslims. Mu'awiyah became the sixth caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty, named after the great-grandfather of Uthman and Mu'awiyah,

4949:, Abu Umar al Kuwaiti) who later joined the Islamic State. Abu Issa died in 2014, "after spending most of his final years in prison in London". Abu Umar al Kuwaiti became a judge for the Islamic state but was later executed for extremism after he "took 6279:

argues that the standard Arabian practice during the early caliphates was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and elect a leader from among themselves, although there was no specified procedure for this

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Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as head of the Muslim community (under the title of caliph) as a result of Saqifah, though he did face contention as a result of the rushed nature of the event. Several companions, most prominent among them being

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Various Islamic lawyers, however, place multiple conditions and stipulations on the execution of such a law, making it difficult to implement. For example, the poor cannot be penalised for stealing out of poverty, and during a time of drought in the

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Rejected by the majority of Muslims as heretical since it believes in ongoing prophethood after the death of Muhammad. Currently based in Pakistan, but forbidden to practice, preach, or propagate their faith as Islam or their places of worship as

8747: 4681:, that Hussein bin Ali was proclaimed caliph in March 1924. His stance towards the Ottoman caliphate was ambiguous, and while he was hostile to it, he preferred to wait for its official abolition before assuming the title, so as not to break the 4381:

and banned Islamically unlawful activities. However, Aurangzeb's personal expenses were covered by his own incomes, which included the sewing of caps and trade of his written copies of the Quran. Thus, he has been compared to the second caliph,

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was the second Abbasid caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754–775) and succeeding his brother al-Saffah. Al-Mansur is generally regarded as the greatest caliph of the Abbasid dynasty. He is also known for founding the 'round city' of

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O believers! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. Should you disagree on anything, then refer it to Allah and His Messenger, if you ˹truly˺ believe in Allah and the Last Day. This is the best and fairest

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Al-Mawardi said that if the rulers meet their Islamic responsibilities to the public the people must obey their laws, but a caliph or ruler who becomes either unjust or severely ineffective must be impeached via the Majlis al-Shura.

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After these Twelve Imams, the potential caliphs, had passed, and in the absence of the possibility of a government headed by their imams, some Twelvers believe it was necessary that a system of Shi'i Islamic government based on the

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also said that in emergencies when there is no caliphate and no majlis, the people themselves should create a majlis and select a list of candidates for caliph; then the majlis should select a caliph from the list of candidates.

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and it spread throughout the British colonial territories. It was strong in British India where it formed a rallying point for some Indian Muslims as one of many anti-British Indian political movements. Its leaders included

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provided a further impetus for literacy, especially likely in commercial centers. Scholars often engaged in commercial activity and craftsmen or tradesmen often spent time studying in madrasas. The connection between what

2254:. The battle lasted several months, resulting in a stalemate. To avoid further bloodshed, Ali agreed to negotiate with Mu'awiyah. This caused a faction of approximately 4,000 people, who would come to be known as the 11315: 5317:

but which had not exercised real power since the thirteenth century." Zawahiri believes that once the caliphate is re-established, Egypt would become a rallying point for the rest of the Islamic world, leading the

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on 29 June 2014 and renamed itself as the "Islamic State". ISIL's claim to be the highest authority of Muslims has been widely rejected. No prominent Muslim scholar has supported its declaration of caliphate; even

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centered on human endeavours alone is bound to fail, particularly when the condition of the people diverges from the ‘precepts of prophethood’ and they are as a result disunited, their inability to establish a

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became Emir of Córdoba in 756 after six years in exile. Intent on regaining power, he defeated the existing Islamic rulers of the area who defied Umayyad rule and united various local fiefdoms into an emirate.

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The spread of written knowledge was at least the equal of what it was in China after printing became common there in the tenth century. (Chinese books were printed in small editions of a hundred or so copies.)

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Governing the Empire: Provincial Administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224–1269) : Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat Containing 77 Taqādīm

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was faced with the threat of invasion by the Fatimid Caliphate. To aid his fight against the invading Fatimids, who claimed the caliphate in opposition to the generally recognised Abbasid caliph of Baghdad,

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Since the end of the Ottoman Empire, occasional demonstrations have been held calling for the re-establishment of the caliphate. Organisations which call for the re-establishment of the caliphate include

8744: 9400: 10500: 7135:(Ali ibn Abu Talib), fourth Rashidun caliph. Considered by Shi'a Muslims, however, to be the first imam. His reign was fraught with internal conflict, with Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan (Muawiyah I) and 4662:, it represented the culmination of a long struggle to reclaim the caliphate from Ottoman hands. The first Arab revolts challenging the validity of the Ottoman caliphate and demanding that an Arab 2246:

Ali's reign was plagued by turmoil and internal strife. The Persians, taking advantage of this, infiltrated the two armies and attacked the other army causing chaos and internal hatred between the

2481:. The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt had no political power; they continued to maintain the symbols of authority, but their sway was confined to religious matters. The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was 2013: 1795: 10193: 7066:

culture, and from typographic culture to the Internet. Other factors include the widespread use of paper books in Islamic society (more so than any other previously existing society), the study

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against the West. "Then history would make a new turn, God willing", Zawahiri later wrote, "in the opposite direction against the empire of the United States and the world's Jewish government".

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state on Iraqi and Syrian territory. At its height in 2014, the Islamic State held "about a third of Syria and 40 percent of Iraq". By December 2017 it had lost 95% of that territory, including

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origin, the Abbasids. Their time represented a scientific, cultural and religious flowering. Islamic art and music also flourished significantly during their reign. Their major city and capital

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Once the subject of intense conflict and rivalry among Muslim rulers, the caliphate lay dormant and largely unclaimed since the 1920s. For the majority of Muslims, the caliph, as leader of the

8263: 6989:. During the caliphate of Abu Bakr, a number of the Arab tribes, who had accepted Islam at the hand of The Prophet Muhammad, rebelled and refused to continue to pay the Zakat, leading to the 6148:) would be gathered, the enemy would be fought, the routes would be made safe, the strong one will return what he took from the weak till the tyrant would be contained, and not bother anyone. 9292: 4461:. The British recognised them as the 'sultans of Bornu', one step down in Muslim royal titles. After Nigeria became independent, its rulers became the 'emirs of Bornu', another step down. 6129:

The Sahaba agreed to this and selected Abu Bakr as their first Khaleef. Habbab ibn Mundhir who suggested the idea of two Ameers corrected himself and was the first to give Abu Bakr the

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The Almohads continued to rule in northern Africa until the piecemeal loss of territory through the revolt of tribes and districts enabled the rise of their most effective enemies, the

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It is forbidden for Muslims to have two Amirs for this would cause differences in their affairs and concepts, their unity would be divided and disputes would break out among them. The

6074:, state that the Mahdi will be elected caliph and rule over a caliphate. A number of Islamic figures titled themselves both "caliph" and "al-Mahdi", including the first Abbasid caliph 5293:

has as one of its clearly stated goals the re-establishment of a caliphate. Its former leader, Osama bin Laden, called for Muslims to "establish the righteous caliphate of our umma".

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The judges will be suspended, the Wilayaat (provinces) will be nullified, ... the decrees of those in authority will not be executed and all the people will be on the verge of Haraam

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given the pledge of allegiance first. Fulfil their (i.e. the Caliphs) rights, for Allah will ask them about (any shortcoming) in ruling those Allah has put under their guardianship."

2923:(reigned 1362 to 1389), while recognising no authority on the part of the Abbasid caliphs of the Mamluk-ruled Cairo. Hence the seat of the caliphate moved to the Ottoman capital of 7030:, Lawrence Conrad estimates the average lifespan in the early Islamic caliphate to be above 35 years for the general population, compared to around 40 years for the population of 4953:

to new levels ... pronouncing death sentences for apostasy on those who were ignorant of scripture – and then pronouncing takfir on those too reluctant to pronounce takfir."

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Arjomand, Said Amir (April 1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century".

10018: 9439: 7145:, fifth caliph. Considered as "rightly guided" by several historians. He abdicated his right to the caliphate in favour of Muawiyah I to end the potential for ruinous civil war. 6566:) will say, "Our Lord! We obeyed our leaders and elite, but they led us astray from the ˹Right˺ Way. Our Lord! Give them double ˹our˺ punishment, and condemn them tremendously." 5958:

Allah wills. After that, despotic kingship would emerge, and it will remain as long as Allah wills. Then, the Caliphate (Khilafah) shall come once again based on the precept of

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then took control but was not universally accepted as caliph by the governors of Egypt and later by some of his own guard. He faced two major rebellions and was assassinated by

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in 1926 to discuss the revival of the caliphate, but most Muslim countries did not participate, and no action was taken to implement the summit's resolutions. Though the title

7191:(Umar II), Umayyad caliph who is considered one of the finest rulers in Muslim history. He is also considered by some (mainly Sunnis) to be among the "rightly guided" caliphs. 4345:". Although the Mughals did not acknowledge the overlordship of Ottomans, they nevertheless used the title of caliph to honor them in diplomatic exchanges. Akbar's letter to 4174:

and gave Greece a powerful position in Anatolia, to the distress of the Turks. They called for help and the movement was the result. The movement had collapsed by late 1922.

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stated that the people have an obligation to rebel if the caliph begins to act with no regard for Islamic law. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani said that to ignore such a situation is

5313:, bin Laden's mentor and al-Qaeda's second-in-command until 2011, once "sought to restore the caliphate... which had formally ended in 1924 following the dissolution of the 3569: 3277: 11305: 7000:

added to the duties of the state an allowance, paid on behalf of every man woman and child, starting at birth, creating the world's first state run social welfare program.

6492:(literally "consultative assembly") was a representation of the idea of consultative governance. The importance of this is premised by the following verses of the Qur'an: 6140:

People must have an Amir...where the believer works under his Imara (rule) and under which the unbeliever would also benefit, until his rule ended by the end of his life (

4329:, who were the only Sunni rulers whose territory and wealth could compete with that of the Ottomans, started assuming the title of caliph and calling their capital as the 2124:, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Ali may have been reasonably expected to assume leadership, being both cousin and son-in-law to Muhammad. The theologian 10310: 10135: 9651:

Cultural Crossroads in the Middle East: The Historical, Cultural and Political Legacy of Intercultural Dialogue and Conflict from the Ancient Near East to the Present Day

8146: 5133:(rightly guided) Caliphate (of Righteous Caliphs). This is believed to have been suspended with Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad and re-established with the appearance of 7329:

was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death in 1225. According to the historian, Angelika Hartmann, Al-Nasir was the last effective later Abbasid caliph.

7026:

enjoyed a life expectancy of 59–75 years between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, the overall life expectancy of men in the same societies was lower. Factoring in

2844:, who claimed descent from Muhammad through his daughter, claimed the title of caliph in 909, creating a separate line of caliphs in North Africa. Initially controlling 7010:

behaviour of medieval Islamic society varied in some significant respects from other agricultural societies. Nomadic groups within places like the deserts of Egypt and

2805:

is sometimes used to refer to the citizens of this caliphate. The ruling elite of the state belonged to the Ismaili branch of Shi'ism. The leaders of the dynasty were

10226: 10340: 2947:

defeated and annexed the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo into his empire. Through conquering and unifying Muslim lands, Selim I became the defender of the holy cities of

10788: 7267:, Abbasid caliph during whose reign Baghdad became the world's prominent centre of trade, learning and culture. Harun is the subject of many stories in the famous 7046:

in the eleventh century. Another factor was the diffusion of paper from China, which led to an efflorescence of books and written culture in Islamic society; thus

10531: 9898: 2790:

there in 969. Thereafter, Cairo became the capital of the caliphate, with Egypt becoming the political, cultural and religious centre of the state. Islam scholar

13550: 9870: 9083: 4485:

inheritance of the throne, as the theological opinion of the time was that a woman may hold the secular office of sultan but not the spiritual office of caliph.

2351:

and suggestions of impious behaviour, the Umayyad dynasty was not universally supported within the Muslim community. Some supported prominent early Muslims like

4349:

addressed the latter as having attained the rank of the caliphate, while calling Akbar's empire as the "Khilafat of realms of Hind and Sind." The fifth emperor

9078: 6644:

later formulated the concept that all classes were subject to the law of the land, and no person is above the law; officials and private citizens alike have a

9591:"Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 – March 12, 1925". 7014:

maintained high birth rates compared to rural and urban populations, though periods of extremely high nomadic birth rates seem to have occurred in occasional

7892: 7710: 7285:

was the eighth Abbasid caliph, ruling from 833 until his death in 842. The younger son of Caliph Harun al-Rashid. He is also known for founding the city of

10079: 6241:

It is obligatory to know that the office in charge of commanding over the people (ie: the post of the Khaleefah) is one of the greatest obligations of the

10496: 6133:. This indicates an Ijma as-Sahaba of all of the Sahaba. Ali ibni abi Talib, who was attending the body of Muhammad at the time, also consented to this. 5752: 3564: 3272: 2960:

practical use, since it allowed them to counter Russian claims to protect Ottoman Christians with their own claim to protect Muslims under Russian rule.

1669: 10185: 6519:

Some Islamist interpretations of the role of the Majlis al-Shura are the following: In an analysis of the shura chapter of the Qur'an, Islamist author

2860:, before the Abbasid dynasty was able to turn the tide, limiting Fatimid rule to Egypt. The Fatimid dynasty finally ended in 1171 and was overtaken by 2311:

Beginning with the Umayyads, the title of the caliph became hereditary. Under the Umayyads, the caliphate grew rapidly in territory, incorporating the

12000: 11917: 8255: 8086: 5346:)." This is not the view of the majority of Islamist groups, as both the Muslim Brotherhood and Hizb ut-Tahrir view the Ottoman state as a caliphate. 6315:. Many Muslims call the first four caliphs the Rashidun, meaning the "Rightly Guided", because they are believed to have followed the Qur'an and the 11011: 9288: 8323: 8116: 7307:

was the twentieth Abbasid caliph, reigning from 934 to his death. He died on 23 December 940 at the age of 31. He is considered the last caliph of

6206:

said that the caliph is the "pillar upon which other pillars rest", and said of the Quranic verse, "Indeed, man is made upon this earth a Caliph":

4527:. The caliphate remained extant through the colonial period and afterwards, though with reduced power. The current head of the Sokoto Caliphate is 3686: 3653: 2767:

of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the centre of its caliphate. At its height, in addition to Egypt, the caliphate included varying areas of the

2439:. The Abbasid Caliphate had, however, lost its effective power outside Iraq already by c. 920. By 945, the loss of power became official when the 2335:) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 5.17 million square miles (13,400,000 km), making it the 8638:

In the course of the later eleventh and twelfth century, however, the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 the country was invaded by

7761: 5871:

In addition, the following excerpt from the Quran, known as the 'Istikhlaf Verse', is used by some to argue for a Quranic basis for a caliphate:

5338:." There were a number of reasons including "that according to the classical authors, a caliph must be a member of the tribe of the Prophet (the 3698: 2112:, would likely result in dissension as only they can command the necessary respect among the community. He then took Umar and another companion, 6523:

argues that Islam only requires the ruler to consult with some of the representatives of the ruled and govern within the context of the Sharia.

9207:

Dasgupta, K., 1975. How Learned Were the Mughals: Reflections on Muslim Libraries in India. The Journal of Library History, 10(3), pp. 241–254.

3988: 3015:

reasserted the title as a way of countering Russian expansion into Muslim lands. His claim was most fervently accepted by the Sunni Muslims of

14354: 12057:

According to legend, paper came to the Islamic world as a result of the capture of Chinese paper makers at the 751 C.E. battle of Talas River.

11343: 12424: 11441: 9050: 6393:, therefore able to lead society and the Muslim community with complete justice and equity. The Prophet's own grandson, and third Shia imam, 4878:, "is cherished both as memory and ideal" as a time when Muslims "enjoyed scientific and military superiority globally". The Islamic prophet 3638: 4543:, also known as the Tukular Empire, was one of the Fulani jihad states in sub-saharan Africa. It was eventually pacified and annexed by the 2378:. Eventually, supporters of the Banu Hashim and the supporters of the lineage of Ali united to bring down the Umayyads in 750. However, the 2366:). At the command of Yazid son of Muawiya, an army led by Umar ibn Saad, a commander by the name of Shimr Ibn Thil-Jawshan killed Ali's son 2025:("successor of the messenger of God"). However, studies of pre-Islamic texts suggest that the original meaning of the phrase was "successor 12148:

has called "maktab literacy" and commercial literacy was real and exerted a steady pressure on individuals to upgrade their reading skills.

10750: 10252: 8293: 7295:

was the tenth Abbasid caliph who reigned from 847 until 861. He was the son of al-Mu'tasim. He is considered an influential Abbasid caliph.

6413: 5599: 3723: 3648: 10579: 8940: 13543: 10281: 9614:

Strohmeier, Martin (3 September 2019). "The exile of Husayn b. Ali, ex-sharif of Mecca and ex-king of the Hijaz, in Cyprus (1925–1930)".

8898: 8353: 7469: 6184: 5010: 4576: 3674: 2993: 12282: 11261: 9789: 9463:"Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein" 8650:

and established Ayyubid suzerainty not only over Egypt and Syria but, as mentioned above, temporarily over northern Mesopotamia as well.

4927:, Jordan and like his followers had come to Afghanistan to wage jihad against the Soviets. Unlike them he had ancestors in the tribe of 12624: 10392: 7643: 7241:

was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history.

5210:

believed the caliph was not just an individual ruler who had to be restored, but was man's representation of God's authority on Earth:

4141: 2992:

would tactfully affirm the Ottoman claim to the caliphate and proceed to have the Ottoman caliph issue orders to the Muslims living in

9431: 8494: 7525: 7022:

methods and political or economic instability. This led to population declines in some regions. While several studies have shown that

13432: 13020: 11213: 9710: 4306:

and the conquest on small territories of the western part of the Indian peninsula, early Indian Muslim dynasties were founded by the

4285: 3978: 3366: 886: 13869: 8719: 7185:

was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death. He was the eldest son of his predecessor Caliph Abd al-Malik.

7123:(Umar ibn al-Khattab), second Rashidun caliph. During his reign, the Islamic empire expanded to include Egypt, Jerusalem and Persia. 4834:(Successor or Caliph of the Messiah). After Hakeem Noor-ud-Din, the first caliph, the title of the Ahmadiyya caliph continued under 2897: 10410: 10105: 8923:

Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar

5746: 3643: 2575:

in the eleventh century. This period was characterised by a flourishing in technology, trade and culture; many of the buildings of

2477:, the Mamluk rulers of Egypt tried to gain legitimacy for their rule by declaring the re-establishment of the Abbasid caliphate in 1100: 5099:, its "capital". Its caliph, Al-Baghdadi, was killed in a raid by U.S. forces on 26 October 2019, its "last holdout", the town of 2825:

The caliphate was reputed to exercise a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Ismaili sects of Islam as well as towards Jews,

2340: 13913: 13874: 13190: 9916: 9833: 6540:

argued that Islam is the goal of the ummah, so any ruler who deviates from this goal must be impeached. Al-Ghazali believed that

3983: 2955:, which further strengthened the Ottoman claim to the caliphate in the Muslim world. Ottomans gradually came to be viewed as the 1662: 592: 9004:

Kemal H. Karpat. "The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State".

8233: 8176: 2133:

which may have involved violence. However, after six months, the group made peace with Abu Bakr and Ali offered him his fealty.

13860: 13536: 12970: 12946: 10306: 8138: 4264: 9314: 8206: 2362:

There were numerous rebellions against the Umayyads, as well as splits within the Umayyad ranks (notably, the rivalry between

15307: 14689: 13562: 13353: 12516: 12401: 12328: 12237: 12208: 12179: 11862: 11829: 11800: 11720: 11255: 10692: 10644: 9658: 7606: 7558: 7018:

rather than on a continuous basis. Individuals living in large cities had much lower birth rates, possibly due to the use of

6653: 4358: 2916: 479: 11118:

The just ruler (al-sultān al-adil) in Shīite Islam : the comprehensive authority of the jurist in Imamite jurisprudence

9266: 8686: 8625: 8534: 8461: 8399: 2085:

clan. The general belief at the time was that the purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to decide on a new leader of the

13390: 10332: 10218: 5726: 5003: 4977: 4968: 4357:

has often been regarded as one of the few Islamic caliphs to have ruled the Indian peninsula. He received support from the

4166:(1919), the position of the Ottomans was uncertain. The movement to protect or restore the Ottomans gained force after the 2443:

conquered Baghdad and all of Iraq. The empire fell apart and its parts were ruled for the next century by local dynasties.

15213: 11881: 10048: 7752: 6397:

led an uprising against injustice and the oppressive rule of the Muslim caliph at the time at the Battle of Karbala. Shia

15506: 13955: 10461: 5692: 5457: 5034: 2387: 184: 12391: 11492: 10523: 9895: 7422:, in an attempt to preserve the title proclaimed himself caliph. He preferred to wait for the official abolition of the 7220:

was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from 15 April to 3 or 4 October 744, and died in that office.

5050:

preachers accused the group of engaging in political showmanship and bringing disrepute to the notion of Islamic state.

3141: 2729:, where he was murdered by a slave in 1269; the Marinids seized Marrakesh, ending the Almohad domination of the Western 2155:

Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor on his deathbed. Umar, the second caliph, was killed by a Persian slave called

15359: 14359: 13943: 12692: 11125: 11078: 10169: 9783: 9753: 9377: 9192: 9167: 9013: 8992: 8971: 8931: 8892: 8865: 8840: 8810: 8778: 8680: 8588: 8528: 8455: 8393: 8061: 8053: 8024: 7986: 7678: 7637: 7430:

by creating a second caliph alongside the Ottoman caliph. However his caliphate fell quickly after its conquest by the

6420: 4835: 4797: 4171: 2431:

began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade. This period of cultural fruition ended in 1258 with the

1655: 10606: 9073: 6250: 3113: 14003: 13755: 12380: 12304: 12257: 11478: 11383: 11045: 10127: 9856: 9519: 9340: 8619: 7401: 7355: 6563: 5687: 5682: 4362: 3835: 3623: 3160: 2964: 1889:

branch of Islam stipulates that, as a head of state, a caliph should be elected by Muslims or their representatives.

657: 7684: 13948: 13587: 12717: 12543: 11424: 11182: 7884: 6378: 5560: 5241:

One transnational group whose ideology was based specifically on restoring the caliphate as a pan-Islamic state is

4202: 257: 12812: 7706: 6554:

and those who cannot revolt from inside the caliphate should launch a struggle from outside. Al-Asqalani used two

4251:, neither claimed any legal standing or authority over Muslims outside the borders of their respective countries. 2977: 14985: 10071: 6913: 5858: 5738: 5582: 5359: 4566: 4353:

also laid claim to the Caliphate. Although the Mughal Empire is not recognised as a caliphate, its sixth emperor

3120: 1846:, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517 until the Ottoman caliphate was formally 1540: 849: 14147: 7794: 7400:, the 28th and the last caliph of the Ottoman dynasty. Nominally the 37th Head of the Ottoman dynasty. In 1924, 13482: 12712: 12617: 10987: 8432: 7419: 7075: 7037:

The early Islamic Empire also had the highest literacy rates among pre-modern societies, alongside the city of

6779: 6712: 6349:, a principle by which rulers are imams who are divinely chosen, infallible and sinless and must come from the 5804: 5443: 4823:

subordinate to Muhammad, the prophet of Islam. The group are traditionally shunned by the majority of Muslims.

4134: 3098: 2667:(r. 1130–1163) conquered Marrakech and declared himself caliph. They then extended their power over all of the 2509:

The Abbasid dynasty lost effective power over much of the Muslim realm by the first half of the tenth century.

1347: 1302: 794: 9896:

Reunified Islam: Unlikely but Not Entirely Radical, Restoration of Caliphate resonates With Mainstream Muslims

8315: 15423: 13745: 13425: 13013: 6098:

Let there be one Amir from us and one Amir from you (meaning one from the Ansar and one from the Mohajireen).

5509: 5196:

called for the restoration of the caliphate by uniting Muslim nations, either through political action (e.g.

4398: 3845: 2679: 1173: 528: 7204:

literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as

4658:. The idea of the Sharifian Caliphate had been floating around since at least the fifteenth century. In the 3885: 15511: 15418: 15302: 13457: 12491: 12462: 12453: 12444: 9401:"Source Records of the Great War Sharif Hussein's Proclamation of Independence from Turkey, 27th June 1916" 8884:

The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State

8080: 6696: 5084: 4193:, on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for 4178: 4159: 4035: 3127: 2967:

was disastrous for the Ottomans. Large territories, including those with large Muslim populations, such as

560: 11735:

Bulliet, Richard W. (April 1970), "A Quantitative Approach to Medieval Muslim Biographical Dictionaries",

1917:

groups have claimed the caliphate, although these claims have usually been widely rejected among Muslims.

15496: 15428: 14465: 13906: 10436: 7269: 6358: 5484: 3310: 2837: 2021:), which means "successor", "steward", or "deputy" and has traditionally been considered a shortening of 1367: 882: 607: 434: 11003: 8108: 6924:

also existed in the medieval Islamic world. Many of these concepts were adopted and further advanced in

6440:

Ismailis believe in the Imamate principle mentioned above, but they need not be secular rulers as well.

2671:

by 1159. Al-Andalus followed the fate of Africa, and all Islamic Iberia was under Almohad rule by 1172.

13938: 13149: 11854: 11375: 7788: 7598: 7404: 6505:"...and consult with them in ˹conducting˺ matters. Once you make a decision, put your trust in Allah."( 6057: 5355: 4674: 4449:

The Bornu Caliphate, which was headed by the Bornu emperors, began in 1472. A rump state of the larger

4303: 3955: 3618: 3432: 3234: 3094: 3060: 2474: 2130: 1847: 1820: 1188: 647: 39: 13592: 12964: 12110:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

12069:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

12029:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

11946:

Burke, Edmund (June 2009), "Islam at the Center: Technological Complexes and the Roots of Modernity",

7335:

was the 37th and last Abbasid caliph to rule from Baghdad. He ruled from 1242 until his death in 1258.

6774:

developed between the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as "Islamic capitalism". A vigorous

6668:. In a number of cases, caliphs had to appear before judges as they prepared to render their verdict. 3109: 2909: 15386: 14534: 14098: 13512: 13467: 13452: 12767: 12610: 11470: 8672:

The Cambridge History of Islam: The Indian sub-continent, South-East Asia, Africa and the Muslim west

7942: 6945:, since the time of the first Islamic State, established by Muhammad at Medina. The taxes (including 5953:

can be understood to prophesy two eras of the caliphate (both on the lines/precepts of prophethood).

5342:) ... moreover, caliphs ruled societies that the Islamists do not consider to have been Islamic (the 4127: 4082: 3397: 3035: 2806: 2113: 742: 454: 12901: 12485: 15344: 15319: 15169: 14828: 14823: 13700: 13418: 13006: 12552: 12112: 12071: 12031: 11948: 11340: 7365: 6336: 6196:

Shia scholars have expressed similar opinions. However, the Shia school of thought states that the

5297:

chiefs released a statement in 2005, under which, in what they call "phase five" there will be "an

5104: 5070: 4803:

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community is a self-proclaimed Islamic revivalist movement founded in 1889 by

4580: 4346: 2375: 2168: 938: 674: 474: 17: 12976: 12856: 12851: 11416: 9040: 8050:

The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd-al Malik and the collapse of the Umayyads

5899:

is, by definition, to rule via the caliphate and use the following verses to sustain their claim.

4182: 2147: 15411: 15292: 14833: 14786: 14729: 14428: 14372: 14120: 13441: 13328: 13313: 13029: 12932: 12782: 12757: 12473: 9866: 9820: 8285: 7938: 7200: 7171: 6178: 6090:

Al-Habbab Ibn ul-Munthir said, when the Sahaba met in the wake of the death of Muhammad, (at the

5950: 5331: 4995: 4190: 4025: 3087: 2432: 2336: 2156: 1596: 1163: 269: 177: 35: 12876: 12467: 10248: 8076: 5895:

Several schools of jurisprudence and thought within Sunni Islam argue that to govern a state by

4189:, constitutionally abolished the institution of the caliphate. Atatürk offered the caliphate to 4186: 3767: 3066: 2529: 2489:, who ruled as caliph from 1508 to 1516, then he was deposed briefly in 1516 by his predecessor 1897:(the "Household of the Prophet"). Some caliphates in history have been led by Shiites, like the 1851: 122: 15433: 15334: 15329: 15017: 14965: 14885: 14818: 14722: 14707: 14600: 14367: 14321: 14162: 14049: 13899: 13497: 13338: 12685: 12169: 10979: 10683: 10575: 9248: 9025:

Jay Tolson, "Caliph Wanted: Why An Old Islamic Institution Resonates With Many Muslims Today",

6496:"...who respond to their Lord, establish prayer, conduct their affairs by mutual consultation"( 6346: 6328: 5966:

In the above, the first era of the caliphate is commonly accepted by Muslims to be that of the

5814: 5799: 4902:

A contemporary effort to re-establish the caliphate by supporters of armed jihad that predates

4689:. He also supported financially the late Ottoman dynasty in exile, to avoid them being ruined. 4544: 3900: 3316: 2932: 2247: 2235: 2142: 2064: 1611: 1178: 723: 489: 12861: 12836: 12165: 10274: 8921: 8882: 8345: 7968: 6755:, commerce and employment. Copies of the contract were usually kept by both parties involved. 6308: 5575: 5172:

maintaining the high spiritual and moral standards within the global community established by

4973: 4793: 15501: 15364: 15324: 15137: 15012: 14076: 14066: 14025: 13996: 13477: 13288: 13235: 12953: 12939: 12916: 12906: 12458: 11245: 9773: 9743: 9140: 8830: 7461: 7249: 6942: 6885: 6748: 6747:

land for farming or any other purpose. Signatures were required on contracts for every major

6545: 5469: 4410: 3973: 3802: 3608: 2456: 2413: 2363: 2125: 1902: 1803:) as his heir and successor. The title of caliph, which was the equivalent of titles such as 1606: 1469: 1066: 718: 543: 327: 282: 15252: 12821: 12479: 12449: 12440: 12430: 12370: 10848:

Al-Fiqh Alal-Mathahib Al- Arba’a (the fiqh of the four schools of thought), volume 5, p. 416

10389: 8486: 7627: 6544:

by a caliph is sufficient grounds for impeachment. Rather than just relying on impeachment,

6245:. In fact, there is no establishment of the Deen except by it....this is the opinion of the 2707: 2525: 1816: 15457: 15287: 15257: 15132: 15063: 15034: 14953: 14287: 14125: 14115: 13638: 13358: 13082: 12797: 12772: 12267: 9230: 9118: 8950: 7946: 6839: 6702: 6524: 6357:

or election. They claim that before his death, Muhammad had given many indications, in the

6166: 5721: 5716: 5430: 5334:

writes that "early on, Islamists replace the concept of the caliphate ... with that of the

5207: 5137:(1835–1908, the founder of the movement) whom Ahmadis identify as the Promised Messiah and 5042: 4940:

The territory under his control "did not extend beyond a few small towns" in Afghanistan's

4903: 4593: 4470: 4163: 3890: 3807: 3679: 3239: 2928: 2268: 15237: 11209: 9544: 9251:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (ed.). 8711: 7978: 7972: 1995: 1901:(909–1171). From the late 20th century towards the early 21st century, in the wake of the 8: 15491: 15149: 15029: 14995: 14897: 14717: 14712: 14524: 14243: 14179: 14054: 14039: 13626: 13582: 13487: 12272: 9715: 9600: 9108:, Vol. 32, No. 2, The Uses of Guile: Literary and Historical Moments (Spring, 1999), 243. 7950: 7492: 7456: 7413: 7375: 6851: 6847: 6831: 6823: 6807: 6799: 6771: 6409:

and tyranny are not merely moral values, but values essential to a person's religiosity.

5875:

Allah has promised those of you who believe and do good that He will certainly make them

5851: 5604: 5116: 4847: 4783: 4623: 4609: 4585: 4482: 4374: 4198: 4155: 4070: 4020: 3219: 2699: 2352: 1871: 1855: 1530: 1439: 1396: 1183: 948: 842: 728: 362: 262: 142: 14865: 14855: 12564: 10414: 10101: 6113:

It has additionally been reported that Abu Bakr went on to say on the day of Al-Saqifa:

4774:

in relation to spiritual responsibilities and to propagate the teachings of the tariqa.

4453:, its rulers held the title of caliph until 1893, when it was absorbed into the British 4167: 15262: 15242: 15225: 15176: 15041: 14850: 14801: 14734: 14652: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14539: 14509: 14401: 14299: 14167: 14142: 12633: 12547: 12530: 12357: 12129: 12088: 12048: 11996: 11987: 11965: 11913: 11904: 11693: 11658: 11650: 11580: 11572: 11525: 11310: 10968: 9691: 9631: 9257:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 9136: 7572: 7564: 6680: 6672: 6242: 5674: 5587: 5570: 5479: 5223: 5134: 4827: 4804: 4548: 4528: 4516: 4450: 4406: 4260: 3995: 3840: 3825: 3613: 3588: 3498: 3346: 3134: 2857: 2815: 2695: 2687: 2259: 2047: 1870:. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all of which were 1831: 1726: 1168: 953: 928: 752: 709: 679: 662: 637: 582: 538: 250: 170: 89: 11611: 10040: 9815: 9104:"Truths and Lies: Irony and Intrigue in the Tārīkh-i Bayhaqī", Soheila Amirsoleimani, 7487: 6423:

be developed, due to the need for some form of government, where an Islamic jurist or

4271:

policies throughout its rule, has been accused of intending to restore the caliphate.

2562:

Rulers of the emirate used the title "emir" or "sultan" until the tenth century, when

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and rose to prominence as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) during the

4843: 4839: 4686: 4655: 4596:, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Barrister Muhammad Jan Abbasi. For a time it was supported by 4572: 4560: 4540: 4454: 4434: 4075: 4005: 3940: 3905: 3880: 3860: 3772: 3733: 3709: 3458: 3410: 3371: 3356: 3332: 3289: 3284: 3229: 3191: 3043: 2881: 2841: 2764: 2742: 2675: 2660: 2588: 2563: 2547: 2538: 2486: 2399: 2371: 2328: 2280: 2121: 1898: 1859: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1601: 1322: 1153: 1105: 933: 866: 803: 789: 757: 704: 617: 577: 439: 132: 127: 104: 99: 94: 13657: 11808:

occupational group enjoyed a life expectancy of 69, 75, and 72.8 years respectively!

6173:

stated that the global Muslim community can have only one leader at any given time.

15220: 15007: 15002: 14958: 14945: 14875: 14843: 14838: 14702: 14697: 14679: 14640: 14573: 14556: 14497: 14487: 14482: 14423: 14379: 14349: 14309: 14292: 14275: 14238: 13989: 13965: 13960: 13462: 13363: 13303: 13252: 13210: 12988: 12926: 12846: 12349: 12296: 12225: 12121: 12080: 12040: 11957: 11774: 11744: 11685: 11642: 11607: 11564: 11515: 11507: 11433: 11359: 10963: 10950: 10668: 9683: 9623: 9474: 9318: 8385: 8198: 7546: 7226:

was the fourteenth and last Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death in 750.

7038: 7031: 7027: 7003: 6909: 6827: 6815: 6775: 6657: 6489: 6475: 6254: 6125:(innovations) would spread and Fitna would grow, and that is in no one's interests. 6065: 5991: 5592: 5474: 5249: 5062: 5030: 4946: 4736: 4647: 4619: 4515:

in the early nineteenth century, it controlled one of the most powerful empires in

4500: 4494: 4478: 4458: 4430: 4422: 4337:

like their Timurid ancestors. A gold coin struck under Akbar called him the "great

3945: 3895: 3488: 3386: 3381: 3361: 2856:, the Fatimid caliphs extended their rule for the next 150 years, taking Egypt and 2664: 2606: 2468: 2251: 2230: 1942: 1875: 1740: 1434: 1357: 1327: 1201: 943: 923: 602: 597: 548: 533: 518: 427: 306: 137: 9687: 9627: 7368:, the 2nd Ottoman caliph, during whose reign the Ottoman Empire reached its zenith 3039: 15438: 15406: 15279: 15247: 15230: 15186: 15181: 15159: 15154: 15112: 15105: 15080: 14940: 14935: 14776: 14657: 14551: 14546: 14514: 14339: 14329: 14223: 14216: 14211: 14196: 14152: 14034: 14020: 13632: 13577: 13333: 13318: 13308: 13278: 13245: 13071: 12959: 12831: 12701: 12593: 12535: 12474:

Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate from Contemporary Arabic and Persian Sources

12318: 12314: 12247: 11347: 10636: 10396: 9902: 9252: 8832:

Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918–1924

8768: 8751: 8670: 8643: 8605: 8517: 8445: 8379: 8375: 7954: 7756: 7592: 7529: 7332: 7286: 7264: 7161: 7095: 6925: 6921: 6905: 6881: 6863: 6635: 6456: 5306: 5235: 5074: 5047: 4980:'s territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent in May 2015 4936:

prohibited the use of paper currency and ordered his men to burn their passports.

4869: 4643: 4635: 4589: 4508: 4402: 4315: 4221: 4117: 4050: 3855: 3762: 3593: 3503: 3427: 3267: 3262: 3224: 2985: 2905: 2865: 2814:) and the caliphate were united to any degree, excepting the final period of the 2791: 2786:

and made it their capital city, before conquering Egypt and building the city of

2783: 2722: 2718: 2691: 2656: 2555: 2516:, reclaimed the title of caliph in 929, lasting until it was overthrown in 1031. 2485:(r. June–November 1261). The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of 2482: 2383: 2367: 2226: 2195: 1879: 1787: 1779: 1701: 1693: 1645: 1618: 1474: 1464: 1261: 1158: 784: 737: 553: 513: 502: 484: 387: 332: 245: 31: 14860: 12249:

Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God

11465:

Robert Sabatino Lopez, Irving Woodworth Raymond, Olivia Remie Constable (2001),

11162: 8199:"HIST 210 – Lecture 16 – The Splendor of the Abbasid Period | Open Yale Courses" 6571: 4770:

Sufi caliphates are not necessarily hereditary. Khalifas are aimed to serve the

4739:

define themselves as caliphates. Their leaders are thus commonly referred to as

3173: 2751:

Map of the Fatimid Caliphate at its largest extent in the early eleventh century

2285: 74: 15381: 15376: 15339: 15314: 15297: 15208: 15193: 15164: 15122: 14970: 14930: 14925: 14880: 14806: 14766: 14756: 14746: 14561: 14440: 14334: 14201: 14083: 13825: 13559: 13492: 13472: 13348: 13240: 13180: 13133: 13128: 13113: 13093: 12747: 12196: 11877: 10128:"Islamic State-controlled parts of Syria, Iraq largely out of reach: Red Cross" 7749: 7384:, the 25th and the last Ottoman caliph to rule with independent, absolute power 7381: 7359: 7298: 7282: 6767: 6684: 6595: 6402: 6394: 5844: 5827: 5731: 5448: 5407: 5343: 5314: 5242: 5197: 5066: 4941: 4713: 4693: 4666:

be chosen as caliph can be traced back to 1883 when Sheikh Hamat-al-Din seized

4597: 4524: 4418: 4319: 4307: 4268: 4256: 4063: 4010: 3920: 3870: 3830: 3797: 3757: 3691: 3603: 3583: 3554: 3529: 3483: 3038:, to approach Sultan Abdul Hamid II to use his position as caliph to order the 3031: 3012: 2989: 2981: 2936: 2877: 2826: 2568: 2082: 1623: 1554: 1459: 1292: 1206: 835: 697: 684: 642: 587: 201: 13644: 12353: 11763:

Authority, Conflict, and the Transmission of Diversity in Medieval Islamic Law

11646: 11568: 9857:"The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community celebrates its new cultural outpost in Kenner" 9529: 7197:

was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from February 720 until his death in 724.

4390:. The Mughal emperors continued to be addressed as caliphs until the reign of 2409: 15485: 15462: 15349: 15144: 15117: 15090: 15068: 15046: 14813: 14796: 14781: 14625: 14578: 14566: 14492: 14384: 14258: 14253: 14228: 14110: 13922: 13840: 13790: 13205: 13118: 13103: 12921: 12737: 12372:

From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic

12337: 12277: 11437: 11088: 10975: 10932:

Siyaasah Shariyyah – chapter: 'The obligation of adherence to the leadership'

10687:. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 1230–1238. 9829: 9769: 8666: 8420: 8034: 7913: 7522: 7451: 7397: 7292: 7142: 7136: 7043: 7019: 6897: 6893: 6460: 6390: 6234: 6197: 5909: 5636: 5623: 5565: 5519: 5298: 4962: 4907: 4651: 4326: 4318:. The Indian sultanates did not extensively strive for a caliphate since the 4194: 4015: 3930: 3915: 3865: 3850: 3792: 3777: 3703: 3598: 3439: 3376: 3178: 2972: 2901: 2756: 2683: 2651:

tribes of southern Morocco. The Almohads first established a Berber state in

2440: 2263: 2241: 2070: 1906: 1830:

During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the

1510: 1405: 1307: 1297: 1138: 762: 667: 627: 46: 14890: 14870: 13528: 12574: 11748: 11511: 11135: 11008:

An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism

9479: 9462: 9262: 7168:

as his successor, a trend that would continue through subsequent caliphates.

6652:(Islamic judge) was not allowed to discriminate on the grounds of religion, 6638:, capital punishment was suspended until the effects of the drought passed. 6295:

has said that the leader of the Muslims simply should be from the majority.

6181:

declared it impermissible to give oaths of loyalty to more than one leader.

5539: 2175:. Ali's tumultuous rule lasted only five years. This period is known as the 15354: 15095: 15085: 15051: 14980: 14975: 14902: 14692: 14674: 14635: 14630: 14610: 14605: 14477: 14470: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14344: 14282: 14263: 14248: 14184: 13810: 13378: 13368: 13323: 13220: 13200: 13088: 12557: 12145: 11676:

Amin, Samir (June 1978). "The Arab Nation: Some Conclusions and Problems".

11619: 11055: 10602: 10457: 10157: 8764: 8016: 7568: 7435: 7276: 7051: 6740: 6720: 6621: 6370: 6292: 6170: 5995: 5832: 5609: 5514: 5390: 5227: 5180:

consultation and taking into consideration the views of the members of the

4912: 4859: 4520: 4391: 4106: 4087: 4045: 4040: 3950: 3935: 3875: 3752: 3549: 3534: 3493: 3422: 3393: 3005: 2976:

as a political instead of symbolic religious title by the Ottomans was the

2706:

dominions in Iberia were lost soon after, with the great Moorish cities of

2490: 1932: 1863: 1812: 1559: 1486: 1480: 1454: 1449: 1425: 1415: 1352: 1241: 1061: 985: 823: 769: 506: 238: 227: 160: 12443:

By Richard Stephen Humphreys, Stephen (EDT) Humphreys from The History of

12229: 11150:

Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism: Social Justice and Salvation for the Masses

9649:

Sazonov, Vladimir; Espak, Peeter; Mölder, Holger; Saumets, Andres (2020).

9344: 8006: 6920:. Organisational enterprises similar to corporations independent from the 6629:, the daughter of Muhammad (my daughter) stole, I would cut off her hand." 6200:

must not be appointed by the Islamic ummah, but must be appointed by God.

4846:

who were the third and fourth caliphs respectively. The current caliph is

1925:

Before the advent of Islam, Arabian monarchs traditionally used the title

15073: 15058: 14907: 14620: 14529: 14519: 14445: 14093: 14088: 13785: 13298: 13293: 13175: 13170: 13143: 13108: 12891: 12787: 12217: 11778: 10628: 8662: 7391: 7214:

was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until his death in the year 744.

7211: 7047: 7007: 6961: 6763: 6744: 6724: 6706: 6676: 6605: 6520: 6386: 6276: 6192:

Muslims to have two leaders in the world whether in agreement or discord.

6008: 5959: 5269: 5154:

can only be established by God Himself and is a divine blessing given to

5058: 4426: 4248: 4240: 4210: 4030: 3925: 3910: 3787: 3716: 3020: 3016: 2436: 2356: 2316: 2215: 2176: 1910: 1894: 1886: 1827:

based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.

1706: 1564: 1549: 1491: 1362: 1226: 1025: 1020: 1000: 990: 980: 565: 523: 447: 11529: 11493:"The Absence of the Corporation in Islamic Law: Origins and Persistence" 11178: 11103:

Rafia'a & Derayati 2003: Al-Hashiyah ala al-Usul al-Kafi (in Arabic)

7666: 7550: 7374:, the 8th Ottoman caliph, who is well known for his construction of the 7301:

was the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate from 892 until his death in 902.

6574: 6507: 6498: 6226:

when writing of the potential consequences of losing the caliphate said:

5888: 5402: 5146: 4112: 2504: 2069:

In the immediate aftermath of the death of Muhammad, a gathering of the

1997: 1640: 15100: 14917: 14791: 14751: 14684: 13800: 13765: 13715: 13689: 13683: 13283: 13225: 13215: 13195: 13165: 13138: 13123: 12841: 12762: 12480:

The Fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba: Berbers and Andalusis in conflict

12125: 12084: 12044: 11961: 11697: 11576: 10894: 10800: 10729: 10708: 9369: 9045: 8964:

Contemporary Arab Thought: Cultural Critique in Comparative Perspective

8611: 7629:

Demystifying the Caliphate: Historical Memory and Contemporary Contexts

7320: 7182: 7157: 7114: 7063: 6990: 6986: 6759: 6541: 6537: 6406: 6332: 6223: 6203: 6158: 6122: 6034: 5929: 5912: 5660: 5631: 5398: 5385: 5193: 5054: 4788: 4659: 4512: 4350: 4311: 4267:

government in Turkey, a former Muslim Brotherhood ally who has adopted

4000: 3782: 3544: 3301: 3101: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3047: 2644: 2630: 2576: 2533: 2513: 2332: 2255: 2203: 1890: 1569: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1501: 1342: 1133: 1015: 1010: 874: 570: 12431:

The History of Al-Khilafah Ar-Rashidah (The Rightly Guided Caliphates)

11837:

composed exclusively of individuals who enjoyed exceptional longevity.

11654: 11520: 9289:"Is Yogyakarta Ready for a Female Successor to Sultan Hamengkubowono?" 9216:

Qadir, K.B.S.S.A., 1936. "The Cultural Influences of Islam in India".

7261:

was the third Abbasid caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785.

5305:"The Voice of the Caliphate". According to author and Egyptian native 2455:(934–941) was constrained to hand over most of the royal functions to 1823:, and parallel regional caliphates. Historically, the caliphates were 14990: 14761: 14645: 14615: 14270: 14061: 13835: 13815: 13805: 13795: 13780: 13770: 13750: 13735: 13725: 13710: 13678: 13668: 13620: 13098: 13056: 13051: 12911: 12896: 12802: 12792: 12587: 10671:, Kitab Al-Fitan (8584\503\4) أخرج ( ك ) نعيم بن حماد (986) , والحاكم 10072:"Isis 'controls 50% of Syria' after seizing historic city of Palmyra" 9745:

Prayer in the City: The Making of Muslim Sacred Places and Urban Life

9254:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

9145:

Gabriel's Wing A Study Into the Religious Ideas of Sir Muhammad Iqbal

8232:. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 8169:"Abbasid caliphate | Achievements, Capital, & Facts | Britannica" 7244: 7238: 7223: 7217: 7071: 7015: 6728: 6716: 6665: 6437:

and established in Iran, is not universally accepted among the Shia.

6431: 6428: 6342: 6174: 6130: 6075: 5381: 5253: 5158:

and uphold the unity of God, therefore any movement to establish the

5122: 5087:(YPG) along with a 60 nation coalition in its efforts to establish a 5079: 4999: 4918: 4709: 4701: 4366: 4354: 4295: 4290: 3559: 3001: 2891: 2795: 2726: 2214:, succeeded Ali as caliph. Muāwiyah transformed the caliphate into a 2151:

Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Uthman's rule

2090: 1893:, however, believe a caliph should be an imam chosen by God from the 1372: 1266: 1256: 1251: 1236: 1231: 1221: 1095: 1056: 1045: 1040: 1030: 995: 963: 907: 902: 11689: 11598:

Spier, Ray (August 2002). "The history of the peer-review process".

10186:"Blamed for Rise of ISIS, Syrian Leader Is Pushed to Escalate Fight" 9160:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

4991: 4712:. Although he lost the Hejaz and was exiled, then imprisoned by the 3076: 2988:

on territory whose sovereignty was ceded to the Russian Empire. The

2886: 2262:, Ali was later assassinated by the Kharijite Ibn Muljam. Ali's son 14391: 14174: 14132: 14071: 13830: 13775: 13760: 13740: 13730: 13705: 13673: 13663: 13651: 13507: 13502: 13230: 13185: 13155: 13061: 12777: 12752: 12644: 12602: 12568: 12509:

Caliphate Redefined: The Mystical Turn in Ottoman Political Thought

11286:, pp. 132 & 135); Mathieu Tillier, Judicial Authority and 9861: 8646:. He restored Egypt as a political power, reincorporated it in the 7543:

The Caliphate of Man: Popular Sovereignty in Modern Islamic Thought

7387: 7326: 7314: 7258: 7194: 7176: 7110: 7103: 7083: 6956: 6889: 6787: 6609: 6449: 6162: 5967: 5809: 5774: 5438: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5273: 5265: 5257: 5201: 5173: 5022: 5018: 5014: 4984: 4879: 4865: 4678: 4214: 3539: 3415: 3257: 3199: 3027: 2940: 2554:. The Umayyads lost the position of caliph in Damascus in 750, and 2551: 2447: 2312: 2172: 2101: 2043: 1914: 1730: 1722: 1444: 1005: 975: 918: 779: 747: 461: 395: 45:"The Caliphate" redirects here. For the modern militant group, see 13410: 13403:

indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only

12998: 12670: 12468:

Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877–1924)

7390:, the 26th Ottoman caliph, who made the Ottoman Empire enter into 7378:, one of the most famous mosques and tourist attraction in Turkey. 6727:. A social transformation took place as a result of changing land 6459:

have, since the year 1130, followed the imam's chief officer, the

6044: 5984: 4298:, unlike his predecessors, was considered to be a caliph of India. 2593: 2462: 2386:

took power, as the Abbasids were descended from Muhammad's uncle,

14304: 14233: 14189: 14044: 13970: 13891: 13820: 13720: 13695: 13615: 13605: 13517: 13160: 13076: 13066: 13041: 12742: 12393:

The Way of the Strangers : Encounters with the Islamic State

12201:

God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam

11467:

Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents

10164:. Princeton University Press (Kindle Edition). pp. 283–284. 9674:

Bar, Shmuel (January 2016). "The implications of the Caliphate".

8639: 7477: 7371: 7347: 7304: 7253: 7205: 7188: 7165: 7011: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6917: 6855: 6791: 6661: 6626: 6398: 6366: 6304: 6288: 6091: 6071: 6022: 5926: 5648: 5533: 5339: 5144:

Ahmadis maintain that in accordance with Quranic verses (such as

4928: 4820: 4705: 4697: 4504: 4387: 4244: 3524: 3296: 2944: 2920: 2861: 2849: 2845: 2811: 2768: 2760: 2730: 2711: 2668: 2648: 2634: 2497: 2452: 2428: 2417: 2324: 2219: 2191: 2187: 2109: 2058: 1246: 1083: 1073: 612: 289: 14105: 12502:

The Clash of the Caliphates: Understanding the real war of ideas

12340:(1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". 12271: 11073:(1st ed.). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 9962:

Interview with Kevin Jackson, 15 December 2015, quoted in Wood,

5528: 5129:) is the continuation of the Islamic caliphate, first being the 4614: 2890:

The Ottoman Empire at its greatest extent in 1683, under Sultan

2423:

In 750, the Umayyad dynasty was overthrown by another family of

14137: 14012: 13264: 13037: 12654: 12140: 10946: 7351: 7323:, famous caliph of later Abbasid period, who reigned 1136–1160. 7126: 7079: 7059: 7055: 7050:

technology transformed Islamic society (and later, the rest of

7034:

and 31 years for the population of thirteenth-century England.

6994: 6978: 6965:) of an Islamic government were used to provide income for the 6932: 6901: 6867: 6859: 6736: 6732: 6675:, the system of legal scholars and jurists responsible for the 6601: 6591: 6550: 6483: 6445: 6374: 6316: 6118: 5945: 5896: 5885: 5708: 5643: 5301:, or caliphate". Al-Qaeda has named its Internet newscast from 5261: 5231: 4950: 4808: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4732: 4729: 4717: 4663: 4519:

prior to European conquest and colonisation culminating in the

4370: 4333:("abode of the caliphate") since the time of the third emperor 4274: 3445: 3338: 2971:, were lost to the Russian Empire. However, the Ottomans under 2968: 2952: 2924: 2772: 2652: 2637: 2614: 2183: 2160: 2159:. His successor, Uthman, was elected by a council of electors ( 2074: 1990: 1824: 1410: 632: 622: 411: 379: 371: 356: 350: 234: 11555:

Labib, Subhi Y. (March 1969). "Capitalism in Medieval Islam".

11341:

The Muslim Agricultural Revolution and its influence on Europe

11038:

Islamic messianism : the idea of Mahdi in twelver Shīʻism

8770:

The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History: Introduction

7139:

controlling the Levant and Egypt regions independently of Ali.

6427:

rules Muslims, suffices. However, this idea, developed by the

6291:

all agreed that a caliph must be a descendant of the Quraysh.

5095:, Iraq's second largest city, and the northern Syrian city of 5011:

Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (Al-Qaeda in Iraq)

4838:, who led the community for over 50 years. Following him were 4830:, became the caliph of the community and assumed the title of 4763:), the main khalifas, who nominate local khalifas to organise 4720:, Hussein continued to use the title until his death in 1931. 2550:

was an integral province of the Umayyad Caliphate ruling from

2512:

The Umayyad dynasty, which had survived and come to rule over

2258:, to abandon the fight. After defeating the Kharijites at the 14771: 13610: 13268: 10659:

Masnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Mishkat, Chapter Al-Anzar Wal Tahzir

9498:. Jeddah: British Secret Service. p. FO 371/100CWE 3356. 8983:

Bertrand Badie, Dirk Berg-Schlosser, Leonardo Morlino (eds).

7768: 7427: 7023: 6982: 6951: 6937: 6783: 6641: 6617: 6479: 6424: 6382: 6354: 6312: 6281: 6246: 6061: 5655: 5504: 5420: 5378: 5370: 5138: 5096: 5092: 5038: 5026: 4924: 4875: 4816: 4812: 4682: 4667: 4414: 4378: 4334: 4232: 4206: 3464: 3452: 3404: 3214: 2948: 2853: 2830: 2787: 2776: 2703: 2572: 2478: 2424: 2348: 2320: 2211: 2094: 2086: 1927: 774: 652: 343: 301: 294: 217: 209: 11165:

Ayatullah Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi Greater Sins

7626:

Al-Rasheed, Madawi; Kersten, Carool; Shterin, Marat (2012).

7517:

Hassan, Mona. "Conceptualizing the Caliphate, 632–1517 CE."

3030:, U.S. Secretary of State, asked the American ambassador to 2659:

in roughly 1120. The Almohads succeeded in overthrowing the

1858:, but this caliphate fell quickly after its conquest by the 12649: 10219:"Timeline: the Rise, Spread, and Fall of the Islamic State" 9074:"How to interpret discussions on Atatürk and the caliphate" 7482: 7120: 6997: 6872: 6819: 6649: 6645: 6555: 5994:

reported on the authority of Abu Saleh on the authority of

5335: 5302: 5168:

at that time) nor merely by election but primarily by God.

4383: 2674:

The Almohad dominance of Iberia continued until 1212, when

2359:, or his own lineage, the descendants of Ali, should rule. 2199: 2105: 1951: 1808: 1804: 1770: 403: 311: 13981: 12286:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 10576:"The Muslim Brotherhood And Copts, Historical Perspective" 9711:"Islamic Caliph condemns ISIS' act of 'Un-Islamic terror'" 9593:

Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802–1949

7735:

Kadi, Wadad; Shahin, Aram A. (2013). "Caliph, caliphate".

7279:, a great Abbasid patron of Islamic philosophy and science 7164:. Muawiyah instituted dynastic rule by appointing his son 4477:(Caliph of God) as one of his many titles. In 2015 sultan 2747: 2714:

falling to the Christians in 1236 and 1248, respectively.

2519: 2242:

Ali's caliphate, Hasan and the rise of the Umayyad dynasty

12659: 10307:"The Islamic Khilafat – Its Rise, Fall, and Re-emergence" 9648: 8803:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923

7673:. OBP collection. Open Book Publishers. pp. 73–100. 7394:

in 1914, which would ultimately lead to the Empire's end.

7132: 6362: 6303:

Following the death of Muhammad, a meeting took place at

6106:

It is forbidden for Muslims to have two Amirs (rulers)...

2819: 2164: 1978: 1972: 1957: 1755: 1749: 11737:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

8675:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 320. 7885:"What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims?" 7625: 7062:

culture, comparable to the later shifts from scribal to

6448:

continue to have a living imam; the current imam is the

2355:; others felt that only members of Muhammad's clan, the 2163:). Uthman was killed by members of a disaffected group. 2089:

among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the

12452:

By Clifford Edmund (TRN) Bosworth, from The History of

11754: 11395:

Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam",

10102:"Isis rebels declare 'Islamic state' in Iraq and Syria" 7737:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

7519:

Longing for the Lost Caliphate: A Transregional History

7362:. Under his reign, the Empire grew by seventy per cent. 6365:, his cousin and son-in-law, as his successor. For the 5414:

and reminds him of his obligation to rule with justice.

4819:, awaited by Muslims. He also claimed to be a follower- 4796:, first designed in 1939, during the leadership of the 4481:

renounced any claim to the caliphate to facilitate his

4369:. As a memoriser of Quran, Aurangzeb fully established 2794:

dubbed the fourth century AH /tenth century CE as the "

2382:, "the Party of Ali", were again disappointed when the 2097:), though this has later become the subject of debate. 1854:. An attempt to preserve the title was tried, with the 12342:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

11163:

The Thirtieth Greater Sin: Not Helping the Oppressed.

9493: 4897: 11417:"Islam, the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism" 10041:"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's driving force" 7113:, first Rashidun caliph. Subdued rebel tribes in the 6463:, as they believe the imams are in a state of hiding. 5053:

ISIL has been at war with armed forces including the

4777: 2505:

Parallel regional caliphates in the later Abbasid era

2306: Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 1981: 1969: 1960: 1948: 1767: 1758: 1746: 12171:

E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936

10524:"Reunified Islam: Unlikely but Not Entirely Radical" 10390:

Professor Mackie and the Kalam Cosmological Argument

10213: 10211: 8450:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 23, 676. 6794:

employed during this time included early contracts,

6620:: The people of Quraish worried about the lady from 6051: 3054: 2623: 2300: Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphs, 632–661 1975: 1954: 1752: 10884:

Al-Moghni Fi Abuab Al-Tawhid, volume 20, pp. 58–145

9562:""مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح" 9512:

Islam assembled the advent of the Muslim Congresses

4704:, but he received support from a large part of the 4464: 2493:, but was restored again to the caliphate in 1517. 1966: 1945: 1764: 1743: 12293:Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights 12203:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 10967: 8381:The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800) 7426:before assuming the title, so as not to break the 7317:, famous caliph of later Abbasid period, 991–1031. 6266: 4826:After Ahmad's death in 1908, his first successor, 4603: 12245: 12174:. Vol. IV. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 881–885. 10208: 9816:"Hadhrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad, Khalifatul Masih V" 9742:Desplat, Patrick A.; Schulz, Dorothea E. (2014). 9542: 8745:"The history of the institution of the caliphate" 8515: 7868: 7856: 7819: 7774: 2194:) of the caliphate had its own governor (Sultan, 15483: 12320:The Looming Tower: Al Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 10839:Al-Mughni fi abwab Al-Tawheed, volume 20, p. 243 10497:"Al-Qaeda chiefs reveal world domination design" 10156: 7521:, Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 98–141, 6786:) and the integration of previously independent 6739:or religious background the right to buy, sell, 5033:. In the summer of 2014, the group launched the 4554: 4534: 2871: 2721:, in 1215. The last representative of the line, 2582: 9432:"How Did the Ottoman Dynasty Survive in Exile?" 9185:Structure of Politics Under Aurangzeb 1658–1707 8985:International Encyclopedia of Political Science 8597: 8558:Mutanabbi devant le siècle ismaëlien de l'Islam 8085:. Florida State College at Jacksonville. 2017. 7208:had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. 6152: 4956: 4488: 2736: 2463:Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo (1261–1517) 2393: 2037: 1885:Not all Muslim states have had caliphates. The 1842:(750–1517). In the fourth major caliphate, the 12504:, by Tony Corn, Small Wars Journal, March 2011 12246:Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). 12224:, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 11040:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 9559: 9041:"Turkey: Could the Caliphate Make a Comeback?" 9019: 8824: 8822: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8583:. London: Rough Guides Ltd. pp. 136–137. 7545:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 6766:were present in the caliphate, since an early 6671:According to Noah Feldman, a law professor at 5238:wrote about the restoration of the caliphate. 5125:believe that the Ahmadiyya Caliphate (Arabic: 5041:. The group declared itself a caliphate under 4444: 4213:, but his kingdom was defeated and annexed by 2782:The Fatimids established the Tunisian city of 2274: 13997: 13907: 13558: 13544: 13426: 13014: 12686: 12618: 12579: 12017:place of cultural and scientific preeminence. 9741: 9125:. Oxford University Press. pp. 159, 160. 8858:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 8443: 8019:. London: Penguin Random House. p. 244. 7928:. Cyril Glasse. pp. 39–41, 318–319, 353–354, 7354:, the 1st caliph and maiden title holder of " 5852: 5279: 4135: 2404: 1815:in other parts of the world, had led to many 1663: 843: 178: 30:"Caliph" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:Islamic monarchy claiming to succeed Muhammad 15454:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 11234:Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 56, Number 681 11204: 11202: 11200: 10499:. Melbourne: Theage.com.au. 24 August 2005. 10482:Interview (21 October 2001) from bin Laden, 8661: 8563: 8556: 8516:Buresi, Pascal; El Aallaoui, Hicham (2012). 7801: 7762:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 6414:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 6311:, legal specialists collectively called the 4923:) to him. Abu Issa, was born in the city of 4916: 4275:Parallel regional caliphates to the Ottomans 3687:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 2617: 2004: 61: 12290: 11819: 11790: 11710: 11283: 10956: 10600: 9987: 9985: 9945: 9943: 8819: 8787: 8047: 8041: 6530: 5192:A number of Islamist political parties and 4723: 2686:by an alliance of the Christian princes of 2597:The Almohad empire at its greatest extent, 1733:and the identification of a monarch called 14004: 13990: 13914: 13900: 13551: 13537: 13433: 13419: 13021: 13007: 12693: 12679: 12625: 12611: 12450:The Reunification of the Abbasid Caliphate 12396:. New York: Random House. pp. 128–9. 12291:Weeramantry, Judge Christopher G. (1997). 12195: 11934:than in any other cultures of their times. 11635:Comparative Studies in Society and History 11410: 11408: 11335: 11333: 11116:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). 11036:Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1981). 10565:Harvard University Press, (1994) pp. 42–43 9975:Kevin Jackson, "The Forgotten Caliphate", 9929:Kevin Jackson, "The Forgotten Caliphate", 9613: 8874: 8739: 8737: 8706: 8704: 8230:"The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258)" 8227: 7734: 7523:http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1xrgm.9 6110:Then he got up and addressed the Muslims. 5859: 5845: 4988:Military situation in Libya in early 2016: 4685:by creating a second caliph alongside the 4670:and called for the caliphate as a Sayyid. 4642:) was an Arab caliphate proclaimed by the 4239:was adopted by the King of Morocco and by 4142: 4128: 2904:, the last caliph of Sunni Islam from the 1670: 1656: 850: 836: 185: 171: 11519: 11197: 11115: 11035: 10019:"Caliphate won't last but its legacy may" 9854: 9478: 9460: 8913: 7966: 7252:which was to become the core of imperial 6582:factoring in the potential cost of life. 6081: 6007:It has been narrated on the authority of 4626:) in green and the current region in red. 4286:Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent 3979:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 3161:Learn how and when to remove this message 3046:in the Philippines to submit to American 2052: 1725:is based on a claim of succession to the 887:List of countries by system of government 11632: 11372:The Cambridge economic history of Europe 11297: 10962: 10680: 10378:, Harvard University Press, (1994) p. 42 9982: 9940: 9768: 9494:British Secret Service (29 March 1924). 9461:Al-Momani, Nidal Daoud Mohammad (2014). 9233:(1924). "The Mughal Emperors in India". 9135: 9121:(1924). "The Mughal Emperors in India". 8977: 8949:, p. 5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801: 8887:. Oxford University Press. p. 235. 8565:Mémoires de l'Institut Français de Damas 8481: 8479: 7974:Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures 7879: 7877: 7844: 7807: 7786: 7590: 7042:the introduction of state funding under 6790:areas. Business techniques and forms of 6058:Islamic eschatology § Major figures 5156:those who believe and work righteousness 4983: 4972: 4811:, India, who claimed to be the promised 4787: 4613: 4579:in 1920 to defend the Ottoman Caliphate 4289: 3172: 2896: 2885: 2746: 2592: 2537: 2408: 2284: 2146: 15278: 12461:By Franz Rosenthal from The History of 11734: 11500:The American Journal of Comparative Law 11405: 11330: 11303: 11031: 11029: 10069: 9778:. Oxford University Press. p. 11. 9708: 9247: 9237:. Oxford University Press. p. 162. 9182: 9157: 8828: 8734: 8701: 8655: 8374: 7664: 5904:that many people are indeed rebellious. 4759:(orders) are led by spiritual leaders ( 4226:Islam and the Foundations of Governance 2996:to comply with the British government. 2542:Map of the Caliphate of Cordoba c. 1000 2520:Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031) 2294: Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 1867: 14: 15484: 12592: 12368: 12313: 12216: 12163: 11848: 11414: 11243: 11068: 10681:Madelung, Wilferd (1986). "al-Mahdī". 10082:from the original on 30 September 2015 9917:Islamic caliphate a dream, not reality 9560:الوطن, جريدة; webmaster (5 May 2020). 9509: 9370:"New Series Vol. 7 No. 6 (1 May 1917)" 9229: 9117: 8946: 8880: 8805:. New York: Basic Books. p. 111. 8800: 8763: 8757: 8578: 8001: 7632:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 6389:and offspring, who are believed to be 6369:, Ali and his eleven descendants, the 6070:Many Islamic texts, including several 5252:aimed to establish a Caliphate across 4322:was already observing the caliphate. 4279: 2640:movement founded in the 12th century. 13985: 13895: 13532: 13414: 13002: 12674: 12606: 12591: 12578: 12266: 12109: 12068: 12028: 11945: 11760: 11597: 11554: 11490: 11318:from the original on 16 November 2012 11120:. 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The group eventually expanded into 4892:As-Silsilah As-Sahihah, vol. 1, no. 5 4853: 2225:In areas which were previously under 2206:, a relative of Uthman and governor ( 1786: 1717:) that originated in the 7th century 1700: 13851:First Ottoman caliph • Caliph only 12632: 12511:. Princeton University Press, 2018. 12427:, by The Internet Islamic University 12336: 11878:"A millennium of health improvement" 11822:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World 11793:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World 11715:, Brill Publishers, pp. 63–66, 11713:Labour in the Medieval Islamic World 11675: 11536:from the original on 17 January 2023 11264:from the original on 17 January 2023 11069:Ḥusayn, Ṭabāṭabāʼī Muḥammad (1975). 11026: 10674: 10627: 10534:from the original on 11 October 2017 10521: 10365:, The Islamic Foundation, 1976, p. 9 10287:from the original on 9 November 2015 10229:from the original on 8 February 2021 9933:, 14 December 2014, quoted in Wood, 9885: 9792:from the original on 17 January 2023 9723:from the original on 15 October 2014 9584: 9503: 9269:from the original on 17 January 2023 9218:Journal of the Royal Society of Arts 9187:. Kanishka Publishers Distributors. 9072:Duran, Burhanettin (4 August 2020). 8901:from the original on 17 January 2023 8689:from the original on 14 January 2023 8628:from the original on 17 January 2023 8603: 8537:from the original on 17 January 2023 8464:from the original on 17 January 2023 8402:from the original on 17 January 2023 8326:from the original on 26 October 2017 8209:from the original on 28 October 2023 8149:from the original on 27 October 2023 8119:from the original on 27 October 2023 8109:"The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE)" 7995: 7730: 7728: 7646:from the original on 17 January 2023 7471:The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate 6136:Imam Ali whom the Shia revere said: 4969:List of leaders of the Islamic State 4503:was an Islamic state in what is now 3099:adding citations to reliable sources 3070: 2935:, the seat of the Ottomans moved to 2763:, that extended its rule across the 2643:The Almohad movement was started by 2633:" or "the Unifiers") was a Moroccan 13956:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists 13440: 13028: 12700: 12006:from the original on 17 August 2011 11985: 11923:from the original on 17 August 2011 11902: 11884:from the original on 16 August 2017 10609:from the original on 5 January 2008 10601:Bieliauskas, Hana (17 April 2007). 9673: 9423: 9086:from the original on 7 January 2024 9053:from the original on 7 January 2024 9039:Birch, Nicholas (3 December 2010). 8966:. Columbia University Press, 2010. 8860:. St. Martin's Press. p. 444. 8179:from the original on 15 August 2020 7094:For a more comprehensive list, see 4898:Abu Issa caliphate (1993 – c. 2014) 4639: 2725:, was reduced to the possession of 2663:in governing Morocco by 1147, when 2618: 2136: 2005: 1903:invasion of Afghanistan by the USSR 1783: 1697: 62: 24: 13921: 12459:Return of the Caliphate to Baghdad 12418: 11447:from the original on 12 April 2019 11185:from the original on 5 August 2022 10857:Al-Fasl Fil-Milal, volume 4, p. 62 10830:Mughni Al-Muhtaj, volume 4, p. 132 10603:"Campus Radicals – Hizb-ut Tahrir" 10582:from the original on 18 March 2009 10343:from the original on 3 August 2017 10313:from the original on 31 March 2015 9855:Linderman, Juliet (14 June 2017). 9824:. Islamic Publications. May 2008. 9667: 9642: 9607: 9553: 9536: 9429: 9362: 8054:State University of New York Press 8048:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994), 7957:, the son of Umayya ibn Abd Shams. 7671:History of International Relations 7089: 6467: 6421:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 6361:in particular, that he considered 5349: 5248:In Southeast Asia, groups such as 4778:Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present) 4746: 4654:, declaring independence from the 4172:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire 4158:of October 1918 with the military 3699:Principles of State and Government 3675:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 2984:in 1774, when the Empire retained 2798:century in the history of Islam". 2218:office, thus founding the Umayyad 25: 15523: 12523: 12441:The Crisis of the Early Caliphate 12425:The theory of government in Islam 10914:Sharhu Sahih Muslim p. 205 vol 12 10255:from the original on 26 June 2015 10196:from the original on 15 July 2017 10138:from the original on 26 June 2015 10051:from the original on 31 July 2014 9873:from the original on 17 June 2018 9836:from the original on 27 July 2011 9006:Studies in Middle Eastern History 8607:Metalwork in Medieval Islamic Art 8356:from the original on 21 June 2021 7926:The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam 7895:from the original on 25 July 2017 7725: 7707:"The Roots of Democracy in Islam" 7687:from the original on 7 April 2022 7438:), leaving the title in dormancy. 7402:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 7356:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques 6687:in the early nineteenth century: 6558:from the Qur'an to justify this: 6381:, was the Islamic holy book, the 6052:Prophesied caliphate of the Mahdi 6003:counted for you and against them. 5110: 4692:His caliphate was opposed by the 4581:at the end of the First World War 4179:president of the Turkish Republic 3624:List of Islamic political parties 3055:Abolition of the Caliphate (1924) 2915:The caliphate was claimed by the 2579:were constructed in this period. 2182:Under the Rāshidun, each region ( 1931:(King), or another from the same 1882:, have claimed to be caliphates. 13856: 13855: 12811: 12565:Islamists urge caliphate revival 12103: 12062: 12022: 11979: 11939: 11896: 11870: 11842: 11824:, Brill Publishers, p. 66, 11813: 11795:, Brill Publishers, p. 66, 11784: 11728: 11704: 11669: 11626: 11591: 11548: 11484: 11459: 11389: 11365: 11353: 11290:s’ Autonomy under the Abbasids, 11276: 11237: 11228: 11216:from the original on 7 July 2011 11171: 11156: 11142: 11109: 11095: 11062: 10996: 10935: 10926: 10917: 10908: 10899: 10887: 10878: 10869: 10860: 10851: 10842: 10833: 10824: 10815: 10806: 10794: 10782: 10773: 10764: 10755: 10743: 10734: 10722: 10713: 10701: 10662: 10653: 10621: 10594: 10568: 10555: 10546: 10515: 10489: 10476: 10464:from the original on 4 June 2011 10450: 10429: 10403: 10381: 10368: 10355: 10325: 10299: 10267: 10241: 10178: 10150: 10120: 9572:from the original on 16 May 2023 9380:from the original on 25 May 2024 9317:. Indhistory.com. Archived from 9008:. Oxford University Press, 2001 8926:. Lexington Books. p. 397. 8497:from the original on 16 May 2015 8316:"The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt" 8266:from the original on 27 May 2015 8236:from the original on 5 July 2023 8228:Yalman, Suzan; Komaroff, Linda. 7594:The Abbasid Caliphate: A History 6353:regardless of majority opinion, 6011:that the Prophet of Allah said: 5230:unity and the implementation of 5187: 4998: 4990: 4882:is reported to have prophesied: 4465:Yogyakarta Caliphate (1755–2015) 4203:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 4170:(August 1920) which imposed the 4111: 4100: 3075: 2678:(1199–1214) was defeated at the 2546:During the Umayyad dynasty, the 1941: 1739: 1639: 817: 216: 154: 73: 12389: 11557:The Journal of Economic History 11397:The Journal of Economic History 11304:Feldman, Noah (16 March 2008). 10812:Subul Al-Asha, volume 9, p. 277 10761:"Al-A’kd Al-Farid" of Al-Waqidi 10719:"Tarikh ut-Tabari" by at-Tabari 10413:. harunyaya.com. Archived from 10094: 10070:Shaheen, Kareem (21 May 2015). 10063: 10033: 10021:. The Australian. 8 August 2014 10011: 9998: 9969: 9956: 9923: 9908: 9848: 9808: 9762: 9735: 9709:Taggart, Steve (10 July 2014). 9702: 9487: 9454: 9393: 9351: 9333: 9307: 9281: 9241: 9223: 9210: 9201: 9176: 9151: 9129: 9111: 9098: 9065: 9032: 9029:144.1 (14 January 2008): 38–40. 8998: 8956: 8849: 8722:from the original on 3 May 2015 8572: 8549: 8509: 8437: 8414: 8368: 8338: 8308: 8296:from the original on 3 May 2015 8278: 8248: 8221: 8191: 8161: 8131: 8101: 8069: 7960: 7931: 7919: 7907: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7825: 7813: 7780: 7405:abolished the Ottoman Caliphate 6914:double-entry bookkeeping system 6322: 6298: 6267:Electing or appointing a caliph 5360:Divisions of the world in Islam 4604:Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1931) 4567:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 4459:Northern Cameroons Protectorate 3086:needs additional citations for 2759:caliphate, originally based in 2339:the world had yet seen and the 123:Umayyad Caliphate in al-Andalus 12546:– a three-part documentary by 12536:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 12492:The abolition of the Caliphate 10923:al Iqtisaad fil Itiqaad p. 240 10779:Nahj-ul-Balagha (part 1 p. 91) 10740:"As-Sunan ul-Kubra" of Bayhaqi 10522:Vick, Karl (14 January 2006). 9775:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 8444:Ramirez-Faria, Carlos (2007). 7977:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 7869:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014 7857:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014 7820:Fitzpatrick & Walker (2014 7743: 7709:. Irfi.org. 16 December 2002. 7699: 7658: 7619: 7584: 7534: 7511: 6802:, early forms of partnership ( 6713:Muslim Agricultural Revolution 6585: 4673:However, it was not until the 4588:, his brother Shawkat Ali and 4437:were popularly given the term 2965:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 2943:. In 1517, the Ottoman sultan 1709:form of government (initially 1348:Intergovernmental organisation 1303:Separation of church and state 13: 1: 13870:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family 12954:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 12940:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud 11851:The Western Medical Tradition 11612:10.1016/S0167-7799(02)01985-6 11250:. A&C Black. p. 61. 10309:. Alislam.org. 3 March 2011. 9688:10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994 9653:. University of Tartu Press. 9628:10.1080/00263206.2019.1596895 9546:الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة 9514:. Columbia University Press. 7833:The Essentials of Ibadi Islam 7775:Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014 7499: 6604:establishes the principle of 6261: 6121:would then be abandoned, the 5325: 4708:at the time, as well as from 4555:Khilafat Movement (1919–1924) 4535:Toucouleur Empire (1848–1893) 4399:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji 4397:Other notable rulers such as 3846:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 2917:sultans of the Ottoman Empire 2872:Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924) 2755:The Fatimid Caliphate was an 2680:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 2598: 2583:Almohad Caliphate (1147–1269) 2341:seventh largest ever to exist 1852:1924 secularisation of Turkey 11849:Conrad, Lawrence I. (2006), 11247:Islam Today: An Introduction 9496:Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924 8113:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 7967:Cavendish, Marshall (2010). 7504: 6723:and wealth and thus enhance 6697:History of Islamic economics 6287:Traditionally, Sunni Muslim 6153:Views of Islamic theologians 6102:Upon this Abu Bakr replied: 4957:Islamic State (2014–present) 4675:end of the Ottoman caliphate 4650:in 1924 previously known as 4489:Sokoto Caliphate (1804–1903) 4160:occupation of Constantinople 2737:Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171) 2394:Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517) 2038:Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) 1920: 1145:(socio-political ideologies) 7: 14011: 12553:The return of the caliphate 12222:The Early Islamic Conquests 12168:. In Houtsma, M. Th (ed.). 11761:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2007), " 11244:Geaves, Ron (1 July 2010). 9141:"The Historical Background" 9027:U.S News & World Report 7949:. 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Naeem (1999). 7790:The Succession to Muhammad 7787:Madelung, Wilferd (1997). 7667:"4. The Muslim Caliphates" 7599:Cambridge University Press 7597:. Cambridge and New York: 7160:, the first caliph of the 7093: 7086:educational institutions. 6731:giving individuals of any 6700: 6694: 6690: 6589: 6473: 6411: 6345:, Shi'ites believe in the 6326: 6066:Second Coming § Islam 6055: 5356:Political aspects of Islam 5353: 5283: 5280:Al-Qaeda's Caliphate goals 5200:), or through force (e.g. 5114: 5013:formed as an affiliate of 4966: 4960: 4863: 4857: 4781: 4607: 4598:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 4564: 4558: 4547:, being incorporated into 4492: 4304:Umayyad campaigns in India 4283: 3956:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 3619:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 3278:Salafism by country/region 3064: 3061:Abolition of the Caliphate 3058: 2933:conquest of Constantinople 2875: 2740: 2610: 2586: 2523: 2475:Mongol conquest of Baghdad 2466: 2446:In the ninth century, the 2405:Abbasid caliphs at Baghdad 2397: 2278: 2140: 2062: 2056: 2041: 2032: 44: 40:Caliphate (disambiguation) 29: 15447: 15399: 14916: 14320: 14019: 13929: 13849: 13601: 13573: 13448: 13401: 13263: 13036: 12985: 12875: 12820: 12809: 12726: 12708: 12640: 12600: 12585: 12580:Links to related articles 12433:School Textbook, By Dr. ' 12354:10.1017/s0041977x00113710 11647:10.1017/s001041759900208x 11569:10.1017/S0022050700097837 11471:Columbia University Press 10437:"Quran translation index" 9467:Journal of Human Sciences 8881:Karpat, Kemal H. (2001). 8835:. Brill. pp. 18–19. 8801:Finkel, Caroline (2005). 8557: 8555:Louis Massignon (1935). " 8077:"40. History of Muhammad" 7581:Accessed 17 January 2023. 7541:March, Andrew F. (2019). 7078:and the emergence of the 6562:And they (the sinners on 6401:emphasise that values of 5936: 5393:creating humanity as his 5364: 5085:People's Protection Units 4231:A summit was convened at 4083:Islam and other religions 4036:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 3565:International propagation 3273:International propagation 2236:Byzantine–Persian warfare 2114:Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah 1334:(geo-cultural ideologies) 63: 13588:Family tree (simplified) 12971:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 12947:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali 12199:; Hinds, Martin (1986), 12113:Journal of World History 12072:Journal of World History 12032:Journal of World History 11949:Journal of World History 11438:10.1163/156920607x171591 11294:, 26 (2014), p. 119-131. 10905:Tafseer ul-Qurtubi 264/1 10770:"as-Sirah" of Ibnu Ishaq 10749:"Al-fasil-fil Milal" by 10006:The Way of the Strangers 9993:The Way of the Strangers 9964:The Way of the Strangers 9951:The Way of the Strangers 9935:The Way of the Strangers 9914:Andrew Hammond, (2006). 9436:www.ekrembugraekinci.com 8987:, Volume 1. Sage, 2011. 8856:James, Lawrence (2000). 8750:24 December 2014 at the 8712:"caliph – Islamic title" 7755:10 December 2014 at the 7591:El-Hibri, Tayeb (2021). 7407:and sent Mejid in exile. 7366:Suleiman the Magnificent 6751:concerning agriculture, 6719:were needed to increase 6531:Accountability of rulers 6337:Imamate in Shia doctrine 5973:Nafi'a reported saying: 5105:Syrian Democratic Forces 5071:Syrian Democratic Forces 4724:Non-political caliphates 4594:Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari 4386:, and Kurdish conqueror 4347:Suleiman the Magnificent 4224:published his 1925 book 3727:Governance of the Jurist 2978:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 2374:in 680, solidifying the 2169:Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam 1866:), leaving the claim in 480:Medieval Islamic science 13939:Imamah (Shi'a doctrine) 13150:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz 12933:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir 12283:Encyclopædia Britannica 11749:10.1163/156852070X00123 11600:Trends in Biotechnology 11415:Banaji, Jairus (2007). 11210:"Gharm Allah Al-Ghamdy" 10728:"Siratu Ibn Hisham" by 10395:15 January 2008 at the 10008:, 2017, p. 297, n. 14. 9901:11 October 2017 at the 9867:Advance Local Media LLC 9821:The Review of Religions 9510:Kramer, Martin (1986). 9315:"The Khilafat Movement" 9249:Saksena, Banarsi Prasad 8716:Encyclopædia Britannica 8579:Wintle, Justin (2003). 8491:Encyclopædia Britannica 8320:www.napoleon-series.org 8290:Encyclopædia Britannica 8260:Encyclopædia Britannica 7528:17 January 2023 at the 7107:("Righteously Guided") 6935:included collection of 6778:developed based on the 6319:(example) of Muhammad. 6179:Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad 6033:The Prophet said, "The 5951:Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal 5035:Northern Iraq offensive 4850:, who lives in London. 4590:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 4191:Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi 3836:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 2605:The Almohad Caliphate ( 2473:In 1261, following the 2289:The caliphate, 622–750 1597:Administrative division 1541:International relations 36:Caliph (disambiguation) 13583:Family tree (detailed) 12486:Khilafat and Caliphate 12369:Özoğlu, Hakan (2011). 12164:Arnold, T. W. (1993). 11425:Historical Materialism 10789:Al-Ahkam Al-Sultaniyah 10684:Encyclopaedia of Islam 10633:Islam: A Brief History 9748:. Verlag. p. 82. 9616:Middle Eastern Studies 8564: 8139:"Qays/Mudar and Yaman" 7937:Uthman was the son of 7665:Ringmar, Erik (2020). 6941:(charity), one of the 6886:transactional accounts 6631: 6579: 6341:With the exception of 6329:Succession to Muhammad 6259: 6232: 6221: 6213: 6194: 6150: 6127: 6108: 6100: 6094:hall) of Bani Sa’ida: 6049: 6029:Narrated Abu Huraira: 6027: 6005: 5989: 5964: 5934: 5917: 5893: 5220: 5037:, seizing the city of 5006: 4981: 4938: 4895: 4800: 4627: 4373:in South Asia via his 4299: 3901:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 3317:Islamic fundamentalism 3182: 2912: 2894: 2752: 2602: 2543: 2420: 2370:and his family at the 2308: 2152: 2143:Early Muslim conquests 2065:Succession to Muhammad 2053:Succession to Muhammad 490:Succession to Muhammad 15424:Medieval great powers 12390:Wood, Graeme (2017). 12268:Goeje, Michael Jan de 11765:by R. Kevin Jaques", 11512:10.1093/ajcl/53.4.785 11339:Zohor Idrisi (2005), 10486:, Verso, 2005, p. 121 10363:Human Rights in Islam 10275:"Khilafat-e-Rashidah" 10104:. BBC. 30 June 2014. 9480:10.12785/jhs/20140213 9358:Teitelbaum 2001 p. 42 9231:Arnold, Thomas Walker 9183:Hussein, S M (2002). 9158:Jackson, Roy (2010). 9119:Arnold, Thomas Walker 8920:Yegar, Moshe (2002). 8773:. Brill. p. 21. 8642:, the founder of the 6943:Five Pillars of Islam 6814:) and early forms of 6792:business organisation 6758:Early forms of proto- 6749:financial transaction 6614: 6560: 6546:Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani 6239: 6228: 6217: 6208: 6189: 6138: 6115: 6104: 6096: 6031: 6013: 6000: 5975: 5955: 5918: 5901: 5873: 5485:Birmingham manuscript 5470:Samarkand Kufic Quran 5354:Further information: 5212: 5115:Further information: 5021:militants during the 4987: 4976: 4933: 4884: 4864:Further information: 4791: 4617: 4511:. Founded during the 4411:Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 4293: 4243:, former head of the 4197:. The title was then 4183:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3974:Criticism of Islamism 3968:Criticism of Islamism 3886:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 3803:Hibatullah Akhundzada 3177:Official portrait of 3176: 2900: 2889: 2750: 2596: 2541: 2435:by the Mongols under 2414:Mustansiriya Madrasah 2412: 2288: 2150: 1872:hereditary monarchies 1607:Democratic transition 1470:Self-governing colony 1067:Military dictatorship 15434:European colonialism 15419:Ancient great powers 13083:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 12922:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti 11989:Delivering Education 11986:Coulson, Andrew J., 11906:Delivering Education 11903:Coulson, Andrew J., 11857:, pp. 15, 137, 11346:25 June 2008 at the 10605:. Newstatesman.com. 10563:Failure of Islamism, 10484:Message to the World 10387:William Lane Craig, 9920:. Middle East Online 9676:Comparative Strategy 9147:. Brill. p. 30. 8951:Mark Lambert Bristol 7947:Umayya ibn Abd Shams 7831:Valerie J. Hoffman, 7601:. pp. 284–285. 7189:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 6840:capital accumulation 6808:limited partnerships 6703:Capitalism and Islam 6679:was replaced by the 6525:Taqiuddin al-Nabhani 6167:Ahmad al-Qalqashandi 5998:that Muhammad said: 5406:, it addresses King 5043:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 4904:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 4471:sultan of Yogyakarta 4325:The emperors of the 4164:Treaty of Versailles 3808:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 3768:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 3725:Islamic Government: 3095:improve this article 3011:Around 1880, Sultan 2929:Mehmed the Conqueror 2908:, with his daughter 2702:. Nearly all of the 2530:Caliphate of Córdoba 2269:Umayya ibn Abd Shams 2077:) took place in the 2023:Khalīfah Rasūl Allāh 1989:), derives from the 529:Association football 15512:Islamic terminology 15429:Modern great powers 13868:Related templates: 12728:Caliphs of Damascus 12488:, By Mubasher Ahmad 12323:, London: Vintage, 12218:Donner, Fred McGraw 11105:. pp. 590–599. 10528:The Washington Post 10376:Failure of Islamism 10361:Abul A'al Mawdudi, 10339:. 13 January 2006. 10225:. 28 October 2019. 9937:, 2017, pp. 152–255 9716:The London Economic 9405:archive.wikiwix.com 9137:Schimmel, Annemarie 8743:Dominique Sourdel, 7551:10.2307/j.ctvp2n3ms 7493:Worldwide caliphate 7414:Sharifian Caliphate 7076:commercial activity 6955:) collected in the 6852:capital expenditure 6848:circulating capital 6800:international trade 6772:merchant capitalism 6612:and accountability 6251:Al-Fuḍayl ibn ‘Iyāḍ 5123:Ahmadiyya community 5121:The members of the 5117:Ahmadiyya Caliphate 4848:Mirza Masroor Ahmad 4784:Ahmadiyya Caliphate 4761:khilafah ruhaniyyah 4677:, abolished by the 4632:Sharifian Caliphate 4624:Sharifian Caliphate 4610:Sharifian Caliphate 4586:Mohammad Ali Jouhar 4377:. He re-introduced 4314:, most notably the 4280:Indian subcontinent 4156:Armistice of Mudros 4118:Politics portal 4071:Islam and modernity 3729:("Velayat-e faqih") 3711:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 3013:Abdul Hamid II 2963:The outcome of the 2765:Mediterranean coast 2496:The Ottoman sultan 2353:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 2081:(courtyard) of the 1856:Sharifian Caliphate 1838:(661–750), and the 1821:sectarian conflicts 1788:[xæ'liːfæh] 1702:[xi'laːfah] 1646:Politics portal 1531:Supranational union 1440:Dependent territory 1353:National government 290:Profession of Faith 263:Day of Resurrection 143:Sharifian Caliphate 117:Parallel caliphates 15497:Islamic monarchies 13593:Line of succession 12877:Caliphs of Córdoba 12594:Caliphal Dynasties 12548:Al Jazeera English 12539:. Merriam-Webster. 12482:By Peter C. Scales 12126:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 12085:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 12045:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 11997:Hoover Institution 11962:10.1353/jwh.0.0045 11914:Hoover Institution 11779:10.1093/jis/etm005 11311:The New York Times 10803:, volume 9, p. 360 10337:Washingtonpost.com 10192:. 22 August 2014. 10190:The New York Times 9979:, 14 December 2014 8953:on 19 August 1924. 8604:Baer, Eva (1983). 8175:. 9 October 2023. 8173:www.britannica.com 8013:Harari, Yuval Noah 8003:Harari, Yuval Noah 6770:and early form of 6673:Harvard University 6636:Rashidun caliphate 6379:two weighty things 5880:be the rebellious. 5739:Biblical parallels 5480:Topkapi manuscript 5224:Muslim Brotherhood 5135:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 5107:on 23 March 2019. 5007: 4982: 4854:Period of dormancy 4836:Mirza Mahmud Ahmad 4828:Hakeem Noor-ud-Din 4805:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 4801: 4737:Ahmadiyya movement 4628: 4549:French West Africa 4517:sub-Saharan Africa 4473:historically used 4451:Kanem-Bornu Empire 4407:Firuz Shah Tughlaq 4300: 4261:Muslim Brotherhood 3996:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 3841:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 3826:Abu Hamza al-Masri 3654:Sub-Saharan Africa 3614:Muslim Brotherhood 3589:Iranian Revolution 3499:Islamic Golden Age 3367:Islamic liberalism 3347:Islamic governance 3183: 2913: 2910:Dürrüşehvar Sultan 2895: 2827:Maltese Christians 2816:Rashidun Caliphate 2753: 2603: 2544: 2526:Emirate of Córdoba 2457:Muhammad ibn Ra'iq 2421: 2390:and not from Ali. 2309: 2260:Battle of Nahrawan 2153: 2126:Ibrahim al-Nakha'i 2048:Rashidun Caliphate 1832:Rashidun Caliphate 1723:political identity 90:Rashidun Caliphate 15479: 15478: 15473: 15472: 15395: 15394: 15360:Polish–Lithuanian 14535:Gurjara-Pratihara 13979: 13978: 13889: 13888: 13883: 13882: 13526: 13525: 13408: 13407: 13384:al-Mutawakkil III 13374:al-Mutawakkil III 12996: 12995: 12887:Abd al-Rahman III 12867:Abd al-Rahman III 12668: 12667: 12517:978-1-4008-8804-7 12476:By Guy Le Strange 12437:, `Abdullah Ahsan 12435:Abdullah al-Ahsan 12403:978-0-8129-8875-8 12330:978-1-4000-3084-2 12273:"Caliphate" 12239:978-0-691-05327-1 12210:978-0-521-32185-3 12181:978-90-04-09790-2 11864:978-0-521-47564-8 11831:978-90-04-09896-1 11802:978-90-04-09896-1 11722:978-90-04-09896-1 11257:978-1-84706-478-3 10974:. New York City: 10964:Robinson, Francis 10941:Jan A. Wensinck, 10694:978-90-04-09419-2 10646:978-1-4051-8094-8 10578:. Ikhwanweb.com. 10333:"Reunified Islam" 10223:The Wilson Center 10134:. 13 March 2015. 9770:Esposito, John L. 9660:978-9949-03-520-5 9595:. 22 March 1924. 9347:on 16 April 2007. 8648:Abbasid caliphate 8614:. p. xxiii. 8425:Histoire du Maroc 8286:"Abbasid Dynasty" 8015:; Purcell, John; 7847:, pp. 32–33) 7608:978-1-107-18324-7 7560:978-0-674-98783-8 7432:Sultanate of Nejd 7424:Ottoman Caliphate 7342:Ottoman Caliphate 7233:Abbasid Caliphate 7152:Umayyad Caliphate 6878:startup companies 6796:bills of exchange 6683:of Sharia by the 6435:Ruhollah Khomeini 6387:Muhammad's family 6043:Sahih al-Bukhari 5869: 5868: 5753:Mentioned by name 5377:twice. First, in 5311:Ayman al-Zawahiri 5208:Abul A'la Maududi 5101:Al-Baghuz Fawqani 4844:Mirza Tahir Ahmad 4840:Mirza Nasir Ahmad 4706:Muslim population 4656:Ottoman Caliphate 4622:(that became the 4573:Khilafat Movement 4561:Khilafat Movement 4541:Toucouleur Empire 4455:Colony of Nigeria 4435:Khwaja Salimullah 4237:Ameer al-Mumineen 4220:Egyptian scholar 4152: 4151: 4006:Abdelwahab Meddeb 3941:Haji Shariatullah 3906:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 3891:Abul A'la Maududi 3881:Ruhollah Khomeini 3861:Rached Ghannouchi 3773:Ruhollah Khomeini 3680:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 3570:by country/region 3459:Two-nation theory 3411:Islamic terrorism 3372:Islamic socialism 3357:Islamic democracy 3333:Apostasy in Islam 3290:Deobandi jihadism 3285:Deobandi movement 3171: 3170: 3163: 3145: 3067:Atatürk's reforms 3044:Sultanate of Sulu 2927:. In 1453, after 2882:Ottoman Caliphate 2743:Fatimid Caliphate 2676:Muhammad al-Nasir 2661:Almoravid dynasty 2589:Almohad Caliphate 2564:Abd al-Rahman III 2548:Iberian Peninsula 2487:Al-Mutawakkil III 2400:Abbasid Caliphate 2372:Battle of Karbala 2329:Iberian Peninsula 2281:Umayyad Caliphate 2157:Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz 2122:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1899:Fatimid Caliphate 1880:Ayyubid Sultanate 1860:Sultanate of Nejd 1844:Ottoman Caliphate 1840:Abbasid Caliphate 1836:Umayyad Caliphate 1680: 1679: 1631: 1630: 1602:Democracy indices 1577: 1576: 1380: 1379: 1189:Semi-presidential 1114: 1113: 860: 859: 790:Deobandi jihadism 195: 194: 133:Almohad Caliphate 128:Fatimid Caliphate 105:Ottoman Caliphate 100:Abbasid Caliphate 95:Umayyad Caliphate 16:(Redirected from 15519: 15276: 15275: 14941:Austro-Hungarian 14641:Chagatai Khanate 14006: 13999: 13992: 13983: 13982: 13966:Islamic monarchy 13961:Islamic republic 13916: 13909: 13902: 13893: 13892: 13859: 13858: 13553: 13546: 13539: 13530: 13529: 13435: 13428: 13421: 13412: 13411: 13391:Ottoman conquest 13364:al-Mutawakkil II 13023: 13016: 13009: 13000: 12999: 12927:Abd al-Rahman IV 12847:Abd ar-Rahman II 12822:Emirs of Córdoba 12815: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12672: 12671: 12634:Rashidun Caliphs 12627: 12620: 12613: 12604: 12603: 12589: 12588: 12576: 12575: 12540: 12507:Hüseyin Yılmaz. 12414: 12412: 12410: 12386: 12365: 12333: 12315:Wright, Lawrence 12310: 12297:Brill Publishers 12287: 12275: 12263: 12242: 12213: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12151: 12150: 12107: 12101: 12100: 12066: 12060: 12059: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12013: 12011: 12005: 11994: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11943: 11937: 11936: 11930: 11928: 11922: 11911: 11900: 11894: 11893: 11891: 11889: 11874: 11868: 11867: 11846: 11840: 11839: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11788: 11782: 11781: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11708: 11702: 11701: 11673: 11667: 11666: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11523: 11497: 11488: 11482: 11463: 11457: 11456: 11454: 11452: 11446: 11421: 11412: 11403: 11393: 11387: 11369: 11363: 11360:Maya Shatzmiller 11357: 11351: 11337: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11301: 11295: 11284:Weeramantry 1997 11280: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11241: 11235: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11212:. 2muslims.com. 11206: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11146: 11140: 11139: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11033: 11024: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11010:. p. 147+. 11000: 10994: 10993: 10973: 10960: 10954: 10951:Brill Publishers 10939: 10933: 10930: 10924: 10921: 10915: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10867: 10866:Matalib Ulil-Amr 10864: 10858: 10855: 10849: 10846: 10840: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10822: 10819: 10813: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10780: 10777: 10771: 10768: 10762: 10759: 10753: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10720: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10678: 10672: 10669:Naeem Bin Hammad 10666: 10660: 10657: 10651: 10650: 10635:(2nd ed.). 10625: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10572: 10566: 10559: 10553: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10493: 10487: 10480: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10445: 10443: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10407: 10401: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10366: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10286: 10279: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10260: 10249:"The Holy Quran" 10245: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10215: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10158:Gerges, Fawaz A. 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10056: 10047:. 30 July 2014. 10037: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10026: 10015: 10009: 10002: 9996: 9989: 9980: 9973: 9967: 9960: 9954: 9947: 9938: 9927: 9921: 9912: 9906: 9889: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9878: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9841: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9799: 9797: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9611: 9605: 9604: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9577: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9540: 9534: 9533: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9397: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9366: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9343:. Archived from 9337: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9321:on 28 April 2015 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9285: 9279: 9278: 9276: 9274: 9245: 9239: 9238: 9227: 9221: 9214: 9208: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9180: 9174: 9173: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9115: 9109: 9102: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9069: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9058: 9036: 9030: 9023: 9017: 9002: 8996: 8981: 8975: 8960: 8954: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8917: 8911: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8853: 8847: 8846: 8826: 8817: 8816: 8798: 8785: 8784: 8765:Karpat, Kemal H. 8761: 8755: 8741: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8727: 8708: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8635: 8633: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8581:History of Islam 8576: 8570: 8567: 8560: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8546: 8544: 8542: 8520:('appointments') 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8483: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469: 8441: 8435: 8418: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8376:Kennedy, Hugh N. 8372: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8350:Egyptian History 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8331: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8252: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8154: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8073: 8067: 8066: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8011:. Translated by 7999: 7993: 7992: 7964: 7958: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7881: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7798: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7732: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7662: 7656: 7655: 7653: 7651: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7588: 7582: 7580: 7538: 7532: 7515: 7457:Amir al-Mu'minin 7250:Madinat al-Salam 7068:and memorisation 7039:classical Athens 7032:Classical Greece 7028:infant mortality 7024:Islamic scholars 7006:states that the 7004:Maya Shatzmiller 6969:, including the 6882:savings accounts 6864:promissory notes 6798:, long-distance 6776:monetary economy 6577: 6510: 6501: 6476:Majlis-ash-Shura 6255:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 6047: 6025: 5992:Hisham ibn Urwah 5987: 5932: 5915: 5910:Surah Al-Ma'idah 5891: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5805:Quran and Sunnah 5475:Sanaa manuscript 5444:First revelation 5417: 5416: 5405: 5388: 5250:Jemaah Islamiyah 5149: 5063:Free Syrian Army 5031:Syrian Civil War 5002: 4994: 4947:Yahya al-Bahrumi 4922: 4893: 4832:Khalifatul Masih 4644:Sharifian rulers 4641: 4620:Kingdom of Hejaz 4501:Sokoto Caliphate 4495:Sokoto Caliphate 4479:Hamengkubuwono X 4431:Nawabs of Bengal 4423:Nasir I of Kalat 4384:Umar bin Khattab 4375:Fatawa 'Alamgiri 4294:Hafiz Muhiuddin 4209:, leader of the 4168:Treaty of Sèvres 4144: 4137: 4130: 4116: 4115: 4107:Islam portal 4105: 4104: 4103: 3989:in North America 3946:Hassan Al-Turabi 3896:Abul Hasan Nadwi 3489:Anti-imperialism 3387:Islamic republic 3382:Islamic monarchy 3362:Islamic feminism 3202: 3196: 3195: 3185: 3184: 3166: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3103: 3079: 3071: 3021:World War I 3019:. By the eve of 2627: 2621: 2620: 2612: 2607:Berber languages 2600: 2469:Mamluk Sultanate 2376:Shia-Sunni split 2327:and most of the 2305: 2299: 2293: 2252:Battle of Siffin 2137:Rāshidun Caliphs 2087:Muslim community 2020: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2008: 2007: 2001: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1876:Mamluk Sultanate 1802: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1790: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1704: 1699: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1644: 1643: 1591: 1590: 1435:Associated state 1393: 1392: 1368:Internationalism 1358:World government 1335: 1214: 1146: 1127: 1126: 1101:Free association 1088: 1049: 968: 911: 899: 898: 862: 861: 852: 845: 838: 824:Islam portal 822: 821: 820: 220: 197: 196: 187: 180: 173: 161:Islam portal 159: 158: 157: 138:Sokoto Caliphate 77: 68: 67: 65: 54: 53: 21: 15527: 15526: 15522: 15521: 15520: 15518: 15517: 15516: 15482: 15481: 15480: 15475: 15474: 15469: 15458:American Empire 15443: 15439:African empires 15391: 15274: 14966:Central African 14912: 14730:Romano-Germanic 14316: 14050:Middle Assyrian 14023: 14015: 14010: 13980: 13975: 13971:Islamic emirate 13925: 13920: 13890: 13885: 13884: 13879: 13845: 13639:Süleyman Çelebi 13597: 13569: 13557: 13527: 13522: 13444: 13442:Fatimid Caliphs 13439: 13409: 13404: 13397: 13334:al-Mutawakkil I 13319:al-Mutawakkil I 13309:al-Mutawakkil I 13279:al-Mustansir II 13271: 13259: 13253:Mongol conquest 13072:Harun al-Rashid 13044: 13032: 13030:Abbasid Caliphs 13027: 12997: 12992: 12981: 12960:Abd al-Rahman V 12879: 12871: 12832:Abd al-Rahman I 12824: 12816: 12807: 12730: 12722: 12704: 12702:Umayyad dynasty 12699: 12669: 12664: 12636: 12631: 12596: 12581: 12529: 12526: 12421: 12419:Further reading 12408: 12406: 12404: 12383: 12331: 12307: 12260: 12240: 12211: 12197:Crone, Patricia 12186: 12184: 12182: 12160: 12155: 12154: 12120:(2): 165–186 , 12108: 12104: 12079:(2): 165–186 , 12067: 12063: 12039:(2): 165–186 , 12027: 12023: 12009: 12007: 12003: 11999:, p. 117, 11992: 11984: 11980: 11956:(2): 165–186 , 11944: 11940: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11916:, p. 117, 11909: 11901: 11897: 11887: 11885: 11876: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11847: 11843: 11832: 11818: 11814: 11803: 11789: 11785: 11773:(2): 246–248 , 11759: 11755: 11743:(2): 195–211 , 11733: 11729: 11723: 11709: 11705: 11690:10.2307/3011226 11674: 11670: 11631: 11627: 11596: 11592: 11553: 11549: 11539: 11537: 11495: 11489: 11485: 11464: 11460: 11450: 11448: 11444: 11419: 11413: 11406: 11402:(1), p. 79-96 . 11394: 11390: 11370: 11366: 11358: 11354: 11348:Wayback Machine 11338: 11331: 11321: 11319: 11302: 11298: 11281: 11277: 11267: 11265: 11258: 11242: 11238: 11233: 11229: 11219: 11217: 11208: 11207: 11198: 11188: 11186: 11177: 11176: 11172: 11161: 11157: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11128: 11114: 11110: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11081: 11067: 11063: 11048: 11034: 11027: 11017: 11015: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10990: 10961: 10957: 10945:vol. 2, p. 70. 10940: 10936: 10931: 10927: 10922: 10918: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10883: 10879: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10856: 10852: 10847: 10843: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10820: 10816: 10811: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10787: 10783: 10778: 10774: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10756: 10748: 10744: 10739: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10718: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10679: 10675: 10667: 10663: 10658: 10654: 10647: 10637:Wiley-Blackwell 10626: 10622: 10612: 10610: 10599: 10595: 10585: 10583: 10574: 10573: 10569: 10560: 10556: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10520: 10516: 10506: 10504: 10495: 10494: 10490: 10481: 10477: 10467: 10465: 10456: 10455: 10451: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10434: 10430: 10420: 10418: 10411:"harunyaya.com" 10409: 10408: 10404: 10397:Wayback Machine 10386: 10382: 10373: 10369: 10360: 10356: 10346: 10344: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10305: 10304: 10300: 10290: 10288: 10284: 10277: 10273: 10272: 10268: 10258: 10256: 10251:. Alislam.org. 10247: 10246: 10242: 10232: 10230: 10217: 10216: 10209: 10199: 10197: 10184: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10162:ISIS: A History 10155: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10126: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10100: 10099: 10095: 10085: 10083: 10068: 10064: 10054: 10052: 10039: 10038: 10034: 10024: 10022: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10003: 9999: 9990: 9983: 9974: 9970: 9961: 9957: 9948: 9941: 9928: 9924: 9913: 9909: 9903:Wayback Machine 9892:Washington Post 9890: 9886: 9876: 9874: 9853: 9849: 9839: 9837: 9814: 9813: 9809: 9795: 9793: 9786: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9740: 9736: 9726: 9724: 9707: 9703: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9647: 9643: 9612: 9608: 9590: 9589: 9585: 9575: 9573: 9558: 9554: 9541: 9537: 9522: 9508: 9504: 9492: 9488: 9459: 9455: 9445: 9443: 9430:ekinci, ekrem. 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9383: 9381: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9352: 9341:"The Statesman" 9339: 9338: 9334: 9324: 9322: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9291:. 17 May 2015. 9287: 9286: 9282: 9272: 9270: 9246: 9242: 9228: 9224: 9215: 9211: 9206: 9202: 9195: 9181: 9177: 9170: 9156: 9152: 9134: 9130: 9116: 9112: 9106:Iranian Studies 9103: 9099: 9089: 9087: 9070: 9066: 9056: 9054: 9037: 9033: 9024: 9020: 9003: 8999: 8982: 8978: 8961: 8957: 8945: 8941: 8934: 8918: 8914: 8904: 8902: 8895: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8799: 8788: 8781: 8762: 8758: 8752:Wayback Machine 8742: 8735: 8725: 8723: 8710: 8709: 8702: 8692: 8690: 8683: 8660: 8656: 8644:Ayyubid dynasty 8631: 8629: 8622: 8602: 8598: 8591: 8577: 8573: 8554: 8550: 8540: 8538: 8531: 8514: 8510: 8500: 8498: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8467: 8465: 8458: 8442: 8438: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8396: 8373: 8369: 8359: 8357: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8329: 8327: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8299: 8297: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8152: 8150: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8082:World Religions 8075: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8046: 8042: 8027: 8000: 7996: 7989: 7965: 7961: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7898: 7896: 7891:. 28 May 2013. 7883: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7757:Wayback Machine 7748: 7744: 7733: 7726: 7716: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7681: 7663: 7659: 7649: 7647: 7640: 7624: 7620: 7609: 7589: 7585: 7561: 7539: 7535: 7530:Wayback Machine 7516: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7488:Shaykh al-Islām 7447: 7420:Hussein bin Ali 7265:Harun al-Rashid 7162:Umayyad dynasty 7099: 7096:List of caliphs 7092: 7090:Notable caliphs 6926:medieval Europe 6709: 6699: 6693: 6642:Islamic jurists 6608:in relation to 6598: 6588: 6578: 6570: 6533: 6506: 6497: 6490:Majlis al-Shura 6486: 6472: 6469:Majlis al-Shura 6457:Taiyabi Ismaili 6416: 6395:Hussain ibn Ali 6339: 6327:Main articles: 6325: 6301: 6269: 6264: 6215:An-Nawawi said: 6155: 6088: 6068: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6026: 6020: 5988: 5982: 5941: 5933: 5925: 5916: 5908: 5892: 5884: 5865: 5820: 5819: 5795: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5770: 5769: 5768:Characteristics 5760: 5759: 5749: 5747:Related persons 5712: 5711: 5700: 5699: 5678: 5677: 5666: 5665: 5627: 5626: 5615: 5614: 5556: 5555: 5546: 5545: 5500: 5499: 5490: 5489: 5434: 5433: 5401: 5389:, it refers to 5384: 5367: 5362: 5352: 5350:Religious basis 5328: 5307:Lawrence Wright 5288: 5282: 5236:Hassan al-Banna 5190: 5145: 5119: 5113: 5075:Iraqi Kurdistan 5048:Salafi-jihadist 4996:Ansar al-Sharia 4989: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4872: 4870:Islamic revival 4862: 4856: 4786: 4780: 4749: 4747:Sufi caliphates 4726: 4612: 4606: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4545:French Republic 4537: 4529:Sa'adu Abubakar 4509:Usman dan Fodio 4497: 4491: 4469:The Indonesian 4467: 4447: 4403:Alauddin Khilji 4359:Ottoman sultans 4331:Dar-ul-khilafat 4316:Delhi Sultanate 4288: 4282: 4277: 4222:Ali Abdel Raziq 4148: 4110: 4101: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4066: 4056: 4055: 4051:Magnus Ranstorp 3969: 3961: 3960: 3856:Hassan al-Banna 3821: 3813: 3812: 3763:Muammar Gaddafi 3748: 3740: 3739: 3726: 3669: 3661: 3660: 3594:Jamaat-e-Islami 3517: 3509: 3508: 3504:Islamic revival 3479: 3471: 3470: 3428:Political Islam 3328: 3320: 3319: 3313: 3268:Salafi jihadism 3263:Salafi movement 3253: 3245: 3244: 3210: 3198: 3197: 3189: 3188: 3167: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3104: 3102: 3092: 3080: 3069: 3063: 3057: 2986:moral authority 2919:beginning with 2906:Ottoman dynasty 2884: 2876:Main articles: 2874: 2866:Ayyubid dynasty 2842:Fatimid dynasty 2792:Louis Massignon 2745: 2739: 2723:Idris al-Wathiq 2719:Marinid dynasty 2657:Atlas Mountains 2631:the Monotheists 2591: 2585: 2556:Abd al-Rahman I 2536: 2524:Main articles: 2522: 2507: 2471: 2465: 2433:sack of Baghdad 2407: 2402: 2396: 2384:Abbasid dynasty 2307: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2277: 2244: 2227:Sasanian Empire 2145: 2139: 2093:(migrants from 2067: 2061: 2055: 2050: 2042:Main articles: 2040: 2035: 2014: 2011: 2010: 1965: 1944: 1940: 1923: 1850:as part of the 1834:(632–661), the 1796: 1793: 1792: 1763: 1742: 1738: 1676: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1619:Democratisation 1612:Autocratization 1588: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1535: 1496: 1475:Tributary state 1465:Satellite state 1420: 1390: 1389:Power structure 1382: 1381: 1333: 1332: 1314: 1285: 1271: 1262:Totalitarianism 1212: 1211: 1193: 1144: 1143: 1124: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1086: 1078: 1043: 1035: 966: 958: 905: 896: 895:Source of power 873:Basic forms of 867:Politics series 856: 818: 816: 809: 808: 785:Salafi jihadism 743:Other religions 738:Arabic language 700: 690: 689: 618:Moral teachings 509: 495: 494: 485:Spread of Islam 430: 420: 419: 407:(jurisprudence) 389:Qisas al-Anbiya 338: 337: 317: 316: 285: 275: 274: 230: 191: 155: 153: 148: 147: 118: 110: 109: 85: 84:Main caliphates 60: 50: 43: 32:List of caliphs 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15525: 15515: 15514: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15494: 15477: 15476: 15471: 15470: 15468: 15467: 15466: 15465: 15460: 15451: 15449: 15445: 15444: 15442: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15415: 15414: 15403: 15401: 15397: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15369: 15368: 15367: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15342: 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15311: 15310: 15305: 15295: 15290: 15284: 15282: 15273: 15272: 15271: 15270: 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15240: 15235: 15234: 15233: 15223: 15218: 15217: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15196: 15191: 15190: 15189: 15184: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15142: 15141: 15140: 15135: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15109: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15061: 15056: 15055: 15054: 15049: 15039: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15022: 15021: 15020: 15015: 15005: 15000: 14999: 14998: 14993: 14988: 14983: 14978: 14968: 14963: 14962: 14961: 14956: 14948: 14943: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14922: 14920: 14914: 14913: 14911: 14910: 14905: 14900: 14895: 14894: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14811: 14810: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14784: 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14743: 14742: 14737: 14727: 14726: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14671: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14597: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14571: 14570: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14522: 14517: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14501: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14480: 14475: 14474: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14438: 14437: 14436: 14431: 14421: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14394: 14389: 14388: 14387: 14377: 14376: 14375: 14370: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14326: 14324: 14322:Post-classical 14318: 14317: 14315: 14314: 14313: 14312: 14302: 14297: 14296: 14295: 14290: 14280: 14279: 14278: 14268: 14267: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14220: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14187: 14177: 14172: 14171: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14129: 14128: 14123: 14121:Middle Kingdom 14118: 14108: 14103: 14102: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14081: 14080: 14079: 14077:Neo-Babylonian 14074: 14069: 14067:Old Babylonian 14059: 14058: 14057: 14052: 14042: 14037: 14031: 14029: 14017: 14016: 14009: 14008: 14001: 13994: 13986: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13952: 13951: 13946: 13936: 13930: 13927: 13926: 13923:Islamic states 13919: 13918: 13911: 13904: 13896: 13887: 13886: 13881: 13880: 13878: 13877: 13875:Valide sultans 13872: 13865: 13864: 13850: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13828: 13826:Abdul Hamid II 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13658:Mustafa Çelebi 13654: 13649: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13602: 13599: 13598: 13596: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13574: 13571: 13570: 13556: 13555: 13548: 13541: 13533: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13449: 13446: 13445: 13438: 13437: 13430: 13423: 13415: 13406: 13405: 13402: 13399: 13398: 13396: 13395: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13349:al-Mustakfi II 13346: 13344:al-Mu'tadid II 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13275: 13273: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13257: 13248: 13243: 13241:al-Mustansir I 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13079: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054: 13048: 13046: 13034: 13033: 13026: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13003: 12994: 12993: 12986: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12979: 12974: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12950: 12943: 12936: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12883: 12881: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12828: 12826: 12818: 12817: 12810: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12734: 12732: 12724: 12723: 12721: 12720: 12715: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12698: 12697: 12690: 12683: 12675: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12641: 12638: 12637: 12630: 12629: 12622: 12615: 12607: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12573: 12572: 12562: 12550: 12541: 12525: 12524:External links 12522: 12521: 12520: 12505: 12499: 12498:, 8 March 1924 12489: 12483: 12477: 12471: 12465: 12456: 12447: 12438: 12428: 12420: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12402: 12387: 12381: 12366: 12348:(3): 501–507. 12338:Holt, Peter M. 12334: 12329: 12311: 12305: 12288: 12278:Chisholm, Hugh 12264: 12258: 12243: 12238: 12230:2027/heb.00877 12214: 12209: 12193: 12180: 12159: 12156: 12153: 12152: 12102: 12061: 12021: 11978: 11938: 11895: 11869: 11863: 11841: 11830: 11812: 11801: 11783: 11753: 11727: 11721: 11703: 11668: 11625: 11590: 11547: 11506:(4): 785–834. 11483: 11458: 11404: 11388: 11364: 11352: 11329: 11306:"Why Shariah?" 11296: 11275: 11256: 11236: 11227: 11196: 11170: 11155: 11141: 11127:978-0195119152 11126: 11108: 11094: 11080:978-0873952729 11079: 11061: 11046: 11025: 10995: 10988: 10955: 10934: 10925: 10916: 10907: 10898: 10886: 10877: 10868: 10859: 10850: 10841: 10832: 10823: 10814: 10805: 10793: 10781: 10772: 10763: 10754: 10742: 10733: 10721: 10712: 10707:"As-Sirah" of 10700: 10693: 10673: 10661: 10652: 10645: 10639:. p. 38. 10620: 10593: 10567: 10561:Roy, Olivier, 10554: 10545: 10514: 10488: 10475: 10449: 10428: 10417:on 11 May 2015 10402: 10380: 10374:Roy, Olivier, 10367: 10354: 10324: 10298: 10266: 10240: 10207: 10177: 10171:978-0691175799 10170: 10149: 10119: 10093: 10062: 10032: 10010: 9997: 9995:, 2017, p. 155 9981: 9968: 9966:, 2017, p. 153 9955: 9953:, 2017, p. 153 9939: 9922: 9907: 9884: 9847: 9807: 9785:978-0199757268 9784: 9761: 9755:978-3839419458 9754: 9734: 9701: 9666: 9659: 9641: 9622:(5): 733–755. 9606: 9583: 9552: 9535: 9520: 9502: 9486: 9473:(2): 312–335. 9453: 9438:(in Turkish). 9422: 9392: 9361: 9350: 9332: 9306: 9280: 9240: 9222: 9220:, pp. 228–241. 9209: 9200: 9194:978-8173914898 9193: 9175: 9169:978-1136950360 9168: 9150: 9128: 9110: 9097: 9064: 9031: 9018: 9014:978-0195136180 8997: 8993:978-1412959636 8976: 8972:978-0231144896 8955: 8939: 8933:978-0739103562 8932: 8912: 8894:978-0195136180 8893: 8873: 8867:978-0312263829 8866: 8848: 8842:978-9004113718 8841: 8818: 8812:978-0465023967 8811: 8786: 8780:978-9004039452 8779: 8756: 8733: 8700: 8682:978-0521223102 8681: 8667:Lewis, Bernard 8654: 8620: 8596: 8590:978-1843530183 8589: 8571: 8548: 8530:978-9004233331 8529: 8508: 8475: 8457:978-8126907755 8456: 8436: 8413: 8395:978-9004117945 8394: 8367: 8346:"The Mamlukes" 8337: 8307: 8277: 8256:"Islamic arts" 8247: 8220: 8190: 8160: 8130: 8100: 8068: 8063:978-0791418277 8062: 8056:, p. 37, 8040: 8026:978-0099590088 8025: 7994: 7988:978-0761479260 7987: 7959: 7930: 7918: 7906: 7873: 7861: 7859:, p. 186) 7849: 7845:Madelung (1997 7837: 7824: 7812: 7808:Madelung (1997 7800: 7779: 7767: 7742: 7724: 7698: 7680:978-1783740246 7679: 7657: 7639:978-0199327959 7638: 7618: 7607: 7583: 7559: 7533: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7467: 7459: 7454: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7441: 7440: 7439: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7395: 7385: 7382:Abdul Hamid II 7379: 7369: 7363: 7360:Ottoman Empire 7338: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7280: 7274: 7262: 7256: 7242: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7180: 7169: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7140: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7091: 7088: 7074:, flourishing 6898:money changers 6894:exchange rates 6768:market economy 6695:Main article: 6692: 6689: 6685:Ottoman Empire 6600:The following 6596:Islamic ethics 6587: 6584: 6572:Surah Al-Ahzab 6568: 6532: 6529: 6513: 6512: 6503: 6471: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6453: 6412:Main article: 6403:social justice 6324: 6321: 6300: 6297: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6157:Scholars like 6154: 6151: 6144:), the booty ( 6087: 6080: 6053: 6050: 6040: 6018: 5980: 5943:The following 5940: 5935: 5923: 5906: 5882: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5856: 5849: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5449:Asbab al-Nuzul 5446: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5373:uses the term 5366: 5363: 5351: 5348: 5344:Ottoman Empire 5327: 5324: 5315:Ottoman Empire 5284:Main article: 5281: 5278: 5243:Hizb ut-Tahrir 5198:Hizb ut-Tahrir 5189: 5186: 5112: 5111:Ahmadiyya view 5109: 5067:Al-Nusra Front 4961:Main article: 4958: 4955: 4899: 4896: 4889: 4858:Main article: 4855: 4852: 4794:Ahmadiyya flag 4782:Main article: 4779: 4776: 4748: 4745: 4725: 4722: 4694:British Empire 4687:Ottoman caliph 4608:Main article: 4605: 4602: 4559:Main article: 4556: 4553: 4536: 4533: 4525:Battle of Kano 4493:Main article: 4490: 4487: 4466: 4463: 4446: 4443: 4419:Sher Shah Suri 4341:, the exalted 4320:Ottoman Empire 4308:Ghurid dynasty 4284:Main article: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4269:Neo-Ottomanist 4257:Hizb ut-Tahrir 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4121: 4120: 4095: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4067: 4064:Related topics 4062: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4011:Maryam Namazie 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3921:Ata Abu Rashta 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3871:Muhammad Iqbal 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3831:Muhammad Abduh 3828: 3822: 3820:Key ideologues 3819: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3798:House of Thani 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Omar al-Bashir 3755: 3749: 3747:Heads of state 3746: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3738: 3737: 3720: 3713:("Milestones") 3707: 3695: 3683: 3670: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3651: 3649:Southeast Asia 3646: 3641: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3604:Salafist Front 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3584:Hizb ut-Tahrir 3575: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3557: 3555:Sahwa movement 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3530:Dawat-e-Islami 3527: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3484:Anti-communism 3480: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3401: 3391: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3306: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3169: 3168: 3083: 3081: 3074: 3059:Main article: 3056: 3053: 3032:Ottoman Turkey 2982:Russian Empire 2939:, present-day 2937:Constantinople 2878:Ottoman Empire 2873: 2870: 2771:, Sicily, the 2757:Isma'ili Shi'i 2741:Main article: 2738: 2735: 2587:Main article: 2584: 2581: 2521: 2518: 2506: 2503: 2467:Main article: 2464: 2461: 2406: 2403: 2398:Main article: 2395: 2392: 2364:Yaman and Qays 2337:largest empire 2302: 2296: 2290: 2279:Main article: 2276: 2273: 2243: 2240: 2138: 2135: 2131:an altercation 2100:Nevertheless, 2057:Main article: 2054: 2051: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 1922: 1919: 1678: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1667: 1660: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1624:Hybrid regimes 1621: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1555:Regional power 1552: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1460:Puppet monarch 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1429: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1295: 1293:State religion 1287: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164:Constitutional 1161: 1156: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1130: 1125: 1123:Power ideology 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1090: 1089: 1087:(rule by none) 1080: 1079: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1037: 1036: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 998: 993: 988: 983: 978: 970: 969: 960: 959: 957: 956: 951: 946: 941: 939:Representative 936: 931: 926: 921: 913: 912: 897: 894: 893: 890: 889: 878: 877: 870: 869: 858: 857: 855: 854: 847: 840: 832: 829: 828: 827: 826: 811: 810: 807: 806: 800: 799: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 772: 767: 766: 765: 760: 750: 745: 740: 734: 733: 732: 731: 726: 721: 713: 712: 707: 701: 698:Related topics 696: 695: 692: 691: 688: 687: 682: 680:Social welfare 677: 672: 671: 670: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 574: 573: 568: 558: 557: 556: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 510: 501: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 466: 465: 458: 451: 443: 442: 437: 431: 426: 425: 422: 421: 418: 417: 409: 400: 399: 393: 385: 377: 368: 367: 347: 339: 336: 335: 330: 324: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 309: 304: 298: 297: 292: 286: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 272: 270:Predestination 266: 265: 260: 254: 253: 251:Revealed Books 248: 242: 241: 231: 226: 225: 222: 221: 213: 212: 206: 205: 193: 192: 190: 189: 182: 175: 167: 164: 163: 150: 149: 146: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 116: 115: 112: 111: 108: 107: 102: 97: 92: 86: 83: 82: 79: 78: 70: 69: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15524: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15489: 15487: 15464: 15463:Soviet empire 15461: 15459: 15456: 15455: 15453: 15452: 15450: 15448:Miscellaneous 15446: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15413: 15410: 15409: 15408: 15405: 15404: 15402: 15398: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15346: 15343: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15309: 15306: 15304: 15301: 15300: 15299: 15296: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15277: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15245: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15232: 15229: 15228: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15201: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15178: 15175: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15147: 15146: 15143: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15083: 15082: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15066: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15047:German Empire 15045: 15044: 15043: 15040: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15027: 15026: 15023: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14997: 14994: 14992: 14989: 14987: 14984: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14973: 14972: 14969: 14967: 14964: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14939: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14923: 14921: 14919: 14915: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14882: 14879: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14816: 14815: 14812: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14788: 14787:Turco-Persian 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14732: 14731: 14728: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14695: 14694: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14655: 14654: 14651: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14628: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14576: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14545: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14485: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14399: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14381: 14378: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14323: 14319: 14311: 14308: 14307: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14284: 14281: 14277: 14274: 14273: 14272: 14269: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14199: 14198: 14195: 14191: 14188: 14186: 14183: 14182: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14145: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14113: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14082: 14078: 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14060: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14022: 14018: 14014: 14007: 14002: 14000: 13995: 13993: 13988: 13987: 13984: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13928: 13924: 13917: 13912: 13910: 13905: 13903: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13867: 13866: 13863: 13862: 13853: 13852: 13848: 13842: 13841:Abdulmejid II 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13791:Abdul Hamid I 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13691: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13659: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13634: 13629: 13628: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13603: 13600: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13575: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13561: 13554: 13549: 13547: 13542: 13540: 13535: 13534: 13531: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13436: 13431: 13429: 13424: 13422: 13417: 13416: 13413: 13400: 13394: 13392: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13304:al-Mu'tadid I 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13289:al-Mustakfi I 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13262: 13256: 13254: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13206:al-Mustarshid 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13104:al-Mutawakkil 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13031: 13024: 13019: 13017: 13012: 13010: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12955: 12951: 12949: 12948: 12944: 12942: 12941: 12937: 12935: 12934: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12878: 12874: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12814: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12710: 12707: 12703: 12696: 12691: 12689: 12684: 12682: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12642: 12639: 12635: 12628: 12623: 12621: 12616: 12614: 12609: 12608: 12605: 12599: 12595: 12590: 12584: 12577: 12570: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12545: 12542: 12538: 12537: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12518: 12514: 12510: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12497: 12496:The Economist 12493: 12490: 12487: 12484: 12481: 12478: 12475: 12472: 12470:By Azmi Özcan 12469: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12442: 12439: 12436: 12432: 12429: 12426: 12423: 12422: 12405: 12399: 12395: 12394: 12388: 12384: 12382:9780313379567 12378: 12374: 12373: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12332: 12326: 12322: 12321: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12306:90-411-0241-8 12302: 12298: 12294: 12289: 12285: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12265: 12261: 12259:9781610691789 12255: 12251: 12250: 12244: 12241: 12235: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12212: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12194: 12183: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12161: 12149: 12147: 12142: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12115: 12114: 12106: 12099: 12094: 12090: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12073: 12065: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12038: 12034: 12033: 12025: 12018: 12002: 11998: 11991: 11990: 11982: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11963: 11959: 11955: 11951: 11950: 11942: 11935: 11919: 11915: 11908: 11907: 11899: 11883: 11880:. BBC. 1998. 11879: 11873: 11866: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11845: 11838: 11833: 11827: 11823: 11816: 11809: 11804: 11798: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11678:MERIP Reports 11672: 11664: 11660: 11656: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11641:(2): 263–93. 11640: 11636: 11629: 11621: 11617: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11594: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11551: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11479:0-231-12357-4 11476: 11472: 11468: 11462: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11418: 11411: 11409: 11401: 11398: 11392: 11385: 11384:0-521-08709-0 11381: 11377: 11373: 11368: 11361: 11356: 11349: 11345: 11342: 11336: 11334: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11279: 11263: 11259: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11240: 11231: 11215: 11211: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11184: 11180: 11174: 11166: 11159: 11151: 11145: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11119: 11112: 11104: 11098: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11076: 11072: 11071:Shiʻite Islam 11065: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11047:9780873954426 11043: 11039: 11032: 11030: 11013: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10991: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10976:Facts on File 10972: 10971: 10965: 10959: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10929: 10920: 10911: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10881: 10872: 10863: 10854: 10845: 10836: 10827: 10818: 10809: 10802: 10797: 10790: 10785: 10776: 10767: 10758: 10752: 10746: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10696: 10690: 10686: 10685: 10677: 10670: 10665: 10656: 10648: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10624: 10608: 10604: 10597: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10564: 10558: 10549: 10533: 10529: 10525: 10518: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10485: 10479: 10463: 10459: 10453: 10438: 10432: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10399: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10384: 10377: 10371: 10364: 10358: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10283: 10276: 10270: 10254: 10250: 10244: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10212: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10181: 10173: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10123: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10066: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10020: 10014: 10007: 10001: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9978: 9972: 9965: 9959: 9952: 9946: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9926: 9919: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9900: 9897: 9893: 9888: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9863: 9858: 9851: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9811: 9804: 9791: 9787: 9781: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9765: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9738: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9705: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9662: 9656: 9652: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9610: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9587: 9571: 9568:(in Arabic). 9567: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9547: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9523: 9521:1-59740-468-3 9517: 9513: 9506: 9497: 9490: 9481: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9365: 9359: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9294: 9290: 9284: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9256: 9255: 9250: 9244: 9236: 9235:The Caliphate 9232: 9226: 9219: 9213: 9204: 9196: 9190: 9186: 9179: 9171: 9165: 9162:. Routledge. 9161: 9154: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9124: 9123:The Caliphate 9120: 9114: 9107: 9101: 9085: 9081: 9080: 9075: 9068: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9022: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8980: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8959: 8952: 8948: 8943: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8916: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8869: 8863: 8859: 8852: 8844: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8825: 8823: 8814: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8740: 8738: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8705: 8688: 8684: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8658: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8627: 8623: 8621:9780791495575 8617: 8613: 8609: 8608: 8600: 8592: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8568: 8566: 8552: 8536: 8532: 8526: 8522: 8521: 8512: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8480: 8463: 8459: 8453: 8449: 8448: 8440: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8421:Bernard Lugan 8417: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8311: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8148: 8144: 8143:www.brown.edu 8140: 8134: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8065: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8018: 8017:Watzman, Haim 8014: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7998: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7953:, the son of 7952: 7948: 7945:, the son of 7944: 7941:, the son of 7940: 7934: 7927: 7922: 7915: 7914:John Esposito 7910: 7894: 7890: 7889:The Economist 7886: 7880: 7878: 7870: 7865: 7858: 7853: 7846: 7841: 7834: 7828: 7821: 7816: 7810:, p. 32) 7809: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7746: 7738: 7731: 7729: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7645: 7641: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7622: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7595: 7587: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7452:Al-Muhajiroun 7450: 7449: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7398:Abdulmejid II 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7373: 7370: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7334: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7319: 7316: 7313: 7310: 7309:early Abbasid 7306: 7303: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7293:Al-Mutawakkil 7291: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7263: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7222: 7219: 7216: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7202: 7199: 7196: 7193: 7190: 7187: 7184: 7181: 7179:(r. 684–685). 7178: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7149: 7144: 7143:Hasan ibn Ali 7141: 7138: 7137:Amr ibn al-As 7134: 7131: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7116: 7112: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7044:Nizam al-Mulk 7040: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7021: 7020:birth control 7017: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6688: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6637: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6576: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6517: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6462: 6461:Dai al-Mutlaq 6458: 6454: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6235:Ibn Taymiyyah 6231: 6227: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6120: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6046: 6039: 6036: 6030: 6024: 6021:Sahih Muslim 6017: 6012: 6010: 6004: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5983:Sahih Muslim 5979: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5963: 5961: 5954: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5939: 5931: 5928: 5927:Surah An-Nisa 5922: 5914: 5911: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5566:No compulsion 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5493: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5323: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5299:Islamic state 5296: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5264:and parts of 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5219: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5188:Islamist call 5185: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5004:Islamic State 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4963:Islamic State 4954: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4909: 4908:Islamic State 4905: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4798:Second Caliph 4795: 4790: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4744: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4652:Vilayet Hejaz 4649: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4618:Map with the 4616: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4577:British India 4574: 4568: 4562: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4475:Khalifatullah 4472: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4327:Mughal Empire 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241:Mohammed Omar 4238: 4234: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4185:, as part of 4184: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4097: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4016:Maajid Nawaaz 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3931:Navvab Safavi 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3916:Tariq Ramadan 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866:Safwat Hegazi 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3851:Muhammad Asad 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3793:House of Saud 3791: 3789: 3788:Mohammed Omar 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3778:Mohamed Morsi 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3735: 3734:Khomeini 1970 3731: 3730: 3728: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3599:Salafist Call 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3440:Post-Islamism 3438: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3377:Islamic state 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3311:Shia Islamism 3309: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3180: 3179:Abdulmejid II 3175: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3151:December 2012 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: – 3111: 3107: 3106:Find sources: 3100: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3084:This section 3082: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040:Tausūg people 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017:British India 3014: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2994:British India 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2973:Abdul Hamid I 2970: 2966: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902:Abdulmejid II 2899: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2807:Ismaili imams 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684:Sierra Morena 2681: 2677: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2665:Abd al-Mu'min 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2626: 2625:al-Muwaḥḥidun 2616: 2608: 2595: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2502: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2287: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2149: 2144: 2134: 2132: 2129:resulting in 2127: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2049: 2045: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2015:pronunciation 2002: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1986: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:war on terror 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1797:pronunciation 1789: 1781: 1775: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1727:Islamic State 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1584: 1583: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Confederation 1509: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1406:Unitary state 1404: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1309: 1308:State atheism 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1298:Secular state 1296: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1260: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1202:Authoritarian 1200: 1199: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1179:Parliamentary 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 967:(rule by few) 965: 962: 961: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 915: 914: 909: 904: 901: 900: 892: 891: 888: 885: 884: 880: 879: 876: 872: 871: 868: 864: 863: 853: 848: 846: 841: 839: 834: 833: 831: 830: 825: 815: 814: 813: 812: 805: 802: 801: 796: 795:Military laws 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 777: 776: 773: 771: 768: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 699: 694: 693: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 669: 666: 665: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 653:Proselytizing 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561:Denominations 559: 555: 552: 551: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 511: 508: 504: 499: 498: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 459: 457: 456: 452: 450: 449: 445: 444: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 429: 424: 423: 416: 414: 410: 408: 406: 402: 401: 397: 394: 392: 390: 386: 384: 382: 378: 376: 374: 370: 369: 365: 364: 359: 358: 353: 352: 348: 346: 345: 341: 340: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 279: 278: 271: 268: 267: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 240: 236: 233: 232: 229: 224: 223: 219: 215: 214: 211: 208: 207: 203: 199: 198: 188: 183: 181: 176: 174: 169: 168: 166: 165: 162: 152: 151: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 114: 113: 106: 103: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 87: 81: 80: 76: 72: 71: 59: 56: 55: 52: 48: 47:Islamic State 41: 37: 33: 19: 15502:Pan-Islamism 15214:Contemporary 15064:Indo-Persian 15052:Nazi Germany 14996:Contemporary 14898:Vijayanagara 14797:Great Seljuk 14708:Thessalonica 14636:Golden Horde 14396: 14276:Carthaginian 14055:Neo-Assyrian 14040:Neo-Sumerian 13933: 13854: 13811:Abdulmejid I 13688: 13656: 13643: 13637: 13631: 13625: 13488:al-Mustansir 13388: 13379:al-Mustamsik 13369:al-Mustamsik 13359:al-Mustanjid 13329:al-Musta'sim 13324:al-Wathiq II 13314:al-Musta'sim 13250: 13246:al-Musta'sim 13221:al-Mustanjid 13201:al-Mustazhir 13148: 13081: 12969: 12965:Muhammad III 12952: 12945: 12938: 12931: 12758:Abd al-Malik 12558:The Guardian 12556: 12534: 12508: 12501: 12495: 12407:. Retrieved 12392: 12375:. ABC-CLIO. 12371: 12345: 12341: 12319: 12292: 12281: 12252:. Abc-Clio. 12248: 12221: 12200: 12185:. Retrieved 12170: 12146:Brian Street 12137: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12096: 12076: 12070: 12064: 12056: 12036: 12030: 12024: 12015: 12008:, retrieved 11988: 11981: 11973: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11932: 11925:, retrieved 11905: 11898: 11888:18 September 11886:. Retrieved 11872: 11850: 11844: 11835: 11821: 11815: 11806: 11792: 11786: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11740: 11736: 11730: 11712: 11706: 11684:(68): 3–14. 11681: 11677: 11671: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11606:(8): 357–8. 11603: 11599: 11593: 11563:(1): 79–96. 11560: 11556: 11550: 11540:24 September 11538:. Retrieved 11503: 11499: 11486: 11466: 11461: 11449:. Retrieved 11432:(1): 47–74. 11429: 11423: 11399: 11396: 11391: 11371: 11367: 11355: 11320:. Retrieved 11309: 11299: 11291: 11287: 11278: 11266:. Retrieved 11246: 11239: 11230: 11218:. Retrieved 11187:. Retrieved 11173: 11164: 11158: 11149: 11144: 11117: 11111: 11102: 11097: 11070: 11064: 11037: 11016:. Retrieved 11007: 11004:"7: Imamate" 10998: 10969: 10958: 10953:, 1936–1988. 10942: 10937: 10928: 10919: 10910: 10901: 10889: 10880: 10871: 10862: 10853: 10844: 10835: 10826: 10817: 10808: 10796: 10784: 10775: 10766: 10757: 10745: 10736: 10724: 10715: 10703: 10682: 10676: 10664: 10655: 10632: 10629:Sonn, Tamara 10623: 10611:. Retrieved 10596: 10584:. Retrieved 10570: 10562: 10557: 10548: 10536:. Retrieved 10527: 10517: 10505:. Retrieved 10491: 10483: 10478: 10466:. Retrieved 10452: 10440:. Retrieved 10431: 10419:. Retrieved 10415:the original 10405: 10388: 10383: 10375: 10370: 10362: 10357: 10345:. Retrieved 10336: 10327: 10315:. Retrieved 10301: 10289:. Retrieved 10269: 10257:. Retrieved 10243: 10231:. Retrieved 10222: 10198:. Retrieved 10189: 10180: 10161: 10152: 10140:. Retrieved 10131: 10122: 10110:. Retrieved 10096: 10084:. Retrieved 10076:The Guardian 10075: 10065: 10053:. Retrieved 10044: 10035: 10023:. Retrieved 10013: 10005: 10000: 9992: 9976: 9971: 9963: 9958: 9950: 9934: 9930: 9925: 9915: 9910: 9891: 9887: 9875:. Retrieved 9860: 9850: 9838:. Retrieved 9819: 9810: 9801: 9794:. Retrieved 9774: 9764: 9744: 9737: 9725:. Retrieved 9714: 9704: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9650: 9644: 9619: 9615: 9609: 9592: 9586: 9574:. Retrieved 9565: 9555: 9545: 9538: 9511: 9505: 9495: 9489: 9470: 9466: 9456: 9444:. Retrieved 9435: 9425: 9413:. Retrieved 9404: 9395: 9382:. Retrieved 9373: 9364: 9353: 9345:the original 9335: 9323:. Retrieved 9319:the original 9309: 9297:. Retrieved 9283: 9271:. Retrieved 9253: 9243: 9234: 9225: 9217: 9212: 9203: 9184: 9178: 9159: 9153: 9144: 9131: 9122: 9113: 9105: 9100: 9088:. Retrieved 9077: 9067: 9055:. Retrieved 9044: 9034: 9026: 9021: 9016:pp. 242–243. 9005: 9000: 8984: 8979: 8963: 8958: 8942: 8922: 8915: 8903:. Retrieved 8883: 8876: 8857: 8851: 8831: 8802: 8769: 8759: 8724:. Retrieved 8715: 8691:. Retrieved 8671: 8663:Lambton, Ann 8657: 8640:Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn 8637: 8630:. Retrieved 8606: 8599: 8580: 8574: 8562: 8551: 8539:. Retrieved 8518: 8511: 8499:. Retrieved 8490: 8466:. Retrieved 8446: 8439: 8424: 8416: 8404:. Retrieved 8380: 8370: 8358:. Retrieved 8349: 8340: 8328:. Retrieved 8319: 8310: 8298:. Retrieved 8289: 8280: 8268:. Retrieved 8259: 8250: 8238:. Retrieved 8223: 8211:. Retrieved 8203:oyc.yale.edu 8202: 8193: 8181:. Retrieved 8172: 8163: 8151:. Retrieved 8142: 8133: 8121:. Retrieved 8112: 8103: 8091:. Retrieved 8081: 8071: 8049: 8043: 8007: 7997: 7973: 7962: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7909: 7897:. Retrieved 7888: 7871:, p. 4) 7864: 7852: 7840: 7835:(2012), p. 6 7832: 7827: 7822:, p. 3) 7815: 7803: 7789: 7782: 7777:, p. 3. 7770: 7760: 7745: 7736: 7715:. Retrieved 7701: 7689:. Retrieved 7670: 7660: 7648:. Retrieved 7628: 7621: 7612: 7593: 7586: 7542: 7536: 7518: 7513: 7470: 7462: 7436:Saudi Arabia 7333:Al-Musta'sim 7308: 7268: 7172:Abd al-Malik 7102: 7052:Afro-Eurasia 7036: 7002: 6960: 6950: 6946: 6936: 6930: 6871: 6843: 6835: 6811: 6803: 6764:free markets 6757: 6725:tax revenues 6721:productivity 6710: 6681:codification 6670: 6640: 6632: 6622:Bani Makhzum 6615: 6599: 6580: 6561: 6549: 6534: 6518: 6514: 6487: 6468: 6439: 6417: 6371:Twelve Imams 6350: 6340: 6323:Shi'a belief 6302: 6299:Sunni belief 6293:Al-Baqillani 6286: 6272: 6271:In his book 6270: 6240: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6156: 6145: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6089: 6083: 6069: 6032: 6028: 6014: 6006: 6001: 5996:Abu Hurairah 5990: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5956: 5944: 5942: 5937: 5919: 5902: 5894: 5886:Surah An-Nur 5876: 5874: 5870: 5833:Islam portal 5722:Hermeneutics 5675:Translations 5538: 5411: 5394: 5374: 5368: 5329: 5319: 5289: 5247: 5240: 5221: 5214: 5213: 5206: 5191: 5181: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5088: 5078: 5052: 5008: 4939: 4934: 4913:Afghan Arabs 4901: 4885: 4873: 4860:Pan-Islamism 4831: 4825: 4802: 4771: 4769: 4760: 4750: 4740: 4727: 4691: 4672: 4640:خلافة شريفية 4631: 4629: 4570: 4538: 4521:Adamawa Wars 4498: 4474: 4468: 4448: 4438: 4396: 4392:Shah Alam II 4342: 4338: 4330: 4324: 4301: 4253: 4236: 4230: 4225: 4219: 4176: 4153: 4098: 4088:Islamophobia 4046:Shiraz Maher 4041:Gilles Kepel 3951:Ahmed Yassin 3936:Ali Shariati 3876:Ali Khamenei 3753:Ali Khamenei 3724: 3722: 3710: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3629: 3628: 3577: 3576: 3535:Ahl-i Hadith 3519: 3494:Anti-Zionism 3463: 3451: 3444: 3423:Pan-Islamism 3403: 3398:of knowledge 3394:Islamization 3351: 3337: 3209:Fundamentals 3157: 3148: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3105: 3093:Please help 3088:verification 3085: 3036:Oscar Straus 3025: 3010: 3006:Abdulmejid I 2998: 2962: 2956: 2914: 2835: 2824: 2802: 2800: 2781: 2754: 2716: 2673: 2642: 2622: 2604: 2561: 2545: 2511: 2508: 2495: 2491:Al-Mustamsik 2483:Al-Mustansir 2472: 2445: 2422: 2379: 2361: 2345: 2343:in history. 2310: 2245: 2224: 2207: 2181: 2154: 2118: 2099: 2078: 2073:(natives of 2068: 2026: 2022: 1994: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1884: 1874:such as the 1864:Saudi Arabia 1829: 1734: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1560:Middle power 1487:Vassal state 1481:Buffer state 1479: 1455:Puppet state 1450:Protectorate 1426:Client state 1416:Principality 1242:Distributism 1184:Presidential 1062:Dictatorship 986:Gerontocracy 908:rule by many 881: 865:Part of the 770:Islamophobia 549:Demographics 544:Circumcision 469: 460: 453: 446: 412: 404: 388: 380: 372: 361: 355: 349: 342: 57: 51: 14802:Khwarezmian 14735:Carolingian 14540:Rashtrakuta 14244:Shaishunaga 14143:Hellenistic 14126:New Kingdom 14116:Old Kingdom 13786:Mustafa III 13756:Suleiman II 13645:Musa Çelebi 13627:Interregnum 13493:al-Musta'li 13339:al-Musta'in 13299:al-Hakim II 13294:al-Wathiq I 13272:(1261–1517) 13171:al-Mustakfi 13144:al-Muqtadir 13134:al-Mu'tadid 13129:al-Mu'tamid 13114:al-Musta'in 13109:al-Muntasir 13094:al-Mu'tasim 12902:Muhammad II 12892:Al-Hakam II 12788:Al-Walid II 12748:Mu'awiya II 12713:Family tree 12531:"Caliphate" 12141:Islamic law 12010:22 November 11927:22 November 11322:21 February 11179:"Our Story" 11018:16 December 10552:Wright, 46. 10460:. fas.org. 10200:21 February 10112:23 November 9796:20 November 9682:(1): 1–14. 9601:C5111548903 9566:جريدة الوطن 9446:13 December 9415:14 December 8947:Özoğlu 2011 7569:j.ctvp2n3ms 7465:(TV series) 7392:World War I 7376:Blue Mosque 7299:Al-Mu'tadid 7283:Al-Mu'tasim 7212:Al-Walid II 7064:typographic 7048:papermaking 7008:demographic 6962:Bayt al-mal 6933:Islamic law 6910:assignments 6896:, bankers, 6892:, loaning, 6844:nama al-mal 6780:circulation 6711:During the 6707:Bayt al-mal 6677:rule of law 6606:rule of law 6586:Rule of law 6521:Sayyid Qutb 6351:Ahl al-Bayt 6277:Fred Donner 6171:Al-Sha`rani 6086:of Muhammad 6009:Abu Huraira 5970:Caliphate. 5960:Prophethood 5921:resolution. 5727:Esotericism 5605:Eschatology 5464:Manuscripts 5458:Historicity 5332:Olivier Roy 5270:Philippines 5232:Islamic law 5228:pan-Islamic 5059:Syrian Army 5017:network of 4743:(caliphs). 4427:Tipu Sultan 4363:Suleiman II 4249:Afghanistan 4211:Arab Revolt 4187:his reforms 4031:Bassam Tibi 4026:Olivier Roy 3926:Rashid Rida 3911:Sayyid Qutb 3692:Iqbal 1930s 3639:MENA region 3609:Millî Görüş 3110:"Caliphate" 3004:and Sultan 2569:Al-Mu'tadid 2437:Hulagu Khan 2380:Shi‘at ‘Alī 2357:Banu Hashim 2317:Transoxiana 2083:Banu Sa'ida 2027:selected by 1935:. The term 1911:Arab Spring 1895:Ahl al-Bayt 1707:monarchical 1565:Great power 1550:Small power 1492:Viceroyalty 1363:Nationalism 1227:Colonialism 1207:Libertarian 1169:Directorial 1046:rule by one 1026:Technocracy 1021:Stratocracy 1001:Meritocracy 991:Kleptocracy 981:Aristocracy 448:Ahl al-Bayt 333:Foundations 15492:Caliphates 15486:Categories 15372:Portuguese 15253:Revival Le 15243:Vietnamese 14886:Later Tran 14856:Vietnamese 14752:Singhasari 14740:Holy Roman 14364:Bulgarian 14300:Satavahana 14271:Phoenician 14207:Achaemenid 14168:Indo-Greek 14148:Macedonian 14062:Babylonian 13801:Mustafa IV 13766:Mustafa II 13716:Mehmed III 13701:Suleiman I 13690:Cem Sultan 13684:Bayezid II 13633:İsa Çelebi 13284:al-Hakim I 13226:al-Mustadi 13216:al-Muqtafi 13196:al-Muqtadi 13166:al-Muttaqi 13139:al-Muktafi 13124:al-Muhtadi 13119:al-Mu'tazz 13045:(749–1258) 12987:indicates 12977:Hisham III 12880:(929–1031) 12857:al-Mundhir 12852:Muhammad I 12842:Al-Hakam I 12763:Al-Walid I 12738:Mu'awiya I 12544:The Caliph 11521:10161/2546 11374:, p. 437. 10989:0871966298 10978:. p. 10801:Al-Muhalla 10751:Ibnu Hazim 10730:Ibn Hisham 10709:Ibn Kathir 10613:17 January 9530:1113069713 9299:12 October 9046:Eurasianet 8905:19 October 8612:SUNY Press 8487:"Almohads" 8433:2262016445 8240:11 October 8213:11 October 8183:11 October 8153:11 October 8123:11 October 8093:22 October 7951:Abu Sufyan 7793:. p. 7500:References 7350:, the 9th 7321:Al-Muqtafi 7183:Al-Walid I 7158:Muawiyah I 7115:Ridda wars 7054:) from an 6991:Ridda Wars 6806:) such as 6760:capitalism 6717:incentives 6701:See also: 6616:Narrated ‘ 6590:See also: 6542:oppression 6538:Al-Juwayni 6474:See also: 6407:oppression 6391:infallible 6333:Shia Islam 6262:Government 6257:and others 6249:, such as 6224:Al-Ghazali 6204:Al-Qurtubi 6159:Al-Mawardi 6056:See also: 5877:successors 5815:Shi’a view 5732:Abrogation 5540:Muqatta'at 5326:Opposition 5234:. Founder 5226:advocates 5218:authority. 5194:mujahideen 5103:, fell to 5055:Iraqi Army 5009:The group 4967:See also: 4660:Arab world 4565:See also: 4513:Fulani War 4483:daughter's 4433:, and the 4351:Shah Jahan 4312:Ghaznavids 4302:After the 4195:Abdulmejid 4154:After the 4021:Sam Harris 4001:Farag Foda 3783:Zia ul-Haq 3644:South Asia 3545:Madkhalism 3520:Scholastic 3478:Influences 3302:Khomeinism 3252:Ideologies 3240:Secularism 3121:newspapers 3065:See also: 3048:suzerainty 2836:The Shiʻa 2647:among the 2645:Ibn Tumart 2577:al-Andalus 2534:Al-Andalus 2514:Al-Andalus 2333:Al-Andalus 2256:Kharijites 2248:companions 2216:hereditary 2141:See also: 2063:See also: 1913:, various 1817:civil wars 1570:Superpower 1526:Superstate 1521:Federation 1516:Devolution 1502:Federalism 1343:City-state 1016:Plutocracy 1011:Particracy 875:government 638:Philosophy 375:(exegesis) 312:Pilgrimage 302:Almsgiving 15365:Couronian 15003:Ethiopian 14991:Manchukuo 14946:Brazilian 14792:Ghaznavid 14762:Srivijaya 14713:Trebizond 14698:Byzantine 14680:North Sea 14675:Norwegian 14663:Almoravid 14646:Ilkhanate 14616:Majapahit 14589:Muromachi 14498:Solomonic 14483:Ethiopian 14397:Caliphate 14330:Aragonese 14158:Ptolemaic 13934:Caliphate 13836:Mehmed VI 13816:Abdulaziz 13806:Mahmud II 13796:Selim III 13781:Osman III 13771:Ahmed III 13751:Mehmed IV 13736:Mustafa I 13726:Mustafa I 13711:Murad III 13679:Mehmed II 13669:Mehmed II 13621:Bayezid I 13468:al-Mu'izz 13463:al-Mansur 13211:al-Rashid 13099:al-Wathiq 13089:al-Ma'mun 13057:al-Mansur 13052:al-Saffah 12912:Hisham II 12897:Hisham II 12825:(756–929) 12803:Marwan II 12793:Yazid III 12731:(661–750) 12463:al-Tabari 12454:al-Tabari 12445:al-Tabari 12362:161092185 12317:(2007) , 12166:"Khalīfa" 12134:143484233 12093:143484233 12053:143484233 11970:143484233 11663:144129603 11585:153962294 11451:16 August 11362:, p. 263. 11268:30 August 11089:123145315 10538:30 August 10507:1 October 10347:30 August 10025:25 August 9830:0034-6721 9696:157012525 9636:164473838 9384:9 October 9090:7 January 9057:7 January 8693:30 August 8523:. Brill. 8035:910498369 7650:30 August 7577:204443322 7505:Citations 7463:Caliphate 7434:(current 7358:" of the 7277:Al-Ma'mun 7245:Al-Mansur 7239:As-Saffah 7224:Marwan II 7218:Yazid III 6729:ownership 6666:prejudice 6432:Ayatollah 6309:mujtahids 6185:Al-Joziri 6175:Al-Nawawi 6076:As-Saffah 5800:Criticism 5780:Inerrancy 5693:Ahmadiyya 5498:Divisions 5410:as God's 5382:Al-Baqara 5254:Indonesia 5080:Peshmerga 4842:and then 4710:Mehmed VI 4679:Kemalists 4367:Mehmed IV 4355:Aurangzeb 4296:Aurangzeb 4217:in 1925. 4076:Modernism 3984:in Europe 3717:Qutb 1965 3704:Asad 1961 3668:Key texts 3578:Political 3560:Wahhabism 3516:Movements 3352:Caliphate 3230:Economics 3181:as caliph 3026:In 1899, 3002:Selim III 2980:with the 2892:Mehmed IV 2858:Palestine 2822:himself. 2801:The term 2727:Marrakesh 2611:Imweḥḥden 2601:1180–1212 2231:Byzantine 2184:Sultanate 2091:Muhajirun 1921:Etymology 1862:(current 1848:abolished 1784:خَلِيفَةْ 1698:خِلَافَةْ 1684:caliphate 1397:Unitarism 1373:Globalism 1279:Religious 1267:Tribalism 1257:Socialism 1252:Feudalism 1237:Despotism 1232:Communism 1222:Anarchism 1159:Communist 1106:Stateless 1096:Anarchism 1057:Despotism 1041:Autocracy 1031:Theocracy 996:Kritarchy 964:Oligarchy 949:Socialist 903:Democracy 758:terrorism 710:Criticism 663:Sexuality 633:Mysticism 603:Festivals 583:Education 578:Economics 514:Academics 470:Caliphate 283:Practices 58:Caliphate 15345:Japanese 15308:Scottish 15288:American 15280:Colonial 15209:Imperial 15177:Moroccan 15113:Japanese 15091:Afsharid 14950:Burmese 14936:Austrian 14891:Later Le 14866:Early Le 14851:Venetian 14777:Tiwanaku 14690:Hellenic 14653:Moroccan 14584:Kamakura 14574:Japanese 14557:Saffarid 14510:Georgian 14424:Chalukya 14402:Rashidun 14392:Calakmul 14360:Bruneian 14239:Haryanka 14217:Sasanian 14212:Parthian 14163:Bactrian 14153:Seleucid 14133:Goguryeo 14111:Egyptian 14045:Assyrian 14035:Akkadian 14026:Colonies 13861:Category 13831:Mehmed V 13776:Mahmud I 13761:Ahmed II 13741:Murad IV 13731:Osman II 13706:Selim II 13674:Murad II 13664:Murad II 13652:Mehmed I 13513:al-Fa'iz 13508:al-Zafir 13503:al-Hafiz 13483:al-Zahir 13478:al-Hakim 13458:al-Qa'im 13453:al-Mahdi 13354:al-Qa'im 13236:al-Zahir 13231:al-Nasir 13191:al-Qa'im 13186:al-Qadir 13181:al-Ta'i' 13176:al-Muti' 13156:al-Qahir 13062:al-Mahdi 12991:usurpers 12989:Hammudid 12917:Sulayman 12907:Sulayman 12862:Abdullah 12837:Hisham I 12778:Yazid II 12768:Sulayman 12753:Marwan I 12645:Abu Bakr 12569:BBC News 12409:22 March 12270:(1911). 12220:(1981), 12001:archived 11918:archived 11882:Archived 11620:12127284 11534:Archived 11530:30038724 11442:Archived 11344:Archived 11316:Archived 11292:al-Masāq 11262:Archived 11214:Archived 11189:5 August 11183:Archived 11136:45842548 11012:Archived 10966:(1984). 10631:(2010). 10607:Archived 10580:Archived 10532:Archived 10501:Archived 10462:Archived 10442:10 April 10393:Archived 10341:Archived 10311:Archived 10282:Archived 10253:Archived 10233:27 March 10227:Archived 10194:Archived 10160:(2017). 10136:Archived 10106:Archived 10086:17 March 10080:Archived 10049:Archived 10045:BBC News 9977:Jihadica 9931:Jihadica 9899:Archived 9877:12 March 9871:Archived 9862:NOLA.com 9834:Archived 9803:mosques. 9790:Archived 9772:(2004). 9727:12 March 9721:Archived 9570:Archived 9440:Archived 9409:Archived 9378:Archived 9293:Archived 9273:13 April 9267:Archived 9263:31870180 9139:(1963). 9084:Archived 9051:Archived 8995:p. 1350. 8899:Archived 8767:(1974). 8748:Archived 8720:Archived 8687:Archived 8669:(1995). 8626:Archived 8535:Archived 8495:Archived 8462:Archived 8400:Archived 8378:(2001). 8354:Archived 8324:Archived 8294:Archived 8264:Archived 8234:Archived 8207:Archived 8177:Archived 8147:Archived 8117:Archived 8087:Archived 8005:(2015). 7943:Abu-l`As 7893:Archived 7753:Archived 7739:: 81–86. 7711:Archived 7685:Archived 7644:Archived 7526:Archived 7445:See also 7388:Mehmed V 7327:Al-Nasir 7315:Al-Qadir 7259:Al-Mahdi 7195:Yazid II 7177:Marwan I 7111:Abu Bakr 7104:Rashidun 7084:Madrasah 7016:"surges" 6987:disabled 6985:and the 6957:treasury 6918:lawsuits 6906:deposits 6812:mudaraba 6804:mufawada 6788:monetary 6753:industry 6741:mortgage 6610:nepotism 6575:33:67–68 6569:— 6450:Aga Khan 6367:Twelvers 6289:madhhabs 6275:(1981), 6163:Ibn Hazm 6041:— 6035:Israelis 6019:— 5981:— 5968:Rashidun 5924:— 5907:— 5883:— 5828:Category 5810:Quranism 5709:Exegesis 5593:Parables 5588:Miracles 5561:Prophets 5412:khalifa 5330:Scholar 5295:Al-Qaeda 5291:Al-Qaeda 5286:al-Qaeda 5274:Cambodia 5266:Thailand 5258:Malaysia 5202:al-Qaeda 5174:Muhammad 5165:Khilāfah 5160:Khilāfah 5152:Khilāfah 5131:Rāshidūn 5127:Khilāfah 5089:de facto 5023:Iraq War 5019:Islamist 5015:Al-Qaeda 4906:and the 4890:— 4880:Muhammad 4866:Islamism 4772:silsilah 4741:khalifas 4735:and the 4702:Wahhabis 4698:Zionists 4523:and the 4361:such as 4343:khalifah 4310:and the 4259:and the 4215:ibn Saud 3630:Militant 3540:Deobandi 3416:Jihadism 3327:Concepts 3258:Islamism 3235:Politics 3200:Islamism 3192:a series 3190:Part of 3028:John Hay 2957:de facto 2941:Istanbul 2803:Fatimite 2775:and the 2700:Portugal 2619:الموحدون 2552:Damascus 2448:Abbasids 2313:Caucasus 2204:Muāwiyah 2173:Khawarij 2102:Abu Bakr 2044:Rashidun 1998:khalīfah 1915:Islamist 1909:and the 1868:dormancy 1825:polities 1731:Muhammad 1721:, whose 1715:absolute 1713:, later 1711:elective 1689:khilāfah 1445:Dominion 1174:Legalist 1154:Absolute 1139:Republic 1134:Monarchy 1006:Noocracy 976:Anocracy 929:Economic 919:Demarchy 804:Glossary 780:Jihadism 753:Violence 748:Islamism 719:Muhammad 705:Apostasy 648:Politics 598:Feminism 593:Exorcism 554:Diaspora 539:Children 534:Calendar 462:Rashidun 440:Muhammad 435:Timeline 396:Mathnawi 258:Prophets 202:a series 200:Part of 18:Khilafah 15412:largest 15407:Empires 15387:Swedish 15382:Spanish 15377:Russian 15340:Italian 15315:Chinese 15303:English 15298:British 15293:Belgian 15268:Vietnam 15258:Tay son 15204:Tsarist 15199:Russian 15194:Ottoman 15160:Dzungar 15155:Khoshut 15128:Mexican 15123:Maratha 15106:Pahlavi 15086:Safavid 15081:Iranian 15008:Haitian 14971:Chinese 14931:Ashanti 14903:Wagadou 14829:Eastern 14824:Western 14807:Timurid 14767:Tibetan 14757:Songhai 14747:Serbian 14668:Almohad 14658:Idrisid 14562:Samanid 14552:Tahirid 14547:Iranian 14525:Kannauj 14505:Genoese 14441:Chinese 14434:Eastern 14429:Western 14417:Fatimid 14412:Abbasid 14407:Umayyad 14380:Burmese 14340:Ayyubid 14335:Angevin 14305:Xianbei 14293:Eastern 14288:Western 14234:Magadha 14197:Iranian 14190:Xiongnu 14175:Hittite 14084:Chinese 14072:Kassite 14021:Ancient 14013:Empires 13949:Sevener 13944:Twelver 13821:Murad V 13746:Ibrahim 13721:Ahmed I 13696:Selim I 13616:Murad I 13606:Osman I 13578:Dynasty 13567:caliphs 13563:sultans 13560:Ottoman 13518:al-Adid 13498:al-Amir 13473:al-Aziz 13265:Caliphs 13161:al-Radi 13077:al-Amin 13067:al-Hadi 13042:Baghdad 13038:Caliphs 12798:Ibrahim 12743:Yazid I 12494:, from 12280:(ed.). 12187:23 July 12158:Sources 11698:3011226 11577:2115499 11350:, FSTC. 11056:6420933 10458:"Ladin" 10421:30 June 10317:30 June 10291:30 June 10259:30 June 10132:Reuters 10055:22 June 9840:9 March 8632:7 April 8468:14 June 8406:14 June 7899:13 July 7750:"calif" 7717:30 June 7691:7 April 7478:Khanate 7372:Ahmed I 7348:Selim I 7311:period. 7305:Ar-Radi 7287:Samarra 7254:Baghdad 7166:Yazid I 7070:of the 7060:scribal 7012:Morocco 6979:orphans 6975:elderly 6902:ledgers 6890:pawning 6860:cheques 6856:revenue 6832:capital 6745:inherit 6691:Economy 6662:kinship 6399:Muslims 6377:of the 6347:Imamate 6305:Saqifah 6092:thaqifa 6072:ahadith 5793:Related 5688:English 5661:Qira'at 5649:Tarteel 5624:Reading 5600:Science 5583:Legends 5576:Animals 5554:Content 5520:Medinan 5431:History 5395:khalifa 5375:khalifa 5340:Quraysh 5215:Khilafa 4929:Quraysh 4821:prophet 4813:Messiah 4765:zaouias 4757:tariqas 4714:British 4507:led by 4505:Nigeria 4439:khalifa 4388:Saladin 4245:Taliban 4199:claimed 3525:Barelvi 3433:aspects 3396: ( 3297:Qutbism 3225:Culture 3220:History 3135:scholar 3042:of the 2990:British 2945:Selim I 2921:Murad I 2864:of the 2862:Saladin 2850:Tunisia 2846:Algeria 2840:of the 2796:Ismaili 2769:Maghreb 2761:Tunisia 2731:Maghreb 2712:Seville 2708:Córdoba 2704:Moorish 2696:Navarre 2688:Castile 2682:in the 2669:Maghreb 2655:in the 2649:Masmuda 2613:, from 2498:Selim I 2453:Ar-Radi 2429:Baghdad 2418:Baghdad 2368:Hussein 2325:Maghreb 2250:at the 2220:dynasty 2192:Emirate 2188:Wilayah 2110:Quraysh 2079:Saqifah 2059:Saqifah 2033:History 1891:Shiites 1705:) is a 1587:Related 1282:Secular 1247:Fascism 1084:Anarchy 1074:Tyranny 934:Liberal 675:Slavery 658:Science 613:Madrasa 608:Finance 519:Animals 507:society 503:Culture 475:Imamate 455:Sahabah 428:History 398:(Poems) 383:(creed) 307:Fasting 235:Oneness 228:Beliefs 66:‎ 15350:Mongol 15335:German 15330:French 15320:Danish 15263:Dainam 15238:Tongan 15226:Somali 15221:Sokoto 15187:'Alawi 15165:Kalmyk 15145:Mongol 15138:Second 15118:Korean 15069:Mughal 15059:Indian 15042:German 15035:Second 15025:French 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