328:. Both mass spectroscopy (MS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) can be coupled with the ICP. The benefits of laser ablation sampling for chemical analysis include no sample preparation, no waste, minimal sample requirements, no vacuum requirements, rapid sample-analysis turn-around time, spatial (depth and lateral) resolution, and chemical mapping. Laser ablation chemical analysis is viable for practically all industries, such as mining, geochemistry, energy, environmental, industrial processing, food safety, forensic and biological. Commercial instruments are available for all markets to measure every element and isotope within a sample. Some instruments combine both optical and mass detection to extend the analysis coverage, and dynamic range in sensitivity.
46:
2627:
165:
38:
770:
230:, or a binary combination thereof. The composite block is formed by making a paste of graphite powder, carbon cement, and the metal. The paste is next placed in a cylindrical mold and baked for several hours. After solidification, the graphite block is placed inside an oven with a laser pointed at it, and
1027:
One of the most important experimental parameters for characterization of a target is the ablation threshold, which is the minimum fluence at which a particular atom or molecule is observed in the ablation plume. This threshold depends on the wavelength of the laser, and can be simulated assuming the
281:
Finally, laser ablation can be used to transfer momentum to a surface, since the ablated material applies a pulse of high pressure to the surface underneath it as it expands. The effect is similar to hitting the surface with a hammer. This process is used in industry to work-harden metal surfaces,
1185:
Anisimov's theory considered an elliptical gas cloud growing in vacuum. In this model, thermal expansion dominates the initial dynamics, with little influence from the kinetic energy, but the mathematical expression is subject to assumptions and conditions in the experimental setup. Parameters such
319:
Laser ablation is used as a sampling method for elemental and isotopic analysis, and replaces traditional laborious procedures generally required for digesting solid samples in acid solutions. Laser ablation sampling is detected by monitoring the photons emitted at the sample surface - a technology
160:
pulsed lasers can be used to clean surfaces, remove paint or coating, or prepare surfaces for painting without damaging the underlying surface. High power lasers clean a large spot with a single pulse. Lower power lasers use many small pulses which may be scanned across an area. In some industries
92:
beam if the laser intensity is high enough. While relatively long laser pulses (e.g. nanosecond pulses) can heat and thermally alter or damage the processed material, ultrashort laser pulses (e.g. femtoseconds) cause only minimal material damage during processing due to the ultrashort light-matter
514:
by
Kaganov and Anisimov. In it, the energy from the laser pulse is absorbed by the solid material, directly stimulating the motion of the electrons and transferring heat to the lattice, which underlies the crystalline structure of the solid. Thus, the two variables are: the electron temperature
1627:
Orellana, Francisco
Alamilla; Gálvez, CĂ©sar González; Orellana, Francisco Alamilla; Gálvez, CĂ©sar González; Roldán, Mercedes Torre; GarcĂa-Ruiz, Carmen; Roldán, Mercedes Torre; GarcĂa-Ruiz, Carmen (2013). "Applications of laser-ablation-inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in chemical
1023:
is the laser pulse energy absorbed by the bulk, usually characterized by the fluence. Some approximations can be made depending on the laser parameters and their relation to the time scales of the thermal processes in the target, which vary between the target being metallic or a dielectric.
137:
are examples; pulsed lasers can drill extremely small, deep holes through very hard materials. Very short laser pulses remove material so quickly that the surrounding material absorbs very little heat, so laser drilling can be done on delicate or heat-sensitive materials, including
482:
Laser ablation can be used on benign and malignant lesions in various organs, which is called laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy. The main applications currently involve the reduction of benign thyroid nodules and destruction of primary and secondary malignant liver lesions.
187:
Laser cleaning is also used for efficient rust removal from iron objects; oil or grease removal from various surfaces; restoration of paintings, sculptures, frescoes. Laser ablation is one of preferred techniques for rubber mold cleaning due to minimal surface damage to the mold.
371:
is not mediated by the larval eyes, because the larva is still phototactic, even if the larval eyes are ablated. But if the adult eyes are ablated, then the nectochaete is not phototactic anymore and thus phototaxis in the nectochaete larva is mediated by the adult eyes.
1181:
Some applications of pulsed laser ablation focus on the machining and the finish of the ablated material, but other applications are interested in the material ejected from the target. In this case, the characteristics of the ablation plume are more important to model.
109:
and pulse length. The total mass ablated from the target per laser pulse is usually referred to as ablation rate. Such features of laser radiation as laser beam scanning velocity and the covering of scanning lines can significantly influence the ablation process.
310:
Laser ablation in the liquid phase is an efficient method to exfoliate bulk materials into their 2-dimensional (2D) forms, such as black phosphorus. By changing the solvent and laser energy, the thickness and lateral size of the 2D materials can be controlled.
172:
One of the advantages is that no solvents are used, therefore it is environmentally friendly and operators are not exposed to chemicals (assuming nothing harmful is vaporized). It is relatively easy to automate. The running costs are lower than dry media or
242:
technique, carbon nanotube fibers are deposited in a haphazard and tangled fashion. Single-walled nanotubes are formed from the block of graphite and metal catalyst particles, whereas multi-walled nanotubes form from the pure graphite starting material.
594:
2212:
Pompili M; Pacella CM; Francica G; Angelico M; Tisone G; Craboledda P; Nicolardi E; Rapaccini GL; Gasbarrini G . (June 2010). "Percutaneous laser ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation".
1186:
as surface finish, preconditioning of a spot on the target, or the angle of the laser beam with respect to the normal of the target surface are factors to take into account when observing the angle of divergence of the plume dynamics or its yield.
1573:
Zheng, Weiran; Lee, Jeongyeon; Gao, Zhi-Wen; Li, Yong; Lin, Shenghuang; Lau, Shu Ping; Lee, Lawrence Yoon Suk (30 June 2020). "Laser-Assisted
Ultrafast Exfoliation of Black Phosphorus in Liquid with Tunable Thickness for Li-Ion Batteries".
1714:
Pozebon, Dirce; Scheffler, Guilherme L.; Dressler, Valderi L.; Nunes, Matheus A. G. (2014). "Review of the applications of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to the analysis of biological samples".
876:
1102:
1028:
Lennard-Jones potential between the atoms in the lattice, and only during a particular time of the temperature evolution called the hydrodynamic stage. Typically, however, this value is experimentally determined.
246:
A variation of this type of application is to use laser ablation to create coatings by ablating the coating material from a source and letting it deposit on the surface to be coated; this is a special type of
2111:
Valcavi, Roberto; Riganti, Fabrizio; Bertani, Angelo; Formisano, Debora; Pacella, Claudio M. (2010). "Percutaneous Laser
Ablation of Cold Benign Thyroid Nodules: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study in 122 Patients".
1031:
The two-temperature model can be extended on a case-by-case basis. One notable extension involves the generation of plasma. For ultra-short pulses (which suggest a large fluence) it has been proposed that
475:, and tumor and lesion removal. In hard-tissue surgeries, the short pulsed lasers, such as Er:YAG or Nd:YAG, ablate tissue under stress or inertial confinement conditions. In soft-tissue surgeries, the CO
177:, although the capital investment costs are much higher. The process is gentler than abrasive techniques, e.g. carbon fibres within a composite material are not damaged. Heating of the target is minimal.
1036:
also plays a role because the laser energy is high enough to generate ions in the ablation plume. A value for the electric field has been determined for the
Coulomb-explosion threshold, and is given by
180:
Another class of applications uses laser ablation to process the material removed into new forms either not possible or difficult to produce by other means. A recent example is the production of
1399:
302:
coating on high-pressure gas turbine components. Due to the low heat input, TBC removal can be completed with minimal damage to the underlying metallic coatings and parent material.
266:
uses laser ablation to create a plasma from the surface material; the composition of the surface can be determined by analyzing the wavelengths of light emitted by the plasma.
105:
The depth over which the laser energy is absorbed, and thus the amount of material removed by a single laser pulse, depends on the material's optical properties and the laser
959:
1171:
1124:
1835:
Randel, Nadine; Asadulina, Albina; Bezares-Calderón, Luis A; Verasztó, Csaba; Williams, Elizabeth A; Conzelmann, Markus; Shahidi, Réza; Jékely, Gáspár (27 May 2014).
992:
776:
765:{\displaystyle c_{e}{\frac {\partial T_{e}}{\partial t}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}(\kappa _{e}{\frac {\partial T_{e}}{\partial x}})-K_{e,l}(T_{e}-T_{l})+Q(t),}
1151:
932:
905:
567:
540:
1021:
2157:"Long-Term Outcome of Cirrhotic Patients With Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treated With Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Laser Ablation: A Retrospective Analysis"
1322:
JoaquĂn Penide; JesĂşs del Val; Antonio
Riveiro; Ramón Soto; Rafael Comesaña; Félix Quintero; Mohamed Boutinguiza; Fernando Lusquiños; Juan Pou (3 December 2018).
1042:
1750:
Kuang S, Doran SA, Wilson RJ, Goss GG, Goldberg JI (2002). "Serotonergic sensory-motor neurons mediate a behavioral response to hypoxia in pond snail embryos".
587:
1355:
Chichkov, B N; Momma, C; Nolte, S; Von
Alvensleben, F; TĂĽnnermann, A (August 1996). "Femtosecond, picosecond and nanosecond laser ablation of solids".
324:) and LAMIS (Laser Ablation Molecular Isotopic Spectrometry), or by transporting the ablated mass particles to a secondary excitation source, like the
1519:
Grant-Jacob, James A.; Beecher, Stephen J.; Parsonage, Tina L.; Hua, Ping; Mackenzie, Jacob I.; Shepherd, David P.; Eason, Robert W. (2016-01-01).
255:(PLD), and can create coatings from materials that cannot readily be evaporated any other way. This process is used to manufacture some types of
234:
gas is pumped along the direction of the laser point. The oven temperature is approximately 1200 °C. As the laser ablates the target,
146:). Several workers have employed laser ablation and gas condensation to produce nano particles of metal, metal oxides and metal carbides.
2661:
1258:
97:
of deep ultra-violet light are mainly used in photoablation; the wavelength of laser used in photoablation is approximately 200 nm.
273:
filter. This products are used in stage lighting for high dimensional projections, or for calibration of machine vision's instruments.
1786:
Jékely, Gáspár; Colombelli, Julien; Hausen, Harald; Guy, Keren; Stelzer, Ernst; Nédélec, François; Arendt, Detlev (20 November 2008).
121:) and fluxes, and can be precisely controlled. This makes laser ablation very valuable for both research and industrial applications.
1917:
Munnerlyn, C. R.; Koons, S. J.; Marshall, J. (1988-01-01). "Photorefractive keratectomy: a technique for laser refractive surgery".
2587:
1459:
Guo T, Nikolaev P, Thess A, Colbert DT, Smalley RE (1995). "Catalytic growth of single-walled nanotubes by laser vaporization".
1206:
321:
2248:
336:
Laser ablation is used in science to destroy nerves and other tissues to study their function. For example, a species of
17:
2299:
1901:
2326:
479:
laser beam ablates and cauterizes simultaneously, making it the most practical and most common soft-tissue laser.
256:
1431:
Guo T, Nikolaev P, Rinzler D, Tomanek DT, Colbert DT, Smalley RE (1995). "Self-Assembly of
Tubular Fullerenes".
129:
The simplest application of laser ablation is to remove material from a solid surface in a controlled fashion.
2496:
1507:
444:
64:) is the process of removing material from a solid (or occasionally liquid) surface by irradiating it with a
1308:
487:
363:, where the larval eye was ablated and the larvae was not phototactic, anymore. However phototaxis in the
238:
form and are carried by the gas flow onto a cool copper collector. Like carbon nanotubes formed using the
2671:
2656:
2552:
31:
2356:
1334:(2) (Surface Treatment by Laser-Assisted Techniques ed.). MDPI (published 19 February 2019): 131.
325:
2155:
Pacella, Claudio
Maurizio; Francica, Giampiero; Di Lascio, Francesca Marta Lilja; et al. (2009).
2062:
1528:
1246:
460:
248:
1663:
Urgast, Dagmar S.; Beattie, John H.; Feldmann, Jörg (2014). "Imaging of trace elements in tissues".
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2007:
1994:
Itzkan, I; Albagli, D; Dark, M L; Perelman, L T; von
Rosenberg, C; Feld, M S (1995-03-14).
1893:
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572:
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Pulsed Laser Deposition of Thin Films: Applications-Led Growth of Functional Materials
149:
Also, laser energy can be selectively absorbed by coatings, particularly on metal, so
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1995:
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laser ablated off when the snail is still an embryo to prevent use of those nerves.
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2015:
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423:, and others. Laser ablation is used in a variety of medical specialties including
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235:
181:
174:
77:
1404:
Scientific and Technical Journal of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics
68:
beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and
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2511:
2501:
2312:
1887:
1676:
1231:
428:
347:
299:
269:
Laser ablation is also used to create pattern, removing selectively coating from
130:
2226:
1521:"An 11.5 W Yb:YAG planar waveguide laser fabricated via pulsed laser deposition"
1397:
298:
Processes are currently being developed to use laser ablation in the removal of
2607:
2597:
2557:
2424:
2377:
2361:
1641:
1433:
1274:
1263:
994:
is the thermal coupling between the electron and (lattice) phonon systems, and
871:{\displaystyle c_{l}{\frac {\partial T_{l}}{\partial t}}=K_{e,l}(T_{e}-T_{l}).}
436:
134:
1400:"Laser ablation of monocrystalline silicon under pulsed-frequency fiber laser"
2645:
2562:
2542:
2483:
2409:
2182:
2173:
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2029:
1996:"The thermoelastic basis of short pulsed laser ablation of biological tissue"
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452:
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376:
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2234:
2190:
2141:
2097:
2020:
1872:
1821:
1772:
1692:
1595:
1201:
1097:{\displaystyle E={\sqrt {\frac {2\Lambda n_{0}}{\epsilon \epsilon _{0}}}},}
432:
420:
412:
283:
263:
239:
143:
139:
85:
2125:
2047:
1946:
463:. Some of the most common procedures where laser ablation is used include
93:
interaction and are therefore also suitable for micromaterial processing.
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2436:
1550:
456:
364:
354:
118:
114:
69:
1853:
1812:
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1604:
1445:
1324:"Laser Surface Blasting of Granite Stones Using a Laser Scanning System"
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2211:
1834:
1728:
1376:
448:
337:
106:
27:
Process that removes material from an object by heating it with a laser
2081:
1837:"Neuronal connectome of a sensory-motor circuit for visual navigation"
1764:
2577:
2419:
2399:
2382:
934:
are the specific heat of the electrons and the lattice respectively,
440:
408:
396:
204:
375:
Laser ablation can also be used to destroy individual cells during
270:
219:
200:
81:
1354:
215:
76:. At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a
2154:
1398:
Veiko V.P.; Skvortsov A.M.; Huynh Cong Tu; Petrov A.A. (2015).
472:
227:
223:
211:
196:
191:
In March 1995 Guo et al. were the first to report the use of a
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2110:
1518:
510:
A well-established framework for laser ablation is called the
2335:
1973:
1713:
1216:
1211:
464:
231:
207:
192:
164:
65:
1626:
2063:"Mechanisms of pulsed laser ablation of biological tissues"
569:. Their differential equations, as a function of the depth
383:, to study the effect of missing cells during development.
113:
Laser pulses can vary over a very wide range of duration (
2304:
1993:
1785:
1430:
1665:
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care
37:
1458:
1916:
210:. The catalytic metal can consist of elements such as
1662:
1159:
1132:
1112:
1045:
1000:
967:
940:
913:
886:
779:
597:
575:
548:
521:
161:
laser ablation may be referred to as laser cleaning.
1749:
1707:
2294:
Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary,2002,6th edition,
1620:
1165:
1145:
1118:
1096:
1015:
986:
953:
926:
899:
870:
764:
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561:
534:
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41:Preparation of nanoparticles by laser in solution
2643:
2061:Vogel, Alfred; Venugopalan, Vasan (2003-02-01).
2060:
2000:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1788:"Mechanism of phototaxis in marine zooplankton"
1268:Optical breakdown photoionization mode (OB) at
88:, but it is possible to ablate material with a
2148:
2320:
2272:
2270:
2268:
1886:Berger, Noel A.; Eeg, Peter H. (2008-01-09).
1572:
2249:"Venous Disease Endovenous Thermal Ablation"
1889:Veterinary Laser Surgery: A Practical Guide
1348:
1309:"Laser Blasting Replaces Abrasive Blasting"
1259:Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
2327:
2313:
2265:
1919:Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
1779:
305:
2172:
2037:
2019:
1885:
1862:
1852:
1828:
1811:
1603:
1549:
1415:
1339:
395:used in medicine for ablation, including
49:Laser ablation of an asteroid-like sample
163:
44:
36:
2588:Multiple-prism grating laser oscillator
2205:
2104:
14:
2644:
2276:
961:is the electron thermal conductivity,
2308:
1311:. Laser Photonics. 18 September 2018.
486:Laser ablation is also used to treat
1417:10.17586/2226-1494-2015-15-3-426-434
1207:Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
1126:is the sublimation energy per atom,
505:
322:Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
314:
2279:Laser Ablation and its Applications
1630:TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry
84:refers to removing material with a
24:
2662:Plasma technology and applications
1153:is the atomic lattice density and
1113:
1059:
808:
793:
684:
669:
644:
640:
626:
611:
286:. It is also the basis of pulsed
282:and is one damage mechanism for a
25:
2683:
1176:
2626:
2625:
1628:analysis of forensic evidence".
1173:is the dielectric permittivity.
293:
203:, and later graphite mixed with
2288:
2241:
2054:
1987:
1961:
1910:
1879:
1743:
1566:
1297:. BlastOne International. 2019.
257:high temperature superconductor
168:Industrial 500W cleaning laser.
124:
100:
30:For the medical technique, see
2497:Amplified spontaneous emission
1512:
1488:
1452:
1424:
1391:
1315:
1301:
1295:"Understanding Laser Blasting"
1287:
1010:
1004:
862:
836:
756:
750:
741:
715:
693:
653:
455:are used for ablation in both
445:oral and maxillofacial surgery
13:
1:
2215:European Journal of Radiology
1931:10.1016/s0886-3350(88)80063-4
1281:
276:
2161:Journal of Clinical Oncology
1677:10.1097/MCO.0000000000000087
1482:10.1016/0009-2614(95)00825-O
542:and the lattice temperature
500:
488:chronic venous insufficiency
7:
2553:Chirped pulse amplification
2227:10.1016/j.ejrad.2009.03.012
1189:
954:{\displaystyle \kappa _{e}}
386:
32:Laser-induced thermotherapy
10:
2688:
2357:List of laser applications
2334:
2277:Phipps, Claude R. (2007).
1642:10.1016/j.trac.2012.09.015
331:
326:inductively coupled plasma
29:
2621:
2535:
2482:
2370:
2342:
1576:Advanced Energy Materials
1529:Optical Materials Express
1247:Soft-tissue laser surgery
1166:{\displaystyle \epsilon }
249:physical vapor deposition
2174:10.1200/JCO.2008.19.0082
1969:"Laser Use in Dentistry"
1119:{\displaystyle \Lambda }
1341:10.3390/coatings9020131
1197:Asteroid laser ablation
987:{\displaystyle K_{e,l}}
353:Another example is the
306:2D materials production
253:pulsed laser deposition
2347:List of laser articles
2021:10.1073/pnas.92.6.1960
1596:10.1002/aenm.201903490
1254:List of laser articles
1167:
1147:
1120:
1098:
1017:
988:
955:
928:
901:
872:
766:
583:
563:
536:
495:ablative brain surgery
471:, cavity preparation,
240:electric-arc discharge
169:
50:
42:
2126:10.1089/thy.2010.0189
1894:John Wiley & Sons
1717:J. Anal. At. Spectrom
1168:
1148:
1146:{\displaystyle n_{0}}
1121:
1099:
1018:
989:
956:
929:
927:{\displaystyle c_{l}}
902:
900:{\displaystyle c_{e}}
873:
767:
584:
564:
562:{\displaystyle T_{l}}
537:
535:{\displaystyle T_{e}}
512:two-temperature model
461:soft-tissue surgeries
381:Platynereis dumerilii
379:of an organism, like
369:Platynereis dumerilii
360:Platynereis dumerilii
320:referred to as LIBS (
167:
90:continuous wave laser
48:
40:
2522:Population inversion
1551:10.1364/ome.6.000091
1270:Photoionization mode
1157:
1130:
1110:
1043:
1016:{\displaystyle Q(t)}
998:
965:
938:
911:
884:
777:
595:
573:
546:
519:
259:and laser crystals.
2573:Laser beam profiler
2492:Active laser medium
2432:Free-electron laser
2352:List of laser types
2012:1995PNAS...92.1960I
1854:10.7554/eLife.02730
1813:10.1038/nature07590
1804:2008Natur.456..395J
1588:2020AdEnM..1003490Z
1542:2016OMExp...6...91G
1474:1995CPL...243...49G
1446:10.1021/j100027a002
1369:1996ApPhA..63..109C
2672:Medical treatments
2657:Laser applications
1729:10.1039/C4JA00250D
1500:Wiley-Interscience
1377:10.1007/BF01567637
1163:
1143:
1116:
1094:
1013:
984:
951:
924:
897:
868:
762:
579:
559:
532:
391:There are several
343:Helisoma trivolvis
170:
80:. Usually, laser
51:
43:
18:Laser vaporization
2639:
2638:
2593:Optical amplifier
2442:Solid-state laser
2167:(16): 2615–2621.
2120:(11): 1253–1261.
2082:10.1021/cr010379n
1798:(7220): 395–399.
1765:10.1002/neu.10071
1723:(12): 2204–2228.
1462:Chem. Phys. Lett.
1357:Applied Physics A
1089:
1088:
1034:Coulomb explosion
815:
691:
651:
633:
582:{\displaystyle x}
506:Material dynamics
346:, can have their
315:Chemical analysis
133:and particularly
16:(Redirected from
2679:
2629:
2628:
2603:Optical isolator
2568:Injection seeder
2548:Beam homogenizer
2527:Ultrashort pulse
2517:Lasing threshold
2329:
2322:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2283:
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2274:
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2260:
2259:
2253:Cleveland Clinic
2245:
2239:
2238:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2176:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2070:Chemical Reviews
2067:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2023:
2006:(6): 1960–1964.
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1054:
1053:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1014:
993:
991:
990:
985:
983:
982:
960:
958:
957:
952:
950:
949:
933:
931:
930:
925:
923:
922:
906:
904:
903:
898:
896:
895:
877:
875:
874:
869:
861:
860:
848:
847:
835:
834:
816:
814:
806:
805:
804:
791:
789:
788:
771:
769:
768:
763:
740:
739:
727:
726:
714:
713:
692:
690:
682:
681:
680:
667:
665:
664:
652:
650:
639:
634:
632:
624:
623:
622:
609:
607:
606:
588:
586:
585:
580:
568:
566:
565:
560:
558:
557:
541:
539:
538:
533:
531:
530:
469:skin resurfacing
290:for spacecraft.
288:laser propulsion
236:carbon nanotubes
199:a block of pure
182:carbon nanotubes
175:dry-ice blasting
21:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2652:Laser machining
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2617:
2531:
2512:Laser linewidth
2502:Continuous wave
2478:
2371:Types of lasers
2366:
2338:
2333:
2291:
2286:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2255:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2210:
2206:
2153:
2149:
2109:
2105:
2065:
2059:
2055:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1880:
1833:
1829:
1784:
1780:
1748:
1744:
1712:
1708:
1661:
1657:
1625:
1621:
1582:(31): 1903490.
1571:
1567:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1494:Robert Eason -
1493:
1489:
1457:
1453:
1440:(27): 10694–7.
1429:
1425:
1396:
1392:
1353:
1349:
1320:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1232:Laser engraving
1192:
1179:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1040:
999:
996:
995:
972:
968:
966:
963:
962:
945:
941:
939:
936:
935:
918:
914:
912:
909:
908:
891:
887:
885:
882:
881:
856:
852:
843:
839:
824:
820:
807:
800:
796:
792:
790:
784:
780:
778:
775:
774:
735:
731:
722:
718:
703:
699:
683:
676:
672:
668:
666:
660:
656:
643:
638:
625:
618:
614:
610:
608:
602:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:, are given by
574:
571:
570:
553:
549:
547:
544:
543:
526:
522:
520:
517:
516:
508:
503:
478:
429:general surgery
406:
389:
348:sensory neurons
334:
317:
308:
300:thermal barrier
296:
279:
154:
144:laser dentistry
131:Laser machining
127:
103:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2667:Laser medicine
2664:
2659:
2654:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:Output coupler
2605:
2600:
2598:Optical cavity
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2558:Gain-switching
2555:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2507:Laser ablation
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2405:Carbon dioxide
2397:
2396:
2395:
2393:Liquid-crystal
2390:
2380:
2378:Chemical laser
2374:
2372:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2362:Laser acronyms
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2264:
2240:
2204:
2147:
2103:
2076:(2): 577–644.
2053:
1986:
1960:
1909:
1902:
1878:
1827:
1778:
1742:
1706:
1671:(5): 431–439.
1655:
1619:
1565:
1511:
1487:
1468:(1–2): 49–54.
1451:
1434:J. Phys. Chem.
1423:
1390:
1363:(2): 109–115.
1347:
1314:
1300:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1275:Soft retooling
1272:
1266:
1264:Parts cleaning
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1178:
1177:Plume dynamics
1175:
1162:
1140:
1136:
1115:
1093:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
981:
978:
975:
971:
948:
944:
921:
917:
894:
890:
867:
864:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
838:
833:
830:
827:
823:
819:
813:
810:
803:
799:
795:
787:
783:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
738:
734:
730:
725:
721:
717:
712:
709:
706:
702:
698:
695:
689:
686:
679:
675:
671:
663:
659:
655:
649:
646:
642:
637:
631:
628:
621:
617:
613:
605:
601:
578:
556:
552:
529:
525:
507:
504:
502:
499:
476:
453:Laser scalpels
404:
401:carbon dioxide
388:
385:
333:
330:
316:
313:
307:
304:
295:
292:
278:
275:
152:
135:laser drilling
126:
123:
102:
99:
95:Excimer lasers
62:laser blasting
54:Laser ablation
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2684:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Gaussian beam
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:Beam expander
2541:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:Laser physics
2481:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2300:0-19-860459-9
2297:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:(3): e6–e11.
2220:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1903:9780470344125
1899:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:J. Neurobiol.
1746:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:Laser surgery
1240:
1238:
1237:Laser scalpel
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:Laser cutting
1225:
1223:
1222:Laser bonding
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1160:
1138:
1134:
1104:
1091:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1007:
1001:
979:
976:
973:
969:
946:
942:
919:
915:
892:
888:
878:
865:
857:
853:
849:
844:
840:
831:
828:
825:
821:
817:
811:
801:
797:
785:
781:
772:
759:
753:
747:
744:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
710:
707:
704:
700:
696:
687:
677:
673:
661:
657:
647:
635:
629:
619:
615:
603:
599:
590:
576:
554:
550:
527:
523:
513:
498:
496:
491:
489:
484:
480:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:ophthalmology
422:
418:
414:
410:
402:
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
377:embryogenesis
373:
370:
366:
362:
361:
356:
351:
349:
345:
344:
339:
329:
327:
323:
312:
303:
301:
294:Manufacturing
291:
289:
285:
274:
272:
267:
265:
262:Remote laser
260:
258:
254:
250:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
185:
183:
178:
176:
166:
162:
159:
155:
147:
145:
141:
136:
132:
122:
120:
116:
111:
108:
98:
96:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:(also called
59:
58:photoablation
55:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2583:Mode locking
2536:Laser optics
2506:
2289:Bibliography
2278:
2256:. Retrieved
2252:
2243:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2073:
2069:
2056:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1972:
1963:
1925:(1): 46–52.
1922:
1918:
1912:
1888:
1881:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1759:(1): 73–83.
1756:
1751:
1745:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1605:10397/100139
1579:
1575:
1568:
1533:
1527:
1514:
1495:
1490:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1303:
1289:
1202:Dental laser
1184:
1180:
1105:
1039:
1030:
1026:
879:
773:
591:
511:
509:
492:
485:
481:
433:neurosurgery
390:
380:
374:
368:
358:
352:
341:
335:
318:
309:
297:
284:laser weapon
280:
268:
264:spectroscopy
261:
245:
190:
186:
179:
171:
148:
140:tooth enamel
128:
125:Applications
119:femtoseconds
115:milliseconds
112:
104:
101:Fundamentals
86:pulsed laser
61:
57:
53:
52:
2613:Q-switching
2474:X-ray laser
2467:Ti-sapphire
2437:Laser diode
2415:Helium–neon
2281:. Springer.
393:laser types
365:nectochaete
355:trochophore
2646:Categories
2258:2015-08-10
1980:2017-02-17
1508:0471447099
1410:(3): 426.
1282:References
449:veterinary
338:pond snail
277:Propulsion
107:wavelength
74:sublimates
70:evaporates
2578:M squared
2400:Gas laser
2383:Dye laser
2183:0732-183X
2134:1050-7256
2090:0009-2665
2030:0027-8424
1939:0886-3350
1737:0267-9477
1685:1363-1950
1650:0165-9936
1614:225707528
1560:2159-3930
1536:(1): 91.
1161:ϵ
1114:Λ
1079:ϵ
1075:ϵ
1060:Λ
943:κ
850:−
809:∂
794:∂
729:−
697:−
685:∂
670:∂
658:κ
645:∂
641:∂
627:∂
612:∂
501:Mechanism
493:See also
441:dentistry
367:larva of
357:larva of
205:catalytic
2631:Category
2425:Nitrogen
2235:19345541
2199:23374952
2191:19332729
2142:20929405
2098:12580643
1955:22191491
1873:24867217
1822:19020621
1773:12115895
1701:28702007
1693:25023186
1636:: 1–34.
1502:, 2006,
1385:95436515
1328:Coatings
1190:See also
473:biopsies
387:Medicine
271:dichroic
220:platinum
201:graphite
82:ablation
2410:Excimer
2114:Thyroid
2048:7892208
2008:Bibcode
1947:3339547
1864:4059887
1800:Bibcode
1584:Bibcode
1538:Bibcode
1470:Bibcode
1365:Bibcode
515:itself
417:excimer
332:Biology
251:called
216:niobium
2452:Nd:YAG
2447:Er:YAG
2388:Bubble
2336:Lasers
2298:
2233:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2140:
2132:
2096:
2088:
2046:
2036:
2028:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1900:
1871:
1861:
1820:
1792:Nature
1771:
1735:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1648:
1612:
1558:
1506:
1383:
1106:where
880:Here,
459:- and
447:, and
421:Nd:YAG
413:erbium
228:copper
224:nickel
212:cobalt
197:ablate
158:Nd:YAG
78:plasma
2457:Raman
2195:S2CID
2066:(PDF)
2039:42402
1974:WebMD
1951:S2CID
1841:eLife
1697:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1524:(PDF)
1381:S2CID
1217:LASIK
1212:LASEK
465:LASIK
397:argon
232:argon
208:metal
193:laser
66:laser
2462:Ruby
2296:ISBN
2231:PMID
2187:PMID
2179:ISSN
2138:PMID
2130:ISSN
2094:PMID
2086:ISSN
2044:PMID
2026:ISSN
1943:PMID
1935:ISSN
1898:ISBN
1869:PMID
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