824:
120s when the province was in disarray". Such scholars criticise the assumptions of those who extrapolate from inscription evidence, arguing that it is easy to confuse evidence about different persons with the same name. It is highly unlikely that if the legion continued in existence up to the
Armenian war of 161, no records at all later than c. 120 would be known. Keppie says that "no inscriptions recording the building activities of the legion or the lives and careers of its members have come from the East", suggesting that if the legion did leave Britain, it ceased to exist very soon afterwards. Russell argues that "there is no evidence that the Ninth were ever taken out of Britain." He has claimed that the tile stamps found at Nijmegen cannot be dated to the period after 120, but "all seem to date to the AD 80s, when detachments of the Ninth were indeed on the Rhine fighting Germanic tribes." Keppie also says that the tiles cannot be securely dated, but suggests that they date from c. 105 during a temporary absence of the legion from Britain. However, Keppie does not support the theory that the legion met its end in Britain. He suggests that the legion may have been withdrawn from York around 117 to take part in the
455:
682:
700:
579:(modern Scotland) in 82–83. According to Tacitus, the legion narrowly escaped destruction when the Caledonians beyond the Forth launched a surprise attack at night on their fort. The Caledonians "burst upon them as they were terrified in their sleep". In desperate hand-to-hand fighting the Caledonians entered the camp, but Agricola was able to send cavalry to relieve the legion. Seeing the relief force, "the men of the Ninth Legion recovered their spirit, and sure of their safety, fought for glory", pushing back the Caledonians. The legion also participated in the decisive
2729:
819:. Both these units are attested as operational well beyond AD 200, so neither could have been the legion destroyed by the Parthians. The theory that the Ninth was the lost legion has the drawback that there is a complete lack of evidence that the Ninth was present in the East in the period 130–160. Some scholars argue that the legion referred to by Dio was the XXII Deiotariana, but if so, the latter could not have been annihilated by the Jews thirty years earlier.
1226:
38:
1638:
823:
Several scholars continue to argue that destruction in
Britain is the most likely scenario for the Ninth's disappearance. Russell argues that "by far the most plausible answer to the question 'what happened to the Ninth' is that they fought and died in Britain, disappearing in the late 110s or early
721:
The
Nijmegen finds, dating to c. 120, were (as of 2015) the latest records of Legion IX found. The Ninth was apparently no longer in existence after 197. Two lists of the legions survive from this era, one inscribed on a column found in Rome (CIL VI 3492) and the other a list of legions in existence
779:
that broke out in 132. It was reported that the Romans suffered heavy casualties in this war, whose start-date fits neatly with the estimated time of IX Hispana's departure from
Nijmegen (120–130). In this scenario, the Ninth may have been dispatched to Judea to reinforce the locally based legions,
766:
Mommsen's thesis was published long before the first traces of IX Hispana were found at
Nijmegen. As a result of these, and of inscriptions proving that two senior officers, who were deputy commanders of the Ninth in c. 120, lived on for several decades to lead distinguished public careers, led to
659:
not long after AD 120. Less clear is whether the whole IX legion was at
Nijmegen or simply a detachment. The evidence for the presence of senior officers such as Macer convinced several scholars that the Ninth Legion as a whole was based there between 121 and 130. It may have been both: first a
708:'The Emperor Caesar, son of the divine Nerva, Nerva Traianus Augustus, Germanicus, Dacicus, pontifex maximus, in his twelfth year of tribunician power, five times acclaimed Imperator, five times consul, father of his country, made this gateway by agency of the Ninth Legion Hispana'
389:
in 58 BC, he inherited four legions, numbered VII, VIII, IX, X, that were already based there. The Ninth (IX) may have been quartered in
Aquileia "to guard against attacks from the Illyrians". Caesar created two more legions (XI and XII), using all six for his attack on the
315:) was that the legion was wiped out in action in northern Britain soon after AD 108, the date of the latest datable inscription of the Ninth found in Britain, perhaps during a rising of northern tribes against Roman rule. This view was popularised by the 1954 novel
742:, "under Hadrian there was a terrible catastrophe here, apparently an attack on the fortress of Eboracum and the annihilation of the legion stationed there, the very same Ninth that had fought so unluckily in the Boudican revolt." He suggested that a revolt of the
784:, normally based in Egypt, is actually documented in Judea at this time and its surviving datable records also cease c. 120. It is possible that both legions were destroyed by the Jews, but if so this would rate as the worst Roman military disaster since the
762:
because, according to one Roman source, "the
Britons could not be kept under Roman control". It is plausible that Hadrian was responding to a military disaster. However, there is no archaeological evidence of it around 120.
734:
legions founded by
Septimius Severus in that year. Both lists provide an identical list of 33 legions. Neither includes a "IX Hispana". It thus appears that IX Hispana disappeared sometime in the period 120–197.
339:, later than the legion's supposed annihilation in Britain. The Nijmegen evidence has led to suggestions that IX Hispana was destroyed in later conflicts of the 2nd century. Suggestions include the
1610:
released in 2019, part of the story includes Legion IX Hispana or as it is nicknamed in it "The IX Men" as one of the main characters is sent to serve in it in
Britain as a punishment after upsetting the
2748:
738:
The traditional theory is that the Ninth was destroyed in a war on Britain's northern frontier against the indigenous Celtic tribes. According to the eminent 19th-century German classicist
1596:
In Robert Kroese's Alternative history "The Iron Dragon" series, the 9th is wiped out when time travellers, escaping the Judean Revolt, drop a malfunctioning proton reactor on them.
2753:
644:("prefect of the camp", i.e. third-in-command) of IX Hispana. (it was commonplace for chief centurions, on completion of their single-year term of office, to be promoted to
556:
from the Germania provinces. When Cerialis returned as governor of Britain ten years later, he took command of the Ninth once more in a successful campaign against the
651:
The archaeological evidence thus appears to indicate that elements of IX Hispana were present at Noviomagus sometime after AD 104 (when the previous incumbent legion,
754:: "Indeed, when your grandfather Hadrian held imperial power, what great numbers of soldiers were killed by the Jews, what great numbers by the Britons". The emperor
664:("British detachment") is also attested at Nijmegen in this period. However, it is unclear whether this detachment was drawn from the IX Hispana (and its attached
1560:
the remains of the IXth, about to be destroyed by the native Britons, find themselves transported to another planet where they will rebuild a Roman civilization.
1651:
767:
the Mommsen theory falling out of favour with many scholars. These now suggest later conflicts in other theatres as possible scenes of IX Hispana's demise:
2758:
828:
at the end of Trajan's reign. Keppie suggests that it was the legion's absence elsewhere that encouraged a native uprising, obliging Hadrian to send the
1288:, one narrative involves a group of Roman soldiers who are survivors of the Legion's destruction, trying to survive in hostile, 2nd-century Cheshire.
409:(48 BC) and in the African campaign of 46 BC. After his final victory, Caesar disbanded the legion and settled the veterans in the area of
2192:
1407:
historical fantasy novel, (1997) the Ninth is destroyed in a battle with the native Britons, from which the hero Gawen escapes to return to Avalon.
1462:
fantasy series (2004–2009) is populated by the descendants of the Ninth Legion and its camp followers, who were transported to the world of Carna.
474:(25–19 BC). The nickname Hispana ("stationed in Hispania") is first found during the reign of Augustus and probably originated at that time.
328:
This theory fell out of favour among modern scholars as successive inscriptions of IX Hispana were found in the site of the legionary base at
1607:
420:
made attempts to recreate the 7th, 8th, and 9th legions, but "it is not clear that any of these survived even to the time of Philippi".
1140:
614:, Netherlands). These include some tile-stamps (dated 104–120); and a silver-plated bronze pendant, found in the 1990s, that was part of a
481:
borderlands that was campaigning against the Germanic tribes. Following the abandonment of the eastern Rhine area (after the disastrous
1185:
1159:
1132:
1106:
1078:
995:
890:
1736:
1671:
509:, because they soon appear amongst the provincial garrison. In AD 50, the Ninth was one of two legions that defeated the forces of
1585:, the ghosts of the members of Legio IX – together with those of people from other periods in York's history – celebrate the
2363:
1222:
The Ninth Legion's mysterious disappearance has made it a popular subject for historical fiction, fantasy and science fiction.
362:(r. AD 193–211), as it is not included in two identical but independent lists of the 33 legions existing in this period.
1783:
1059:
348:
1085:
285:
that existed from the 1st century BC until at least AD 120. The legion fought in various provinces of the late
355:. However, some scholars have ascribed the Nijmegen evidence to a mere detachment of IX Hispana, not the whole legion.
311:
The unknown fate of the legion has been the subject of considerable research and speculation. One theory (per historian
2079:
976:
1603:
web series, the 9th Legion is revealed to have been destroyed by SCP-682 during experiments using the anomaly SCP-067.
1256:, a young Roman officer, Marcus Flavius Aquila, is trying to recover the Eagle standard of his father's legion beyond
2768:
2260:
2233:
2135:
2027:
1879:
1848:
867:
20:
1586:
1166:
705:
The last definite attestation to the Legion is a stone inscription from Eboracum dated 108. The inscription reads:
602:
Several inscriptions attesting IX Hispana have been found in the site of the legionary fortress on the lower
586:
The last attested activity of the Ninth in Britain is during the rebuilding in stone of the legionary fortress at
1577:
470:, established as sole ruler of the Roman world, the legion was sent to Hispania to take part in the large-scale
1181:
1155:
1128:
1102:
1074:
991:
886:
800:
785:
482:
352:
2121:
1020:
616:
780:
but was heavily defeated by Jewish forces and the remnants of the unit disbanded. However, another legion,
681:
590:(Eboracum) in 108. This is recorded in an inscribed stone tablet discovered in 1864, now displayed in the
2423:
2203:
804:
799:, a Parthian army led by the general Chosroes surrounded and annihilated an unspecified Roman legion in
548:(61), when most of the foot-soldiers were killed in a disastrous attempt to relieve the besieged city of
2458:
2356:
2271:
1467:
928:
808:
541:
247:
1807:
Hodgson, N. (2021). "The End of the Ninth Legion, War in Britain and the Building of Hadrian's Wall".
1418:, an archaeologist believes he has found the remains of a fort that housed the Ninth Legion in remote
2413:
2393:
498:
486:
375:
298:
209:
699:
2698:
2463:
1493:
1435:
957:
454:
417:
370:
The origin of the legion is uncertain, but a 9th legion seems to have participated in the siege of
2718:
2493:
880:
747:
656:
580:
358:
In any event, it is clear that the IX Hispana did not exist during the reign of the emperor
219:
2320:
2248:
1520:
follows the destiny of the Ninth Legion, as seen from the perspective of centurion Quintus Dias.
632:, Germany), erected in fulfillment of a vow, by Lucius Latinius Macer, who describes himself as
2763:
2708:
2668:
1871:
1865:
1614:
1572:
1252:
1002:
781:
776:
572:
560:
in 71–72, to subdue north-central Britain. Around this time they constructed a new fortress at
317:
252:
121:
1710:
1553:" features the remnants of the Ninth Legion, which was wiped out by an extradimensional being.
1540:
written by Brian Young also subscribes to the theory that the Legion was destroyed in Britain.
746:
soon after 108 was the most likely explanation. Mommsen cited as evidence the Roman historian
458:
Memorial to Lucius Duccius Rufinus, a standard bearer of the Ninth Legion (LEG VIIII), in the
2713:
2533:
2508:
2349:
2307:
1656:
1564:
1525:
1398:
1113:
655:, was transferred to the Danube) and that IX was probably replaced by a detachment of legion
537:
2658:
1666:
1368:
1333:
recounts the destruction of the Ninth Hispania by an attack by combined tribes in Scotland.
1315:
1036:
816:
758:(r. 117–138) visited Britain in person around AD 122, when he launched the construction of
640:
1432:
accounts for the disappearance of the Legion by transporting it to an alternative reality.
1024:
8:
2663:
2643:
2543:
2503:
2403:
1643:
1550:
1357:
812:
449:
406:
282:
2102:
Keppie, Lawrence. "The fate of the Ninth Legion: A problem for the Eastern Provinces?".
620:(military medal), with "LEG HISP IX" inscribed on the reverse. In addition, an altar to
2693:
2608:
2568:
2528:
2448:
1920:
1912:
1308:
1292:
1272:
2673:
2648:
2623:
2618:
2598:
2583:
2553:
2523:
2513:
2498:
2488:
2473:
2443:
2428:
2398:
2388:
2256:
2229:
2131:
2075:
2023:
1924:
1875:
1844:
1779:
1621:
XII, includes descendants of Legion IX Hispana being present on a planet occupied by
1284:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1096:
919:
772:
759:
359:
340:
158:
2653:
2638:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2538:
2518:
2483:
2468:
2453:
2438:
2433:
2383:
1904:
1816:
1676:
1516:
1411:
1300:
1264:
1230:
872:
829:
825:
711:
591:
518:
459:
437:
2172:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. pp. 231, 234, 238, 269–271 ff, 274 ff, 276 ff.
1737:"The fate of the Ninth: The curious disappearance of the VIIII Legio Hispana"
2703:
2558:
2548:
2478:
2418:
1504:
1488:
1349:
1341:
1330:
1007:
944:
751:
739:
471:
425:
344:
312:
214:
203:
811:. At this time, there were two legions permanently stationed in Cappadocia, the
2628:
2225:
2199:
2117:
1600:
1590:
1403:
1234:
898:
836:
652:
522:
514:
506:
386:
286:
89:
71:
2287:
1820:
1307:), the survivors of the Ninth flee underground where they interbreed with the
2742:
2563:
2408:
1618:
1337:
1304:
909:
835:
The fate of the Ninth remains the subject of vigorous debate among scholars.
552:(Colchester). Only the cavalry escaped. The legion was later reinforced with
382:
371:
242:
142:
2055:
Russell, Miles (May 2011). "What Happened to Britain's Lost Roman Legion?".
293:. The nickname "Hispana" was gained when it was stationed in Hispania under
2372:
1472:
1425:
1380:
1379:
the Ninth Hispana founded a city called Novum Eboracum ("New York") in the
792:
634:
424:
later recalled the veterans of the Ninth to fight against the rebellion of
290:
278:
85:
75:
1617:
and Matthew Joseph Harringtons story Aquila Advenio from 2009, printed in
2683:
1895:
Wright, R.P. (1978). "Tile-Stamps of the Ninth Legion found in Britain".
1776:
The Fate of the Ninth: The curious disappearance of one of Rome's legions
1458:
1453:
1447:
1391:
1279:
796:
723:
603:
549:
433:
402:
395:
197:
1344:" historical fantasy series, (1988–1991) the Ninth have been trapped in
2678:
1545:
1508:
1372:
730:
LV.23–24). Both these lists date from after 197, as both include the 3
1916:
2688:
2127:
1047:
743:
576:
557:
553:
530:
510:
477:
After this, the legion was probably part of the imperial army in the
428:
in Sicily. After defeating Sextus, they were sent to the province of
322:
1479:
includes a song "The IXth Legion" about the legion's fight with the
1237:, it "is not a legionary eagle but has been immortalized as such by
432:. The Ninth remained with Octavian in his war of 31 BC against
2633:
1908:
1476:
1419:
1225:
688:
611:
565:
526:
502:
467:
421:
391:
332:(Netherlands), suggesting the Ninth may have been based there from
329:
294:
270:
154:
138:
133:
51:
37:
325:(modern-day Scotland), after which it was "never heard of again".
2292:
914:
839:
noted that "further evidence is needed before more can be said".
791:
The emperor Marcus Aurelius' Parthian War (161–166) against King
755:
665:
545:
429:
410:
43:
2341:
2749:
Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC
1661:
1233:, the Roman eagle that inspired Sutcliff's novel. According to
629:
621:
1697:
Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
1480:
1345:
1031:
478:
2126:(Third, extensively revised ed.). London and New York:
1867:
Colonisation and veteran Settlement in Italy, 47–14 BCE
1778:. Bocca della Verità Publishing / Kindle Direct Publishing.
803:. This led to the suicide of its commander, the governor of
1622:
1582:
722:"today" provided by the contemporary Greco-Roman historian
671:
587:
561:
301:. The legion disappears from surviving Roman records after
184:
2022:(4th ed.). Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. p. 25.
1699:. Halbband XXIV. Vol. Band XII. cols. 1664–1670.
1446:) depicts the Ninth Legion as being part of the legend of
19:"9th Legion" redirects here. For the Polish regiment, see
1969:
1967:
660:
detachment, later followed by the rest of the legion: a
443:
63:
Before 58 BC to sometime in the AD 2nd century
668:) alone, or from a mix of various British-based units.
513:. Around the same year, the legion constructed a fort,
308:
and there is no extant account of what happened to it.
1964:
42:
Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor
1841:
The Making of the Roman Army, from Republic to Empire
497:
In AD 43, the legion most likely participated in the
46:, showing the IX Hispana's last attested location at
2754:
Military units and factions of the Bar Kokhba revolt
1974:
Willems & Enckevort (2009). "Ulpia Noviomagus".
1940:
Tacitus – Agricola, Germany, and dialogue on orators
1633:
401:
The Caesarian Ninth Legion fought in the battles of
568:), as shown by finds of tile-stamps from the site.
597:
2104:Legions and Veterans: Roman Army papers 1971–2000
1499:In Stephen Lorne Bennett's 2010 historical novel
1217:
687:A stamp of the Ninth legion from the fortress at
492:
321:in which the legion is said to have marched into
2740:
1973:
1209:annorum (...) Pisoni filius posuit (...). Leon (
416:Following Caesar's assassination, Caesar's ally
1870:. London, UK: British School at Rome. pp.
1843:. London, UK: Batsford. pp. 68, 133, 208.
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
750:, writing in the AD 160s, who told the emperor
624:, dating from this period, was found at nearby
444:Imperial Roman army (30 BC – AD 130?)
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2357:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1608:Horrible Histories: The Movie - Rotten Romans
365:
2072:Bloodline: The Celtic Kings of Roman Britain
2017:
1758:
1753:Campbell (2018) – expanded paperback version
1721:
1141:Lucius Novius Crispinus Martialis Saturninus
466:With Octavian, whom the Senate later titled
297:. It was stationed in Britain following the
2144:
1800:
1746:. Vol. IV, no. 5. pp. 48–53.
536:The Ninth suffered a serious defeat at the
2759:Missing person cases in the United Kingdom
2364:
2350:
1857:
1827:
1694:
1193:
36:
1688:
2318:
1773:
1734:
1672:Structural history of the Roman military
1224:
672:Theories about the Ninth's disappearance
453:
2219:
2069:
2054:
1937:
1806:
1795:Campbell (2010) – free magazine article
1589:in 1953 and raise aloft their legion's
2741:
2167:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2050:
2048:
1894:
1863:
1838:
1348:and are released by the protagonists (
2345:
2123:Britannia: A History of Roman Britain
2116:
1695:Ritterling, E. (1925). "Legio (64)".
1503:the Ninth Legion is destroyed by the
1383:, surviving until at least the 1930s.
1060:Lucius Roscius Aelianus Maecius Celer
795:. According to Greco-Roman historian
485:in AD 9), the Ninth was relocated in
2018:Breeze, D. & Dobson, B. (2000).
1086:Lucius Burbuleius Optatus Ligarianus
2088:
2045:
1711:"Legio VIIII Hispana - Livius"
1386:A full-cast radio dramatization of
13:
2321:"Experiment Log T-98816-OC108/682"
2101:
1558:Lost Legio IX: The Karus Saga
1556:In Marc Alan Edelheit's 2017 book
977:Lucius Aninius Sextius Florentinus
525:they put down the first revolt of
14:
2780:
2371:
2337:
1942:. Hackett Publishing. p. 42.
868:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio
2727:
2306:Named in episode 4 of season 1,
1636:
1587:Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II
1167:Quintus Camurius Numisius Junior
842:
788:(AD 9) when 3 legions were lost.
698:
680:
472:campaign against the Cantabrians
2312:
2300:
2280:
2265:
2242:
2222:Doc Savage: The Forgotten Realm
2213:
2185:
2176:
2110:
2063:
2036:
2011:
1999:
1986:
1955:
1946:
1578:Behind the Scenes at the Museum
598:Germania Inferior (108? – 130?)
366:Republican army (to 30 BC)
2074:. Amberley. pp. 180–185.
1931:
1888:
1703:
1652:List of people who disappeared
1218:In fiction and popular culture
786:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
493:Britain (AD 43 – at least 108)
483:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
436:and fought by his side in the
21:9th Legions' Infantry Regiment
1:
2006:Scriptores Historiae Augustae
1682:
333:
302:
162:
146:
125:
108:
1976:Journal of Roman Archaeology
1938:Benario, Herbert W. (2006).
1774:Campbell, Duncan B. (2018).
299:Roman invasion in AD 43
7:
2424:Legio I Macriana liberatrix
1629:
1581:, set in 20th century
1507:under General Chosroes, in
1364:(1991)) to help in battles.
1199:Monumentum / (...) Quirina
10:
2785:
2459:Legio II Flavia Constantia
2288:"Q&A with Jim Butcher"
2170:The Fasti of Roman Britain
2128:Routledge & Kegan Paul
1593:in the new Queen's honour.
1438:'s 2002 historical novel
1325:The 1979 historical novel
929:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
809:Marcus Sedatius Severianus
638:(chief centurion) and as
571:The Ninth participated in
542:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
533:tribe, between 52 and 57.
447:
273:Legion"), also written as
248:Quintus Petillius Cerialis
18:
2725:
2414:Legio I Isaura Sagittaria
2394:Legio I Flavia Constantia
2379:
2319:fairoute (24 June 2021).
2220:Robeson, Kenneth (1993).
1864:Keppie, Lawrence (1983).
1839:Keppie, Lawrence (1984).
1821:10.1017/S0068113X21000015
1250:'s 1954 historical novel
499:Roman invasion of Britain
233:
228:
210:Roman conquest of Britain
190:
180:
172:
117:
104:
96:
81:
67:
59:
35:
30:
2769:Roman legions in Britain
2699:Legio XX Valeria Victrix
2464:Legio II Flavia Virtutis
2168:Birley, Anthony (1981).
1436:Valerio Massimo Manfredi
1267:radio dramatisation of
958:Gaius Caristanius Fronto
2719:Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
2494:Legio II Traiana Fortis
2182:Spain. HEp 9, 1999, 405
2070:Russell, Miles (2010).
1735:Campbell, D.B. (2010).
1297:Legion from the Shadows
1194:Epigraphic inscriptions
748:Marcus Cornelius Fronto
581:Battle of Mons Graupius
521:. Under the command of
220:Battle of Mons Graupius
2709:Legio XXII Deiotariana
2669:Legio XVI Flavia Firma
1531:The Eagle of the Ninth
1388:The Eagle of the Ninth
1320:The Eagle of the Ninth
1295:'s 1976 fantasy novel
1269:The Eagle of the Ninth
1253:The Eagle of the Ninth
1242:
1003:Lucius Duccius Rufinus
775:against the Romans in
726:, writing c. 210–232 (
463:
318:The Eagle of the Ninth
253:Gnaeus Julius Agricola
122:Hispania Tarraconensis
2714:Legio XXII Primigenia
2534:Legio IV Flavia Felix
2509:Legio III Diocletiana
1657:List of Roman legions
1529:is based on the book
1399:Marion Zimmer Bradley
1316:BBC television serial
1228:
1171:tribunus laticlavius
1145:tribunus laticlavius
1118:tribunus laticlavius
1114:Lucius Aemilius Carus
1090:tribunus laticlavius
1064:tribunus laticlavius
662:vexillatio Britannica
538:Battle of Camulodunum
457:
351:(AD 161–166) in
343:(AD 132–135) or
2659:Legio XV Apollinaris
2209:on 13 February 2012.
2057:BBC History Magazine
1667:Limes (Roman Empire)
1538:The Eagle has Fallen
1377:The Forgotten Realm,
1327:Legions of the Mists
1207:legionis IX Hispanae
1037:tribunus laticlavius
773:Second Jewish Revolt
646:praefectus castrorum
641:praefectus castrorum
608:Noviomagus Batavorum
544:in the rebellion of
48:Noviomagus Batavorum
2664:Legio XV Primigenia
2644:Legio XII Fulminata
2544:Legio IV Macedonica
2504:Legio III Cyrenaica
2404:Legio I Illyricorum
1644:Ancient Rome portal
1599:In the lore of the
1551:The Eaters of Light
1358:Alexander the Great
666:auxiliary regiments
501:led by the emperor
450:Imperial Roman army
385:became governor of
349:war against Parthia
283:Imperial Roman army
275:Legio VIIII Hispana
2694:Legio XX Siciliana
2609:Legio VIII Augusta
2569:Legio V Macedonica
2529:Legio III Parthica
2449:Legio II Armeniaca
2274:The Shadowy Horses
2272:Amazon reviews of
2253:Eagle of the ninth
2106:. pp. 247 ff.
1430:Warriors of Alavna
1416:The Shadowy Horses
1309:Worms of the Earth
1293:Karl Edward Wagner
1243:
1124:Germania Inferior
464:
337: AD 120
306: AD 120
2736:
2735:
2674:Legio XVI Gallica
2649:Legio XIII Gemina
2624:Legio X Fretensis
2619:Legio X Equestris
2599:Legio VII Claudia
2584:Legio VI Herculia
2554:Legio IV Scythica
2524:Legio III Italica
2514:Legio III Gallica
2499:Legio III Augusta
2489:Legio II Parthica
2474:Legio II Herculia
2444:Legio II Adiutrix
2429:Legio I Maximiana
2399:Legio I Germanica
2389:Legio I Armeniaca
2059:. pp. 40–45.
1785:978-1-791-76833-1
1563:In the TV series
1501:Last of the Ninth
1390:was broadcast by
1271:was broadcast on
1248:Rosemary Sutcliff
1239:Rosemary Sutcliff
1191:
1190:
1097:Germania Inferior
981:legatus legionis
962:legatus legionis
933:legatus legionis
903:legatus legionis
657:XXX Ulpia Victrix
360:Septimius Severus
341:Bar Kokhba revolt
261:
260:
159:Germania Inferior
129: 13 BC
2776:
2731:
2730:
2654:Legio XIV Gemina
2639:Legio XI Claudia
2614:Legio IX Hispana
2604:Legio VII Gemina
2594:Legio VI Victrix
2589:Legio VI Hispana
2579:Legio VI Ferrata
2574:Legio V Parthica
2539:Legio IV Italica
2519:Legio III Isaura
2484:Legio II Italica
2469:Legio II Gallica
2454:Legio II Augusta
2439:Legio I Parthica
2434:Legio I Minervia
2384:Legio I Adiutrix
2366:
2359:
2352:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2224:(1st ed.).
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2202:. Archived from
2197:
2193:Silchester Eagle
2189:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2142:
2141:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1978:. supp. series.
1971:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1771:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1677:Silchester eagle
1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1440:L'ultima legione
1412:Susanna Kearsley
1301:Robert E. Howard
1231:Silchester eagle
1135:= ILS 1077
873:legatus legionis
847:
846:
830:Legio VI Victrix
782:XXII Deiotariana
712:Yorkshire Museum
709:
702:
684:
592:Yorkshire Museum
460:Yorkshire Museum
438:Battle of Actium
418:Ventidius Bassus
338:
335:
307:
304:
267:Legio IX Hispana
167:
164:
151:
148:
130:
127:
113:
110:
100:Infantry assault
40:
31:Legio IX Hispana
28:
27:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2704:Legio XXI Rapax
2559:Legio V Alaudae
2549:Legio IV Martia
2479:Legio II Isaura
2419:Legio I Italica
2375:
2370:
2340:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2270:
2266:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2166:
2145:
2138:
2130:. p. 124.
2118:Frere, Sheppard
2115:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2082:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1936:
1932:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1837:
1828:
1805:
1801:
1786:
1772:
1759:
1744:Ancient Warfare
1739:
1733:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1523:The 2011 movie
1514:The 2010 movie
1492:based upon the
1489:The Last Legion
1486:The 2007 movie
1465:The 2006 album
1444:The Last Legion
1350:Uther Pendragon
1342:Stones of Power
1331:Amanda Cockrell
1273:Children's Hour
1220:
1196:
1008:standard-bearer
893:= ILS 940
845:
752:Marcus Aurelius
740:Theodor Mommsen
719:
718:
717:
716:
715:
707:
706:
703:
694:
693:
692:
691:in south Wales.
685:
674:
600:
575:'s invasion of
495:
452:
446:
426:Sextus Pompeius
394:initiating the
378:in 90 BC.
368:
345:Marcus Aurelius
336:
313:Theodor Mommsen
305:
264:
257:
235:
224:
215:Boudican revolt
206:(29–19 BC)
204:Cantabrian Wars
200:(58–51 BC)
176:The Lost Legion
165:
152:
149:
137:
131:
128:
111:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2782:
2772:
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2756:
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2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Legio X Gemina
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
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2556:
2551:
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2541:
2536:
2531:
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2521:
2516:
2511:
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2496:
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2476:
2471:
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2456:
2451:
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2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2338:External links
2336:
2334:
2333:
2311:
2299:
2279:
2264:
2241:
2234:
2226:Bantam Spectra
2212:
2200:Reading Museum
2184:
2175:
2143:
2136:
2109:
2087:
2081:978-1848682382
2080:
2062:
2044:
2035:
2028:
2020:Hadrian's Wall
2010:
1998:
1985:
1963:
1954:
1952:AE (1996) 1107
1945:
1930:
1909:10.2307/525953
1887:
1880:
1856:
1849:
1826:
1799:
1797:
1796:
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1659:
1654:
1648:
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1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1612:
1604:
1601:SCP Foundation
1597:
1594:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1541:
1536:The 2013 book
1534:
1521:
1512:
1497:
1484:
1463:
1451:
1433:
1423:
1414:'s 1997 novel
1408:
1404:Lady of Avalon
1395:
1384:
1365:
1334:
1323:
1312:
1289:
1282:'s 1973 novel
1276:
1275:in about 1956.
1261:
1258:Hadrian's Wall
1235:Reading Museum
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1178:
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1110:
1109:
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1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1055:
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1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1005:
999:
998:
988:
985:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
954:
953:
940:
937:
934:
931:
925:
924:
912:
907:
904:
901:
899:Caesius Nasica
895:
894:
883:
878:
875:
870:
864:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
844:
841:
826:war in Parthia
821:
820:
817:XV Apollinaris
789:
760:Hadrian's Wall
704:
697:
696:
695:
686:
679:
678:
677:
676:
675:
673:
670:
599:
596:
529:, king of the
523:Caesius Nasica
515:Lindum Colonia
507:Aulus Plautius
494:
491:
445:
442:
387:Cisalpine Gaul
367:
364:
287:Roman Republic
262:
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
245:
239:
237:
231:
230:
226:
225:
223:
222:
217:
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182:
178:
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174:
170:
169:
119:
115:
114:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
83:
79:
78:
72:Roman Republic
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
54:, Netherlands)
50:on the Rhine (
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2781:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:Roman legions
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
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2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
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2642:
2640:
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2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Legio V Iovia
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
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2527:
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2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
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2510:
2507:
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2502:
2500:
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2442:
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2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:Legio I Iovia
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2373:Roman legions
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2261:1-4084-6776-3
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2235:0-553-29555-1
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2179:
2171:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2137:0-7102-1215-1
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2039:
2031:
2029:0-14-027182-1
2025:
2021:
2014:
2008:Hadrian, 5, 1
2007:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1961:AE (1968) 323
1958:
1949:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1881:0-904152-06-5
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1850:0-7134-3651-4
1846:
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1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1619:Man-Kzin Wars
1616:
1615:Hal Colebatch
1613:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1573:Kate Atkinson
1570:
1568:
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1562:
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1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:African Congo
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1338:David Gemmell
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1305:Bran Mak Morn
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:
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1227:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1187:
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1183:
1179:
1176:
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1168:
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1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
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989:
986:
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978:
975:
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964:
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951:
947:
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927:
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905:
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882:
879:
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874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
848:
843:Known members
840:
838:
833:
831:
827:
818:
814:
813:XII Fulminata
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:
768:
764:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
736:
733:
729:
728:Roman History
725:
713:
701:
690:
683:
669:
667:
663:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
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569:
567:
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423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
388:
384:
383:Julius Caesar
379:
377:
373:
363:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
331:
326:
324:
320:
319:
314:
309:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:Military unit
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
243:Julius Caesar
241:
240:
238:
232:
227:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
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1994:Parthian War
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1900:
1896:
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1840:
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1500:
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1473:Celtic metal
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1426:N. M. Browne
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793:Vologases IV
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291:Roman Empire
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266:
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136:AD 9–43
112: 5,400
86:Roman legion
76:Roman Empire
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2684:Legio XVIII
2042:Dio LXXI. 2
1903:: 379–382.
1459:Codex Alera
1454:Jim Butcher
1448:King Arthur
1422:, Scotland.
1392:BBC Radio 4
1369:Will Murray
1362:Dark Prince
1299:(featuring
1280:Alan Garner
1093:c. 118-122
1052:Divus Titus
1018:Tombstone,
856:Time frame
797:Cassius Dio
724:Dio Cassius
604:Rhine river
554:legionaries
550:Camulodunum
434:Mark Antony
403:Dyrrhachium
396:Gallic wars
374:during the
198:Gallic Wars
191:Engagements
173:Nickname(s)
118:Garrison/HQ
2743:Categories
2679:Legio XVII
2198:(Report).
1815:: 97–118.
1715:livius.org
1683:References
1546:Doctor Who
1511:in 161 AD.
1509:Cappadocia
1471:by German
1373:Doc Savage
1354:Ghost King
1202:Quintillus
1177:Britannia
1160:VIII, 2747
1151:Britannia
1070:Britannia
1044:Britannia
1015:Britannia
987:Britannia
968:Britannia
948:7, 8, 17;
939:Britannia
805:Cappadocia
448:See also:
376:Social War
289:and early
236:commanders
229:Commanders
166: 121
155:Noviomagus
150: 121
2689:Legio XIX
2308:Britannia
1925:162574877
1897:Britannia
1809:Britannia
1575:'s novel
1566:Britannia
1549:episode "
1543:The 2017
1526:The Eagle
1517:Centurion
1505:Parthians
1468:Caledonia
1285:Red Shift
1079:XIV, 3612
1048:Suetonius
971:ILS 9485
965:c. 76–79
942:Tacitus,
923:, XII.40
910:Britannia
859:Province
744:Brigantes
594:in York.
577:Caledonia
558:Brigantes
531:Brigantes
511:Caratacus
430:Macedonia
407:Pharsalus
323:Caledonia
271:Hispanian
181:Mascot(s)
143:Britannia
124: 41–
2634:Legio XI
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1793:see also
1751:see also
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1477:Suidakra
1428:'s 2000
1420:Eyemouth
1394:in 1996.
1371:'s 1993
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1211:Legionem
1186:XI, 5670
1133:VI, 1333
945:Agricola
815:and the
732:Parthica
689:Caerleon
653:X Gemina
612:Nijmegen
573:Agricola
566:Eboracum
527:Venutius
503:Claudius
487:Pannonia
468:Augustus
422:Octavian
392:Helvetii
330:Nijmegen
295:Augustus
277:, was a
168:–133/134
139:Eboracum
134:Pannonia
52:Nijmegen
2326:30 June
2293:YouTube
1992:Fronto
1375:novel,
1174:c. 145
1148:c. 125
1121:c. 123
1107:X, 6006
1012:71-125
996:III, 87
952:XIV.32
950:Annales
920:Annales
915:Tacitus
891:V, 4329
862:Source
801:Armenia
756:Hadrian
714:, York)
617:phalera
546:Boudica
519:Lincoln
411:Picenum
372:Asculum
353:Armenia
281:of the
234:Notable
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1496:novel.
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906:c. 50
881:Africa
877:c. 22
630:Aachen
622:Apollo
540:under
517:, now
462:, York
279:legion
269:("9th
90:Marian
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2196:(PDF)
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1921:S2CID
1913:JSTOR
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1591:Eagle
1481:Picts
1475:band
1346:Limbo
1032:Titus
853:Rank
850:Name
837:Frere
777:Judea
479:Rhine
381:When
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2328:2024
2257:ISBN
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1356:and
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