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List of common false etymologies of English words

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485:: The actual origin of the phrase "the whole nine yards" is a mystery, and nearly all claimed explanations are easily proven false. Incorrect explanations include the length of machine gun belts, the capacity of concrete mixers (in cubic yards), various types of fabric, and many other explanations. All are probably false, since most rely on nine yards when evidence suggests that the phrase began as "the whole six yards". In addition, the phrase appeared in print as early as 1907, while many explanations require a much later date of origin. 396:(north, east, west, and south). However, old spellings of the word varied widely (e.g., newesse, newis, nevis, neus, newys, niewes, newis, nues, etc.). Additionally, an identical term exists in French, "les nouvelles", which translates as the plural of "the new". "News" also does not stand for "notable events, weather, and sports". The word "news" is simply a plural form of 903:
has been claimed to be the original spelling of the savoury dish "Welsh rabbit". Both forms now have currency, though the form with "rabbit" is in fact the original. Furthermore, the word "Welsh" in this context was used in a pejorative sense, meaning "foreign" or "substandard", and does not
243:; nor did it originate during any of these times as a corruption of "Green go home!", falsely said to have been shouted at green-clad American troops, or of "green coats" as a description of their uniforms. The word originally simply meant "foreigner" and is probably a corruption of Spanish 861:) referring to his horse, Nicole—"Il étoit bon pour Nicole" ("It was good enough for Nicole"), or "C'est une pomme pour Nicole" ("It's an apple for Nicole") or "C'est du pain pour Nicole" ("It's bread for Nicole"). Some dictionaries claim a derivation from the German vernacular Pumpern ( 253:: A "sometimes disparaging" term for a "white member of the Southern rural laboring class." Several sources have reported an incorrect origin story for the term as used in this sense: that it was first used to describe striking miners who tied red bandanas around their necks during the 631:: The origin of the slur usage of the word "faggot" (originally referring to a bundle of firewood) may be from the term for women used in a similar way to "baggage", i.e. something heavy to be dealt with. The usage may also have been influenced by the British term " 510:
use. Police Code 420 is "juvenile disturbance", and Penal Code 420 defines the prevention, hindrance, or obstruction of legal "entry, settlement, or residence" on "any tract of public land" as a misdemeanor. Some LA police codes that do relate to
468:
does not refer to cold temperatures causing cannon balls to fall off a brass rack; shot was not stored in that way. An 1857 version of the idiom is "It would freeze the tail off a brass monkey", and probably refers to a common type of tourist
515:
include 10-50 ("under influence of drugs"), 966 ("drug deal"), 11300 ("narcotics"), and 23105 ("driver under narcotics"). The number's association with marijuana originated with a group of students who would meet on the campus of
61:'s surname, nor does his name originate from the word "crap", although the surname may have helped popularize the word. The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who 362:: Some falsely believe that the word coma originates from "cessation of motor activity". Although this describes the condition of coma, this is not the true derivation. The word is actually derived from the 896:
is a result of this misconception. In fact, "till" is the older word; "until" is a compound of "till" and the Old Norse prefix "und-" ("up to", "as far as"), just as "unto" is a compound of that prefix and
419:). A legend persists that the term arises from the acronym P.O.M.E., for "prisoner of Mother England" (or P.O.H.M, "prisoners of His/Her Majesty"), although there is no evidence to support this assertion. 422:
Posh was not an acronym for wealthy British passengers getting "port out, starboard home" cabins on ocean liners to India, in order to get ocean breeze. It probably derives from 19th-century slang for a
475:
is not derived from a medieval constraint on the thickness of an object with which one might beat one's wife. More likely it means that the thumb can be used to measure an approximate
819:, meaning "to fuss about small matters"; alternatively, it may derive from another Germanic root meaning "exact" or "careful". Meanwhile, "nigger", like "Negro", traces back to Latin 1475: 433:
was not an acronym for "random acts of poetry" used as speech-lyrics in contemporary music. The word means "to utter forcefully" and appeared as early as the year 1541.
715:
does not derive from "His story" (that is, a version of the past from which the acts of women and girls are systemically excluded) but from the Greek word ἱστορία,
736:
Isle and island: The word "isle" is not short for "island", nor is the word "island" an extension of "isle"; the words are unrelated. "Isle" comes ultimately from
563:: The word "butterfly" did not originate from "flutterby". It is, as it appears, a compound of "butter" and "fly", first formed in Old English: it comes from the 342:
The use of acronyms to create new words was nearly non-existent in English until the middle of the 20th century. Nearly all older words were formed in other ways.
298: 772:, ate it when she had a headache, and that the name is derived from her maids' whisper of "Marie est malade" (Mary is ill). In fact it is derived from Portuguese 2255: 1530:"Where Does the Term Redneck Come From? A recent trend of attributing it to a 1920s union uprising in Appalachia misses a more complex—and less sunny—history" 829:(in computing): despite claims that the word is a portmanteau of "number used once" or similar, the term actually dates to Middle English and originates from 805:, that in the state of nature, the life of man is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". That work was published in 1651, whereas Nast was born in 1840. 439:
Swag is not an acronym for "stuff we all get," "secretly we are gay," or anything else. It comes from early-19th-century slang for a thief's booty or loot.
315:"wog", for a foreigner or person of colour, is sometimes believed to be an acronym for "wily Oriental gentleman". It is more likely to be a shortening of " 294: 1682: 293:" (in reference to minority races in the United States); nor as an acronym for "Spanish, Polish, Italian, and Chinese", falsely said to have been used by 2995: 1493: 951:, the word for "person", eventually came to be used for adult human males specifically. Both "wer" and "wyf" may be used to qualify "man", as in this 17: 2051: 2410: 2614: 780:
jam, and then expanded from quince jam to other fruit preserves. It is found in English-language sources written before Mary was even born.
445:
is not derived from the phrase "to insure promptness" (prompt service). The word originated in the 17th century and is of uncertain origin.
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Middle English: from then anes 'the one (purpose') (from then, obsolete oblique form of the + ane 'one' + -s), altered by wrong division
1813: 1129: 1611: 161:: The word "shit" did not originate as an acronym for "Ship High in Transit", a label falsely said to have been used on shipments of 2354: 129:
was not spoken until the 16th century, and words such as "fornication" and "consent" did not exist in any form in English until the
385:: did not originate as an acronym of "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden". The word's true origin is unknown, but it existed in the 3227: 1584: 130: 114: 286: 983:
meaning "coward". The word does not exist in the Cherokee language. It also does not come from a native tribe called the
1529: 1908: 1002: 1594: 85:: The word "fuck" did not originate as an acronym of "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", either as a sign posted above 2265: 416: 193:: In the United States, the use of "cracker" as a pejorative term for a white person does not come from the use of 2484: 1736: 2999: 1668: 212: 201:. The term comes from an old sense of "boaster" or "braggart"; alternatively, it may come from "corn-cracker". 329:) is not an acronym for "without passport" or "working off passage". It is a corruption of dialectal Italian 282: 274: 263: 910:
is not short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity,' although it was likely co-opting the similar phrase of the time,
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meaning "invincible". No tribe has existed under that name. The word actually probably has Dutch origins.
531: 349:: Not an acronym for "British Regiment Attached Traveller". This is just a specific instance of the word 3232: 3222: 3217: 32: 3126: 3113: 3077: 3041: 1494:"Do You Know Where the Word "Redneck" Comes From? Mine Wars Museum Opens, Revives Lost Labor History" 676: 1511: 680: 254: 232: 208: 613:: These pictographic characters are often mistakenly believed to be a simplified form of the word 3046: 2622: 801: 725:: often wrongly believed to have the original meaning of "not knowing", as if it came from Latin 177: 152: 534:, meaning indomitable. There was a further confusion about whether the substance referred to is 3212: 2704: 1871: 811:: The word "niggardly", meaning stingy or miserly, is not actually related to the racial slur " 517: 495: 1898: 917:
Woman does not originate from "woven from man", nor from "womb". It came from the Old English
795:, or "dirty". It predates Nast by several centuries, appearing in the most famous sentence of 581:: This pejorative UK term for a person of low social class or graces does not originate from " 415:
term for a person of British descent or origin. The exact origins of the term remain obscure (
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as a reference to his biting, vitriolic cartoons. The word may be related to the Dutch word
769: 550: 198: 190: 98: 1619: 207:: The word "gringo" (a pejorative term for a white American) did not originate during the 8: 2362: 826: 408: 393: 102: 2329: 3207: 3159: 2436: 1547: 1189: 933: 923: 554: 512: 404: 236: 216: 2586: 947: 86: 2953: 2863: 2644: 2506: 1904: 1664: 1590: 1457: 220: 148: 3163: 3089: 2882: 133:
in the late 12th century. The earliest recorded use of "fuck" in English comes from
3149: 3141: 2855: 2670: 1952: 1759: 1415: 1332: 1160: 1047: 666: 618: 604: 482: 290: 2926: 2750: 2286: 2184: 1995: 2131: 1878:. Australian National University, School of Literature, Languages and Linguistics 1787: 1360: 1279: 594: 94: 41: 2098: 1973: 1387: 1252: 1076: 892:
Till is not an abbreviation of "until", though the increasingly common spelling
2843: 2726: 2461: 2233: 2024: 1022: 691: 670: 628: 600: 564: 442: 363: 126: 69: 58: 54: 3145: 3201: 2867: 2206: 900: 843:", a phrase falsely claimed to have been used by white families at community 796: 607:
menial workers, but rather for its forked end, which resembles a crow's foot.
590: 582: 503: 472: 346: 106: 942: 2384: 854: 830: 706: 386: 2859: 2789: 1476:"'Rednecks For Black Lives' Urges Southerners To Fight For Racial Justice" 815:", despite the similar sound. Like "niggle", it may derive from Old Norse 297:
in the 1940s, 1950s, or 1960s to categorize citizenship applications. The
3178: 2807: 2771: 2567: 952: 788: 744: 499: 312: 170: 122: 3060: 2790:"niggard - Origin and meaning of niggard by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2549: 2112: 1224: 635:", meaning a younger schoolboy who acts as an older schoolboy's servant. 3021: 2887: 2591: 2511: 2291: 2136: 2000: 1844: 1764: 1709: 1337: 1194: 1165: 1052: 684: 586: 139: 3154: 2808:"nigger - Origin and meaning of nigger by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2772:"niggle - Origin and meaning of niggle by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2568:"faggot - Origin and meaning of faggot by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2159: 1925: 1565: 701:, originates in an assumption that the second syllable was originally 553:
as "bucks" (male deer) when trading. "Buck" was originally short for "
353:, meaning child or offspring, first attested in 16th century Scotland. 1305: 808: 765: 750:, also meaning "island", or technically "island land" (cf. Icelandic 722: 560: 539: 507: 302: 3061:"until - Origin and meaning of until by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2844:"Using encryption for authentication in large networks of computers" 2113:"thumb - Origin and meaning of thumb by Online Etymology Dictionary" 879:("true, genuine"), which combines roots meaning "single" and "grow". 839:: The word "picnic" did not originate as an abbreviation of "pick a 625:
is a Japanese term composed from "e" (image) and "moji" (character).
2260: 938: 858: 844: 614: 326: 316: 301:
claims that the word is derived from "spiggoty", possibly from the
278: 194: 3022:"till - Origin and meaning of till by Online Etymology Dictionary" 392:
News: The word news has been claimed to be an acronym of the four
165:
to prevent them from becoming waterlogged and releasing explosive
868: 712: 687: 632: 535: 523: 430: 250: 227:
1865–1899) as a corruption of the lyrics "green grow" in either "
166: 118: 110: 62: 2385:"Origin and meaning of butterfly by Online Etymology Dictionary" 2256:"What 420 Means: The True Story Behind Stoners' Favorite Number" 1566:"wog - Origin and meaning of wog by Online Etymology Dictionary" 267:
attests to uses in the relevant sense at least as early as 1830.
3090:"WiFi definition and meaning | Washington Technology Solutions" 976: 857:
is said to have been given the name by a French man (sometimes
840: 836: 812: 777: 698: 546: 530:, meaning to love to excess. It is in fact derived from Greek 240: 204: 162: 90: 2058:. Naval Heritage and History Command - US Navy. 23 August 2017 694:, in which forfeits were placed in a cap to equalize the game. 911: 907: 847:
in the 19th century. "Picnic" comes from 17th-century French
737: 669:
did not derive its name from the fictional Filipino inventor
610: 424: 76: 65: 400:, and is attested in this sense from the early 15th century. 109:" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a 2355:"Definition of butterfly in English by Oxford Dictionaries" 882: 862: 578: 476: 382: 359: 270: 258: 158: 82: 2485:"Everything you ever wanted to know about the word 'chav'" 1872:"Meanings and origins of Australian words and idioms - P" 1683:"'Military Brat:' Do You Know Where The Term Comes From?" 322: 308: 155:
roots, and has cognates in many other Germanic languages.
593:
And Violent". It comes from a word meaning "boy" in the
2842:
Needham, Roger M.; Schroeder, Michael D. (1978-12-01).
2231: 638:
Female and male: the terms have different etymologies.
945:, and also the first element in "werwolf", man-wolf). 865:) and "Nick" (demon or devil), though others disagree. 758:
with an S, however, is indeed due to the influence of
697:
Hiccough, an alternate spelling still encountered for
427:
and was originally an underworld slang term for money.
3179:"Yankee | Etymology of the name Yankee by etymonline" 3127:"Mann and Gender in Old English Prose: A Pilot Study" 2912:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
549:" did not originate from a practice of referring to 2330:"The American Heritage Dictionary entry: butterfly" 743:, meaning "island"; "island" comes ultimately from 2751:"German Myth 3 – Thomas Nast and the word 'nasty'" 2880: 2584: 2129: 1993: 1757: 1330: 1187: 1158: 571:, which in turn comes from the Old English word 3199: 3038: 2841: 1020: 931:("human being"). Adult human males were called 733:(to harm), and the primary sense is "harmless". 101:; nor did it originate during the 15th-century 2924: 2515:. Urban Legends Reference Pages. July 12, 2007 2295:. Urban Legends Reference Pages. July 12, 2007 2022: 1923: 1842: 1707: 1586:Word Myths: Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends 1413: 1385: 1250: 1222: 1074: 1582: 1056:. Urban Legends Reference Pages. May 31, 2011 679:: The word "handicap" did not originate as a 603:: A "crowbar" is not so named for its use by 53:Crap: The word "crap" did not originate as a 683:corruption of "cap in hand" in reference to 151:meaning "they fuck"). The word derived from 1609: 998:List of common English usage misconceptions 914:, referring to High Fidelity audio systems. 904:indicate that the dish originated in Wales. 690:. The word originally referred to the game 325:: The word "wop" (a pejorative term for an 277:) did not originate as an abbreviation of " 273:: The word "spic" (a pejorative term for a 979:does not originate from the Cherokee word 526:is often believed to have come from Latin 3153: 2818: 2437:"The Romani origin of the British 'chav'" 1896: 1218: 1216: 1214: 3168:, translation from this CC-BY 4.0 source 2996:"What is the origin of the word 'snob'?" 2703:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from 2621:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from 2160:"Radio Codes & Signals – California" 1903:. Oxford University Press. p. 338. 1820:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from 1136:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from 68:. The word "crap" ultimately comes from 2482: 2434: 14: 3200: 1758:Barbara Mikkelson (October 10, 2006). 1310:Webster's New World College Dictionary 1211: 1003:List of common misconceptions#Language 40:This is a list of common contemporary 3124: 2408: 2091: 1680: 498:did not originate as the Los Angeles 2881:Barbara Mikkelson (March 18, 2008). 2462:"Why is 'chav' still controversial?" 966:(then at the beginning, God created 787:was not derived from the surname of 768:: there is an apocryphal story that 589:Average", nor is it an acronym for " 2585:Barbara Mikkelson (June 16, 2011). 2409:Howse, Christopher (17 July 2008). 2213:. RadioLabs International Inc. 2010 2185:"California Penal Code Section 420" 2130:Barbara Mikkelson (June 13, 2008). 1108:Dictionary of American Family Names 557:", as buckskins were used in trade. 24: 2435:Tréguer, Pascal (3 October 2017). 2411:"Calling people chavs is criminal" 1994:Barbara Mikkelson (May 30, 2010). 1331:Barbara Mikkelson (July 8, 2007). 1188:Barbara Mikkelson (July 9, 2007). 1159:Barbara Mikkelson (July 8, 2007). 25: 3244: 3125:Rauer, Christine (January 2017). 3112:(full or condensed, not concise) 2828:. Oxford University Press. 2021. 2483:Bennett, Dr Joe (19 April 2012). 2099:"World Wide Words: Rule of thumb" 1900:Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins 729:(to know); in fact it comes from 545:Buck: The use of "buck" to mean " 115:Christianized Anglo-Saxon England 113:). The word did not originate in 35:is not intended to be exhaustive. 3045:. Vol. XIX (2nd ed.). 2232:Alfred F. Matthews, Jr. (2009). 2164:National Communications Magazine 1681:Lange, Katie (August 10, 2024). 1610:Dave Wilton (24 February 2007). 417:see here for further information 197:by whites against slaves in the 18:List of common false etymologies 3171: 3118: 3106: 3082: 3071: 3053: 3032: 3014: 2988: 2967: 2946: 2918: 2903: 2891:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 2874: 2835: 2800: 2782: 2764: 2743: 2719: 2689: 2663: 2637: 2607: 2595:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 2578: 2560: 2542: 2527: 2499: 2476: 2454: 2428: 2402: 2377: 2347: 2322: 2307: 2279: 2248: 2225: 2199: 2177: 2152: 2140:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 2123: 2105: 2070: 2044: 2016: 2004:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 1987: 1966: 1945: 1917: 1890: 1864: 1836: 1806: 1780: 1768:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 1751: 1729: 1701: 1674: 1649: 1634: 1603: 1576: 1558: 1540: 1522: 1504: 1486: 1468: 1450: 1435: 1407: 1379: 1353: 1341:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 1324: 1298: 1272: 1199:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 1169:. Urban Legends Reference Pages 1110:. Oxford University Press. 2003 968:two human beings, man and woman 921:("woman human"), a compound of 851:, which is of uncertain origin. 654:originates from Medieval Latin 184: 3228:Lists of common misconceptions 2207:"Police 10/11 and Penal Codes" 1897:Cresswell, Julia, ed. (2010). 1244: 1181: 1152: 1122: 1096: 1068: 1040: 1014: 885:does not originate from Latin 871:does not originate from Latin 305:phrase "No speak the English". 213:Venezuelan War of Independence 13: 1: 2975:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2826:Oxford Dictionary of English 2727:"World Wide Words: Marmalade" 2359:Oxford Dictionaries | English 1974:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 1008: 264:The Oxford English Dictionary 224: 134: 2677:. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011 2651:. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011 2264:. 2014-01-30. Archived from 2234:"Police Scanner 10 Codes..." 1794:. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011 1367:. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011 1286:. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011 646:, a shortened form of Latin 621:of "emotion icon". However, 299:American Heritage Dictionary 47: 7: 2932:Online Etymology Dictionary 2078:"Oxford English Dictionary" 2030:Online Etymology Dictionary 1931:Online Etymology Dictionary 1850:Online Etymology Dictionary 1715:Online Etymology Dictionary 1661:English Vocabulary Elements 1589:. Oxford University Press. 1421:Online Etymology Dictionary 1393:Online Etymology Dictionary 1258:Online Etymology Dictionary 1230:Online Etymology Dictionary 1082:Online Etymology Dictionary 991: 642:originates from Old French 436:Shit: see under "Profanity" 337: 10: 3249: 2101:. Quinion.com. 1999-11-13. 1689:. US Department of Defense 875:("without wax"), but from 295:U.S. immigration officials 281:"; nor as an acronym for " 105:as a corruption of "pluck 3146:10.1007/s11061-016-9489-1 3114:Oxford English Dictionary 3078:Oxford English Dictionary 3042:Oxford English Dictionary 2914:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. 2848:Communications of the ACM 2538:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. 2318:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. 1739:. Collins Dictionary. n.d 1645:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. 1554:. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. 960:God gesceop ða æt fruman 927:("woman" – cf. "wife") + 833:"then anes" ("the one "). 754:"island"). The spelling 459: 356:"Chav": see under "Other" 131:influence of Anglo-Norman 1955:. snopes.com. 2014-09-17 1021:Michael Quinion (2011). 489: 455:see under "Ethnic slurs" 255:Battle of Blair Mountain 233:Green Grow the Rushes, O 125:Under Consent of King"; 3047:Oxford University Press 2925:Douglas Harper (2010). 2487:. Birmingham University 2464:. BBC News. 3 June 2011 2023:Douglas Harper (2010). 1924:Douglas Harper (2010). 1843:Douglas Harper (2010). 1708:Douglas Harper (2010). 1414:Douglas Harper (2010). 1386:Douglas Harper (2010). 1312:. John Wiley & Sons 1251:Douglas Harper (2010). 1223:Douglas Harper (2010). 1075:Douglas Harper (2010). 962:twegen men, wer and wif 219:(1910–1920), or in the 97:against members of the 1583:Wilton, David (2008). 973: 705:. The word is in fact 518:San Rafael High School 169:. The word comes from 143:, where it is spelled 2860:10.1145/359657.359659 2365:on September 25, 2016 1512:"redneck, n. and adj" 958: 889:("without nobility"). 413:South African English 379:see under "Profanity" 229:Green Grow the Lilacs 3049:. 1989. p. 234. 3002:on December 19, 2012 2056:www.history.navy.mil 1876:slll.cass.anu.edu.au 1225:"Ingenious Trifling" 770:Mary, Queen of Scots 719:, meaning "inquiry." 520:at 4:20 pm to smoke. 466:Brass monkey weather 209:Mexican–American War 199:Atlantic slave trade 147:(conjugated as if a 99:British Armed Forces 2625:on October 13, 2005 2415:The Daily Telegraph 1953:"Etymology of Swag" 1536:. 11 December 2019. 1462:merriam-webster.com 1140:on October 21, 2005 409:New Zealand English 403:Pom or pommy is an 394:cardinal directions 103:Battle of Agincourt 57:of British plumber 44:for English words. 3183:www.etymonline.com 2287:"Passing the Buck" 2187:. January 15, 2011 1622:on 12 October 2007 823:, meaning "black". 658:, a diminutive of 405:Australian English 217:Mexican Revolution 137:1475, in the poem 3233:Pseudolinguistics 3223:English etymology 3218:Linguistics lists 1737:"Coma Definition" 1655:Keith M. Denning 237:American soldiers 221:American Old West 215:(1811–1823), the 211:(1846–1848), the 42:false etymologies 16:(Redirected from 3240: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3175: 3169: 3167: 3157: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3009: 3007: 2998:. Archived from 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2982: 2977:. 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Index

List of common false etymologies
incomplete list
false etymologies
back-formation
Thomas Crapper
harvested
crops
Medieval Latin
chaff
Fuck
adulterers
stocks
criminal charge
British Armed Forces
Battle of Agincourt
yew
longbow
Christianized Anglo-Saxon England
acronym
Fornication
Modern English
influence of Anglo-Norman
Flen flyys
Latin verb
Proto-Germanic
Shit
manure
methane gas
Old English
Proto-Germanic

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