616:, one of Mathews' officers. Mathews was part of an Anglo-Zanzibari expedition sent to quell it, which consisted of 310 British sailors, 50 Royal Marines, 54 Sudanese and 164 Zanzibari troops. Konjoro was destroyed and the leaders fled to Gazi where the older Mbaruk failed to turn them over. Another force, under Admiral Rawson, with 400 British marines and sailors, was sent after them. This further expedition failed to capture the ringleaders and a third expedition was organised by Rawson with 220 sailors, 80 marines, 60 Sudanese and 50 Zanzibaris, which destroyed Mwele. During the latter action Mathews was wounded in the shoulder.
461:
364:
632:(IBEA) Indian police, 200 Zanzibari and 50 Sudanese troops were sent, defeating the Sultan and establishing a British protectorate. The IBEA was given control of the area and established a force of 250 Indian police to maintain the peace. The police were withdrawn in July 1893 following threats of violence from the new Sultan of Witu, Oman, and another expedition was dispatched to the region. This consisted of three warships:
403:
33:
657:
but the
Sudanese and Zanzibari troops remained. A further expedition was sent of 140 sailors and 85 other troops but Oman died soon after and a more pliable sultan, Omar bin Hamid, was appointed to govern on behalf of Zanzibar, bringing the affair to a close. In return for this action, Mathews received the British
656:
Mathews and an escort force went to Witu where, on 31 July, they removed the flag of the IBEA company and replaced it with the red flag of
Zanzibar, before destroying several villages and causing Oman to retreat into the forests. The British troops then withdrew, having suffered heavily from malaria,
451:
Further territories were ceded to the German East Africa
Company in 1888 but unrest amongst the locals against them prevented them from taking control and Mathews was dispatched with 100 men to restore order. Finding around 8,000 people gathered against the German administrators Mathews was forced to
431:
captained by Hindi bin Hattam. This dhow had around 100 slaves on board and was transporting them between Pemba and
Zanzibar. Captain Brownrigg led a boarding party to release the slaves but bin Hattam's men then attacked the sailors, killing Brownrigg and his party before sailing away. Mathews led a
198:
to the
Zanzibar government, a position in which he was "irremovable by the sultan". During this time Mathews was a keen abolitionist and promoted this cause to the Sultans he worked with. This resulted in the prohibiting of the slave trade in Zanzibar's dominions in 1890 and the abolition of slavery
398:
but his men refused to march inland and, when made to do so, deserted in large numbers. The expedition ended instead at
Mamboya where a 60-man garrison was established. This had been reduced to a mere handful of men by the mid-1880s but the expedition proved that the Sultan was serious about
529:
Despite becoming renowned in East Africa as a man who ran a fair administration and was strict with criminals, unhappiness with effective
British rule and his halting of the slave trade led some Arabs to petition the Sultan for his removal in 1892. In 1893, Mathews purchased the island of
563:
attempted to take control of the palace in
Zanzibar Town upon the death of his uncle in August 1896, despite failing to gain the consent of the British consul there. Mathews opposed this succession and, with British agreement, called up 900 soldiers in an attempt to prevent it.
186:
in order to form a
European-style army; he would remain in the employment of the government of Zanzibar for the rest of his life. His army quickly reached 6,300 men and was used in several expeditions to suppress the slave trade and rebellions against the Zanzibar government.
507:
to accept and wear on 17 May 1886. Mathews used his position to suppress slavery in the country and in 1889 convinced the Sultan to issue a decree purchasing the freedom of all slaves who had taken refuge in his dominions and, from 1890, the prohibiting the slave trade.
439:
Mathews returned to the
African mainland territories once more in 1884 when he landed with a force which intended to establish further garrisons there to dissuade German territorial claims. This attempt ultimately failed when five German warships steamed into
203:
of 1896 which erupted out of an attempt to bypass the requirement that new Sultans must be vetted by the British consul. During his time as first minister Mathews continued to be involved with the military and was part of two large campaigns, one to
599:
In addition to the smaller-scale expeditions described earlier, Mathews embarked on two much larger expeditions to the African mainland during his tenure as first minister, the first at Mwele. The initial rebellion in the area had been led by
339:
In addition, Mathews employed some unorthodox recruitment methods such as purchasing slaves from their masters, using inmates from the prison and recruiting from Africans rescued from the slavers. In June 1877, at the instigation of
351:
for the troops consisting of a red cap, short black jackets and white trousers for the enlisted ranks and dark blue frock coats and trousers with gold and silver lace for the Arab officers. The latter was possibly modelled on the
496:). Mathews was also known as the "Strong man of Zanzibar". The principal departments of government were mostly run by Britons or British Indians and Mathews' approval was required before they could be removed from office.
266:, was the daughter of William Penfold and Sarah Gilbert. Her sister, Augusta Jane Robley (née Penfold), was the author of a book about the flora and fauna of Madeira, which is now in the Natural History Museum. His sister,
199:
in 1897. Mathews was appointed the British Consul-General for East Africa in 1891 but declined to take up the position, remaining in Zanzibar instead. Mathews and his troops also played a key role in the ending of the
399:
maintaining control of all of his possessions. Mathews' men were also involved in several expeditions to halt the land-based slave trade which had developed once the seas became too heavily policed for the traders.
582:, as Khalid's successor. Mathews continued his reforms after the war, abolishing slavery in 1897 and establishing new farms to grow produce using Western techniques. He was appointed a member of the
452:
return with his men to Zanzibar. He landed once again with more troops but found himself subject to death threats and that his troops would not obey his orders and so returned again to Zanzibar.
427:
This vessel and her crew made several patrols aimed at hindering the slave trade using smaller steam boats for the actual pursuits and captures. On 3 December 1881 they caught up with a slave
624:
Following the death of a German logger who had been operating illegally, the Sultan of Zanzibar and the British government dispatched an expedition on 20 October 1890 to bring the Sultan of
1476:
1496:
394:
In 1880, the Sultan dispatched a military force under Mathews to bring his unruly African mainland territories under control. Mathews' expedition was initially intended to reach
324:
of Zanzibar to form a European-style army which could be used to enforce Zanzibar's control over its mainland possessions. The army had traditionally been composed entirely of
194:
of Zanzibar. There followed more expeditions to the African mainland, including a failed attempt to stop German expansion in East Africa. In October 1891 Mathews was appointed
387:, north of Zanzibar. The troops completed this mission, capturing several slavers and hindering the trade. Mathews retired from the Royal Navy in June 1881 and was appointed
684:, which Mathews bought for a prison, now has a restaurant named in his honour and also a church. Mathews House, at the Western end of Zanzibar Town, is also named for him.
578:
and five vessels of the Royal Navy, bombarded the palace and secured the end of Khalid's administration. Mathews' helped to arrange the succession of a pro-British Sultan,
604:
at Gazi, which Mathews had put down with 1,200 men in 1882. However, in 1895 Mbaruk's nephew, Mbaruk bin Rashid, refused to acknowledge the appointment of a new leader at
549:
224:
131:
344:, the explorer and friend of the Sultan, the British government sent a shipment of 500 modern rifles and ammunition as a gift with which to arm the troops.
1399:
633:
356:
with which he was familiar. The army grew quickly; by the 1880s Mathews would command 1,300 men, his forces eventually numbering 1,000 regulars and 5,000
601:
519:
216:
209:
1481:
647:
1191:
515:
and Consul-General to the British Sphere of Influence in East Africa. He never took up the post and instead chose to remain in Zanzibar.
492:
on the island is quoted as saying that his powers defied "analytical examination" and that Mathews really could say "L'état est moi" (
609:
1501:
788:
500:
267:
239:
112:
1486:
1098:
629:
523:
220:
151:
138:
1360:
1435:
1387:
1345:
1316:
1289:
1260:
912:
1366:
768:
653:. The latter carried Mathews with 125 Askaris and 50 Sudanese under Brigadier-General Hatch of the Zanzibar army.
579:
560:
499:
Mathews was rewarded by the Zanzibar government for his role with his appointment as a first class member of the
534:
for the government. He intended it to be used as a prison but it never housed prisoners and was instead used to
117:
436:
on Pemba and, after a short battle, took a mortally wounded bin Hattem prisoner before returning to Zanzibar.
484:. In this capacity Mathews was "irremovable by the sultan" and answerable only to the Sultan and the British
321:
179:
680:
in the British cemetery outside Zanzibar Town. His successor as first minister was Alexander Stuart Rogers.
1491:
1471:
1466:
553:
231:
1281:
658:
493:
473:
583:
481:
235:
1359:
1304:
518:
Mathews was rewarded for his service in Zanzibar by the British government which appointed him a
485:
1197:
270:, was an author and the first Division Commissioner of Kingston Girl Guides. Mathews became a
285:
From 1868, he was stationed in the Mediterranean but his first active service was during the
1427:
Horn and Crescent: Cultural Change and Traditional Islam on the East African Coast, 800-1900
1224:
1151:
1062:
1042:
1022:
806:
1461:
1456:
444:
harbour and threatened the Sultan into signing away the territories which would later form
341:
8:
263:
61:
1377:
1156:
1067:
1047:
1027:
811:
640:
568:
445:
357:
353:
286:
200:
175:
167:
1431:
1383:
1341:
1312:
1308:
1285:
1256:
628:
to justice. Nine warships and three transports carrying 800 sailors and marines, 150
418:
388:
379:
One of the first tasks for the new army was to suppress the smuggling of slaves from
294:
191:
332:
but Mathews opened up recruitment to the African majority on the island and had 300
1404:
677:
586:
of Zanzibar and was permitted to accept and wear the decoration on 25 August 1897.
1416:
1102:
465:
262:
on 7 March 1850. His father, Captain William Matthews, was Welsh and his mother,
1425:
1337:
1327:
1271:
1250:
612:
in February of that year when the younger Mbaruk attacked Zanzibari troops under
384:
304:, to assist in the suppression of the slave trade in the area. Whilst onboard he
1408:
1333:
918:
661:
542:
504:
477:
329:
195:
1450:
613:
441:
143:
98:
774:
575:
538:
512:
333:
1270:
Clark, Desmond J; Fage, J D; Oliver, Roland Anthony; Roberts, A D (1975),
215:
Mathews was decorated by several governments, receiving appointments as a
301:
271:
171:
159:
289:
of 1873–4 where he qualified for the campaign medal. He was promoted to
1355:
535:
489:
395:
305:
290:
279:
275:
163:
155:
147:
102:
1277:
625:
605:
460:
411:
363:
205:
183:
79:
681:
673:
572:
531:
380:
348:
259:
255:
243:
228:
57:
53:
402:
32:
190:
Mathews retired from the Royal Navy in 1881 and was appointed
368:
464:
The "House of Wonders" in Zanzibar Town which served as the
1096:
433:
428:
325:
309:
1477:
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
914:
A Brief History of the Cemetery on Grave Island – Zanzibar
293:
on 31 March 1874. On 27 August 1875 Mathews was posted to
1497:
British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Ashanti War
550:
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
225:
Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
541:
cases before its present use as a conservation area for
511:
On 1 February 1891, Mathews was appointed Her Majesty's
234:. Zanzibar also rewarded him and he was a member of the
1269:
893:
320:
In August 1877, Mathews was seconded from the Navy to
162:
at the age of 13 and progressed through the ranks to
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
312:
and was commended for his actions by the Admiralty.
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
676:in Zanzibar on 11 October 1901 and was buried with
300:, a depot ship and the Royal Navy headquarters for
520:Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
227:from the British government and membership in the
217:Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George
472:In October 1891, upon the formation of the first
315:
1448:
694:
552:in 1894. He was also awarded membership of the
142:(7 March 1850 – 11 October 1901) was a British
1375:
954:
952:
950:
937:
935:
838:
1403:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1134:
1132:
976:
877:
875:
873:
848:
846:
178:. In 1877 he was seconded from the navy to
1204:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1003:
993:
991:
964:
947:
932:
795:. London, UK. 1 February 1926. p. 11.
31:
1430:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1129:
1117:
870:
858:
843:
424:, was captained by Charles J Brownrigg.
170:of 1873–4, afterwards being stationed in
1150:
1061:
1041:
1021:
906:
904:
902:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
822:
805:
459:
401:
362:
249:
1423:
1400:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1252:A History of the Arab State of Zanzibar
1248:
1210:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1087:
1081:
1009:
988:
982:
970:
958:
941:
887:
881:
864:
852:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
589:
501:Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar
308:his own troops, captured several slave
240:Order of the Brilliant Star of Zanzibar
113:Estella Cave, Countess Cave of Richmond
1449:
1397:Milne, Lynne (2004). "Lloyd Mathews".
1376:McIntyre, Chris; Shand, Susan (2006),
1298:
1222:
1138:
1123:
488:. His position was so strong that one
1396:
899:
819:
735:
567:This situation eventually led to the
480:, despite some hostility from Sultan
336:in training by the end of the year.
1325:
1193:The Witu expeditions – 1890 and 1893
1189:
1164:
997:
910:
766:
741:
630:Imperial British East Africa Company
1482:Companions of the Order of the Bath
1354:
476:in Zanzibar, Mathews was appointed
13:
524:Companion of the Order of the Bath
503:, which he was granted licence by
468:for the British-led administration
268:Estella, Countess Cave of Richmond
221:Companion of the Order of the Bath
14:
1513:
1225:"Changuu Private Island Paradise"
1097:Zanzibar Commission for Tourism.
1051:. 24 February 1891. p. 1004.
571:and Mathews, with the support of
455:
383:on the mainland to the island of
1379:Zanzibar: The Bradt Travel Guide
1371:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1367:Dictionary of National Biography
608:. This led to open rebellion at
246:in Zanzibar on 11 October 1901.
238:and a first class member of the
1502:British expatriates in Portugal
1273:The Cambridge History of Africa
1249:Bennett, Norman Robert (1978),
1242:
1216:
1160:. 27 August 1887. p. 4812.
1144:
1055:
1035:
1015:
1361:"Mathews, Lloyd William"
815:. 31 March 1874. p. 1923.
799:
781:
417:In 1881, Mathews' old vessel,
316:Commander in Chief of Zanzibar
118:George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave
1:
687:
667:
1487:Sultanate of Zanzibar people
1417:UK public library membership
1071:. 25 May 1889. p. 2875.
1031:. 18 May 1886. p. 2402.
770:The Mwele Campaign 1895–1896
559:Matters came to a head when
278:in 1863 and was appointed a
7:
1424:Pouwels, Randall L (1987),
354:Royal Navy officers uniform
174:for the suppression of the
166:. He was involved with the
10:
1518:
1282:Cambridge University Press
556:by the German government.
839:McIntyre & Shand 2006
474:constitutional government
371:captured by boats of HMS
347:Mathews introduced a new
127:Sir Lloyd William Mathews
108:
94:
86:
68:
39:
30:
23:
1301:Britain's Forgotten Wars
594:
584:Grand Order of Hamondieh
548:Mathews was appointed a
236:Grand Order of Hamondieh
1305:Stroud, Gloucestershire
646:and the Zanzibari ship
619:
287:Third Anglo-Ashanti War
282:on 23 September 1866.
168:Third Anglo-Ashanti War
1409:10.1093/ref:odnb/34936
1382:, Bradt Publications,
1326:Hodd, Michael (2002),
469:
414:
376:
678:full military honours
463:
405:
366:
250:Early life and career
154:. Mathews joined the
1329:East Africa Handbook
1299:Hernon, Ian (2003),
1105:on 19 September 2008
659:East and West Africa
590:Military expeditions
254:Mathews was born at
1492:Deaths from malaria
1472:Royal Navy officers
1467:People from Funchal
985:, pp. 168–169.
793:The Daily Telegraph
580:Hamoud bin Mohammed
561:Khalid bin Barghash
264:Jane Wallas Penfold
62:Kingdom of Portugal
1157:The London Gazette
1068:The London Gazette
1048:The London Gazette
1028:The London Gazette
812:The London Gazette
777:on 9 February 2009
569:Anglo-Zanzibar War
554:Order of the Crown
470:
446:German East Africa
415:
377:
242:. Mathews died of
232:Order of the Crown
201:Anglo-Zanzibar War
16:Royal Navy officer
1415:(Subscription or
1309:Sutton Publishing
1190:Patience, Kevin,
911:Patience, Kevin,
894:Clark et al. 1975
767:Patience, Kevin,
602:Mbaruk bin Rashid
526:on 24 May 1889.
389:Brigadier-General
192:Brigadier-General
124:
123:
1509:
1440:
1420:
1412:
1392:
1372:
1369:(2nd supplement)
1363:
1350:
1321:
1294:
1265:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1196:, archived from
1187:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:. Archived from
1094:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
945:
939:
930:
929:
928:
926:
917:, archived from
908:
897:
891:
885:
879:
868:
862:
856:
850:
841:
836:
817:
816:
803:
797:
796:
785:
779:
778:
773:, archived from
764:
739:
733:
672:Mathews died of
141:
136:
120:(brother-in-law)
75:
49:
47:
35:
21:
20:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1414:
1390:
1348:
1338:Footprint Books
1319:
1292:
1276:, vol. 6,
1263:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1200:on 15 July 2009
1188:
1165:
1149:
1145:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1099:"Dhow Cruising"
1095:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1060:
1056:
1040:
1036:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
989:
981:
977:
969:
965:
957:
948:
940:
933:
924:
922:
921:on 21 July 2011
909:
900:
892:
888:
880:
871:
863:
859:
851:
844:
837:
820:
804:
800:
787:
786:
782:
765:
742:
734:
695:
690:
670:
622:
597:
592:
543:giant tortoises
458:
322:Sultan Barghash
318:
252:
208:and another to
180:Sultan Barghash
134:
130:
116:
82:
77:
73:
72:11 October 1901
64:
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1515:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1421:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1358:, ed. (1912).
1352:
1346:
1323:
1317:
1296:
1290:
1267:
1261:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1215:
1213:, p. 185.
1203:
1163:
1143:
1141:, p. 400.
1128:
1126:, p. 399.
1116:
1086:
1084:, p. 170.
1074:
1054:
1034:
1014:
1012:, p. 169.
1002:
1000:, p. 548.
987:
975:
973:, p. 164.
963:
961:, p. 143.
946:
944:, p. 129.
931:
898:
896:, p. 550.
886:
884:, p. 119.
869:
867:, p. 101.
857:
855:, p. 100.
842:
818:
798:
789:"Presentation"
780:
740:
692:
691:
689:
686:
682:Changuu Island
669:
666:
662:campaign medal
621:
618:
596:
593:
591:
588:
522:in 1880 and a
505:Queen Victoria
494:I am the state
478:First Minister
457:
456:First Minister
454:
391:of Zanzibar.
317:
314:
251:
248:
196:First Minister
122:
121:
110:
106:
105:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
76:(aged 51)
70:
66:
65:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1455:
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1452:
1445:
1439:
1437:0-521-52309-5
1433:
1429:
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1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1391:
1389:1-84162-157-9
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1347:0-7509-3162-0
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1318:0-7509-3162-0
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1291:0-521-22803-4
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1262:0-416-55080-0
1258:
1255:, Routledge,
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1184:
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1038:
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1024:
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99:Naval officer
97:
95:Occupation(s)
93:
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42:
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34:
29:
25:Lloyd Mathews
22:
19:
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1378:
1365:
1328:
1300:
1272:
1251:
1243:Bibliography
1228:. Retrieved
1223:Safari Now.
1218:
1211:Pouwels 1987
1206:
1198:the original
1192:
1155:
1146:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
1082:Pouwels 1987
1077:
1066:
1057:
1046:
1037:
1026:
1017:
1010:Pouwels 1987
1005:
983:Pouwels 1987
978:
971:Pouwels 1987
966:
959:Bennett 1978
942:Bennett 1978
925:28 September
923:, retrieved
919:the original
913:
889:
882:Bennett 1978
865:Bennett 1978
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853:Bennett 1978
810:
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769:
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623:
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576:Harry Rawson
566:
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539:yellow fever
528:
517:
513:Commissioner
510:
498:
482:Ali bin Said
471:
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346:
338:
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284:
253:
214:
189:
152:abolitionist
126:
125:
74:(1901-10-11)
50:7 March 1850
18:
1462:1901 deaths
1457:1850 births
1356:Lee, Sidney
1152:"No. 26886"
1139:Hernon 2003
1124:Hernon 2003
1063:"No. 25939"
1043:"No. 26137"
1023:"No. 25588"
807:"No. 24082"
466:secretariat
302:East Africa
176:slave trade
172:East Africa
87:Nationality
1451:Categories
1419:required.)
1230:18 October
1109:18 October
736:Milne 2004
688:References
668:Later life
536:quarantine
490:missionary
396:Unyanyembe
358:irregulars
291:lieutenant
280:midshipman
276:Royal Navy
164:lieutenant
156:Royal Navy
148:politician
103:politician
46:1850-03-07
1278:Cambridge
998:Hodd 2002
634:HMS
432:force to
419:HMS
342:John Kirk
295:HMS
223:and as a
606:Takaungu
412:Zanzibar
367:List of
334:recruits
330:Persians
229:Prussian
184:Zanzibar
115:(sister)
80:Zanzibar
674:malaria
643:Sparrow
636:Blanche
610:Konjoro
573:Admiral
532:Changuu
381:Pangani
375:in 1881
349:uniform
306:drilled
274:of the
260:Madeira
256:Funchal
244:malaria
90:British
58:Madeira
54:Funchal
1434:
1413:
1386:
1344:
1315:
1288:
1259:
650:Barawa
486:Consul
421:London
408:London
373:London
297:London
109:Family
595:Mwele
385:Pemba
369:dhows
326:Arabs
310:dhows
272:cadet
210:Mwele
160:cadet
158:as a
137:
135:,
1432:ISBN
1384:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1334:Bath
1313:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1232:2008
1111:2008
927:2008
648:HHS
641:HMS
626:Witu
620:Witu
434:Wete
429:dhow
406:HMS
328:and
206:Witu
150:and
132:KCMG
101:and
69:Died
40:Born
1405:doi
545:.
448:.
410:in
258:on
182:of
1453::
1364:.
1340:,
1336::
1332:,
1311:,
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1284:,
1280::
1166:^
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1131:^
1089:^
1065:.
1045:.
1025:.
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901:^
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821:^
809:.
791:.
743:^
696:^
664:.
639:,
360:.
219:,
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146:,
139:CB
129:,
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1351:.
1322:.
1295:.
1266:.
1234:.
1113:.
738:.
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
