665:
642:
1147:
1241:
40:
31:
7901:
1060:, overdose, and with very young children less than two years of age. A review of loperamide in children under 12 years old found that serious adverse events occurred only in children under three years old. The study reported that the use of loperamide should be contraindicated in children who are under 3, systemically ill, malnourished, moderately dehydrated, or have bloody diarrhea.
3364:
1091:, but sufficient studies in humans have not been conducted. One controlled, prospective study of 89 women exposed to loperamide during their first trimester of pregnancy showed no increased risk of malformations. This, however, was only one study with a small sample size. Loperamide can be present in breast milk, and is not recommended for breast-feeding mothers.
3386:
3259:
3208:
1210:
potentially allows loperamide to cross the blood–brain barrier and produce central morphine-like effects. At high doses (>70mg), loperamide is able to saturate P-glycoprotein (thus overcoming the efflux) and produce euphoric effects. Loperamide taken with quinidine was found to produce respiratory
1480:
Loperamide has typically been deemed to have a relatively low risk of misuse. In 2012, no reports of loperamide abuse were made. In 2015, however, case reports of extremely high-dose loperamide use were published. The primary intent of users has been to manage symptoms of opioid withdrawal such as
3312:
The leading international supplier of this preparation, Johnson and
Johnson, has since informed WHO that having regard to the dangers inherent in improper use and overdosing, this formulation (Imodium Drops), was voluntarily withdrawn from Pakistan in March 1990. The company has since decided not
1490:
restriction on number of packages that can be purchased, and most pharmacies do not feel capable of restricting its sale, so it is unclear that this intervention will have any impact without further regulation to place loperamide behind the counter. Since 2015, several reports of sometimes-fatal
1489:
were prompting recreational users to turn to loperamide as an over-the-counter treatment for withdrawal symptoms. The FDA responded to these warnings by calling on drug manufacturers to voluntarily limit the package size of loperamide for public-safety reasons. However, there is no quantity
3097:
Schuermans V, Van Lommel R, Dom J, Brugmans J (1974). "Loperamide (R 18 553), a novel type of antidiarrheal agent. Part 6: Clinical pharmacology. Placebo-controlled comparison of the constipating activity and safety of loperamide, diphenoxylate and codeine in normal volunteers".
1481:
diarrhea, although a small portion derive psychoactive effects at these higher doses. At these higher doses central nervous system penetration occurs and long term use may lead to tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal on abrupt cessation. Dubbing it "the poor man's
4127:
1236:
3,3-diphenyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one and ethyl 4-oxopiperidine-1-carboxylate, on a lab scale. On a large scale a similar synthesis is followed, except that the lactone and piperidinone are produced from cheaper materials rather than purchased.
949:
most commonly associated with loperamide are constipation (which occurs in 1.7–5.3% of users), dizziness (up to 1.4%), nausea (0.7–3.2%), and abdominal cramps (0.5–3.0%). Rare, but more serious, side effects include toxic megacolon,
2101:
1374:. In March 1997, the company patented this combination. The drug was approved in June 1997, by the FDA as Imodium Multi-Symptom Relief in the form of a chewable tablet. A caplet formulation was approved in November 2000.
3884:
4120:
3623:
2676:"Identification of an N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium-like metabolite of the antidiarrheal agent loperamide in human liver microsomes: underlying reason(s) for the lack of neurotoxicity despite the bioactivation event"
1181:
Loperamide's circulation in the bloodstream is limited in two ways. Efflux by P-glycoprotein in the intestinal wall reduces passage of loperamide, and the fraction of drug crossing is then further reduced through
3007:
2988:
1451:
Loperamide can be sold freely to the public by chemists (pharmacies) as the treatment of diarrhoea and acute diarrhoea associated with medically diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome in adults over 18 years of age
4113:
1218:
during preclinical studies, specifically in mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys. Symptoms of mild opiate withdrawal were observed following abrupt discontinuation of long-term treatment of animals with loperamide.
3517:
The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert
Committee, 2013 (including the 18th WHO model list of essential medicines and the 4th WHO model list of essential medicines for children)
1070:
in the United
Kingdom recommends that loperamide should only be given to children under the age of twelve if prescribed by a doctor. Formulations for children are only available on prescription in the UK.
2947:
Stokbroekx RA, Vandenberk J, Van
Heertum AH, Van Laar GM, Van der Aa MJ, Van Bever WF, et al. (July 1973). "Synthetic antidiarrheal agents. 2,2-Diphenyl-4-(4'-aryl-4'-hydroxypiperidino)butyramides".
2471:
3923:
7483:
1174:
of the intestinal wall. This increases the time material stays in the intestine, allowing more water to be absorbed from the fecal matter. It also decreases colonic mass movements and suppresses the
737:
1122:
Loperamide is an antidiarrheal agent, which decreases intestinal movement. As such, when combined with other antimotility drugs, the risk of constipation is increased. These drugs include other
6631:
6626:
6621:
5949:
4867:
4862:
4857:
2400:
5347:
3345:
7204:
3442:
6330:
282:
6064:
3958:
2225:
2174:
2105:
2501:
2366:
1355:(WHO). In the following years (1990-1991), products containing loperamide have been restricted for children's use in a number of countries (ranging from two to five years of age).
7475:
3876:
2631:
Dufek MB, Knight BM, Bridges AS, Thakker DR (March 2013). "P-glycoprotein increases portal bioavailability of loperamide in mouse by reducing first-pass intestinal metabolism".
1202:
Efflux by P-glycoprotein also prevents circulating loperamide from effectively crossing the blood–brain barrier, so it can generally only antagonize muscarinic receptors in the
3558:
2015:
5342:
7655:
5758:
3378:
3251:
3200:
1578:
7688:
6956:
6204:
5247:
7470:
6375:
6084:
1548:
3313:
only to withdraw this preparation worldwide, but also to remove all syrup formulations from countries where WHO has a programme for control of diarrhoeal diseases.
3947:"Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Imodium (loperamide) for Over-the-Counter Use: Drug Safety Communication - FDA Limits Packaging To Encourage Safe Use"
1543:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
904:, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic diarrhea due to bowel resection, and chronic diarrhea secondary to inflammatory bowel disease. It is also useful for reducing
2463:
7981:
7581:
7369:
4777:
3907:
978:. The most frequent symptoms of loperamide overdose are drowsiness, vomiting, and abdominal pain, or burning. High doses may result in heart problems such as
6455:
1040:, as cases of both viral and bacterial toxic megacolon have been reported. If abdominal distension is noted, therapy with loperamide should be discontinued.
226:
3980:
Feldman R, Everton E (November 2020). "National assessment of pharmacist awareness of loperamide abuse and ability to restrict sale if abuse is suspected".
4728:
3362:, Jeffrey L. Garwin, "Pharmaceutical compositions for treating gastrointestinal distress", issued 1997-03-18, assigned to McNeil-PPC, Inc.
2163:"Safety Alerts for Human Medical Products - Loperamide (Imodium): Drug Safety Communication - Serious Heart Problems With High Doses From Abuse and Misuse"
1438:
7576:
6450:
3420:
2076:
7693:
2752:
1303:
795:
779:
InChI=1S/C29H33ClN2O2/c1-31(2)27(33)29(24-9-5-3-6-10-24,25-11-7-4-8-12-25)19-22-32-20-17-28(34,18-21-32)23-13-15-26(30)16-14-23/h3-16,34H,17-22H2,1-2H3
4787:
3327:
Consolidated List of
Products Whose Consumption And/or Sale Have Been Banned, Withdrawn, Severely Restricted Or Not Approved by Governments, 8th Issue
295:
5332:
4797:
1730:
2392:
7951:
6345:
5818:
3581:
7862:
7503:
7495:
6556:
6014:
5899:
5708:
5555:
2046:
1206:, and currently has a score of one on the anticholinergic cognitive burden scale. Concurrent administration of P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as
2127:
Litovitz T, Clancy C, Korberly B, Temple AR, Mann KV (1997). "Surveillance of loperamide ingestions: an analysis of 216 poison center reports".
1984:
7772:
7536:
5813:
3446:
7551:
6876:
6761:
6154:
5509:
5172:
4832:
2320:
124:
3281:
1103:; therefore, the concentration of loperamide increases when given with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor. Common P-glycoprotein inhibitors include
7698:
7668:
7619:
7339:
7329:
6430:
6425:
5934:
1464:. In 2016, Imodium was one of the biggest-selling branded over-the-counter medications sold in Great Britain, with sales of £32.7 million.
1343:
In the 1980s, loperamide also existed in the form of drops (Imodium Drops) and syrup. Initially, it was intended for children's usage, but
751:
3946:
2217:
2162:
1623:
7807:
7279:
7133:
6796:
6611:
6254:
5663:
3715:
3129:
3075:
2493:
2370:
1842:
1772:
7718:
7708:
6901:
5914:
2255:
2200:
900:
Loperamide is effective for the treatment of a number of types of diarrhea. This includes control of acute nonspecific diarrhea, mild
7754:
7723:
7624:
7511:
7364:
7344:
7234:
7214:
6941:
6264:
5262:
4892:
3566:
2553:
6946:
6510:
6299:
5399:
4721:
2833:
Sadeque AJ, Wandel C, He H, Shah S, Wood AJ (September 2000). "Increased drug delivery to the brain by P-glycoprotein inhibition".
7434:
7359:
7354:
7289:
1700:
1570:
1519:
5658:
4105:
1674:
7966:
4672:
3709:
3339:
3153:"Double-blind placebo-controlled study of loperamide (Imodium) in chronic diarrhoea caused by ileocolic disease or resection"
2584:
1864:
1389:
885:
2617:
892:. In 2021, it was the 287th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 700,000 prescriptions.
7961:
2695:
1540:
5312:
4714:
3786:
Dierksen J, Gonsoulin M, Walterscheid JP (December 2015). "Poor Man's
Methadone: A Case Report of Loperamide Toxicity".
1536:
1485:", clinicians warned that increased restrictions on the availability of prescription opioids passed in response to the
1945:
802:
175:
7941:
4023:
Eggleston W, Clark KH, Marraffa JM (January 2017). "Loperamide Abuse
Associated With Cardiac Dysrhythmia and Death".
3534:
3489:
3069:
3042:
2611:
2040:
2009:
1978:
1836:
1766:
771:
7076:
4689:
1426:
1254:
2527:
7071:
1434:
1430:
415:
267:
156:
7956:
6996:
3469:
1298:
1002:. If a suspicion exists of diarrhea associated with organisms that can penetrate the intestinal walls, such as
3238:
490:
3598:
3408:
2065:
1541:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
1170:, decreasing the activity of the myenteric plexus, which decreases the tone of the longitudinal and circular
1021:
2759:
7921:
6194:
3952:
3414:
3382:
3255:
3204:
2467:
2396:
2221:
2168:
2072:
1722:
1544:
1378:
1323:
1322:
In 1973, Janssen started to promote loperamide under the brand name
Imodium. In December 1976, Imodium got
963:
660:
541:
7931:
7764:
1333:
621:
3559:"Anti-diarrhoea drug drives cancer cells to cell death – Aktuelles aus der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt"
7976:
7971:
7891:
7174:
7169:
6561:
5904:
4992:
4537:
2876:
Yanagita T, Miyasato K, Sato J (1979). "Dependence potential of loperamide studied in rhesus monkeys".
959:
832:
111:
3359:
3002:
2983:
1999:
1313:
was conducted from
December 1972 to February 1974, its results being published in 1977 in the journal
610:
7194:
6184:
5909:
5227:
3512:
1794:
1352:
1203:
3637:
Connelly D (April 2017). "A breakdown of the over-the-counter medicines market in
Britain in 2016".
7926:
7164:
7106:
6566:
6325:
5570:
4166:
1329:
During the 1980s, Imodium became the best-selling prescription antidiarrheal in the United States.
1003:
828:
637:
2324:
7744:
7159:
5783:
5565:
4677:
4611:
4448:
3296:
2343:
1278:
1067:
874:
820:
212:
97:
4135:
1619:
1063:
In 1990, all formulations for children of the antidiarrheal loperamide were banned in Pakistan.
134:
6571:
5585:
5560:
5459:
4482:
4457:
4254:
2903:
Nakamura H, Ishii K, Yokoyama Y, Motoyoshi S, Suzuki K, Sekine Y, et al. (November 1982).
1363:
1359:
901:
361:
3699:
3481:
3474:
3325:
3125:
3059:
2030:
1826:
1756:
1358:
In the late 1980s, before the US patent expired on 30 January 1990, McNeil started to develop
1025:
infections, as it increases the risk of toxin retention and precipitation of toxic megacolon.
7946:
6726:
5022:
4633:
4369:
4265:
4260:
1968:
1337:
1033:
979:
946:
590:
481:
332:
307:
3832:
Stanciu CN, Gnanasegaram SA (2017). "Loperamide, the "Poor Man's Methadone": Brief Review".
2247:
2196:
1648:
1048:
The use of loperamide in children under two years is not recommended. Rare reports of fatal
7936:
4802:
4782:
4385:
1422:
1344:
1053:
836:
550:
445:
384:
6539:
5882:
4748:
2549:
530:
8:
7867:
7453:
7299:
7259:
6586:
6405:
6385:
5683:
5645:
5600:
4224:
2422:
Einarson A, Mastroiacovo P, Arnon J, Ornoy A, Addis A, Malm H, et al. (March 2000).
2001:
Cancers of the Colon and Rectum: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis and Management
1215:
967:
436:
219:
664:
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7399:
6706:
6395:
6129:
6019:
5673:
5353:
5137:
4977:
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4740:
4333:
4086:
4059:
4005:
3857:
3811:
3763:
3738:
3177:
3152:
2858:
2810:
2785:
2734:
2656:
2297:
2270:
1461:
1175:
1159:
998:. Treatment is not recommended for people who could have negative effects from rebound
938:. Studies suggest that loperamide is more effective and has lower neural side effects.
924:
889:
843:
839:
319:
186:
7184:
6340:
5580:
4036:
3034:
2464:"Drug Development and Drug Interactions: Table of Substrates, Inhibitors and Inducers"
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3705:
3681:
3654:
3540:
3530:
3485:
3409:"Drug Approval Package: Imodium Advanced (Loperamide HCI and Simethicone NDA #21-140"
3335:
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2144:
2036:
2005:
1974:
1920:
1832:
1762:
1441:
1396:
1183:
971:
148:
4060:"Loperamide Induced Torsades de Pointes: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"
3861:
3815:
3701:
Mediators and Drugs in Gastrointestinal Motility II: Endogenous and Exogenous Agents
3021:
Van Rompay J, Carter JE (January 1990). Florey K (ed.). "Loperamide hydrochloride".
2921:
2904:
2862:
2738:
2660:
1261:
of 224 °C and a second polymorph exists with a melting point of 218 °C. A
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6716:
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3750:
3646:
3589:
3520:
3234:
McNeil-PPC, Inc., Plaintiff, v. L. Perrigo Company, and Perrigo Company, Defendants
3172:
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2136:
1802:
1666:
1163:
677:
343:
250:
239:
57:
3845:
1911:
Hanauer SB (Winter 2008). "The role of loperamide in gastrointestinal disorders".
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7905:
7239:
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6044:
5087:
5017:
4872:
4763:
4737:
4628:
4564:
3799:
2601:
2287:
2271:"Loperamide therapy for acute diarrhea in children: systematic and meta-analysis"
1523:
1486:
1472:
Loperamide was originally marketed as Imodium, and many generic brands are sold.
1348:
1302:
with the inventor being one of the authors. The trial name for it was "R-18553".
1135:
1049:
1016:
951:
912:
for loperamide also include chemotherapy-induced diarrhea, especially related to
858:
470:
371:
351:
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6335:
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2675:
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3544:
1799:
World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021)
1314:
1286:
1258:
1191:
1171:
1131:
1127:
1115:. Loperamide can decrease the absorption of some other drugs. As an example,
1084:
1029:
935:
928:
909:
866:
865:
is unclear, but no evidence of harm has been found. It appears to be safe in
653:
3754:
3443:"Scherer announces launch of another product utilizing its Zydis technology"
2905:"[Physical dependence on loperamide hydrochloride in mice and rats]"
2846:
1941:
1146:
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4001:
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2652:
2644:
2449:
2338:
2306:
1924:
1400:
1274:
1112:
999:
884:
Loperamide was first made in 1969 and used medically in 1976. It is on the
854:
245:
234:
22:
3111:
3061:
Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients and Related Methodology, Volume 19
2969:
2930:
2440:
2423:
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1351:(resulting in six deaths) were registered in Pakistan and reported by the
1036:. Additionally, caution should be used when treating people with advanced
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7759:
7673:
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4229:
4199:
3704:. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012. pp. 290–.
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1253:
Loperamide is typically manufactured as the hydrochloride salt. Its main
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142:
3525:
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1807:
1019:
as a primary treatment. Loperamide treatment is not used in symptomatic
510:
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4532:
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4517:
4307:
4280:
4244:
4140:
2946:
2523:
2424:"Prospective, controlled, multicentre study of loperamide in pregnancy"
1240:
1116:
1056:
have been made. Most of these reports occurred in the setting of acute
1011:
955:
913:
878:
877:
when used at normal doses. It works by slowing the contractions of the
713:
521:
1296:
The first clinical reports on loperamide were published in 1973 in the
7832:
7827:
7777:
7749:
7678:
7639:
7634:
7609:
7604:
7531:
7439:
7429:
7319:
7229:
7143:
7101:
7091:
7031:
7021:
7011:
6981:
6971:
6966:
6921:
6891:
6771:
6751:
6651:
6646:
6601:
6520:
6515:
6475:
6460:
6435:
6365:
6304:
6274:
6224:
6214:
6209:
6074:
5964:
5929:
5924:
5868:
5793:
5773:
5768:
5738:
5668:
5630:
5610:
5605:
5545:
5529:
5519:
5464:
5374:
5322:
5317:
5252:
5207:
5187:
5067:
5057:
4902:
4463:
4438:
4380:
4352:
4323:
4317:
4301:
4291:
4234:
4209:
4204:
1482:
1207:
1108:
1104:
1088:
1080:
1057:
995:
920:
905:
862:
857:, sleepiness, vomiting, and a dry mouth. It may increase the risk of
847:
456:
397:
128:
39:
7837:
7629:
7374:
7284:
7264:
7254:
7209:
7138:
6931:
6841:
6826:
6791:
6781:
6661:
6485:
6380:
6355:
6294:
6279:
6189:
6109:
6079:
6059:
6029:
5974:
5954:
5919:
5808:
5733:
5718:
5640:
5620:
5489:
5484:
5469:
5439:
5409:
5369:
5237:
5127:
5072:
4982:
4917:
4887:
4772:
4512:
4433:
4422:
4418:
4360:
4219:
4214:
4194:
1371:
1367:
1290:
1167:
1079:
Loperamide is not recommended in the United Kingdom for use during
1037:
919:
Loperamide should not be used as the primary treatment in cases of
873:
with no significant absorption from the gut and does not cross the
850:, mucus in the stool, or fevers. The medication is taken by mouth.
824:
759:
ClC1=CC=C(C2(CCN(CC2)CCC(C3=CC=CC=C3)(C(N(C)C)=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)O)C=C1
570:
501:
170:
1347:
voluntarily withdrew it from the market in 1990 after 18 cases of
736:
7802:
7683:
7561:
7244:
7128:
6906:
6896:
6124:
6054:
5989:
5939:
5798:
5550:
5524:
5514:
5499:
5404:
5217:
5192:
4942:
4822:
4428:
4365:
3877:"Abuse of diarrhea medicine you know well is alarming physicians"
1388:
In 2013, loperamide in the form of 2-mg tablets was added to the
1310:
1262:
1233:
1155:
3908:"FDA wants to curb abuse of Imodium, 'the poor man's methadone'"
1761:(Fifth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 644.
1119:
concentrations can decrease by half when given with loperamide.
7812:
7797:
7792:
7663:
7556:
7219:
6886:
6701:
6360:
6284:
6269:
6259:
6034:
5625:
5504:
5122:
5002:
4409:
4375:
3736:
3096:
1282:
1123:
870:
601:
3445:. PR Newswire Association LLC. 9 November 1993. Archived from
3379:"IMODIUM MULTI-SYMPTOM RELIEF FDA Application No.(NDA) 020606"
2902:
2709:
Upton RN (August 2007). "Cerebral uptake of drugs in humans".
2421:
1997:
1028:
Loperamide should be administered with caution to people with
72:
7817:
7419:
7314:
7056:
6811:
6676:
6049:
5999:
5959:
5723:
5414:
5358:
5267:
4952:
4947:
4638:
3785:
1831:(14 ed.). : Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 217.
1382:
991:
727:
581:
376:
30:
4758:
2126:
1998:
Benson A, Chakravarthy A, Hamilton SR, Elin S, eds. (2013).
1970:
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation in Enteric Neurobiology
626:
6821:
1187:
561:
81:
75:
63:
4057:
3737:
MacDonald R, Heiner J, Villarreal J, Strote J (May 2015).
1273:
Loperamide hydrochloride was first synthesized in 1969 by
3672:
Baker DE (2007). "Loperamide: a pharmacological review".
3594:
3511:
3001:
2982:
2630:
2550:"Loperamide Hydrochloride Drug Information, Professional"
1793:
1750:
1748:
1214:
High doses of loperamide have been shown to cause a mild
3282:"Loperamide: voluntary withdrawal of infant fomulations"
3788:
The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology
3467:
2711:
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
1494:
due to high-dose loperamide abuse have been published.
886:
World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
4022:
3944:
1745:
7889:
3779:
2212:
2210:
1622:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
1433:. Loperamide was finally removed from control by the
1265:
form has been identified which melts at 190 °C.
2875:
990:
Treatment should be avoided in the presence of high
84:
69:
60:
3831:
3730:
2832:
1429:controlled substance. However, this was lowered to
489:
78:
66:
3473:
2942:
2940:
2606:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 675.
2268:
2207:
4058:Mukarram O, Hindi Y, Catalasan G, Ward J (2016).
4051:
3358:
2579:(9th ed.). Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill.
2494:"Loperamide Drug Interactions - Epocrates Online"
1211:depression, indicative of central opioid action.
7913:
7880:(met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)
3020:
3005:, Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJ, issued 1975
2986:, Janssen PA, Niemegeers CJ, issued 1973
2783:
2339:"Loperamide: a medicine used to treat diarrhoea"
1377:In November 1993, loperamide was launched as an
469:
3982:Journal of the American Pharmacists Association
2937:
2673:
1074:
444:
4736:
3979:
3150:
7982:World Health Organization essential medicines
4722:
4121:
3252:"IMODIUM A-D FDA Application No.(NDA) 019487"
2599:
2060:
2058:
2056:
1667:"Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database"
1395:In 2020, it was discovered by researchers at
1285:, Belgium, following previous discoveries of
1186:by the liver. Loperamide metabolizes into an
3973:
3692:
3470:"The Zydis Oral Fast-Dissolving Dosage Form"
3468:Rathbone MJ, Hadgraft J, Roberts MS (2002).
2248:"Imodium (Loperamide Hydrochloride) Capsule"
1936:
1934:
1232:Loperamide is synthesized starting from the
853:Common side effects include abdominal pain,
174:
3827:
3825:
2367:"Medicines information links - NHS Choices"
1475:
1150:Ball-and-stick model of loperamide molecule
4729:
4715:
4128:
4114:
2674:Kalgutkar AS, Nguyen HT (September 2004).
2129:Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology
2053:
2032:Principles and Practice of Travel Medicine
1820:
1818:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
663:
640:
529:
4085:
4075:
3762:
3524:
3476:Modified-Release Drug Delivery Technology
3201:"IMODIUM FDA Application No.(NDA) 017694"
3176:
2920:
2809:
2439:
2296:
2286:
2028:
2004:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 225.
1931:
1806:
1715:
1399:that Loperamide was effective at killing
1190:-like compound, but is unlikely to exert
549:
7952:Drugs developed by Johnson & Johnson
3905:
3822:
3674:Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders
3636:
3228:
3226:
2753:"Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale"
2603:Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry
1966:
1913:Reviews in Gastroenterological Disorders
1824:
1306:has a different research code: R-58425.
1239:
1145:
823:class used to decrease the frequency of
3938:
3874:
2574:
2393:"Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products"
2269:Li ST, Grossman DC, Cummings P (2007).
2218:"Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products"
1910:
1815:
1787:
1754:
1593:
1511:
1509:
1507:
846:. It is not recommended for those with
827:. It is often used for this purpose in
819:, among others, is a medication of the
636:
509:
147:
7914:
3645:(7900). Royal Pharmaceutical Society.
3579:
3348:from the original on 8 September 2017.
3057:
3023:Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances
2835:Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2698:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2620:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2203:from the original on 27 November 2012.
2049:from the original on 8 September 2017.
2035:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 203.
2018:from the original on 8 September 2017.
1758:An introduction to medicinal chemistry
1643:
1641:
1581:from the original on 14 September 2023
1535:
1425:in the United States. First, it was a
1406:
1248:
1197:
1166:of the large intestine. It works like
1141:
1087:. Studies in rat models have shown no
654:
313:
4710:
4109:
3671:
3519:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
3423:from the original on 2 September 2023
3223:
2784:Antoniou T, Juurlink DN (June 2017).
2708:
1801:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1733:from the original on 7 September 2015
1703:from the original on 8 September 2015
1659:
1626:from the original on 7 September 2015
1390:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
609:
589:
326:
165:
133:
115:
3926:from the original on 30 January 2018
3718:from the original on 12 January 2023
3078:from the original on 14 January 2023
2504:from the original on 1 November 2018
2428:Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology
2323:. Essentialdrugs.org. Archived from
1887:"Loperamide - Drug Usage Statistics"
1867:from the original on 15 January 2024
1775:from the original on 14 January 2023
1697:"Loperamide use while Breastfeeding"
1504:
1094:
985:
249:
238:
4493:Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents
3132:from the original on 11 August 2016
2258:from the original on 13 April 2010.
1638:
1517:International brands for loperamide
569:
460:
110:R-18553, Loperamide hydrochloride (
13:
3547:. WHO technical report series;985.
3151:Mainguet P, Fiasse R (July 1977).
2082:from the original on 23 April 2014
1987:from the original on 28 July 2017.
1845:from the original on 5 March 2016.
1571:"Loperamide hydrochloride capsule"
1551:from the original on 3 August 2023
1340:under the brand name Imodium A-D.
958:, anaphylaxis/allergic reactions,
14:
7993:
6697:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
6025:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
4978:Dextropropoxyphene (propoxyphene)
4963:Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)
4550:agents, excluding corticosteroids
4037:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.03.047
3961:from the original on 8 April 2018
3739:"Loperamide dependence and abuse"
3624:"BNF is only available in the UK"
3241: (E.D. Pa. 25 June 2002).
2177:from the original on 11 June 2016
1677:from the original on 8 April 2014
1154:Loperamide is an opioid-receptor
276:
197:
7899:
7077:Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
3295:(2): 73–74. 1990. Archived from
2723:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04649.x
2530:from the original on 10 May 2016
2474:from the original on 10 May 2016
1973:. World Scientific. p. 18.
1948:from the original on 20 May 2016
1416:
934:Loperamide is often compared to
697:
694:
688:
427:-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylbutanamide
56:
38:
29:
16:Medicine used to reduce diarrhea
7072:Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether
4016:
3899:
3887:from the original on 6 May 2016
3868:
3665:
3630:
3616:
3573:
3551:
3505:
3461:
3435:
3401:
3371:
3352:
3318:
3274:
3244:
3193:
3144:
3118:
3090:
3064:. Academic Press. p. 342.
3051:
3014:
2995:
2976:
2922:10.1248/yakushi1947.102.11_1074
2896:
2869:
2826:
2777:
2745:
2702:
2680:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
2667:
2633:Drug Metabolism and Disposition
2624:
2593:
2577:Basic and Clinical Pharmacology
2568:
2556:from the original on 3 May 2016
2542:
2516:
2486:
2456:
2415:
2403:from the original on 6 May 2016
2385:
2359:
2331:
2313:
2262:
2240:
2228:from the original on 6 May 2016
2189:
2155:
2120:
2094:
2022:
1991:
1960:
1904:
1879:
1849:
1435:Drug Enforcement Administration
1411:
1336:began selling loperamide as an
941:
895:
888:. Loperamide is available as a
784:Key:RDOIQAHITMMDAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
6997:Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
3906:McGinley L (30 January 2018).
2950:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
2600:Lemke TL, Williams DA (2008).
2102:"loperamide adverse reactions"
1689:
1563:
1529:
1526:Page accessed 4 September 2015
1467:
1299:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1244:Synthetic route to Loperamide.
703:
682:
302:
289:
1:
6972:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
6165:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
5774:Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)
5203:Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)
4597:Antidiarrheal micro-organisms
3846:10.1080/02791072.2016.1260188
3834:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
3035:10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60372-x
1828:Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia
1497:
1099:Loperamide is a substrate of
298:(Other controlled substances)
7967:Peripherally selective drugs
6195:N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon
4025:Annals of Emergency Medicine
3953:Food and Drug Administration
3945:Office of the Commissioner.
3800:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000201
3580:Mullen F (3 November 1982).
3415:Food and Drug Administration
3383:Food and Drug Administration
3256:Food and Drug Administration
3205:Food and Drug Administration
2468:Food and Drug Administration
2397:Food and Drug Administration
2288:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040098
2222:Food and Drug Administration
2169:Food and Drug Administration
2073:Food and Drug Administration
1455:
1379:orally disintegrating tablet
1227:
1222:
1075:Pregnancy and breast feeding
815:, sold under the brand name
7:
7962:Mu-opioid receptor agonists
7848:β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)
7476:((pF)Phe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
6857:Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)
5343:Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone
3385:(FDA). 1997. Archived from
3258:(FDA). 1988. Archived from
3239:207 F. Supp. 2d 356
3207:(FDA). 1976. Archived from
3029:. Academic Press: 341–365.
1287:diphenoxylate hydrochloride
1043:
10:
7998:
7868:Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
7488:-NH)Gly)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
6592:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
5759:Methylsamidorphan chloride
4993:Dimethylaminopivalophenone
4818:Adrenorphin (metorphamide)
4439:Camphorated opium tincture
4176:Intestinal anti-infectives
3994:10.1016/j.japh.2020.05.021
3639:The Pharmaceutical Journal
3563:aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de
3334:. 2003. pp. 130–131.
1811:. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
1723:"loperamide hydrochloride"
1620:"Loperamide Hydrochloride"
1547:(published 4 April 2023).
1437:in 1982, courtesy of then-
1421:Loperamide was formerly a
1364:loperamide and simethicone
1268:
960:toxic epidermal necrolysis
833:inflammatory bowel disease
672:Chemical and physical data
402:Feces (30–40%), urine (1%)
7788:Racecadotril (acetorphan)
7736:
7648:
7463:
7452:
7195:Buprenorphine/samidorphan
7152:
7107:Tricyclic antidepressants
6549:
6538:
6318:
6185:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
5892:
5881:
5538:
5228:Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl
4747:
4667:
4621:
4596:
4492:
4404:
4350:
4175:
4159:
3513:World Health Organization
2141:10.3109/15563659709001159
1795:World Health Organization
1522:23 September 2015 at the
1353:World Health Organization
1204:peripheral nervous system
861:. Loperamide's safety in
792:
767:
747:
725:
712:
676:
671:
652:
620:
600:
580:
560:
540:
520:
500:
480:
455:
435:
411:
406:
396:
383:
370:
360:
350:
342:
266:
261:
225:
211:
185:
155:
141:
123:
106:
96:
51:
46:
37:
28:
7942:4-Chlorophenyl compounds
7773:Dexecadotril (retorphan)
7745:Enkephalinase inhibitors
7674:BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)
7656:(Nphe)Nociceptin(1-13)NH
7572:Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)
4372:, known as Pepto-Bismol)
4167:Oral rehydration therapy
4064:Case Reports in Medicine
3875:Guarino B (4 May 2016).
3651:10.1211/pj.2017.20202662
1476:Off-label/unapproved use
1460:Loperamide is sold as a
964:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
923:, acute exacerbation of
829:irritable bowel syndrome
7471:(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin
6742:Dynorphin B (rimorphin)
5784:Nalorphine dinicotinate
4612:Saccharomyces boulardii
3755:10.1136/bcr-2015-209705
2878:NIDA Research Monograph
2847:10.1067/mcp.2000.109156
2344:National Health Service
2321:"E-DRUG: Chlormezanone"
1545:Diário Oficial da União
1279:Janssen Pharmaceuticals
1068:National Health Service
821:opioid receptor agonist
7087:Spiradoline (U-62,066)
7032:Pethidine (meperidine)
6225:Pethidine (meperidine)
5915:ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)
5561:4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide
5460:Tetrahydropapaveroline
5375:Pethidine (meperidine)
3480:. CRC Press. pp.
3126:"Compound Report Card"
2645:10.1124/dmd.112.049965
2524:"DrugBank: Loperamide"
1245:
1151:
980:abnormal heart rhythms
947:Adverse drug reactions
7957:Janssen Pharmaceutica
7778:Ecadotril (sinorphan)
7265:CERC-501 (LY-2456302)
7165:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
6727:Dinalbuphine sebacate
6602:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
6326:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
6285:Thiobromadol (C-8813)
5925:Alazocine (SKF-10047)
5571:4',7-Dihydroxyflavone
5551:2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol
5023:Dinalbuphine sebacate
4634:Bismuth subsalicylate
4370:bismuth subsalicylate
4266:Succinylsulfathiazole
4261:Phthalylsulfathiazole
3360:US patent 5612054
3100:Arzneimittelforschung
2029:Zuckerman JN (2012).
1857:"The Top 300 of 2021"
1671:Australian Government
1577:. 30 September 2022.
1446:
1442:Francis M. Mullen Jr.
1345:Johnson & Johnson
1338:over-the-counter drug
1334:McNeil Pharmaceutical
1243:
1184:first-pass metabolism
1149:
1034:first-pass metabolism
7635:Sunobinop (S-117957)
7370:N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic
6702:Diamorphine (heroin)
6035:Diamorphine (heroin)
5003:Diamorphine (heroin)
4803:Acetyldihydrocodeine
4783:7-Hydroxymitragynine
4778:7-Acetoxymitragynine
4622:Other antidiarrheals
4077:10.1155/2016/4061980
3569:on 23 December 2020.
3419:. 24 December 1999.
3289:WHO Drug Information
3169:10.1136/gut.18.7.575
2498:online.epocrates.com
1825:Hamilton RJ (2013).
1423:controlled substance
1054:abdominal distention
837:short bowel syndrome
335: / Rx-only
7922:4-Phenylpiperidines
7838:Ubenimex (bestatin)
7582:Nociceptin (1-13)NH
7190:β-Chlornaltrexamine
7160:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
6582:β-Chlornaltrexamine
6456:N-Benzylnaltrindole
6351:β-Chlornaltrexamine
6270:TAN-67 (SB-205,607)
5935:AR-M100390 (ARM390)
5596:β-Chlornaltrexamine
5566:4′-Hydroxyflavanone
4793:α-Chlornaltrexamine
4471:does not cross BBB:
3302:on 7 September 2014
2962:10.1021/jm00265a009
2802:10.1503/cmaj.161421
2575:Katzung BG (2004).
2441:10.1155/2000/957649
1967:Miftahof R (2009).
1755:Patrick GL (2013).
1729:. 2 February 2011.
1727:NCI Drug Dictionary
1407:Society and culture
1249:Physical properties
1216:physical dependence
1198:Blood–brain barrier
1142:Mechanism of action
968:erythema multiforme
902:traveler's diarrhea
875:blood–brain barrier
285:(Pharmacy medicine)
25:
7932:Belgian inventions
7400:Norbinaltorphimine
6707:Diacetylnalorphine
6396:Diacetylnalorphine
6020:Desmethylclozapine
5674:Diacetylnalorphine
5354:Papaver somniferum
4938:Chloroxymorphamine
4694:Never to phase III
3680:(Suppl 3): S11-8.
3582:"FR Doc. 82-30264"
2786:"Loperamide abuse"
2373:on 10 January 2014
2347:. 20 December 2018
2108:on 1 November 2018
1649:"About loperamide"
1462:generic medication
1366:for treating both
1309:The trial against
1246:
1176:gastrocolic reflex
1160:μ-opioid receptors
1152:
925:ulcerative colitis
890:generic medication
848:blood in the stool
844:ulcerative colitis
320:General sales list
21:
7977:Tertiary alcohols
7972:Synthetic opioids
7887:
7886:
7732:
7731:
7577:Nociceptin (1-11)
7448:
7447:
6577:14-Methoxymetopon
6534:
6533:
6451:Methylnaltrindole
5877:
5876:
5546:(3S,4S)-Picenadol
5158:Levacetylmethadol
4704:
4703:
4144:anti-inflammatory
3749:: bcr2015209705.
3711:978-3-642-68474-6
3449:on 30 August 2014
3389:on 13 August 2014
3341:978-92-1-130230-1
3262:on 13 August 2014
3211:on 13 August 2014
3058:Florey K (1991).
2586:978-0-07-141092-2
1539:(31 March 2023).
1397:Goethe University
1095:Drug interactions
986:Contraindications
972:urinary retention
810:
809:
738:Interactive image
622:CompTox Dashboard
330:
317:
305:
293:
280:
201:
168:
118:
7989:
7904:
7903:
7902:
7895:
7767:
7694:Nociceptin (1-7)
7590:Norbuprenorphine
7527:Dihydroetorphine
7461:
7460:
7350:Methylnaltrexone
7260:Catechin gallate
6992:Norbuprenorphine
6717:Dihydroetorphine
6587:β-Funaltrexamine
6547:
6546:
6446:Methylnaltrexone
6386:Catechin gallate
6200:Norbuprenorphine
6040:Dihydroetorphine
5890:
5889:
5754:Methylnaltrexone
5646:Catechin gallate
5601:β-Funaltrexamine
5013:Dihydroetorphine
4756:
4755:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4707:
4605:Escherichia coli
4565:Aminosalicylates
4555:Cromoglicic acid
4130:
4123:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3766:
3743:BMJ Case Reports
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3603:
3597:. Archived from
3590:Federal Register
3586:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3565:. Archived from
3555:
3549:
3548:
3528:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3479:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3301:
3286:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2758:. Archived from
2757:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2369:. Archived from
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2327:on 26 July 2011.
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2290:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2104:. Archived from
2098:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2070:
2062:
2051:
2050:
2026:
2020:
2019:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1822:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1673:. 3 March 2014.
1663:
1657:
1656:
1655:. 11 April 2024.
1645:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1533:
1527:
1513:
1360:Imodium Advanced
1304:Loperamide oxide
1291:fentanyl citrate
1164:myenteric plexus
1158:and acts on the
1136:anticholinergics
1052:associated with
1015:, loperamide is
806:
805:
798:
740:
720:
705:
699:
696:
690:
684:
667:
656:
645:
644:
630:
628:
613:
593:
573:
553:
533:
513:
493:
473:
463:
462:
448:
388:
328:
325:
315:
312:
304:
301:
291:
288:
278:
275:
253:
242:
199:
196:
178:
167:
164:
151:
137:
117:
114:
91:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
42:
33:
26:
24:
20:
7997:
7996:
7992:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7986:
7927:Antidiarrhoeals
7912:
7911:
7910:
7900:
7898:
7890:
7888:
7883:
7765:
7728:
7659:
7644:
7585:
7507:
7499:
7491:
7487:
7479:
7456:
7444:
7240:Binaltorphimine
7185:6β-Naltrexol-d4
7148:
6767:Ethylketazocine
6722:Dihydromorphine
6542:
6530:
6341:6β-Naltrexol-d4
6314:
6070:Ethylketazocine
6045:Dihydromorphine
5885:
5873:
5581:6β-Naltrexol-d4
5534:
5333:Oxymorphonazine
5088:Furanylfentanyl
5018:Dihydromorphine
4873:Benzhydrocodone
4762:
4760:
4751:
4743:
4738:Opioid receptor
4735:
4705:
4700:
4699:
4684:Clinical trials
4663:
4629:Albumin tannate
4617:
4592:
4501:corticosteroids
4488:
4406:Antipropulsives
4400:
4346:
4171:
4155:
4134:
4104:
4103:
4056:
4052:
4021:
4017:
3978:
3974:
3964:
3962:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3912:Washington Post
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3881:Washington Post
3873:
3869:
3830:
3823:
3784:
3780:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3670:
3666:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3604:on 27 June 2023
3601:
3584:
3578:
3574:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3537:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3342:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3019:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2945:
2938:
2915:(11): 1074–85.
2911:(in Japanese).
2909:Yakugaku Zasshi
2901:
2897:
2874:
2870:
2831:
2827:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2765:on 7 March 2018
2762:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2707:
2703:
2672:
2668:
2629:
2625:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2267:
2263:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2125:
2121:
2111:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2066:"Imodium label"
2064:
2063:
2054:
2043:
2027:
2023:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1839:
1823:
1816:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1769:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1594:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1534:
1530:
1524:Wayback Machine
1514:
1505:
1500:
1487:opioid epidemic
1478:
1470:
1458:
1449:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1349:paralytic ileus
1332:In March 1988,
1324:US FDA approval
1271:
1251:
1230:
1225:
1200:
1144:
1097:
1085:nursing mothers
1077:
1050:paralytic ileus
1046:
1032:due to reduced
1017:contraindicated
996:stool is bloody
988:
952:paralytic ileus
944:
927:, or bacterial
921:bloody diarrhea
898:
859:toxic megacolon
840:Crohn's disease
801:
799:
796:(what is this?)
793:
788:
785:
780:
775:
774:
763:
760:
755:
754:
743:
718:
708:
702:
693:
687:
648:
624:
616:
596:
576:
556:
536:
516:
496:
476:
459:
451:
431:
428:
419:
418:
386:
362:Protein binding
352:Bioavailability
344:Pharmacokinetic
338:
257:
244:
214:
207:
188:
181:
102:Imodium, others
59:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7995:
7985:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7909:
7908:
7885:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7768:-Phenylalanine
7762:
7757:
7752:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7652:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7595:Racemethorphan
7592:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7542:Levomethorphan
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7465:
7458:
7450:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7047:Racemethorphan
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6867:Levomethorphan
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6544:
6536:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6235:Racemethorphan
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6145:Levomethorphan
6142:
6140:Leu-enkephalin
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5887:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5819:Naltrexonazine
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5420:Racemethorphan
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5163:Levomethorphan
5160:
5155:
5153:Leu-enkephalin
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5113:Hydromorphinol
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5008:Dihydrocodeine
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4973:Dextromoramide
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4878:Benzylmorphine
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Acetylfentanyl
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4681:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4513:Hydrocortisone
4510:
4503:acting locally
4496:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4419:Opium tincture
4415:
4413:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4340:Broxyquinoline
4329:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4271:Sulfaguanidine
4268:
4263:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Amphotericin B
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4148:anti-infective
4137:Antidiarrheals
4133:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4101:
4050:
4015:
3988:(6): 868–873.
3972:
3937:
3898:
3867:
3821:
3778:
3729:
3710:
3691:
3664:
3629:
3615:
3572:
3550:
3535:
3504:
3490:
3460:
3434:
3400:
3370:
3351:
3340:
3332:United Nations
3317:
3273:
3243:
3222:
3192:
3143:
3117:
3106:(10): 1653–7.
3089:
3070:
3050:
3043:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2956:(7): 782–786.
2936:
2895:
2868:
2825:
2776:
2744:
2717:(8): 695–701.
2701:
2666:
2623:
2612:
2592:
2585:
2567:
2541:
2515:
2485:
2455:
2414:
2384:
2358:
2330:
2312:
2261:
2239:
2206:
2188:
2154:
2119:
2093:
2052:
2041:
2021:
2010:
1990:
1979:
1959:
1930:
1903:
1878:
1848:
1837:
1814:
1786:
1767:
1744:
1714:
1688:
1658:
1637:
1592:
1562:
1528:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:cardiotoxicity
1477:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1270:
1267:
1250:
1247:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1199:
1196:
1172:smooth muscles
1143:
1140:
1132:antipsychotics
1128:antihistamines
1101:P-glycoprotein
1096:
1093:
1089:teratogenicity
1076:
1073:
1045:
1042:
987:
984:
943:
940:
910:Off-label uses
897:
894:
808:
807:
790:
789:
787:
786:
783:
781:
778:
770:
769:
768:
765:
764:
762:
761:
758:
750:
749:
748:
745:
744:
742:
741:
733:
731:
723:
722:
716:
710:
709:
706:
700:
691:
685:
680:
674:
673:
669:
668:
658:
650:
649:
647:
646:
633:
631:
618:
617:
615:
614:
606:
604:
598:
597:
595:
594:
586:
584:
578:
577:
575:
574:
566:
564:
558:
557:
555:
554:
546:
544:
538:
537:
535:
534:
526:
524:
518:
517:
515:
514:
506:
504:
498:
497:
495:
494:
486:
484:
478:
477:
475:
474:
466:
464:
453:
452:
450:
449:
441:
439:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
414:
413:
412:
409:
408:
404:
403:
400:
394:
393:
390:
381:
380:
374:
368:
367:
364:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
340:
339:
337:
336:
323:
310:
299:
286:
272:
270:
264:
263:
259:
258:
256:
255:
231:
229:
223:
222:
217:
215:administration
209:
208:
206:
205:
203:
193:
191:
183:
182:
180:
179:
161:
159:
153:
152:
145:
139:
138:
131:
121:
120:
108:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7994:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7919:
7917:
7907:
7897:
7896:
7893:
7879:
7876:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7863:Pronociceptin
7861:
7859:
7858:Proenkephalin
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7741:
7739:
7735:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7517:Buprenorphine
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7494:
7492:
7482:
7480:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Buprenorphine
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7200:Amentoflavone
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7151:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7123:nortriptyline
7120:
7116:
7112:
7111:amitriptyline
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6817:Hydromorphone
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6732:Diprenorphine
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6712:Difelikefalin
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6692:Cyprenorphine
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6637:Big dynorphin
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6557:3CS-nalmefene
6555:
6554:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6401:Diprenorphine
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:Hydromorphone
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6015:Deltorphin II
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5900:3CS-nalmefene
5898:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:Methocinnamox
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5709:Ginsenoside R
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5679:Diprenorphine
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:3CS-nalmefene
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:Phencyclidine
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Oxymorphazone
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
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5239:
5236:
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5141:
5139:
5136:
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5129:
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5124:
5121:
5119:
5118:Hydromorphone
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
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5091:
5089:
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5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5063:Ethylmorphine
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5053:Endomorphin-2
5051:
5049:
5048:Endomorphin-1
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Diphenoxylate
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
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4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4913:Butyrfentanyl
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4898:Buprenorphine
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
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4814:
4813:Acrylfentanyl
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
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4791:
4789:
4788:ψ-Akuammigine
4786:
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4571:Sulfasalazine
4569:
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4567:
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4562:
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4545:
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4538:Beclometasone
4536:
4534:
4531:
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4526:
4524:
4523:Betamethasone
4521:
4519:
4516:
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4511:
4509:
4506:
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4454:Diphenoxylate
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2275:PLOS Medicine
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2011:9781936287581
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2003:
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1192:neurotoxicity
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1030:liver failure
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969:
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937:
936:diphenoxylate
932:
930:
929:enterocolitis
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
893:
891:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:breastfeeding
864:
860:
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655:ECHA InfoCard
651:
643:
639:
638:DTXSID6045165
635:
634:
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363:
359:
355:
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324:
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311:
309:
300:
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284:
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273:
271:
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260:
252:
247:
241:
236:
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230:
228:
224:
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218:
216:
210:
204:
195:
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163:
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160:
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140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
95:
89:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
47:Clinical data
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
7947:HERG blocker
7874:
7853:Prodynorphin
7845:Propeptides:
7844:
7743:
7714:Thienorphine
7537:JNJ-19385899
7522:Cebranopadol
7504:Ac-RYYRIK-NH
7496:Ac-RYYRWK-NH
7180:6β-Naltrexol
7097:Thienorphine
7062:Salvinorin A
6862:Levallorphan
6667:Cebranopadol
6526:Thienorphine
6336:6β-Naltrexol
6120:JNJ-20788560
6115:Isomethadone
6010:Deltorphin I
6005:Deltorphin A
5985:Cebranopadol
5980:Casokefamide
5814:Naltrexazone
5804:Naloxonazine
5729:Levallorphan
5576:6β-Naltrexol
5475:Thienorphine
5430:Remifentanil
5352:
5283:Nicomorphine
5278:Nicodicodine
5233:Morphiceptin
5177:
5133:Ketobemidone
4968:Desomorphine
4953:DAMGO (DAGO)
4933:Cebranopadol
4928:Casokefamide
4654:Racecadotril
4610:
4603:
4563:
4548:antiallergic
4546:
4508:Prednisolone
4499:
4483:+simethicone
4478:
4470:
4446:
4386:Crospovidone
4334:Oxyquinoline
4332:
4316:
4300:
4287:Nifuroxazide
4279:
4255:Sulfonamides
4253:
4240:Streptomycin
4182:
4067:
4063:
4053:
4031:(1): 83–86.
4028:
4024:
4018:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3963:. Retrieved
3950:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3911:
3901:
3889:. Retrieved
3880:
3870:
3840:(1): 18–21.
3837:
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3732:
3720:. Retrieved
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3632:
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3606:. Retrieved
3599:the original
3588:
3575:
3567:the original
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3495:. Retrieved
3475:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:the original
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
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3403:
3391:. Retrieved
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3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3260:the original
3246:
3233:
3213:. Retrieved
3209:the original
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3134:. Retrieved
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3092:
3080:. Retrieved
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2760:the original
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2506:. Retrieved
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2371:the original
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2349:. Retrieved
2342:
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2197:"rxlist.com"
2191:
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2110:. Retrieved
2106:the original
2096:
2084:. Retrieved
2031:
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2000:
1993:
1969:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1942:"Loperamide"
1919:(1): 15–20.
1916:
1912:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1890:
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1860:
1851:
1827:
1808:10665/345533
1798:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1757:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1670:
1661:
1652:
1628:. Retrieved
1583:. Retrieved
1574:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1531:
1479:
1471:
1459:
1450:
1420:
1412:Legal status
1401:glioblastoma
1394:
1387:
1385:technology.
1376:
1357:
1342:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1308:
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1295:
1275:Paul Janssen
1272:
1263:tetrahydrate
1252:
1231:
1213:
1201:
1180:
1153:
1121:
1113:ketoconazole
1098:
1078:
1065:
1062:
1047:
1027:
1022:C. difficile
1020:
1010:
1004:
1000:constipation
989:
945:
942:Side effects
933:
918:
899:
896:Medical uses
883:
855:constipation
852:
816:
812:
811:
800:
794:
424:
385:Elimination
268:Legal status
262:Legal status
157:License data
18:
7937:Butyramides
7783:Kelatorphan
7760:Candoxatril
7649:Antagonists
7600:Racemorphan
7567:NNC 63-0532
7552:Lexanopadol
7547:Levorphanol
7425:Quadazocine
7410:Pawhuskin A
7405:Noribogaine
7395:Navacaprant
7385:Naltrindole
7305:Epicatechin
7270:Clocinnamox
7153:Antagonists
7115:desipramine
7082:Samidorphan
7052:Racemorphan
7037:Phenazocine
7027:Pentazocine
7007:Norketamine
7002:Noribogaine
6962:Nalfurafine
6927:Mirtazapine
6917:Metkefamide
6877:Lexanopadol
6872:Levorphanol
6852:Laudanosine
6837:ICI-204,448
6832:ICI-199,441
6802:Hemorphin-4
6762:Erinacine E
6747:Eluxadoline
6737:Dynorphin A
6682:Cyclazocine
6657:Butorphanol
6642:Bremazocine
6617:Asimadoline
6607:Allomatrine
6597:Akuammicine
6506:Quadazocine
6501:Pawhuskin A
6496:Noribogaine
6481:Naltrindole
6421:Epicatechin
6416:Eluxadoline
6391:Clocinnamox
6319:Antagonists
6250:Samidorphan
6240:Racemorphan
6220:Oxymorphone
6180:Mitragynine
6175:Metkefamide
6155:Lexanopadol
6150:Levorphanol
6135:Laudanosine
6100:Hydrocodone
6095:Hemorphin-4
5995:Cyclazocine
5970:Butorphanol
5945:β-Endorphin
5864:Samidorphan
5859:Quadazocine
5849:Pawhuskin A
5839:Noribogaine
5829:Naltrindole
5764:Naldemedine
5694:Epicatechin
5651:Clocinnamox
5539:Antagonists
5510:Tubotaiwine
5495:Trimebutine
5425:Racemorphan
5395:Piritramide
5380:Phenazocine
5365:Pentazocine
5338:Oxymorphone
5303:Oliceridine
5288:Norketamine
5273:Nicocodeine
5258:Naltalimide
5223:Mitragynine
5213:Metkefamide
5183:Loxicodegol
5173:Lexanopadol
5168:Levorphanol
5143:Laudanosine
5108:Hydrocodone
5103:Hodgkinsine
5093:Hemorphin-4
5083:Frakefamide
5043:Embutramide
5038:Dynorphin A
4998:Eluxadoline
4988:Dimenoxadol
4923:Carfentanil
4908:Butorphanol
4883:Bezitramide
4853:β-Endorphin
4843:Anileridine
4833:Akuammidine
4828:Akuammicine
4798:α-Narcotine
4680:from market
4586:Balsalazide
4474:Eluxadoline
4441:(paregoric)
4396:Diosmectite
4391:Attapulgite
4368:(including
4351:Intestinal
4230:Polymyxin B
4225:Paromomycin
4200:Fidaxomicin
4184:Antibiotics
4160:Rehydration
4070:: 4061980.
3427:16 December
3393:5 September
3306:6 September
3266:5 September
3215:5 September
2135:(1): 11–9.
1779:17 December
1468:Brand names
1427:Schedule II
1362:containing
1289:(1956) and
976:heat stroke
869:. It is an
721: g·mol
661:100.053.088
407:Identifiers
379:(extensive)
143:MedlinePlus
107:Other names
98:Trade names
7916:Categories
7878:Kyotorphin
7823:Spinorphin
7704:SB-612,111
7699:Nocistatin
7669:BAN-ORL-24
7620:SCH-486757
7615:SCH-221510
7454:Nociceptin
7415:PF-4455242
7390:Naringenin
7380:Naltrexone
7340:LY-2795050
7335:LY-2459989
7330:LY-2444296
7325:LY-2196044
7310:Hyperoside
7225:Aticaprant
7119:imipramine
7042:Proxorphan
7017:Oxilorphan
6987:Niravoline
6977:Nalorphine
6952:Nalbuphine
6937:Moxazocine
6912:Metazocine
6882:Lofentanil
6847:Ketazocine
6807:Herkinorin
6787:Gemazocine
6777:Fedotozine
6757:Eptazocine
6687:Cyclorphan
6672:Ciprefadol
6491:Naringenin
6471:Naltrexone
6466:Nalorphine
6441:LY-2196044
6431:ICI-174864
6426:ICI-154129
6371:Bevenopran
6346:α-Santolol
6310:Zenazocine
6290:Tonazocine
6245:RWJ-394674
6230:Proglumide
6170:Metazocine
6160:Lofentanil
6090:Fluorophen
5854:Rimonabant
5844:Oxilorphan
5834:Naringenin
5824:Naltrexone
5789:Naloxazone
5779:Nalorphine
5744:LY-2196044
5714:Hyperoside
5704:Gemazocine
5699:Eptazocine
5636:Bevenopran
5480:Tianeptine
5455:Tapentadol
5450:Sufentanil
5445:Sinomenine
5435:Salsolinol
5390:Piminodine
5308:Oxycodegol
5298:Octreotide
5293:Nufenoxole
5243:Nalbuphine
5198:Meptazinol
5178:Loperamide
5148:Lefetamine
5098:Herkinorin
5078:Fluorophen
5033:Dipipanone
4958:Dermorphin
4848:Apparicine
4838:Alfentanil
4761:(abridged;
4741:modulators
4659:Kaopectate
4649:Octreotide
4644:Crofelemer
4581:Olsalazine
4576:Mesalazine
4533:Budesonide
4528:Tixocortol
4518:Prednisone
4479:Loperamide
4353:adsorbents
4308:Miconazole
4281:Nitrofuran
4245:Vancomycin
4141:intestinal
3965:2 February
3930:30 January
3003:US 3884916
2984:US 3714159
2884:: 106–13.
2508:5 November
2281:(3): e98.
1896:14 January
1871:14 January
1515:Drugs.com
1498:References
1431:Schedule V
1117:saquinavir
1012:Salmonella
994:or if the
956:angioedema
914:irinotecan
879:intestines
813:Loperamide
726:3D model (
714:Molar mass
591:CHEBI:6532
551:6X9OC3H4II
522:ChemSpider
482:IUPHAR/BPS
446:53179-11-6
437:CAS Number
416:IUPAC name
392:9–14 hours
372:Metabolism
322:(GSL, OTC)
176:Loperamide
23:Loperamide
7833:Tynorphin
7828:Thiorphan
7808:Opiorphan
7750:Amastatin
7679:J-113,397
7640:TH-030418
7610:Ro65-6570
7605:Ro64-6198
7532:Etorphine
7440:Zyklophin
7430:Taxifolin
7320:LY-255582
7280:Cyclofoxy
7230:Axelopran
7144:Xorphanol
7134:U-54,494A
7102:Tifluadom
7092:TH-030418
7022:Oxycodone
7012:Oripavine
6982:Naltriben
6967:Nalmefene
6922:Mianserin
6892:Lufuradom
6797:GR-103545
6772:Etorphine
6752:Enadoline
6652:Butorphan
6647:BRL-52537
6612:Apadoline
6521:Taxifolin
6516:SoRI-9409
6476:Naltriben
6461:Nalmefene
6436:LY-255582
6366:Axelopran
6305:Xorphanol
6275:TH-030418
6255:SB-235863
6215:Oxycodone
6210:Oripavine
6075:Etorphine
5965:Butorphan
5930:Amoxapine
5869:Taxifolin
5794:Naloxegol
5769:Nalmefene
5739:LY-255582
5669:Cyprodime
5664:Cyclofoxy
5631:Axelopran
5611:Alvimopan
5606:Akuammine
5591:α-Gliadin
5530:Xorphanol
5520:Valorphin
5465:TH-030418
5323:Oxycodone
5318:Oripavine
5253:Nalmexone
5208:Methadone
5188:LS-115509
5068:Etorphine
5058:Eseroline
4903:Butorphan
4764:full list
4690:Phase III
4678:Withdrawn
4639:Ceratonia
4464:Difenoxin
4458:+atropine
4324:Acetarsol
4318:Arsenical
4302:Imidazole
4292:Nifurzide
4235:Rifaximin
4210:Natamycin
4205:Kanamycin
4010:220436708
3920:0190-8286
3659:2053-6186
3545:0512-3054
3497:26 August
3453:30 August
2351:7 October
1737:26 August
1707:26 August
1630:25 August
1585:8 January
1555:16 August
1483:methadone
1456:Economics
1381:based on
1255:polymorph
1228:Synthesis
1223:Chemistry
1208:quinidine
1109:ritonavir
1105:quinidine
1081:pregnancy
1058:dysentery
906:ileostomy
863:pregnancy
611:ChEMBL841
398:Excretion
387:half-life
254:) (oxide)
213:Routes of
187:Pregnancy
135:Monograph
129:Drugs.com
7906:Medicine
7719:Trap-101
7709:SR-16430
7630:SR-16435
7484:(PheΨ(CH
7464:Agonists
7375:Naloxone
7285:Dezocine
7255:Catechin
7210:Apigenin
7139:U-69,593
6932:Morphine
6902:MB-1C-OH
6842:Ketamine
6827:Ibogaine
6792:GR-89696
6782:Fentanyl
6662:BW373U86
6550:Agonists
6540:κ-opioid
6486:Naloxone
6381:Catechin
6356:Apigenin
6295:Tramadol
6280:Thebaine
6190:Morphine
6110:Ibogaine
6080:Fentanyl
6060:DPI-3290
6030:Dezocine
5975:BW373U86
5955:Biphalin
5920:ADL-5859
5893:Agonists
5883:δ-opioid
5809:Naloxone
5734:Lobeline
5719:Ibogaine
5641:Catechin
5621:Apigenin
5490:Tramadol
5485:Tilidine
5470:Thebaine
5440:SC-17599
5410:Propiram
5370:Pericine
5313:OM-3-MNZ
5238:Morphine
5128:Ketamine
5073:Fentanyl
4983:Dezocine
4918:BW373U86
4888:Biphalin
4773:3-HO-PCP
4759:Agonists
4749:μ-opioid
4447:crosses
4434:Morphine
4423:laudanum
4361:Charcoal
4220:Nystatin
4215:Neomycin
4195:Colistin
4150:agents (
4096:26989420
4045:27140747
4002:32641253
3959:Archived
3924:Archived
3885:Archived
3862:31713818
3854:27918873
3816:19635919
3808:26355852
3773:25935922
3716:Archived
3686:18192961
3515:(2014).
3421:Archived
3346:Archived
3130:Archived
3076:Archived
2863:38467170
2855:11014404
2820:28606977
2739:41591261
2731:17600543
2696:Archived
2692:15319335
2661:11014783
2653:23288866
2618:Archived
2554:Archived
2528:Archived
2502:Archived
2472:Archived
2450:10758415
2401:Archived
2307:17388664
2256:Archived
2252:DailyMed
2226:Archived
2201:Archived
2199:. 2005.
2175:Archived
2086:21 April
2077:Archived
2047:Archived
2016:Archived
1985:Archived
1946:Archived
1925:18477966
1891:ClinCalc
1865:Archived
1861:ClinCalc
1843:Archived
1797:(2021).
1773:Archived
1731:Archived
1701:Archived
1681:22 April
1675:Archived
1624:Archived
1579:Archived
1575:DailyMed
1549:Archived
1520:Archived
1368:diarrhea
1293:(1960).
1168:morphine
1044:Children
1038:HIV/AIDS
1005:E. coli
908:output.
825:diarrhea
803:(verify)
502:DrugBank
296:Class C1
227:ATC code
220:By mouth
202: B3
189:category
171:DailyMed
7875:Others:
7803:RB-3007
7755:BL-2401
7724:UFP-101
7689:NalBzOH
7684:JTC-801
7625:SR-8993
7562:MT-7716
7512:BU08070
7365:MR-2266
7345:MeJDTic
7275:CVL-354
7245:BU09059
7235:AZ-MTAB
7215:Arodyne
7175:6'-GNTI
7170:5'-GNTI
7129:U-50488
7109:(e.g.,
6957:NalBzOH
6942:MR-2034
6907:Menthol
6897:Matrine
6632:BAM-22P
6627:BAM-18P
6622:BAM-12P
6562:6'-GNTI
6331:5'-NTII
6265:SNC-162
6205:NalBzOH
6125:KNT-127
6055:DPI-221
5990:Codeine
5950:BAM-18P
5940:AZD2327
5905:6'-GNTI
5799:Naloxol
5525:Viminol
5515:U-47700
5500:TRIMU 5
5405:Prodine
5348:OxyPNPH
5263:Neopine
5248:NalBzOH
5218:Metopon
5193:Matrine
4943:Codeine
4893:BU08070
4868:BAM-22P
4863:BAM-18P
4858:BAM-12P
4823:AH-7921
4429:Codeine
4410:opioids
4366:Bismuth
4087:4775784
3764:4434293
3608:26 June
3381:. U.S.
3254:. U.S.
3203:. U.S.
3178:1411573
3136:23 June
3112:4611432
2970:4725924
2931:6892112
2811:5468105
2470:(FDA).
2466:. U.S.
2399:(FDA).
2395:. U.S.
2298:1831735
2254:. NIH.
2224:(FDA).
2220:. U.S.
2181:12 June
2149:9022646
2075:(FDA).
2071:. U.S.
1403:cells.
1311:placebo
1269:History
1234:lactone
1162:in the
1156:agonist
1124:opioids
1007:O157:H7
817:Imodium
678:Formula
511:DB00836
457:PubChem
306::
248: (
246:A07DA05
243:)
237: (
235:A07DA03
173::
149:a682280
7892:Portal
7813:Selank
7798:RB-120
7793:RB-101
7737:Others
7664:AT-076
7557:MCOPPB
7220:AT-076
7066:salvia
6947:N-MPPP
6887:LPK-26
6511:SDM25N
6361:AT-076
6300:TRV250
6260:SNC-80
6130:Kratom
5910:7-SIOM
5626:AT-076
5616:AM-251
5505:TRV734
5400:PL-017
5138:Kratom
5123:IBNtxA
4673:WHO-EM
4381:Kaolin
4376:Pectin
4094:
4084:
4043:
4008:
4000:
3918:
3860:
3852:
3814:
3806:
3771:
3761:
3722:18 May
3708:
3684:
3657:
3543:
3533:
3488:
3366:
3338:
3237:,
3187:326642
3185:
3175:
3110:
3082:18 May
3068:
3041:
3009:
2990:
2968:
2929:
2890:121326
2888:
2861:
2853:
2818:
2808:
2737:
2729:
2690:
2659:
2651:
2610:
2583:
2560:14 May
2534:14 May
2478:14 May
2448:
2407:14 May
2377:14 May
2305:
2295:
2232:14 May
2147:
2112:14 May
2039:
2008:
1977:
1952:14 May
1923:
1835:
1765:
1653:nhs.uk
1537:Anvisa
1283:Beerse
1257:has a
1134:, and
1111:, and
1083:or by
974:, and
871:opioid
752:SMILES
719:477.05
602:ChEMBL
571:D08144
331:
318:
294:
281:
169:
92:
7818:Semax
7457:(NOP)
7435:UPHIT
7420:RB-64
7360:ML350
7355:ML190
7315:JDTic
7290:DIPPA
7057:RB-64
6812:HS665
6677:CR665
6572:18-MC
6567:8-CAC
6543:(KOR)
6065:DSLET
6050:DPDPE
6000:DADLE
5960:BU-48
5886:(DOR)
5724:JDTic
5586:18-MC
5415:PZM21
5359:opium
5268:NFEPP
4948:DADLE
4752:(MOR)
4006:S2CID
3955:(FDA)
3951:U.S.
3891:6 May
3858:S2CID
3812:S2CID
3602:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3417:(FDA)
3413:U.S.
3300:(PDF)
3285:(PDF)
2859:S2CID
2763:(PDF)
2756:(PDF)
2735:S2CID
2657:S2CID
2171:(FDA)
2167:U.S.
2080:(PDF)
2069:(PDF)
1383:Zydis
1277:from
992:fever
916:use.
772:InChI
728:JSmol
582:ChEBI
377:Liver
7205:ANTI
6822:HZ-2
6376:BNTX
5659:CTOP
5655:CTAP
4146:and
4092:PMID
4068:2016
4041:PMID
3998:PMID
3967:2018
3932:2018
3916:ISSN
3893:2016
3850:PMID
3804:PMID
3769:PMID
3747:2015
3724:2016
3706:ISBN
3682:PMID
3655:ISSN
3610:2023
3541:ISSN
3531:ISBN
3499:2014
3486:ISBN
3455:2014
3429:2020
3395:2014
3336:ISBN
3308:2014
3268:2014
3217:2014
3183:PMID
3138:2016
3108:PMID
3084:2016
3066:ISBN
3039:ISBN
2966:PMID
2927:PMID
2886:PMID
2851:PMID
2816:PMID
2790:CMAJ
2771:2017
2727:PMID
2688:PMID
2649:PMID
2608:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2562:2016
2536:2016
2510:2020
2480:2016
2446:PMID
2409:2016
2379:2016
2353:2023
2303:PMID
2234:2016
2183:2016
2145:PMID
2114:2016
2088:2014
2037:ISBN
2006:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1954:2016
1921:PMID
1898:2024
1873:2024
1833:ISBN
1781:2020
1763:ISBN
1739:2015
1709:2015
1683:2014
1632:2015
1587:2024
1557:2023
1370:and
1188:MPTP
1066:The
842:and
562:KEGG
542:UNII
531:3818
491:7215
471:3955
356:0.3%
346:data
125:AHFS
112:USAN
7300:ECG
7295:EGC
6411:EGC
6406:ECG
6085:FIT
5689:EGC
5684:ECG
4449:BBB
4152:A07
4082:PMC
4072:doi
4033:doi
3990:doi
3842:doi
3796:doi
3759:PMC
3751:doi
3647:doi
3643:298
3595:DEA
3521:hdl
3482:200
3173:PMC
3165:doi
3157:Gut
3031:doi
2958:doi
2917:doi
2913:102
2843:doi
2806:PMC
2798:doi
2794:189
2719:doi
2641:doi
2436:doi
2293:PMC
2283:doi
2137:doi
1803:hdl
1372:gas
1316:Gut
1281:in
1009:or
627:EPA
461:CID
425:N,N
423:4--
366:97%
333:OTC
308:OTC
251:WHO
240:WHO
7918::
7766:D
7121:,
7117:,
7113:,
4686::
4139:,
4090:.
4080:.
4066:.
4062:.
4039:.
4029:69
4027:.
4004:.
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3986:60
3984:.
3957:.
3949:.
3922:.
3914:.
3910:.
3883:.
3879:.
3856:.
3848:.
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3836:.
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3810:.
3802:.
3792:36
3790:.
3767:.
3757:.
3745:.
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3676:.
3653:.
3641:.
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3587:.
3561:.
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3529:.
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3171:.
3161:18
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3027:19
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695:Cl
692:33
686:29
327:US
314:UK
303:CA
290:BR
283:S2
277:AU
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