860:
41:
554:
343:
869:
836:
824:
848:
29:
545:
These tracts contain more than 1 million axons and the majority of the axons are myelinated. The corticospinal tracts myelinate largely during the first and second years after birth. The majority of nerve axons are small (<4ΞΌm) in diameter. About 3% of nerve axons have a much larger diameter
651:. These nuclei are supplied by nerves from both sides of the brain, with the exception of the parts of the facial nerve that control muscles of the lower face. These muscles are only innervated by nerves from the contralateral (opposite) side of the cortex.
667:
of the body. Because of the crossing-over of fibres, muscles are supplied by the side of the brain opposite to that of the muscle. The nerves within the corticobulbar tract are involved in movement in muscles of the head. They are involved in swallowing,
1001:
1107:
1295:
550:, mostly in the leg area of the primary motor cortex. These cells are notable because of their rapid conduction rate, over 70m/sec, the fastest conduction of any signals from the brain to the spinal cord.
897:
when their opponents fail to correctly answer a question about the pyramidal tracts, despite Clark
Griswold (played by Chevy Chase) mistakenly answering that they are a housing development outside Cairo.
1067:
507:. About 80% of axons cross over and form the lateral corticospinal tract; 10% do not cross over and join the tract, and 10% of fibres travel in the anterior corticospinal tract.
1738:
687:
refers to tracts within the spinal cord involved in involuntary movement but not part of the pyramidal tracts. Their functions include the control of posture and
198:
781:
is damaged on only one side, then only the lower face will be affected, however if there is involvement of both the left and right tracts, then the result is
542:. Nerve axons of the lateral corticospinal tract that did not cross over in the medulla oblongata do so at the level of the spinal cord they terminate in.
706:
Damage to the fibres of the corticospinal tracts, anywhere along their course from the cerebral cortex to the lower end of the spinal cord, can cause an
334:. Most of the myelination is complete by two years of age and thereafter it progresses very slowly in cranio-caudal direction up to twelve years of age.
970:
319:
to the brain stem from multiple directions, giving the impression of an inverted pyramid. Involvement of the pyramidal tract at any level leads to
277:. These nerves control the muscles of the face and neck and are involved in facial expression, mastication, swallowing, and other motor functions.
680:. With the exception of lower muscles of facial expression, all functions of the corticobulbar tract involve inputs from both sides of the brain.
868:
3103:
2147:
557:
Horizontal section through the lower part of the pons, showing the fibers of the corticospinal tract (#19) passing through the pontine nuclei
174:
170:
3155:
3058:
3495:
3465:
1990:
1890:
2666:
985:
1091:
2709:
1666:
1126:(2. ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Assoc. 2001. pp. Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome.
331:
33:
Deep dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. ("pyramidal tract" visible in red, and "pyramidal decussation" labeled at lower right.)
4094:
3013:
1376:
987:
Neuroanatomy and the neurologic exam : a thesaurus of synonyms, similar-sounding non-synonyms, and terms of variable meaning
889:
3049:
2973:
2958:
2433:
2480:
1029:
954:
914:
Chapter 9 of "Principles of
Physiology" (3rd edition) by Robert M. Berne and Mathew N. Levy. Published by Mosby, Inc. (2000)
330:
of the pyramidal fibres is incomplete at birth and gradually progresses in cranio-caudal direction and thereby progressively
1418:
2978:
496:
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2855:
1137:
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2428:
3931:
1313:
3349:
3165:
476:
835:
3992:
3120:
1289:
1131:
1101:
995:
919:
495:. Below the prominences, the majority of axons cross over to the opposite side from which they originated, known as
2572:
2418:
2228:
2029:
1690:
1599:
1279:
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of the corticobulbar tract synapse with interneurons or directly with the lower motor neurons located in the motor
205:
1340:
1051:
2577:
2567:
2219:
2139:
1673:
1661:
713:
A few days after the injury to the upper motor neurons, a pattern of motor signs and symptoms appears, including
579:
travel with the corticospinal tract through the internal capsule, but terminate in a number of locations in the
300:, resulting in muscles being controlled by the opposite side of the brain. The corticospinal tract contains the
3697:
3236:
3140:
2423:
2089:
2051:
1938:
1715:
1630:
1582:
1061:
492:
292:. The corticospinal tract is involved in voluntary movement. The majority of fibres of the corticospinal tract
1227:
Farag, Sara M.; Mohammed, Manal O.; EL-Sobky, Tamer A.; ElKadery, Nadia A.; ElZohiery, Abeer K. (March 2020).
4055:
4029:
3144:
2747:
2104:
193:
4060:
4034:
3997:
3963:
3958:
3863:
3830:
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3744:
3609:
3366:
3224:
2883:
2764:
2742:
2287:
2099:
2077:
1885:
1758:
1695:
504:
289:
823:
4001:
3362:
3220:
3006:
2833:
2759:
2282:
2183:
2056:
1587:
1369:
707:
584:
500:
285:
3953:
3769:
3667:
3591:
3549:
2908:
2610:
2368:
534:. The majority of axons do not directly synapse with lower motor neurons, but instead synapse with an
3987:
3905:
3739:
3248:
3215:
2991:
2935:
2850:
2605:
2473:
2237:
2232:
2205:
2171:
2152:
2082:
1783:
145:
1153:"Recrudescence of Deficits After Stroke: Clinical and Imaging Phenotype, Triggers, and Risk Factors"
3784:
3671:
3595:
3405:
3257:
2294:
2257:
2209:
1980:
1766:
1430:
1229:"Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy"
448:
293:
128:
3276:
3885:
3872:
3844:
3777:
3752:
3659:
3627:
3583:
3353:
3124:
2860:
2277:
2166:
2046:
2024:
1748:
1480:
759:
3197:
803:
In the past, this condition was treated by partial section of the pyramidal tract either at the
315:
of the medulla oblongata. The corticospinal fibers converge to a point when descending from the
3806:
3773:
3764:
3643:
3639:
3631:
3567:
3372:
2999:
2373:
1975:
1707:
1362:
771:
616:
181:
165:
4099:
3922:
3859:
3835:
3826:
3798:
3789:
3686:
3647:
3571:
3474:
3382:
3300:
2893:
2840:
2737:
2559:
2363:
2120:
2094:
1897:
1840:
1830:
1653:
1604:
684:
3983:
3949:
3900:
3415:
3401:
3345:
3291:
3183:
3132:
2794:
2771:
2620:
2503:
2466:
2445:
2316:
2214:
2019:
1835:
1776:
1405:
804:
608:
600:
592:
539:
511:
456:
444:
235:
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form the bulk of the pyramidal tracts. The nerve axons travel from the cortex through the
8:
3867:
3655:
3635:
3579:
3499:
3410:
3296:
3286:
3262:
3232:
3227:
3114:
2799:
2754:
2701:
2597:
2413:
2358:
2272:
1825:
1728:
1625:
1594:
1425:
1413:
1345:
778:
747:
567:
499:. The axons that cross over move to the outer part of the medulla oblongata and form the
430:
418:
414:
312:
281:
231:
227:
4050:
4024:
3855:
3085:
3081:
3067:
2872:
2786:
2719:
2714:
2645:
2633:
2538:
2508:
2267:
1931:
1678:
1543:
1514:
1255:
1228:
1177:
1152:
964:
786:
782:
767:
604:
531:
515:
355:
239:
45:
1096:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 69β70.
859:
4038:
3967:
3910:
3896:
3734:
3651:
3575:
3523:
3469:
3444:
3244:
3207:
3169:
3071:
2913:
2903:
2845:
2820:
2776:
2729:
2638:
2178:
2041:
1995:
1959:
1743:
1683:
1620:
1575:
1532:
1522:
1496:
1475:
1285:
1260:
1209:
1200:
Vitrikas, K; Dalton, H; Breish, D (15 February 2020). "Cerebral Palsy: An
Overview".
1182:
1127:
1097:
1057:
1025:
991:
950:
915:
875:
677:
596:
488:
480:
387:
297:
69:
1151:
Topcuoglu, MA; Saka, E; Silverman, SB; Schwamm, LH; Singhal, AB (1 September 2017).
3308:
3128:
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2513:
2262:
2223:
2161:
2036:
1856:
1570:
1250:
1240:
1172:
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847:
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316:
266:
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2518:
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1985:
1869:
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700:
648:
632:
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436:
379:
359:
320:
243:
158:
133:
79:
3979:
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3030:
2391:
2334:
2014:
1450:
1121:
743:
468:
40:
1309:
1245:
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3802:
3539:
3211:
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2587:
2582:
2533:
1924:
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1812:
808:
793:
729:
460:
274:
186:
3889:
3848:
3675:
3619:
3599:
3559:
2685:
2523:
2440:
2344:
2068:
2005:
1808:
1771:
1552:
1460:
1264:
1213:
1186:
673:
660:
628:
576:
553:
538:
that then synapses with a lower motor neuron. This generally occurs in the
519:
1354:
573:
3877:
3439:
3026:
3022:
2628:
2550:
2489:
2326:
2116:
1852:
1733:
1644:
1442:
688:
644:
640:
535:
403:
399:
391:
383:
363:
255:
89:
284:
conducts impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. It is made up of a
4064:
4046:
4020:
4012:
3975:
3941:
3748:
3719:
763:
714:
612:
526:
level of the muscle that they will innervate. At this point, the axons
140:
3021:
1916:
211:
1349:
718:
669:
547:
484:
371:
305:
247:
97:
63:
3881:
3840:
3701:
3663:
3623:
3587:
3563:
3304:
3240:
3136:
2528:
1386:
722:
624:
580:
523:
152:
1346:
Stained brain slice images which include the "Corticospinal tract"
1024:(17th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 147β149.
800:
might exhaust the patient and become a life-threatening situation.
262:) and are involved in the control of motor functions of the body.
751:
725:
672:, and movements of the tongue. By virtue of involvement with the
527:
395:
949:(11th ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 687β690.
342:
797:
755:
739:
676:, the corticobulbar tract is also responsible for transmitting
664:
327:
2458:
1739:
Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus
1226:
1150:
311:
The pyramidal tracts are named because they pass through the
270:
114:
893:, the Griswold family wins a vacation on a game show called
874:
Diagram of the principal fasciculi of the spinal cord, from
3188:
1948:
588:
472:
301:
735:
Symptoms generally occur alongside other sensory problems.
659:
The nerves within the corticospinal tract are involved in
28:
717:, hyperactive reflexes, a loss of the ability to perform
435:
Nerve fibres in the corticospinal tract originate from
785:. This causes problems with swallowing, speaking, and
304:
of the pyramidal cells, the largest of which are the
1310:"Quotes from "National Lampoon's European Vacation""
1199:
841:
Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view.
16:
The corticobulbar tract and the corticospinal tract
1020:Fauci, Anthony S.; Harrison, T. R., eds. (2008).
510:The nerve axons traveling down the tract are the
4086:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
770:, and trauma to the spinal cord, including from
1015:
1013:
1011:
792:Severe disabling involuntary movements such as
3007:
2474:
1932:
1370:
1019:
925:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1008:
969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
518:. These axons travel down the tracts in the
491:. Here they form two prominences called the
409:There is some variation in terminology. The
1384:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1053:Neuroanatomical Basis of Clinical Neurology
990:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 458β460.
3014:
3000:
2481:
2467:
1939:
1925:
1377:
1363:
1022:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
503:, whereas the fibres that remain form the
39:
27:
2710:Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway
1254:
1244:
1176:
1038:
3901:Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum
1074:
983:
945:Hall, Arthur C. Guyton, John E. (2005).
694:
552:
522:of the spinal cord until they reach the
467:supplies the rest. The cells have their
341:
3860:Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum
1946:
829:Dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view.
4087:
4030:Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract
3959:Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract
1968:
1277:
1049:
561:
424:
2995:
2462:
1920:
1358:
1089:
882:
758:, neurodegenerative diseases such as
738:Causes may include disorders such as
944:
890:National Lampoon's European Vacation
815:
417:, and many authors also include the
455:(together also about 30%), and the
13:
3827:Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum
3350:Posterior limb of internal capsule
3166:Posterior limb of internal capsule
1316:from the original on 25 March 2017
477:posterior limb of internal capsule
308:, located in the cerebral cortex.
14:
4111:
3121:Posterior external arcuate fibers
1332:
265:The corticobulbar tract conducts
2573:Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
1600:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
1298:from the original on 2018-03-03.
1140:from the original on 2018-05-03.
1110:from the original on 2017-03-13.
1070:from the original on 2018-05-03.
1004:from the original on 2018-05-03.
867:
858:
846:
834:
822:
471:in the cerebral cortex, and the
206:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
4095:Central nervous system pathways
2488:
1302:
1271:
1220:
2090:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
2052:Medial longitudinal fasciculus
1716:Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
1193:
1144:
1114:
977:
947:Textbook of medical physiology
908:
1:
4056:Rostral spinocerebellar tract
2105:Lateral vestibulospinal tract
984:Anthoney, Terence R. (1994).
901:
2667:Central gelatinous substance
2288:Lateral parabrachial nucleus
2100:Medial vestibulospinal tract
2078:Inferior cerebellar peduncle
1886:Superior cerebellar peduncle
1759:Midbrain reticular formation
1169:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1668
505:anterior corticospinal tract
493:medulla oblongatary pyramids
390:, and travel as part of the
337:
246:and terminate either in the
234:. These are aggregations of
7:
4002:Anterior lobe of cerebellum
2283:Medial parabrachial nucleus
2057:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1588:Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers
1093:Basic clinical neuroscience
708:upper motor neuron syndrome
654:
585:cortico-mesencephalic tract
501:lateral corticospinal tract
413:definitively encompass the
68:Many fibres in pyramids of
10:
4116:
3954:Posterior thoracic nucleus
3668:Thalamocortical radiations
3592:Thalamocortical radiations
2611:Posterior thoracic nucleus
1284:. Williams & Wilkins.
1056:. CRC Press. p. 368.
698:
565:
428:
4011:
3988:Accessory cuneate nucleus
3930:
3919:
3906:Vestibulocerebellar tract
3815:
3740:Vestibulocerebellar tract
3727:
3718:
3683:
3607:
3547:
3538:
3514:
3484:
3454:
3428:
3390:
3381:
3333:
3326:
3275:
3249:Posterior parietal cortex
3216:Anterior white commissure
3196:
3182:
3154:
3102:
3057:
3048:
3041:
2948:
2936:Anterior white commissure
2928:
2871:
2819:
2812:
2785:
2728:
2700:
2693:
2684:
2654:
2619:
2606:Intermediolateral nucleus
2596:
2558:
2549:
2496:
2404:
2384:
2343:
2325:
2312:
2250:
2238:Inferior salivary nucleus
2233:Superior salivary nucleus
2194:
2128:
2115:
2083:Vestibulocerebellar tract
2067:
2004:
1955:
1878:
1851:
1807:
1800:
1784:Reticulotegmental nucleus
1757:
1724:
1706:
1652:
1643:
1613:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1531:
1513:
1489:
1468:
1459:
1441:
1404:
1393:
1324:– via www.imdb.com.
1246:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119
1202:American Family Physician
204:
192:
180:
164:
151:
139:
127:
113:
108:
85:
75:
62:
57:
38:
26:
21:
3785:Inferior olivary nucleus
3672:Supplementary motor area
3596:Supplementary motor area
3406:Genu of internal capsule
3258:Spinomesencephalic tract
2295:Superior olivary nucleus
2258:Pedunculopontine nucleus
2210:Trigeminal motor nucleus
2030:Ventral trigeminal tract
1981:Superior medullary velum
1767:dorsal tegmental nucleus
1696:EdingerβWestphal nucleus
1278:DeMyer, William (1998).
449:supplementary motor area
443:. Fibres arise from the
378:). Nerves emerge in the
3873:Cerebellothalamic tract
3354:Decussation of pyramids
3125:Internal arcuate fibers
2974:Posterior median sulcus
2959:Anterior median fissure
2278:Subparabrachial nucleus
2047:Central tegmental tract
2025:Dorsal trigeminal tract
1749:Interpeduncular nucleus
1481:Central tegmental tract
1090:Young, Paul A. (2007).
762:, inflammation such as
760:multiple system atrophy
619:, motor nucleus of the
122:tractus corticospinalis
3807:Deep cerebellar nuclei
3774:Deep cerebellar nuclei
3765:Pontocerebellar fibers
3640:Subthalamic fasciculus
3632:Subthalamic fasciculus
3373:Neuromuscular junction
2374:Pontocerebellar fibers
1976:Cerebellopontine angle
1708:Ventral tegmental area
1050:Arslan, Orhan (2001).
728:response known as the
558:
546:(16ΞΌm) and arise from
358:that originate in the
347:
3993:Cuneocerebellar tract
3836:Dentatothalamic tract
3790:Olivocerebellar tract
3687:nigrostriatal pathway
3648:Lenticular fasciculus
3572:Lenticular fasciculus
3475:Vestibulospinal tract
2979:Posterolateral sulcus
2560:Posterior grey column
2364:Corticopontine fibers
2095:Vestibulospinal tract
1898:Interpeduncular fossa
1841:Temporopontine fibers
1605:Dentatothalamic tract
699:Further information:
695:Clinical significance
685:extrapyramidal system
566:Further information:
556:
512:efferent nerve fibers
429:Further information:
362:and terminate in the
345:
332:gaining functionality
242:that travel from the
236:efferent nerve fibers
52:labeled at upper left
3505:Reticulospinal tract
3416:Facial motor nucleus
3402:Primary motor cortex
3346:Primary motor cortex
3292:Spinoreticular tract
3133:Trigeminal lemniscus
3072:Meissner's corpuscle
2964:Anterolateral sulcus
2795:Spinoreticular tract
2621:Anterior grey column
2504:Cervical enlargement
2215:Facial motor nucleus
2020:Trigeminal lemniscus
1836:Frontopontine fibers
1831:Corticopontine tract
1406:Corpora quadrigemina
805:primary motor cortex
609:cranial nerve nuclei
601:cortico-bulbar tract
593:Corticopontine tract
540:anterior grey column
457:somatosensory cortex
445:primary motor cortex
419:corticobulbar tracts
415:corticospinal tracts
406:of the spinal cord.
382:, pass down and may
3868:Reticular formation
3656:Thalamic fasciculus
3636:Subthalamic nucleus
3580:Thalamic fasciculus
3500:Reticular formation
3496:Vestibulocerebellum
3466:Vestibulocerebellum
3411:Corticobulbar tract
3359:Corticospinal tract
3297:Reticular formation
3287:Group C nerve fiber
3263:Superior colliculus
3228:Spinothalamic tract
3115:sensory decussation
2800:Spino-olivary tract
2598:Lateral grey column
2414:Reticular formation
2359:Corticobulbar tract
2354:Corticospinal tract
2273:Parabrachial nuclei
1826:Corticobulbar tract
1821:Corticospinal tract
1729:Periaqueductal gray
1626:Rubro-olivary tract
1595:Spinothalamic tract
1561:Sensory / ascending
1469:Sensory / ascending
1426:Superior colliculus
1414:Inferior colliculus
779:corticobulbar tract
748:subdural hemorrhage
605:upper motor neurons
568:Corticobulbar tract
562:Corticobulbar tract
532:lower motor neurons
516:upper motor neurons
431:Corticospinal tract
425:Corticospinal tract
356:upper motor neurons
282:corticospinal tract
240:upper motor neurons
232:corticospinal tract
228:corticobulbar tract
120:tractus pyramidalis
4051:Golgi tendon organ
4025:Golgi tendon organ
3856:Interposed nucleus
3086:Cuneate fasciculus
3082:Gracile fasciculus
3068:Pacinian corpuscle
2646:Gamma motor neuron
2634:Alpha motor neuron
2539:Terminal ventricle
2509:Lumbar enlargement
2405:Other grey: Raphe/
2347:: Motor/descending
2268:Pneumotaxic center
2251:Grey: Other nuclei
1679:Oculomotor nucleus
1614:Motor / descending
1490:Motor / descending
883:In popular culture
787:emotional lability
783:pseudobulbar palsy
768:multiple sclerosis
559:
439:in layer V of the
348:
46:Spinal cord tracts
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4039:Cerebellar vermis
3968:Cerebellar vermis
3911:Vestibular nuclei
3897:Fastigial nucleus
3735:Vestibular nuclei
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3652:Ansa lenticularis
3576:Ansa lenticularis
3534:
3533:
3527:β muscles of neck
3524:Tectospinal tract
3470:Vestibular nuclei
3445:Rubrospinal tract
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3245:Postcentral gyrus
3208:Free nerve ending
3178:
3177:
3170:Postcentral gyrus
2989:
2988:
2949:External features
2944:
2943:
2924:
2923:
2861:Hypothalamospinal
2808:
2807:
2680:
2679:
2456:
2455:
2400:
2399:
2308:
2307:
2246:
2245:
2179:Vestibular nuclei
2042:Lateral lemniscus
1996:Facial colliculus
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1796:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1744:Parabrachial area
1684:Trochlear nucleus
1639:
1638:
1621:Rubrospinal tract
1523:Cerebral aqueduct
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1497:Tectospinal tract
1476:Spinotectal tract
1431:Superior brachium
1419:Inferior brachium
1350:BrainMaps project
1031:978-0-07-147692-8
956:978-0-7216-0240-0
816:Additional images
678:facial expression
597:medulla oblongata
489:medulla oblongata
481:cerebral peduncle
388:medulla oblongata
298:medulla oblongata
226:include both the
220:
219:
215:
70:medulla oblongata
4107:
3928:
3927:
3725:
3724:
3691:
3614:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3489:
3459:
3433:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3331:
3330:
3309:Cingulate cortex
3233:Spinal lemniscus
3194:
3193:
3129:Medial lemniscus
3077:Posterior column
3055:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2817:
2816:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2578:Nucleus proprius
2568:Marginal nucleus
2556:
2555:
2514:Conus medullaris
2497:General features
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2323:
2322:
2263:Apneustic center
2224:Abducens nucleus
2199:
2162:Cochlear nucleus
2133:
2126:
2125:
2037:Medial lemniscus
1966:
1965:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1857:Substantia nigra
1805:
1804:
1650:
1649:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1466:
1465:
1402:
1401:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1258:
1248:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1163:(9): 1048β1055.
1148:
1142:
1141:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1087:
1072:
1071:
1047:
1036:
1035:
1017:
1006:
1005:
981:
975:
974:
968:
960:
942:
923:
912:
871:
862:
853:The motor tract.
850:
838:
826:
811:(pedunculotomy).
649:accessory nerves
637:nucleus ambiguus
621:trigeminal nerve
572:Fibres from the
411:pyramidal tracts
352:pyramidal tracts
346:Pyramidal tracts
317:internal capsule
224:pyramidal tracts
212:edit on Wikidata
209:
50:pyramidal tracts
43:
31:
22:Pyramidal tracts
19:
18:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4070:
4007:
3980:muscle spindles
3946:muscle spindles
3933:
3923:Spinocerebellar
3921:
3915:
3823:Dentate nucleus
3811:
3706:
3684:
3679:
3608:
3603:
3548:
3530:
3519:Midbrain tectum
3510:
3485:
3480:
3455:
3450:
3429:
3424:
3391:
3377:
3314:
3271:
3267:Midbrain tectum
3187:
3174:
3150:
3117:/arcuate fibers
3098:
3094:Cuneate nucleus
3090:Gracile nucleus
3037:
3020:
2990:
2985:
2940:
2920:
2894:Vestibulospinal
2890:Extrapyramidal
2867:
2804:
2781:
2738:Spinocerebellar
2724:
2676:
2672:Gray commissure
2650:
2615:
2592:
2588:Rexed lamina VI
2545:
2519:Filum terminale
2492:
2487:
2457:
2452:
2406:
2396:
2380:
2339:
2314:
2304:
2300:Locus coeruleus
2242:
2195:
2190:
2129:
2111:
2063:
2000:
1991:Medial eminence
1986:Sulcus limitans
1957:
1951:
1947:Anatomy of the
1945:
1915:
1902:
1874:
1870:Pars reticulata
1847:
1788:
1753:
1720:
1702:
1635:
1609:
1535:
1527:
1501:
1485:
1455:
1437:
1397:
1389:
1385:Anatomy of the
1383:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1292:
1276:
1272:
1225:
1221:
1198:
1194:
1149:
1145:
1134:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1104:
1088:
1075:
1064:
1048:
1039:
1032:
1018:
1009:
998:
982:
978:
962:
961:
957:
943:
926:
913:
909:
904:
885:
878:
872:
863:
854:
851:
842:
839:
830:
827:
818:
703:
701:Pyramidal signs
697:
657:
570:
564:
465:cingulate gyrus
453:premotor cortex
441:cerebral cortex
437:pyramidal cells
433:
427:
380:cerebral cortex
360:cerebral cortex
340:
321:pyramidal signs
244:cerebral cortex
216:
173:
121:
80:Cerebral cortex
53:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4043:
4042:
4017:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3972:
3971:
3938:
3936:
3934:proprioception
3925:
3920:Bidirectional:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3893:
3892:
3852:
3851:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3781:
3780:
3760:Pontine nuclei
3756:
3755:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3681:
3680:
3617:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3557:
3555:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3462:
3460:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3436:
3434:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:Facial muscles
3398:
3396:
3385:
3383:Extrapyramidal
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3253:
3252:
3203:
3201:
3191:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3109:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3064:
3062:
3052:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3019:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2899:Reticulospinal
2896:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2880:Corticospinal
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2856:Reticulospinal
2853:
2848:
2841:Extrapyramidal
2838:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2772:Posterolateral
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2639:Onuf's nucleus
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2583:Rexed lamina V
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2392:Basilar sulcus
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2335:Pontine nuclei
2331:
2329:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2136:
2134:
2123:
2121:Cranial nuclei
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2074:
2072:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2015:Trapezoid body
2011:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1658:
1656:
1654:cranial nuclei
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1631:Descending MLF
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1451:Pretectal area
1447:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1333:External links
1331:
1328:
1327:
1301:
1290:
1270:
1219:
1208:(4): 213β220.
1192:
1157:JAMA Neurology
1143:
1132:
1113:
1102:
1073:
1062:
1037:
1030:
1007:
996:
976:
955:
924:
906:
905:
903:
900:
884:
881:
880:
879:
876:Gray's anatomy
873:
866:
864:
857:
855:
852:
845:
843:
840:
833:
831:
828:
821:
817:
814:
813:
812:
801:
790:
775:
744:cerebral palsy
736:
733:
719:fine movements
711:
696:
693:
656:
653:
563:
560:
479:, through the
426:
423:
339:
336:
290:anterior tract
275:cranial nerves
218:
217:
208:
202:
201:
196:
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
168:
162:
161:
156:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
131:
125:
124:
117:
111:
110:
106:
105:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
66:
60:
59:
55:
54:
44:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4112:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3803:Purkinje cell
3800:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3703:
3699:
3698:Pars compacta
3696:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Basal ganglia
3537:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3212:A delta fiber
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3184:Anterolateral
3181:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:neural tracts
3028:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2829:Corticospinal
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2755:Spinothalamic
2753:
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2736:
2735:
2733:
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2727:
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2665:
2663:
2662:Rexed laminae
2660:
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2534:Central canal
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2026:
2023:
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2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
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1979:
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1865:Pars compacta
1863:
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1834:
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1814:
1813:Cerebral crus
1810:
1806:
1803:
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1667:Mesencephalic
1665:
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1612:
1606:
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1598:
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1583:Ascending MLF
1581:
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1297:
1293:
1291:9780683300758
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1139:
1135:
1133:0-87893-742-0
1129:
1125:
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1117:
1109:
1105:
1103:9780781753197
1099:
1095:
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1016:
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997:9780849386312
993:
989:
988:
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966:
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952:
948:
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937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
921:
920:0-323-00813-5
917:
911:
907:
899:
896:
895:Pig in a Poke
892:
891:
877:
870:
865:
861:
856:
849:
844:
837:
832:
825:
820:
819:
810:
809:cerebral crus
806:
802:
799:
795:
794:hemiballismus
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
772:slipped discs
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
734:
731:
730:Babinski sign
727:
724:
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692:
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541:
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525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:and anterior
486:
483:and into the
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:parietal lobe
458:
454:
450:
447:(about 30%),
446:
442:
438:
432:
422:
420:
416:
412:
407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:corticobulbar
373:
369:
368:corticospinal
365:
361:
357:
353:
344:
335:
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329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
260:corticospinal
257:
253:
252:corticobulbar
249:
245:
241:
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213:
207:
203:
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197:
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118:
116:
112:
107:
103:
102:corticobulbar
99:
95:
94:corticospinal
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
65:
61:
56:
51:
47:
42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
4100:Motor system
4054:
4028:
3991:
3957:
3904:
3890:Motor cortex
3871:
3849:Motor cortex
3834:
3788:
3778:Granule cell
3763:
3753:Granule cell
3738:
3685:
3676:Motor cortex
3620:Motor cortex
3610:
3600:Motor cortex
3560:Motor cortex
3550:
3522:
3503:
3486:
3473:
3456:
3443:
3430:
3409:
3392:
3358:
3357:
3342:
3334:
3290:
3256:
3254:
3219:
3113:
3075:
2828:
2686:White matter
2551:Grey columns
2524:Cauda equina
2441:Raphe nuclei
2353:
2196:
2130:
1820:
1772:Raphe nuclei
1553:White matter
1461:White matter
1318:. Retrieved
1304:
1281:Neuroanatomy
1280:
1273:
1239:(3): e0119.
1236:
1233:JBJS Reviews
1232:
1222:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1123:Neuroscience
1122:
1116:
1092:
1052:
1021:
986:
979:
946:
910:
894:
888:
886:
682:
674:facial nerve
658:
629:facial nerve
577:motor cortex
571:
544:
520:white matter
509:
434:
410:
408:
400:interneurons
375:
367:
351:
349:
325:
310:
279:
264:
259:
251:
223:
221:
175:A14.1.06.102
171:A14.1.04.102
159:birnlex_1464
119:
101:
93:
49:
3932:Unconscious
3878:Red nucleus
3440:Red nucleus
3027:spinal cord
2914:Olivospinal
2909:Raphespinal
2904:Tectospinal
2851:Raphespinal
2846:Rubrospinal
2777:Spinotectal
2629:Interneuron
2490:Spinal cord
2144:Trigeminal
1891:Decussation
1734:Red nucleus
1645:Grey matter
1443:Grey matter
689:muscle tone
641:hypoglossal
635:and in the
536:interneuron
497:decussation
404:grey column
394:until they
392:spinal cord
384:cross sides
364:spinal cord
328:myelination
256:spinal cord
109:Identifiers
90:Spinal cord
64:Decussation
4089:Categories
4065:Cerebellum
4047:upper limb
4021:lower limb
4013:Reflex arc
3976:upper limb
3942:lower limb
3799:Hemisphere
3749:Cerebellum
3720:Cerebellar
3598:) β 5Β° (
3487:extension:
3457:extension:
2434:Paramedian
1063:1439806136
902:References
807:or at the
796:or severe
764:meningitis
715:spasticity
613:oculomotor
548:Betz cells
354:refers to
306:Betz cells
294:cross over
141:NeuroNames
3674:) β 7Β° (
3611:indirect:
3335:Pyramidal
3035:fasciculi
2702:Posterior
2429:Tegmental
2407:reticular
2197:efferent:
2148:Principal
2131:afferent:
2008:: Sensory
1960:tegmentum
1567:Lemnisci
1544:Tegmentum
1536:(Ventral)
965:cite book
752:abscesses
721:, and an
670:phonation
633:accessory
617:trochlear
611:, namely
524:vertebral
485:brainstem
372:brainstem
350:The term
338:Structure
269:from the
248:brainstem
238:from the
98:brainstem
4053:) β 2Β° (
4027:) β 2Β° (
3986:) β 2Β° (
3952:) β 2Β° (
3882:Thalamus
3841:Thalamus
3816:Efferent
3728:Afferent
3702:Striatum
3666:) β 6Β° (
3664:Thalamus
3646:) β 5Β° (
3638:) β 4Β° (
3630:) β 3Β° (
3626:) β 2Β° (
3624:Striatum
3590:) β 4Β° (
3588:Thalamus
3570:) β 3Β° (
3566:) β 2Β° (
3564:Striatum
3431:flexion:
3393:flexion:
3367:Anterior
3343:flexion:
3307:) β 3Β° (
3305:Thalamus
3299:) β 2Β° (
3247:) β 4Β° (
3243:) β 3Β° (
3241:Thalamus
3225:Anterior
3214:) β 2Β° (
3200:/lateral
3137:Thalamus
2955:Ventral
2884:Anterior
2873:Anterior
2787:Anterior
2765:anterior
2529:Meninges
2313:Ventral/
2184:Superior
2172:Anterior
2071:: Motor
1533:Peduncle
1398:(Dorsal)
1387:midbrain
1314:Archived
1296:Archived
1265:32224633
1214:32053326
1187:28783808
1138:Archived
1108:Archived
1068:Archived
1002:Archived
723:extensor
661:movement
655:Function
625:abducens
581:midbrain
451:and the
313:pyramids
267:impulses
230:and the
153:NeuroLex
3870:, or β
3551:direct:
3363:Lateral
3279:/medial
3221:Lateral
3042:Sensory
2970:Dorsal
2834:Lateral
2821:Lateral
2760:lateral
2748:ventral
2730:Lateral
2720:Cuneate
2715:Gracile
2694:Sensory
2385:Surface
1969:Surface
1956:Dorsal/
1879:Surface
1576:Lateral
1348:at the
1256:7161716
1178:5710180
777:If the
756:tumours
740:strokes
726:plantar
665:muscles
639:to the
603:). The
595:), and
574:ventral
528:synapse
514:of the
402:in the
396:synapse
386:in the
296:in the
286:lateral
273:to the
134:D011712
58:Details
48:, with
4049:β 1Β° (
4023:β 1Β° (
3978:β 1Β° (
3944:β 1Β° (
2743:dorsal
2446:Median
2419:Caudal
2167:Dorsal
2153:Spinal
1777:dorsal
1571:Medial
1395:Tectum
1341:McGill
1288:
1263:
1253:
1212:
1185:
1175:
1130:
1100:
1060:
1028:
994:
953:
918:
798:chorea
469:bodies
463:, and
3327:Motor
3023:Brain
2813:Motor
2655:Other
2345:White
2069:White
2006:White
1809:White
1320:3 May
645:vagus
530:with
473:axons
398:with
370:) or
302:axons
271:brain
254:) or
210:[
199:72634
115:Latin
96:) or
3888:) β
3847:) β
3618:1Β° (
3558:1Β° (
3285:1Β° (
3277:Slow
3255:2Β° (
3223:and
3206:1Β° (
3198:Fast
3189:pain
3127:) β
3088:) β
3050:DCML
3033:and
3025:and
2929:Both
2424:Oral
2327:Grey
2317:base
2117:Grey
1949:pons
1853:Grey
1801:Base
1322:2018
1286:ISBN
1261:PMID
1210:PMID
1183:PMID
1128:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1058:ISBN
1026:ISBN
992:ISBN
971:link
951:ISBN
916:ISBN
766:and
754:and
683:The
647:and
631:and
589:pons
326:The
288:and
280:The
222:The
187:6040
166:TA98
146:1320
129:MeSH
76:From
4061:ICP
4035:SCP
3998:ICP
3984:DRG
3964:ICP
3950:DRG
3899:in
3864:SCP
3858:in
3831:SCP
3825:in
3795:ICP
3787:β
3770:MCP
3745:ICP
3662:of
3644:GPi
3628:GPe
3586:of
3568:GPi
3468:β
3303:of
3265:of
3239:of
3237:VPL
3145:VPM
3141:VPL
2369:MCP
2229:GVE
2220:GSE
2206:SVE
2140:GSA
1691:GVE
1674:GSE
1662:GSA
1515:CSF
1251:PMC
1241:doi
1206:101
1173:PMC
1165:doi
887:In
663:of
587:),
194:FMA
182:TA2
4091::
4063:β
4059:β
4037:β
4033:β
4000:β
3996:β
3990:β
3982:β
3966:β
3962:β
3956:β
3948:β
3909:β
3903:β
3886:VL
3880:β
3876:β
3866:β
3862:β
3845:VL
3839:β
3833:β
3829:β
3805:β
3801:β
3797:β
3793:β
3776:β
3772:β
3768:β
3762:β
3751:β
3747:β
3743:β
3737:β
3700:β
3670:β
3660:VL
3658:β
3654:β
3642:β
3634:β
3622:β
3594:β
3584:VL
3582:β
3578:β
3562:β
3521:β
3502:β
3498:β
3472:β
3442:β
3418:β
3414:β
3408:β
3404:β
3371:β
3365:,
3356:β
3352:β
3348:β
3301:MD
3295:β
3289:β
3269:)
3261:β
3235:β
3231:β
3218:β
3210:β
3168:β
3164:β
3156:3Β°
3143:,
3135:β
3123:,
3112:β
3104:2Β°
3074:β
3059:1Β°
3029::
2231::
2222::
2208::
2119::
1855:/
1811:/
1312:.
1294:.
1259:.
1249:.
1235:.
1231:.
1204:.
1181:.
1171:.
1161:74
1159:.
1155:.
1136:.
1106:.
1076:^
1066:.
1040:^
1010:^
1000:.
967:}}
963:{{
927:^
750:,
746:,
742:,
691:.
643:,
627:,
623:,
615:,
459:,
421:.
323:.
155:ID
86:To
4067:)
4041:)
4004:)
3970:)
3884:(
3843:(
3689::
3678:)
3650:/
3602:)
3574:/
3369:)
3361:(
3311:)
3251:)
3186:/
3158::
3147:)
3139:(
3131:/
3119:(
3106::
3092:/
3084:/
3080:(
3070:/
3061::
3015:e
3008:t
3001:v
2482:e
2475:t
2468:v
2319:)
2315:(
1962:)
1958:(
1940:e
1933:t
1926:v
1378:e
1371:t
1364:v
1267:.
1243::
1237:8
1216:.
1189:.
1167::
1034:.
973:)
959:.
922:.
789:.
774:.
732:.
710:.
599:(
591:(
583:(
374:(
366:(
258:(
250:(
214:]
104:)
100:(
92:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
