37:
340:"The 1700 Cascadia earthquake probably was such a giant. It likely broke at least 1,000 kilometres of the boundary between the subducting Juan de Fuca Plate and the overriding North America Plate—a rupture about as long as California, or about Japan's length’s main island, Honshu. On the seaward half of the rupture, the plates probably lurched past one another by about 20 meters. The magnitude was probably in the range M 8.7-9.2."
306:
settlements at
Pachena Bay, for instance, speaks of the event taking place on a winter evening shortly after the village's residents had gone to sleep. Masit was the only community on Pachina Bay not to have been wiped out, as it sat on a mountainside approximately 75 feet (23 m) above sea level. Nobody else from Pachina Bay survived the event — Anacla aq sop, a young woman who happened to be staying at
295:"First Nations from Vancouver Island to Northern California describe the earthquake and tsunami in similar legends and artwork involving a life-and-death struggle between a thunderbird and a whale that caused the earth to shake violently and the seas to wash away their people and homes...he ancient quake and tsunami devastated the western shores of Vancouver Island and the eastern coast of Japan.
44:
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Fragments of wood preserved in the soil tell of coastal marshes destroyed by a tsunami. The excavation of a marsh reveals another layer of the same plant material, separated by a layer of sand. Tsunamis wash massive amounts of sand ashore, covering a marsh, which slowly builds up again. The deeper
305:
An estimate of how many generations had passed since the event — which can be traced back to a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s, or which concur with the event's timing in other ways help pinpoint the timing. The Huu-ay-aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their
357:
Thanks in part to oral and written accounts, we now know that such an earthquake took place off the coast of
Vancouver Island, rupturing a subduction fault all the way to northern California. What's more, we can actually pinpoint the date, year and time: 26 January 1700, 9 p.m. Pacific Time.
220:"This word is derived from the Nitinaht Indian name for the site of Port Renfrew, but by mistake, the anglicized name Pachena was applied to a point further up the coast that had a nearly identical configuration. Pachena in its original form means either 'seafoam' or 'foam on the rocks.'
223:
Pachena Bay adopted in the 5th Report of the
Geographic Board of Canada, 30 June 1904, as labelled on British Admiralty Chart 592, 1861 et seq, and on John Buttle's "Map of the Country between Barclay Sound & Nanaimo" by the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition, 1864 (plan 2T67).
317:
Although residents still live primarily in lower-lying areas, they are evacuated to the administration building when a tsunami warning is issued; this is an interim step toward a longer-term plan which will eventually see the residents relocated to higher ground as well.
329:
In 1996, a team of researchers linked the orphaned 1700 tsunami in Japan with a magnitude 9 earthquake and tsunami in North
America in a Trans-Pacific reunion. Scientists "dated the earthquake to the evening of January 26, 1700" and approximated its size as magnitude 9.
367:
Using wave heights and arrival times recorded by the
Japanese, tsunami scientists and seismologists worked backward, concluding that the tsunami originated with a magnitude 8.7–9.2 earthquake off the coast of Vancouver Island.
374:“They had practically no way or time to try to save themselves,” said one storyteller. “I think it was at nighttime that the land shook. I think a big wave smashed into the beach. The Pachena Bay people were lost.”
364:“A tsunami struck Kuwagasaki around midnight….water destroyed 13 houses outright and set off fires that destroyed 20 more,” according to one document. The tsunami also caused a shipwreck and damaged rice stores.
377:“It began in the middle of the night, and shaking was so severe that it made people sick,” said another storyteller. “It threw down their houses and brought great masses of rock down from the mountains.”
235:
Pachena Bay is home to the Huu-ay-aht First
Nations village of Anacla, "which aboriginal oral history says was devastated when an ancient earthquake convulsed the West Coast of North America."
548:
371:
Japanese history aligns perfectly with what we now know about subduction earthquakes and stories that generations of
Indigenous people on Vancouver Island have passed on through generations.
350:
Before the mid-1980s, scientists were not certain that
British Columbia had ever seen the kind of massive subduction earthquake that wreaks maximum havoc on land and causes tsunamis.
574:
Satoko, Satake; Shimazaki, K.; Tsuji, Yoshinobu; Ueda, Kazue (1996). "Time and size of a giant earthquake in
Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700".
80:
432:
458:
Ruth S. Ludwin; Robert Dennis; Deborah Carver; Alan D. McMillan; Robert Losey; John Clague; Chris
Jonientz-Trisler; Janine Bowechop; Jacilee Wray; Karen James (2005),
545:
36:
767:
652:
459:
361:
These sources were key to understanding that massive subduction earthquakes have struck this coast every 250 to 850 years.
762:
622:
Atwater, Brian F.; Satoko, Musumi-Rokkaku; Kenji, Satake; Tsuji, Yoshinobu; Ueda, Kazue; Yamaguchi, David K. (2005),
212:, British Columbia, Canada. It was the location of a First Nation's village that was destroyed by a tsunami in 1700.
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433:"Earth will rip open like a zipper, expert says, when overdue Vancouver Island quake strikes"
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653:"Tree-ring evidence for an A.D. 1700 Cascadia earthquake in Washington and northern Oregon"
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at the time of the event, came to be known as the last living member of her community.
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624:"The Orphan Tsunami of 1700—Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America"
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460:"Dating the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake: Great Coastal Earthquakes in Native Stories"
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Tree-ring dating had securely linked the giant 1700 North American earthquake.
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The Huu-ay-aht (Ohiaht) First Nation live here; they call this bay "Anacla."
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According to a 2005 United States Geological Survey (USGS) report,
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offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California, creating a
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based on Pachena Bay about 300 km (190 mi) northwest of
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121:
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that wiped out the village of Pachena Bay leaving no survivors.
546:"Monster earthquake threat looms over B.C. coastal communities"
651:
Jacoby, Gordon C.; Bunker, Daniel E.; Benson, Boyd E. (1997),
680:
10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0999:TREFAA>2.3.CO;2
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633:, Professional Paper, no. 1707, p. 144
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325:Cascadia subduction zone, Vancouver Island
249:on the west coast of Vancouver Island in
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530:"Prepare for next tsunami, says chief"
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732:"The Mystery of the Missing Village"
768:Bodies of water of Vancouver Island
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431:Meissner, Dirk (18 January 2015),
238:The Huu-ay-aht First Nations is a
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165:4.9 km (1.9 sq mi)
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539:
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467:Seismological Research Letters
310:on the more tsunami-sheltered
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255:Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council
18:Small bay on Vancouver island
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157:1.27 km (0.79 mi)
149:3.29 km (2.04 mi)
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247:Victoria, British Columbia
206:Pacific Rim National Park
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763:Bays of British Columbia
285:Cascadia subduction zone
283:on record, ruptured the
271:1700 Cascadia earthquake
259:Maa-nulth Treaty Society
231:Huu-ay-aht First Nations
190:Huu-ay-aht First Nations
181:16.6 m (54 ft)
68:British Columbia, Canada
551:3 February 2019 at the
275:On 26 January 1700, an
257:and is a member of the
208:at the southern end of
536:, Vol. 8, No. 9, 2009.
479:10.1785/gssrl.76.2.140
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405:BC Geographical Names
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279:, one of the largest
173:7 m (23 ft)
736:Government of Canada
511:"The Really Big One"
97:48.7770°N 125.1295°W
672:1997Geo....25..999J
588:1996Natur.379..246S
265:Cascadia earthquake
92: /
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102:48.7770; -125.1295
582:(6562): 246–249.
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122:Ocean/sea sources
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126:Pacific Ocean
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739:. Retrieved
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162:Surface area
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741:18 December
666:(11): 999,
534:Raven's Eye
411:25 December
281:earthquakes
198:Pachena Bay
186:Settlements
146:Max. length
100: /
87:125°07′46″W
74:Coordinates
50:Pachena Bay
26:Pachena Bay
757:Categories
685:19 January
637:19 January
444:19 January
381:References
277:earthquake
178:Max. depth
154:Max. width
108:PachenaBay
106: (
84:48°46′37″N
549:Archived
343:—
298:—
202:Bamfield
65:Location
668:Bibcode
660:Geology
604:8305522
584:Bibcode
492:24 July
308:Kiix?in
289:tsunami
602:
576:Nature
345:USG nd
137:Canada
656:(PDF)
627:(PDF)
600:S2CID
486:(PDF)
463:(PDF)
132:Basin
743:2020
687:2015
639:2015
494:2015
446:2015
413:2020
676:doi
631:USG
592:doi
580:379
475:doi
204:in
759::
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694:^
674:,
664:25
662:,
658:,
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612:^
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566:^
555:.
532:.
513:.
471:76
469:,
465:,
435:,
421:^
402:.
389:^
261:.
745:.
678::
670::
606:.
594::
586::
519:.
477::
415:.
110:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
