422:
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seismic tsunamis, the only differences being 1) that meteotsunamis lack the transoceanic reach of significant seismic tsunamis, and 2) that the force that displaces the water is sustained over some length of time such that meteotsunamis cannot be modelled as having been caused instantaneously. In spite of their lower energies, on shorelines where they can be amplified by resonance, they are sometimes powerful enough to cause localised damage and potential for loss of life. They have been documented in many places, including the Great Lakes, the Aegean Sea, the
English Channel, and the Balearic Islands, where they are common enough to have a local name,
2062:
1959:
2043:
1239:(from crest to crest) of about 100 metres (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2 metres (6.6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a much larger wavelength of up to 200 kilometres (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph), but owing to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 metre (3.3 ft). This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water, where ships are unable to feel their passage.
1209:
306:
2078:
1819:
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570:
6120:
2215:
776:
760:
6141:
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741:
792:
2119:
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40:
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63:
279:, but the understanding of tsunamis remained slim until the 20th century, and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include determining why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do. This ongoing research is designed to help accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across oceans as well as how tsunami waves interact with shorelines.
1217:
2036:. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate a tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses.
445:. Tsunamis and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of a tsunami, the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term "tidal wave" has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because the causes of tsunamis have nothing to do with those of
1303:
Pacific coasts of the United States and Mexico lie adjacent to each other, but the United States has recorded ten tsunamis in the region since 1788, while Mexico has recorded twenty-five since 1732. Similarly, Japan has had more than a hundred tsunamis in recorded history, while the neighbouring island of Taiwan has registered only two, in 1781 and 1867.
951:, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (1,719 ft). The wave did not travel far as it struck land almost immediately. The wave struck three boats—each with two people aboard—anchored in the bay. One boat rode out the wave, but the wave sank the other two, killing both people aboard one of them.
1324:
However, if the first part to arrive is a trough, a drawback will occur as the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. The drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed.
806:(often hundreds of kilometres long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a
4558:, 2006, Summary report of the Great Sumatra Earthquakes and Indian Ocean tsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Publication #2006-06, 11 chapters, 100-page summary, plus CD-ROM with complete text and supplementary photographs, EERI Report 2006–06.
1327:
A typical wave period for a damaging tsunami is about twelve minutes. Thus, the sea recedes in the drawback phase, with areas well below sea level exposed after three minutes. For the next six minutes, the wave trough builds into a ridge which may flood the coast, and destruction ensues. During the
1302:
About 80% of tsunamis occur in the
Pacific Ocean, but they are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. However, tsunami interactions with shorelines and the seafloor topography are extremely complex, which leaves some countries more vulnerable than others. For example, the
1062:
Debate has persisted over the origins and source mechanisms of these types of tsunamis, such as those generated by
Krakatoa in 1883, and they remain lesser understood than their seismic relatives. This poses a large problem of awareness and preparedness, as exemplified by the eruption and collapse of
696:
The principal generation mechanism of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually caused by earthquakes, but can also be attributed to landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and
1242:
The velocity of a tsunami can be calculated by obtaining the square root of the depth of the water in metres multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (approximated to 10 m/s). For example, if the
Pacific Ocean is considered to have a depth of 5000 metres, the velocity of a tsunami would be
1312:
1093:
conditions, especially rapid changes in barometric pressure, as seen with the passing of a front, can displace bodies of water enough to cause trains of waves with wavelengths. These are comparable to seismic tsunamis, but usually with lower energies. Essentially, they are dynamically equivalent to
1670:
The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy. Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used.
2012:
analyse each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom
705:
Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed
2020:
to warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to tsunamis from the
Pacific Ocean, warning signs indicate evacuation routes. In Japan, the populace is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along Japanese shorelines, tsunami
988:
In general, landslides generate displacements mainly in the shallower parts of the coastline, and there is conjecture about the nature of large landslides that enter the water. This has been shown to subsequently affect water in enclosed bays and lakes, but a landslide large enough to cause a
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have a positive and negative peak; that is, a ridge and a trough. In the case of a propagating wave like a tsunami, either may be the first to arrive. If the first part to arrive at the shore is the ridge, a massive breaking wave or sudden flooding will be the first effect noticed on land.
1199:
indicate that the energy of the explosions does not easily generate the kind of deep, all-ocean waveforms which are tsunamis; most of the energy creates steam, causes vertical fountains above the water, and creates compressional waveforms. Tsunamis are hallmarked by permanent large vertical
1025:; along with other volcanic ocean islands. This is because large masses of relatively unconsolidated volcanic material occurs on the flanks and in some cases detachment planes are believed to be developing. However, there is growing controversy about how dangerous these slopes actually are.
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was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life.
4522:
broadcast a 15-minute programme on tsunamis as part of its weekly
Science in the News series. The programme included an interview with an NOAA official who oversees the agency's tsunami warning system. A transcript and MP3 of the programme, intended for English learners, can be found at
663:
The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could
524:
for waves created by landslides entering bodies of water has become internationally widespread in both scientific and popular literature, although such waves are distinct in origin from large waves generated by earthquakes. This distinction sometimes leads to the use of other terms for
1830:
Amplitude, Wave Height, or
Tsunami Height: Refers to the height of a tsunami relative to the normal sea level at the time of the tsunami, which may be tidal High Water, or Low Water. It is different from the crest-to-trough height which is commonly used to measure other type of wave
1113:, which are local increases in sea level associated with the low barometric pressure of passing tropical cyclones, nor should they be confused with setup, the temporary local raising of sea level caused by strong on-shore winds. Storm surges and setup are also dangerous causes of
65:
1986:, Thailand with her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney.
69:
68:
64:
1228:. They cause damage by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water travelling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying a large amount of debris with it, even with waves that do not appear to be large.
70:
2114:
As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United
Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean.
1299:. Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level. A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run-up.
1834:
Run-up Height, or
Inundation Height: The height reached by a tsunami on the ground above sea level, Maximum run-up height refers to the maximum height reached by water above sea level, which is sometimes reported as the maximum height reached by a
67:
2183:
from an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, monitoring their behaviour could provide advance warning of earthquakes and tsunamis. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted. There are unsubstantiated claims about the
856:
in 1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilised sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before travelling transoceanic distances.
1477:
is the "tsunami height" in metres, averaged along the nearest coastline, with the tsunami height defined as the rise of the water level above the normal tidal level at the time of occurrence of the tsunami. This scale, known as the
2200:) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants' reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result.
2153:
countries collaborate in the
Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practise evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population.
1966:
Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound) can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.
449:, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling" or "having the form or character of" tides, use of the term
242:, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with
1438:
250:". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The
1653:
In 2013, following the intensively studied tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, a new 12-point scale was proposed, the Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS-2012), intended to match as closely as possible to the modified
2248:, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans. The country has built many tsunami walls of up to 12 metres (39 ft) high to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built
1781:
1841:(Maximum) Water Level: Maximum height above sea level as seen from trace or water mark. Different from maximum run-up height in the sense that they are not necessarily water marks at inundation line/limit.
1328:
next six minutes, the wave changes from a ridge to a trough, and the flood waters recede in a second drawback. Victims and debris may be swept into the ocean. The process repeats with succeeding waves.
1275:
compresses the wave and its speed decreases below 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously—in accord with
2695:
1070:
It is still regarded that lateral landslides and ocean-entering pyroclastic currents are most likely to generate the largest and most hazardous waves from volcanism; however, field investigation of the
1180:
lagoon. Fired about 6 km (3.7 mi) from the nearest island, the waves there were no higher than 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) upon reaching the shoreline. Other underwater tests, mainly
2252:
of up to 15.5 metres (51 ft) high and channels to redirect the water from an incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunamis often overtop the barriers.
962:
in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262-metre (860 ft)-high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died. Scientists named these waves
66:
2096:
2927:
Svennevig, Kristian; Hermanns, Reginald L.; Keiding, Marie; Binder, Daniel; Citterio, Michelle; Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Mertl, Stefan; Sørensen, Erik Vest; Voss, Peter H. (23 July 2022).
4524:
3515:"Dickson, Ian, "60 Years Ago: The 1958 Earthquake and Lituya Bay Megatsunami," University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska Earthquake Center, July 13, 2018 Retrieved December 2, 2018"
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1604:
1564:
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947:. These large volumes of rapidly displaced water transfer energy at a faster rate than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in
924:
4.2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local and regional tsunamis) that can devastate stretches of coastline, but can do so in only a few minutes at a time.
3582:"Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of the island volcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on the island of Hawaii"
1993:
drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other east-facing coasts that it reached. This was because the initial wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the
1257:≈ 224 metres per second (730 ft/s), which equates to a speed of about 806 kilometres per hour (501 mph). This is the formula used for calculating the velocity of
413:. The term has become commonly accepted in English, although its literal Japanese meaning is not necessarily descriptive of the waves, which do not occur only in harbours.
860:
The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc.).
1106:. Some examples of destructive meteotsunamis include 31 March 1979 at Nagasaki and 15 June 2006 at Menorca, the latter causing damage in the tens of millions of euros.
1315:
An illustration of the rhythmic "drawback" of surface water associated with a wave. It follows that a very large drawback may herald the arrival of a very large wave.
1072:
1052:
3448:
680:
26.10.15–19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the
3014:
3047:
2705:
1482:, is used in the global tsunami catalogues compiled by the NGDC/NOAA and the Novosibirsk Tsunami Laboratory as the main parameter for the size of the tsunami.
4170:
Tsunami intensity mapping: applying the integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS2012) on Ishinomaki Bay Coast after the mega-tsunami of Tohoku, March 11, 2011
3239:
1176:
fired two 20 kilotonnes of TNT (84 TJ) bombs, one in the air and one underwater, above and below the shallow (50 m (160 ft)) waters of the
4243:
3529:
3345:
2976:
2578:
1336:
As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events.
833:
on the island of Hawaii with a 14-metre high (46 ft) surge. Between 165 and 173 were killed. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the
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about the causes of tsunami, and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause. The oldest human record of a tsunami dates back to
4694:: Tsunamis. Entstehung, Geschichte, Prävention, (Tsunami development, history and prevention) C.H. Beck, Munich 2013 (C.H. Beck Reihe Wissen 2770),
2021:
warning signs remind people of the natural hazards along with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliffs of surrounding hills.
4812:
4488:
2909:
2271:) totalling 25 kilometres (16 mi) long at coastal towns. The 2011 tsunami toppled more than 50% of the walls and caused catastrophic damage.
615:
and tsunami. The tsunami claimed more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe. The
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that some animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources in
5850:
4909:
4785:
2913:
2127:
1979:
3810:"Numerical Simulations of a Fluidized Granular Flow Entry Into Water: Insights Into Modeling Tsunami Generation by Pyroclastic Density Currents"
1268:
would sail out, and encounter no unusual waves while out at sea fishing, and come back to land to find their village devastated by a huge wave.
1117:
in severe weather but their dynamics are completely unrelated to tsunami waves. They are unable to propagate beyond their sources, as waves do.
4826:
3106:
4411:
2061:
2042:
1373:
3208:
4622:
2077:
3814:
3123:
Haugen, K; Lovholt, F; Harbitz, C (2005). "Fundamental mechanisms for tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries".
1258:
2977:"International Team Studies Tsunami Deposits in Japan to Improve Understanding and Mitigation of Tsunami Hazards | U.S. Geological Survey"
6178:
1711:
254:
was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the
4134:
Lekkas E.; Andreadakis E.; Kostaki I. & Kapourani E. (2013). "A Proposal for a New Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS-2012)".
1292:. Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front.
1261:
waves. Even the deep ocean is shallow in this sense because a tsunami wave is so long (horizontally from crest to crest) by comparison.
4850:
4492:
2522:
1047:
submergence, caldera collapse, or underwater explosions. Tsunamis have been triggered by a number of volcanic eruptions, including the
3771:
1075:, as well as developments in numerical modelling methods, currently aim to expand the understanding of the other source mechanisms.
775:
585:
251:
44:
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The 365 A.D. Tsunami Destruction of Alexandria, Egypt: Erosion, Deformation of Strata and Introduction of Allochthonous Material
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5181:
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2368:
592:
region is also accustomed to tsunamis, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.
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421:
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2548:
1363:(1963), used in the Pacific Ocean. The latter scale was modified by Soloviev (1972), who calculated the tsunami intensity "
620:
604:
3445:
2137:
can predict tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors can relay information in
1138:
There have been studies of the potential of the induction of and at least one actual attempt to create tsunami waves as a
4902:
3011:
1284:, the tsunami may take minutes to reach full height. Except for the very largest tsunamis, the approaching wave does not
1192:
512:
impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly—can generate such waves by displacing water.
171:) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a
5303:
3514:
441:. This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of a tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high
6008:
5435:
5323:
4077:"Tsunami Quantification: how we measure the overall size of tsunami (Review of tsunami intensity and magnitude scales)"
2929:"A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground—the June 2021 Assapaat landslide, West Greenland"
2256:
943:
In the 1950s, it was discovered that tsunamis larger than had previously been believed possible can be caused by giant
810:
process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.
740:
1926:
1196:
5855:
5126:
4740:
4714:
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1945:
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can also cause displacement of the seabed, but only the largest of such events (typically related to flexure in the
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818:
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271:
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move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on
6171:
6043:
5029:
4841:
4387:
3278:
1838:
Flow Depth: Refers to the height of tsunami above ground, regardless of the height of the location or sea level.
1055:. Over 20% of all fatalities caused by volcanism during the past 250 years are estimated to have been caused by
6123:
5716:
4895:
2025:
1905:
1883:
458:
791:
3927:(third ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense; Energy Research and Development Administration.
3072:
2157:
Along the United States west coast, in addition to sirens, warnings are sent on television and radio via the
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3349:
989:
transoceanic tsunami has not occurred within recorded history. Susceptible locations are believed to be the
6540:
5171:
3125:
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1990:
888:
400:
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postcode=3001, corporateName=Bureau of Meteorology; address=GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
2013:
pressure sensors, attached to buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.
655:, thought to be triggered by an earthquake. The tsunami may have saved the colony from an invasion by the
410:
406:
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3719:
2701:
1912:
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978:
948:
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and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal
24:
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1615:
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1535:
1495:
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2835:. Writ. Robert C. Dennis and Edward J. Lakso. Dir. Michael O'Herlihy. CBS, 8 Oct. 1969. Television.
2000:
A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known.
1676:
648:
630:
608:
4076:
3765:
Hayward, Matthew. W.; Whittaker, C. N.; Lane, E. M.; Power, W. L.; Popinet, S.; White, J.D.L. (2022).
3411:(1971). "Seismological evidence for a lithospheric normal faulting – the Sanriku earthquake of 1933".
1826:
Several terms are used to describe the different characteristics of tsunami in terms of their height:
588:
event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in modern times, killing around 230,000 people. The
5903:
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5268:
4860:
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2804:
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1958:
1064:
398:
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385:, meaning "harbour wave." For the plural, one can either follow ordinary English practice and add an
4229:
3331:
2763:
2463:
1894:
1822:
Diagram showing several measures to describe a tsunami size, including height, inundation and run-up
1295:
When the tsunami's wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed
706:
area is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when
599:
and parts of Europe. Of historical and current (with regard to risk assumptions) importance are the
462:
entitled "Forty Feet High and It Kills!" used the terms "tsunami" and "tidal wave" interchangeably.
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5408:
5398:
5338:
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4944:
4408:
4169:
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2636:
2279:
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1879:
1154:
985:, may be able to generate megatsunamis that can cross oceans, but this is disputed by many others.
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822:
349:
20:
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747:
731:
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612:
389:, or use an invariable plural as in the Japanese. Some English speakers alter the word's initial
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2282:, created waves 30 metres (100 ft) tall—as high as a 10-storey building. The port town of
2235:
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2017:
1997:
and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas.
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1169:
877:
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600:
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3866:"Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band"
3364:
5898:
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5283:
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3673:"Tsunamis of volcanic origin: Summary of causes, with particular reference to Krakatoa, 1883"
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1994:
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consideration of the idea using conventional explosives was explored. Nuclear testing in the
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2141:. Based on these pressure readings and other seismic information and the seafloor's shape (
1224:
Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, glacier calvings, and
1182:
1056:
944:
681:
673:
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4409:
The Fukushima Disaster and Japan’s Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective
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is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes—including underwater
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Some zoologists hypothesise that some animal species have an ability to sense subsonic
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2107:
2068:
1350:
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When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.
1002:
723:
208:
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4000:
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844:
Examples of tsunamis originating at locations away from convergent boundaries include
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is also used to refer to the phenomenon because the waves most often are generated by
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6038:
6018:
5701:
5666:
5601:
5581:
5571:
5453:
5141:
4999:
4751:
4736:
4718:
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4658:
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4559:
4542:
4335:
4197:
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3766:
3739:
3704:
3642:
3432:
3266:
3089:
2958:
2903:
2489:
2442:
2149:, the models estimate the amplitude and surge height of the approaching tsunami. All
1919:
1356:
1132:
697:
nuclear tests. However, the possibility of a meteorite causing a tsunami is debated.
656:
596:
180:
172:
167:
148:
16:
Series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water
3654:
3466:
3146:
3096:
1790:
is the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distance
6591:
6487:
6481:
6283:
6187:
6060:
6028:
5998:
5807:
5792:
5661:
5596:
5488:
5403:
5333:
5258:
5039:
5009:
4939:
4934:
4877:
4831:
4728:
4709:
University of Hawaii Press, 1988, 1998, Tsunami! University of Hawai'i Press 1999,
4519:
4151:
3885:
3831:
3788:
3731:
3692:
3632:
3555:
3428:
3391:
3312:
3274:
3262:
3142:
3067:
3059:
2948:
2583:
2403:
2353:
2264:
2053:
1220:
The wave further slows and amplifies as it hits land. Only the largest waves crest.
1146:
1114:
1044:
1034:
998:
933:
853:
715:
581:
564:
243:
85:
4588:
1153:, which attempted to create small tsunamis with explosives in the area of today's
6386:
5865:
5761:
5711:
5676:
5636:
5528:
5498:
5348:
5298:
5208:
5166:
5099:
5024:
4984:
4616:
4515:
4438:
4415:
4323:
4257:
3953:
3452:
3110:
3018:
2517:
2494:
2409:
2373:
2304:
1983:
1139:
1040:
990:
766:
505:
4796:
4388:"Journalist's Resource: Research for Reporting, from Harvard Shorenstein Center"
2556:
6339:
6255:
5975:
5970:
5875:
5870:
5706:
5646:
5641:
5373:
5263:
5084:
5019:
4994:
4529:
4319:
3925:
Shock effects of surface and subsurface bursts – The effects of nuclear weapons
3408:
2999:
2953:
2928:
2888:
2808:
2227:
2134:
1277:
1200:
displacements of very large volumes of water which do not occur in explosions.
1161:
1090:
1022:
982:
954:
Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from
726:) cause enough displacement to give rise to a significant tsunami, such as the
634:
616:
305:
262:
227:
52:
5220:
4882:
4873:
3890:
3865:
3793:
3240:"Explaining the physics of tsunamis to undergraduate and non-physics students"
3160:
1344:
The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunamis were the
1264:
The reason for the Japanese name "harbour wave" is that sometimes a village's
6585:
6550:
6348:
6145:
5993:
5913:
5802:
5721:
5696:
5631:
5561:
5468:
5363:
5240:
5161:
5121:
5094:
5004:
4954:
4602:
4339:
4133:
4099:
2962:
2820:
2819:-al. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 11, 2008,
2318:
2268:
2180:
2005:
1285:
1272:
834:
807:
231:
31:
4772:
4655:
Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned: Environmental and Societal Significance.
4102:, Canadian Translation of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 5077, (310 p).
3395:
6545:
6467:
6462:
6295:
6260:
6208:
6100:
6048:
5988:
5939:
5817:
5812:
5787:
5771:
5746:
5463:
5353:
5293:
5079:
4989:
4964:
4593:
Macey, Richard (January 1, 2005). "The Big Bang that Triggered A Tragedy,"
4113:
3767:"Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism"
3646:
3637:
3612:
2400: – Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
2397:
2391:
2009:
1177:
1165:
1150:
1126:
1110:
1084:
1014:
1010:
970:
914:
830:
707:
669:
624:
255:
196:
4462:"The Earthquake and Tsunami of July 12, 1993 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea"
2267:, which is an area at high risk from tsunami, had tsunami barriers walls (
219:, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event.
6560:
6446:
6379:
6358:
6353:
6231:
6090:
5822:
5751:
5616:
5556:
5523:
5513:
5508:
5393:
5328:
5288:
5278:
5253:
5136:
5109:
5089:
5049:
5014:
4855:
4370:"Surviving the Tsunami: What Sri Lanka's animals knew that humans didn't"
3835:
2150:
1971:
963:
937:
849:
569:
409:
at the beginning of words, though the original Japanese pronunciation is
247:
192:
4887:
4822:
2388: – Standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water
1433:{\displaystyle {\mathit {I}}={\frac {1}{2}}+\log _{2}{\mathit {H}}_{av}}
1067:, which killed 426 and injured thousands when no warning was available.
969:
Some geologists claim that large landslides from volcanic islands, e.g.
6241:
5908:
5756:
5731:
5626:
5606:
5533:
5518:
5503:
5493:
5458:
5378:
5198:
5193:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5044:
4496:
4155:
3696:
3081:
3030:
2721:
2379:
2146:
2142:
1886: in this Section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1289:
1236:
959:
940:
in 563 CE, caused by sedimentary deposits destabilised by a landslide.
838:
803:
782:
751:
685:
638:
480:
activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term
442:
266:
176:
6140:
4837:
2312:
2244:, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a
1006:
6570:
6565:
6513:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6221:
6216:
5980:
5842:
5827:
5741:
5586:
5425:
5420:
5203:
5131:
5059:
4979:
4969:
4926:
4599:, p 11—quoting Dr Mark Leonard, seismologist at Geoscience Australia.
4581:
Lambourne, Helen (March 27, 2005). "Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster."
2249:
2189:
2001:
1311:
1281:
1265:
1232:
955:
509:
501:
430:
373:
223:
200:
188:
3063:
2118:
1861:
1810:
scale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale.
1160:
There has been considerable speculation on the possibility of using
6520:
6508:
6413:
6313:
6075:
5797:
5656:
5548:
5538:
5483:
4959:
4790:
4583:
4576:
4571:
Kenneally, Christine (December 30, 2004). "Surviving the Tsunami."
3727:
2223:
2197:
2049:
2029:
1776:{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}={a}\log h+{b}\log R+{\mathit {D}}}
1271:
As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow,
1191:(shallow water) confirmed the results. Analysis of the effects of
1018:
974:
845:
652:
56:
4369:
6503:
6477:
6438:
6305:
6226:
5944:
5934:
5074:
4100:“Catalogue of tsunamis on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean”
2527:
2219:
2209:
2138:
2084:
1962:
Calculated travel time map for the 1964 Alaska tsunami (in hours)
589:
477:
48:
484:
in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term
5651:
5064:
4816:
4781:
4500:
2385:
2214:
2033:
1975:
1225:
994:
39:
2926:
2238:
measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused onshore.
6334:
6288:
6013:
5832:
5611:
5566:
4193:
Estimate of Tsunami Run-up Heights from Earthquake Magnitudes
2803:"Tidal", The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
2241:
2088:
326:
312:
106:
97:
2330: – Dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies
802:
Tsunamis have a small wave height offshore, and a very long
405:
by dropping the "t," since English does not natively permit
234:, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising
6471:
5445:
4509:
2552:
2123:
1320:
1216:
1135:
in 1917 triggered an 18-metre high tsunami in the harbour.
611:, each causing several tens of thousands of deaths and the
446:
426:
235:
212:
204:
112:
6186:
4407:
Phillip Lipscy, Kenji Kushida, and Trevor Incerti. 2013. "
4168:
Katsetsiadou, K.N., Andreadakis, E. and Lekkas, E., 2016.
3863:
2263:, when waves exceeded the height of the plant's sea wall.
222:
Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or
127:
4608:
Tappin, D; 2001. Local tsunamis. Geoscientist. 11–8, 4–7.
4098:
Soloviev, S., & Go, N., 1974 (English transl. 1984),
3764:
3464:
3184:"Volcanic tsunamis: Why they are so difficult to predict"
2347: – peninsular mountain on New Zealand's South Island
504:, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice
216:
30:"Sunami" redirects here. For the hardcore punk band, see
4605:
from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information
4566:
4533:
tsunamis: tsunamis travel fast but not at infinite speed
3527:
3467:"The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska"
1164:
to cause tsunamis near an enemy coastline. Even during
246:
ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "
3977:
3102:
Stanley, Jean-Daniel & Jorstad, Thomas F. (2005), "
2610:"NASA Finds Japan Tsunami Waves Merged, Doubling Power"
2382: – Unexpectedly large transient ocean surface wave
1172:
by the United States seemed to generate poor results.
4797:
Recent and Historical Tsunami Events and Relevant Data
3864:
Monserrat, S.; Vilibíc, I.; Rabinovich, A. B. (2006).
3000:
Indian Ocean tsunami anniversary: Memorial events held
2717:
2715:
627:, predominantly and less to earthquake-induced waves.
354:
4538:
Dudley, Walter C. & Lee, Min (1988: 1st edition)
4459:
3332:"Are Ocean Asteroid Impacts Really a Serious Threat?"
2418: – Building designed to withstand extreme floods
1714:
1679:
1618:
1578:
1538:
1498:
1449:
1376:
139:
124:
103:
94:
4114:"NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database – NCEI"
3960:. United States Geographical Survey. 22 October 2008
3122:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2675:. Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington
2349:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2294:
1331:
118:
88:
4324:"Tsunami Warning Signs on the Enshu Coast of Japan"
3365:"Source Process of the Great 1977 Sumba Earthquake"
3039:
2712:
1120:
595:Tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the
130:
109:
100:
3579:
3556:"Italy Vajont anniversary: Night of the 'tsunami'"
3521:
1775:
1696:
1638:
1598:
1558:
1518:
1469:
1432:
5861:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
4623:Philippines warned to prepare for Japan's tsunami
4127:
3073:20.500.11820/635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24
3024:
2730:
2694:Fradin, Judith Bloom and Dennis Brindell (2008).
2336: – Worldwide campaign following 2004 tsunami
2278:, which struck within two to five minutes of the
584:of tsunamis, the sheer destruction caused by the
453:is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers.
6583:
4431:
4136:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2746:. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). pp. 100–104.
2576:
238:. For this reason, it is often referred to as a
5851:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
4786:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2412: – Sedimentary unit deposited by a tsunami
2376: – Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BCE
2016:Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use
765:Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing
4827:National Centers for Environmental Information
4678:Earthquakes: simulations, sources and tsunamis
4434:"Iwate fisheries continue struggle to recover"
3922:
3547:
3458:
2726:“A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.1–4
1280:. Since the wave still has the same very long
380:
331:
6172:
4903:
4838:Tsunami & Earthquake Research at the USGS
4612:Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives
3401:
2394: – Disproportionately large coastal wave
2196:. It is possible that certain animals (e.g.,
2083:A Tsunami hazard sign (Spanish - English) in
1043:, volcanoes may be able to generate waves by
4815:– International Tsunami Information Center (
4312:
3859:
3857:
3815:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
3413:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
3237:
3035:“A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.5
2908:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4318:
4070:
4068:
3978:Prof. Stephen A. Nelson (28 January 2009).
3807:
3801:
3501:"alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (S)"
3487:"alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (B)"
3407:
3012:The 10 most destructive tsunamis in history
2687:
2579:"When icebergs capsize, tsunamis may ensue"
2168:
1845:
797:The energy released produces tsunami waves.
6179:
6165:
4910:
4896:
4851:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
4847:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
4493:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
3711:
3348:. University of Washington. Archived from
2912:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2523:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
1109:Meteotsunamis should not be confused with
841:(or being pushed downwards) under Alaska.
829:). It generated a tsunami which inundated
619:in the Norwegian Sea and some examples of
304:
230:is far longer. Rather than appearing as a
4917:
4367:
4352:
3948:
3946:
3923:Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip (1977).
3889:
3870:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
3854:
3792:
3772:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences
3666:
3664:
3636:
3362:
3329:
3071:
2952:
2889:"Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre"
2886:
2441:. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 736.
1946:Learn how and when to remove this message
917:) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller (
4883:Tsunami animation – Geoscience Australia
4874:Raw Video: Tsunami Slams Northeast Japan
4750:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007
4497:International Tsunami Information Centre
4065:
3905:"The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2".
3898:
3613:"Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis"
3455:, Australian Geographic, March 18, 2011.
3021:, Australian Geographic, March 16, 2011.
2345:Kaikoura Canyon landslide tsunami hazard
2213:
2117:
1957:
1817:
1480:Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale
1310:
1288:, but rather appears like a fast-moving
1215:
1207:
586:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
568:
420:
201:ocean waves, which are generated by wind
61:
38:
4801:Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
4074:
3758:
3530:"The Vaiont (Vajont) landslide of 1963"
3528:Petley, Dave (Professor) (2008-12-11).
3346:"How do earthquakes generate tsunamis?"
3181:
2359:List of natural disasters by death toll
2102:Tsunami Evacuation Route signage along
1053:2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption
6584:
5182:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
4603:Interactive Map of Historical Tsunamis
4432:Fukada, Takahiro (21 September 2011).
4189:
3971:
3943:
3670:
3661:
2693:
2406: – Ancient Tsunami on Lake Geneva
2369:List of tsunamis affecting New Zealand
437:Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as
6160:
4891:
4390:. Content.hks.harvard.edu. 2012-05-30
3610:
3604:
3161:"Tsunami Locations & Occurrences"
3045:
2846:"Seismic Sea Wave – Tsunami Glossary"
2436:
1102:and in Nagasaki Bay, they are called
1028:
909:9.0) are recent examples of powerful
525:landslide-generated waves, including
207:, which are in turn generated by the
166:
6129:
4791:Caribbean Tsunami Information Centre
4525:The Ever-Present Threat of Tsunamis.
4420:Environmental Science and Technology
3958:Western Coastal & Marine Geology
3553:
3532:. The Landslide Blog. Archived from
3446:Facts and figures: how tsunamis form
3294:
3182:Krieger, Lisa M. (15 January 2022).
2741:
1884:adding citations to reliable sources
1855:
621:tsunamis affecting the British Isles
456:A 1969 episode of the TV crime show
4401:
4368:Kenneally, Christine (2004-12-30).
4112:Center, National Geophysical Data.
3717:
3580:Pararas-Carayannis, George (2002).
3317:10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001245
2577:Barbara Ferreira (April 17, 2011).
1665:
1339:
465:
13:
6009:National Oceanographic Data Center
5436:World Ocean Circulation Experiment
5324:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
4632:
4111:
3736:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00058-4
3465:George Pararas-Carayannis (1999).
2261:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
2257:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
1813:
1768:
1718:
1683:
1639:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}
1622:
1599:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}
1582:
1559:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}
1542:
1519:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}
1502:
1470:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}}
1453:
1416:
1379:
1203:
913:that generated tsunamis (known as
601:1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami
14:
6603:
5856:Global Sea Level Observing System
4761:
4733:Numerical Modeling of Water Waves
2831:"Forty Feet High and It Kills!"
2234:In some tsunami-prone countries,
2175:Infrasound § Animal reaction
1697:{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}}
1332:Scales of intensity and magnitude
1078:
958:entered the reservoir behind the
580:While Japan may have the longest
6139:
6128:
6119:
6118:
5314:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
5230:
5219:
4355:"Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster"
3297:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics
3048:"Ammianus and the Great Tsunami"
2939:(11). Springer Link: 2549–2567.
2704:. pp. 42–43. Archived from
2439:Longman pronunciation dictionary
2311:
2297:
2095:
2076:
2060:
2041:
1860:
1806:are constants used to make the M
1121:Human-made or triggered tsunamis
790:
785:and releasing energy into water.
774:
758:
739:
644:History of the Peloponnesian War
605:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault
272:History of the Peloponnesian War
269:suggested in his 5th century BC
84:
6044:Ocean thermal energy conversion
5767:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
4842:United States Geological Survey
4453:
4425:
4380:
4361:
4353:Lambourne, Helen (2005-03-27).
4346:
4298:
4278:
4264:
4250:
4236:
4183:
4162:
4105:
4092:
4047:
4029:
4011:
4001:"Tsunamis in the United States"
3993:
3931:
3916:
3573:
3507:
3493:
3479:
3439:
3363:Lynnes, C. S.; Lay, T. (1988),
3356:
3338:
3323:
3288:
3231:
3201:
3175:
3153:
3147:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.016
3116:
3005:
2993:
2969:
2920:
2880:
2859:
2838:
2825:
2813:
2797:
2776:
2770:
2665:
1871:needs additional citations for
3295:Voit, S.S (1987). "Tsunamis".
2744:'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature
2651:
2629:
2602:
2570:
2541:
2510:
2495:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2482:
2456:
2430:
2259:was directly triggered by the
2026:Pacific Tsunami Warning System
515:
355:
282:
275:that tsunamis were related to
1:
4482:
3724:The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
2697:Witness to Disaster: Tsunamis
2203:
1662:earthquake intensity scales.
927:
700:
574:Lisbon earthquake and tsunami
416:
6541:Potentially hazardous object
5304:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
5274:Craik–Leibovich vortex force
5030:Luke's variational principle
4823:Tsunami Data and Information
4748:Tsunami and Nonlinear Waves,
4746:Harvey Segur, Anjan Kundu,
4642:. Springer, Dordrecht 2009,
4638:Boris Levin, Mikhail Nosov:
3433:10.1016/0031-9201(71)90013-6
3372:Geophysical Research Letters
3126:Marine and Petroleum Geology
3052:The Journal of Roman Studies
2423:
2194:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
1367:" according to the formula:
1361:Imamura-Iida intensity scale
1098:. In Sicily they are called
1039:Other than by landslides or
889:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
7:
4777:Japan Meteorological Agency
4705:Walter C. Dudley, Min Lee:
4535:. retrieved March 29, 2005.
4460:George Pararas-Carayannis.
3247:European Journal of Physics
2702:National Geographic Society
2673:"What does "tsunami" mean?"
2290:
2280:earthquake on July 12, 1993
1306:
1147:New Zealand Military Forces
979:Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard
819:Aleutian Islands earthquake
813:On April 1, 1946, the 8.6 M
720:normal (extensional) faults
528:landslide-triggered tsunami
10:
6608:
5369:Ocean dynamical thermostat
5217:
4680:. Birkhäuser, Basel 2008,
3912:. 3 March 2010. p. 9.
3586:Science of Tsunami Hazards
3380:American Geophysical Union
3267:10.1088/0143-0807/26/3/007
3163:. National Weather Service
3002:26 December 2014, BBC News
2954:10.1007/s10346-022-01922-7
2784:"Definition of Tidal Wave"
2742:Smid, T. C. (April 1970).
2659:"Definition of Tidal Wave"
2639:. University of Washington
2276:Okushiri, Hokkaidō tsunami
2207:
2172:
2067:A tsunami warning sign in
1849:
1197:deep underwater explosions
1124:
1082:
1032:
609:1783 Calabrian earthquakes
562:
558:
287:
29:
18:
6533:
6496:
6455:
6437:
6406:
6399:
6367:
6333:
6326:
6304:
6274:
6240:
6207:
6198:
6114:
5953:
5927:
5904:Ocean acoustic tomography
5889:
5841:
5780:
5717:Mohorovičić discontinuity
5675:
5547:
5444:
5309:General circulation model
5239:
4945:Benjamin–Feir instability
4925:
4856:Wave That Shook The World
4596:The Sydney Morning Herald
3891:10.5194/nhess-6-1035-2006
3794:10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022
3554:Duff, Mark (2013-10-10).
2615:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1991:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
1049:1883 eruption of Krakatoa
691:
651:, in the Greek colony of
603:(which was caused by the
381:
366:
348:
343:
339:
332:
325:
320:
303:
299:
294:
252:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
152:
45:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
6034:Ocean surface topography
5409:Thermohaline circulation
5399:Subsurface ocean current
5339:Hydrothermal circulation
5172:Wave–current interaction
4950:Boussinesq approximation
3808:Battershill, L. (2021).
3238:Margaritondo, G (2005).
2821:Dictionary.reference.com
2809:Dictionary.reference.com
2805:Houghton Mifflin Company
2169:Possible animal reaction
2159:National Weather Service
1846:Warnings and predictions
1673:tsunami magnitude scale
1155:Shakespear Regional Park
865:1960 Valdivia earthquake
821:occurred with a maximum
372:The term "tsunami" is a
187:(including detonations,
162:'harbour wave',
21:Tsunami (disambiguation)
6071:Sea surface temperature
6054:Outline of oceanography
5249:Atmospheric circulation
5187:shallow water equations
5177:Waves and shallow water
5070:Significant wave height
4832:World's Tallest Tsunami
4775:page (in English) from
3677:Bulletin Volcanologique
3396:10.1029/JB093iB11p13407
2437:Wells, John C. (1990).
2048:Tsunami hazard sign at
2018:tsunami warning systems
936:was a large tsunami on
848:about 8,000 years ago,
748:tectonic plate boundary
623:refer to landslide and
613:1908 Messina earthquake
6066:Sea surface microlayer
5431:Wind generated current
4807:History & Research
4653:Kontar, Y. A. et al.:
4514:In June 2011, the VOA
4174:Research in Geophysics
3909:The New Zealand Herald
3718:Day, Simon J. (2015).
3671:Latter, J. H. (1981).
3638:10.1098/rsta.2014.0380
2416:Tsunami-proof building
2340:Index of wave articles
2236:earthquake engineering
2231:
2163:Emergency Alert System
2131:
2130:tsunami warning system
2122:One of the deep water
1970:In 2004, ten-year-old
1963:
1852:Tsunami warning system
1823:
1777:
1698:
1640:
1600:
1560:
1520:
1471:
1434:
1316:
1221:
1213:
1170:Pacific Proving Ground
1157:; the attempt failed.
911:megathrust earthquakes
900:2011 Tōhoku earthquake
878:1964 Alaska earthquake
666:
577:
434:
75:
59:
5899:Deep scattering layer
5881:World Geodetic System
5389:Princeton Ocean Model
5269:Coriolis–Stokes force
4919:Physical oceanography
4868:News & animations
3730:. pp. 993–1009.
3046:Kelly, Gavin (2004).
2549:"Tsunami Terminology"
2334:Higher Ground Project
2217:
2173:Further information:
2121:
1961:
1821:
1778:
1699:
1641:
1601:
1561:
1521:
1485:This formula yields:
1472:
1435:
1314:
1219:
1211:
1145:In World War II, the
1065:Anak Krakatoa in 2018
781:Plate slips, causing
661:
641:inquired in his book
572:
425:Tsunami aftermath in
424:
277:submarine earthquakes
185:underwater explosions
73:
42:
5919:Underwater acoustics
5479:Perigean spring tide
5344:Langmuir circulation
5055:Rossby-gravity waves
4813:IOC Tsunami Glossary
4489:IOC Tsunami Glossary
4422:47 (May), 6082–6088.
4055:"Tsunamis in Taiwan"
4019:"Tsunamis in Mexico"
3836:10.1029/2021JB022855
2700:. Washington, D.C.:
2469:Macmillan Dictionary
2364:Lists of earthquakes
2328:Emergency management
1880:improve this article
1794:from the epicentre,
1712:
1677:
1616:
1576:
1536:
1496:
1447:
1374:
1355:(1962), used in the
1174:Operation Crossroads
945:submarine landslides
674:Ammianus Marcellinus
520:The use of the term
74:3D tsunami animation
19:For other uses, see
6081:Science On a Sphere
5687:Convergent boundary
5359:Modular Ocean Model
5319:Geostrophic current
5035:Mild-slope equation
4640:Physics of tsunamis
4506:Tsunami Terminology
4306:"Tsunami Amplitude"
4148:2013BuSSA.103.1493L
4037:"Tsunamis in Japan"
3982:. Tulane University
3954:"Life of a Tsunami"
3882:2006NHESS...6.1035M
3828:2021JGRB..12622855B
3785:2022NHESS..22..617H
3720:"Volcanic Tsunamis"
3689:1981BVol...44..467L
3629:2015RSPTA.37340380P
3617:Phil. Trans. R. Soc
3425:1971PEPI....4..289K
3388:1988JGR....9313407L
3382:: 13, 407–13, 420,
3309:1987AnRFM..19..217V
3259:2005EJPh...26..401M
3213:National Geographic
3139:2005MarPG..22..209H
2945:2022Lands..19.2549S
2807:. 11 November 2008.
1705:, calculated from,
1671:Abe introduced the
1189:Hardtack I/Umbrella
6192:list by death toll
5737:Seafloor spreading
5727:Outer trench swell
5692:Divergent boundary
5592:Continental margin
5577:Carbonate platform
5474:Lunitidal interval
4692:Linda Maria Koldau
4676:Kristy F. Tiampo:
4466:www.drgeorgepc.com
4414:2013-10-29 at the
4244:"Tsunami Glossary"
4156:10.1785/0120120099
3697:10.1007/BF02600578
3611:Paris, R. (2015).
3451:2013-11-05 at the
3330:Tia Ghose (2014).
3109:2017-05-25 at the
3017:2013-12-04 at the
2232:
2132:
1978:, England, was on
1964:
1824:
1773:
1694:
1636:
1596:
1556:
1516:
1467:
1430:
1317:
1222:
1214:
1029:Volcanic eruptions
1003:Cape Verde Islands
823:Mercalli intensity
724:outer trench swell
631:As early as 426 BC
578:
435:
376:from the Japanese
209:gravitational pull
181:volcanic eruptions
76:
60:
6579:
6578:
6556:Geomagnetic storm
6529:
6528:
6395:
6394:
6322:
6321:
6266:Soil liquefaction
6188:Natural disasters
6154:
6153:
6146:Oceans portal
6106:World Ocean Atlas
6096:Underwater glider
6039:Ocean temperature
5702:Hydrothermal vent
5667:Submarine volcano
5602:Continental shelf
5582:Coastal geography
5572:Bathymetric chart
5454:Amphidromic point
5142:Wave nonlinearity
5000:Infragravity wave
4767:Reporting Centers
4756:978-3-540-71255-8
4735:CRC Press, 2004,
4723:978-0-8248-1969-9
4700:978-3-406-64656-0
4686:978-3-7643-8756-3
4671:978-94-007-7269-4
4663:978-94-007-7268-7
4648:978-1-4020-8855-1
4328:Shore & Beach
4203:978-0-7923-3483-5
4142:(2B): 1493–1502.
3219:on April 12, 2021
2498:. Merriam-Webster
2448:978-0-582-05383-0
1956:
1955:
1948:
1930:
1395:
1357:Mediterranean Sea
1187:(deep water) and
1133:Halifax Explosion
1017:on the island of
657:Achaemenid Empire
597:Mediterranean Sea
534:displacement wave
370:
369:
362:
361:
197:meteorite impacts
168:[tsɯnami]
161:
71:
6599:
6488:Tropical cyclone
6482:Tornado outbreak
6404:
6403:
6331:
6330:
6284:Pyroclastic flow
6276:Volcano eruption
6205:
6204:
6181:
6174:
6167:
6158:
6157:
6144:
6143:
6132:
6131:
6122:
6121:
6061:Pelagic sediment
5999:Marine pollution
5793:Deep ocean water
5662:Submarine canyon
5597:Continental rise
5489:Rule of twelfths
5404:Sverdrup balance
5334:Humboldt Current
5259:Boundary current
5234:
5223:
5040:Radiation stress
5010:Iribarren number
4985:Equatorial waves
4940:Ballantine scale
4935:Airy wave theory
4912:
4905:
4898:
4889:
4888:
4878:Associated Press
4729:Charles L. Mader
4657:Springer, 2014.
4520:Voice of America
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4429:
4423:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4384:
4378:
4377:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4187:
4181:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4109:
4103:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3950:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3876:(6): 1035–1051.
3861:
3852:
3851:
3850:on June 3, 2023.
3846:. Archived from
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3640:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3369:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3277:. Archived from
3244:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3215:. Archived from
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3188:The Mercury News
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3133:(1–2): 209–217.
3120:
3114:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3075:
3058:(141): 141–167.
3043:
3037:
3028:
3022:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2709:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2587:. Archived from
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2555:. Archived from
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2453:Entry: "tsunami"
2452:
2434:
2404:Tauredunum event
2354:List of tsunamis
2350:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2265:Iwate Prefecture
2246:disaster in 1896
2099:
2080:
2064:
2054:British Columbia
2045:
1951:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1888:
1864:
1856:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1736:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1666:Magnitude scales
1645:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1585:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1456:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1340:Intensity scales
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1115:coastal flooding
1045:pyroclastic flow
1035:Volcanic tsunami
934:Tauredunum event
854:Papua New Guinea
794:
778:
762:
743:
716:plate boundaries
710:associated with
582:recorded history
576:in November 1755
565:List of tsunamis
549:, and, simply,
540:non-seismic wave
508:into the ocean,
498:seismic sea wave
492:. However, like
486:seismic sea wave
473:seismic sea wave
466:Seismic sea wave
412:
408:
404:
396:
384:
383:
358:
357:
341:
340:
335:
334:
308:
292:
291:
193:glacier calvings
170:
165:
156:
154:
143:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
121:
120:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
91:
90:
72:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6597:
6596:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6525:
6492:
6456:Cyclonic storms
6451:
6433:
6391:
6387:Limnic eruption
6363:
6337:
6318:
6306:Natural erosion
6300:
6270:
6244:
6236:
6194:
6185:
6155:
6150:
6138:
6110:
5949:
5923:
5885:
5866:Sea-level curve
5837:
5776:
5762:Transform fault
5712:Mid-ocean ridge
5678:
5671:
5637:Oceanic plateau
5543:
5529:Tidal resonance
5499:Theory of tides
5440:
5349:Longshore drift
5299:Ekman transport
5235:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5224:
5215:
5167:Wave turbulence
5100:Trochoidal wave
5025:Longshore drift
4921:
4916:
4764:
4635:
4633:Further reading
4617:Telegraph.co.uk
4518:service of the
4516:Special English
4485:
4480:
4479:
4470:
4468:
4458:
4454:
4445:
4443:
4439:The Japan Times
4430:
4426:
4416:Wayback Machine
4406:
4402:
4393:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4366:
4362:
4351:
4347:
4317:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4258:"Tsunami Terms"
4256:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4237:
4225:
4224:
4215:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4190:Abe K. (1995).
4188:
4184:
4167:
4163:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4097:
4093:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4066:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4017:
4016:
4012:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3985:
3983:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3921:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3862:
3855:
3806:
3802:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3716:
3712:
3669:
3662:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3563:
3552:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3453:Wayback Machine
3444:
3440:
3406:
3402:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3328:
3324:
3293:
3289:
3281:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3192:
3190:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3121:
3117:
3111:Wayback Machine
3101:
3097:
3064:10.2307/4135013
3044:
3040:
3029:
3025:
3019:Wayback Machine
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2925:
2921:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2720:
2713:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2575:
2571:
2562:
2560:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2410:Tsunami deposit
2374:Minoan eruption
2348:
2317:
2310:
2305:Tsunamis portal
2303:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2212:
2206:
2177:
2171:
2135:Computer models
2110:
2100:
2091:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2056:
2046:
1952:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1889:
1887:
1877:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1816:
1814:Tsunami heights
1809:
1767:
1766:
1749:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1342:
1334:
1309:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1231:While everyday
1206:
1204:Characteristics
1162:nuclear weapons
1140:tectonic weapon
1131:The accidental
1129:
1123:
1087:
1081:
1041:sector collapse
1037:
1031:
930:
923:
908:
897:
886:
874:
816:
798:
795:
786:
779:
770:
767:tectonic uplift
763:
754:
744:
714:or destructive
703:
694:
567:
561:
518:
468:
433:, December 2004
419:
316:
290:
285:
163:
141:
123:
117:
93:
87:
83:
62:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6605:
6595:
6594:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6500:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6475:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6410:
6408:
6401:
6400:Meteorological
6397:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6310:
6308:
6302:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6292:
6291:
6280:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6256:Seismic hazard
6252:
6250:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6213:
6211:
6202:
6196:
6195:
6184:
6183:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6136:
6126:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6086:Stratification
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5978:
5976:Color of water
5973:
5971:Benthic lander
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5895:
5893:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5883:
5878:
5876:Sea level rise
5873:
5871:Sea level drop
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5707:Marine geology
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5647:Passive margin
5644:
5642:Oceanic trench
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5374:Ocean dynamics
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5264:Coriolis force
5261:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5237:
5236:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5085:Stokes problem
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5020:Kinematic wave
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4829:
4820:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4794:
4788:
4779:
4769:
4768:
4763:
4762:External links
4760:
4759:
4758:
4744:
4726:
4703:
4689:
4674:
4651:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4609:
4606:
4600:
4591:
4579:
4569:
4552:
4536:
4527:
4512:
4503:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4452:
4424:
4400:
4379:
4374:Slate Magazine
4360:
4345:
4311:
4297:
4277:
4263:
4249:
4235:
4202:
4182:
4161:
4126:
4104:
4091:
4064:
4059:Worlddata.info
4046:
4041:Worlddata.info
4028:
4010:
3992:
3970:
3942:
3930:
3915:
3897:
3853:
3800:
3779:(2): 617–637.
3757:
3744:
3710:
3683:(3): 467–490.
3660:
3603:
3572:
3546:
3520:
3506:
3492:
3478:
3457:
3438:
3419:(4): 298–300.
3400:
3355:
3352:on 2007-02-03.
3337:
3322:
3303:(1): 217–236.
3287:
3284:on 2019-02-19.
3253:(3): 401–407.
3230:
3200:
3174:
3152:
3115:
3095:
3038:
3023:
3004:
2992:
2968:
2919:
2879:
2858:
2837:
2824:
2812:
2796:
2775:
2769:
2729:
2711:
2708:on 2012-04-06.
2686:
2664:
2650:
2628:
2601:
2569:
2540:
2509:
2481:
2455:
2447:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2292:
2289:
2228:Mie Prefecture
2205:
2202:
2181:Rayleigh waves
2170:
2167:
2145:) and coastal
2112:
2111:
2104:U.S. Route 101
2101:
2094:
2092:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2047:
2040:
2006:oceanographers
1954:
1953:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1784:
1783:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1691:
1685:
1667:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1607:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1567:
1553:
1550:
1544:
1527:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1440:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1330:
1308:
1305:
1205:
1202:
1122:
1119:
1091:meteorological
1083:Main article:
1080:
1079:Meteorological
1077:
1033:Main article:
1030:
1027:
1023:Canary Islands
983:Canary Islands
929:
926:
921:
906:
895:
884:
872:
814:
800:
799:
796:
789:
787:
780:
773:
771:
764:
757:
755:
745:
738:
702:
699:
693:
690:
682:365 AD tsunami
617:Storegga Slide
560:
557:
517:
514:
467:
464:
418:
415:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
359:
352:
346:
345:
344:Transcriptions
337:
336:
329:
323:
322:
318:
317:
309:
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
286:
284:
281:
226:because their
53:Krabi Province
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6604:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:Meteor shower
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6522:
6519:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6489:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6349:Coastal flood
6347:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6282:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6177:
6175:
6170:
6168:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6127:
6125:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5994:Marine energy
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5961:Acidification
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:SOFAR channel
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5888:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5722:Oceanic crust
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5697:Fracture zone
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:Oceanic basin
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Abyssal plain
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5469:Internal tide
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:Ocean current
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5222:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5162:Wave shoaling
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Ursell number
5120:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Internal wave
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Breaking wave
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:– geology.com
4833:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4773:Tsunami alert
4771:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:0-8493-2311-8
4738:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4715:0-8248-1125-9
4712:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4564:1-932884-19-X
4561:
4557:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:0-8248-1125-9
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4495:(IOC) at the
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4410:
4404:
4389:
4383:
4375:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4349:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4307:
4301:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4267:
4259:
4253:
4245:
4239:
4231:
4219:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4186:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4078:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4006:
4002:
3996:
3981:
3974:
3959:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3747:
3745:9780123859389
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3665:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3536:on 2013-12-06
3535:
3531:
3524:
3516:
3510:
3502:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3404:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3333:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3162:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2883:
2868:
2862:
2847:
2841:
2834:
2833:Hawaii Five-O
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2765:
2753:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2654:
2638:
2637:"Tsunami 101"
2632:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2591:on 2011-11-04
2590:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2559:on 2011-02-25
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2429:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
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2390:
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2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
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2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2319:Oceans portal
2314:
2309:
2306:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2269:Taro sea wall
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2010:seismologists
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1980:Maikhao beach
1977:
1973:
1968:
1960:
1950:
1947:
1939:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897: –
1896:
1892:
1891:Find sources:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1869:This Section
1867:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1689:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:= 22.5 metres
1631:
1628:
1611:
1608:
1591:
1588:
1571:
1568:
1551:
1548:
1531:
1528:
1511:
1508:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1462:
1459:
1425:
1422:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1273:wave shoaling
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1259:shallow-water
1240:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
925:
920:
916:
912:
905:
901:
894:
890:
883:
879:
875:
871:
866:
861:
858:
855:
852:in 1929, and
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
835:Pacific Ocean
832:
828:
824:
820:
811:
809:
808:wave shoaling
805:
793:
788:
784:
777:
772:
768:
761:
756:
753:
749:
742:
737:
736:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:thrust faults
698:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
665:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
625:meteotsunamis
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
591:
587:
583:
575:
571:
566:
556:
554:
553:
548:
547:
542:
541:
536:
535:
530:
529:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
474:
463:
461:
460:
459:Hawaii Five-O
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
428:
423:
414:
402:
394:
388:
379:
375:
365:
353:
351:
347:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
321:Japanese name
319:
315:
314:
310:"Tsunami" in
307:
302:
298:
293:
280:
278:
274:
273:
268:
264:
263:Ancient Greek
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
232:breaking wave
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
159:
150:
146:
145:
144:-mee, (t)suu-
135:
81:
58:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
32:Sunami (band)
26:
22:
6546:Impact event
6534:Astronomical
6468:Thunderstorm
6463:Bomb cyclone
6374:
6327:Hydrological
6296:Volcanic ash
6261:Seismic risk
6209:Mass wasting
6101:Water column
6049:Oceanography
6024:Observations
6019:Explorations
5989:Marginal sea
5982:
5940:OSTM/Jason-2
5772:Volcanic arc
5747:Slab suction
5464:Head of tide
5354:Loop Current
5294:Ekman spiral
5104:
5080:Stokes drift
4990:Gravity wave
4965:Cnoidal wave
4859:
4747:
4732:
4706:
4702:(in German).
4677:
4654:
4639:
4626:
4615:
4594:
4582:
4572:
4555:
4554:Iwan, W.D.,
4539:
4532:
4530:abelard.org.
4469:. Retrieved
4465:
4455:
4444:. Retrieved
4437:
4427:
4419:
4403:
4392:. Retrieved
4382:
4373:
4363:
4348:
4334:(1): 52–54.
4331:
4327:
4314:
4300:
4289:. Retrieved
4280:
4266:
4252:
4238:
4207:. Retrieved
4196:. Springer.
4192:
4185:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4107:
4094:
4083:. Retrieved
4075:Gusiakov V.
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3984:. Retrieved
3973:
3962:. Retrieved
3957:
3938:Earthsci.org
3933:
3924:
3918:
3906:
3900:
3873:
3869:
3848:the original
3819:
3813:
3803:
3776:
3770:
3760:
3749:. Retrieved
3723:
3713:
3680:
3676:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3592:(5): 251–277
3589:
3585:
3575:
3564:. Retrieved
3559:
3549:
3538:. Retrieved
3534:the original
3523:
3509:
3495:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3460:
3441:
3416:
3412:
3403:
3375:
3371:
3358:
3350:the original
3340:
3325:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3279:the original
3250:
3246:
3233:
3221:. Retrieved
3217:the original
3212:
3203:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:
3177:
3165:. Retrieved
3155:
3130:
3124:
3118:
3098:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3026:
3007:
2995:
2984:. Retrieved
2981:www.usgs.gov
2980:
2971:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2892:. Retrieved
2882:
2870:. Retrieved
2861:
2849:. Retrieved
2840:
2832:
2827:
2815:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2778:
2772:
2743:
2706:the original
2696:
2689:
2677:. Retrieved
2667:
2653:
2641:. Retrieved
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2582:
2572:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2521:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2493:
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2438:
2432:
2398:Supervolcano
2392:Sneaker wave
2273:
2254:
2240:
2233:
2186:Lisbon quake
2178:
2161:, using the
2156:
2133:
2126:used in the
2113:
2028:is based in
2023:
2015:
1999:
1988:
1969:
1965:
1942:
1933:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1890:
1878:Please help
1873:verification
1870:
1825:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1785:
1672:
1669:
1652:
1609:
1569:
1566:= 5.5 metres
1529:
1526:= 2.8 metres
1489:
1484:
1479:
1442:
1364:
1360:
1345:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1318:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1270:
1263:
1241:
1230:
1223:
1188:
1181:
1178:Bikini Atoll
1173:
1166:World War II
1159:
1151:Project Seal
1144:
1137:
1130:
1127:Tsunami bomb
1111:storm surges
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:Meteotsunami
1073:Tongan event
1069:
1061:
1057:volcanogenic
1038:
1015:Cumbre Vieja
1011:Indian Ocean
987:
971:Cumbre Vieja
968:
964:megatsunamis
953:
942:
931:
918:
915:teletsunamis
903:
892:
881:
869:
862:
859:
843:
826:
812:
801:
732:1933 Sanriku
704:
695:
677:
667:
662:
642:
629:
594:
579:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
538:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
519:
497:
493:
489:
488:rather than
485:
481:
472:
471:
469:
457:
455:
450:
438:
436:
386:
377:
371:
350:Romanization
311:
270:
260:
256:Indian Ocean
239:
221:
79:
77:
36:
6561:Solar flare
6447:Megadrought
6407:Temperature
6380:Megatsunami
6359:Storm surge
6354:Flash flood
6232:Debris flow
6091:Thermocline
5808:Mesopelagic
5781:Ocean zones
5752:Slab window
5617:Hydrography
5557:Abyssal fan
5524:Tidal range
5514:Tidal power
5509:Tidal force
5394:Rip current
5329:Gulf Stream
5289:Ekman layer
5279:Downwelling
5254:Baroclinity
5241:Circulation
5137:Wave height
5127:Wave action
5110:megatsunami
5090:Stokes wave
5050:Rossby wave
5015:Kelvin wave
4995:Green's law
4782:NOAA Centre
4442:. p. 3
4320:Chanson, H.
4226:|work=
3596:7 September
3562:. Bbc.co.uk
3409:Kanamori H.
2760:|work=
2151:Pacific Rim
1972:Tilly Smith
1606:= 11 metres
1278:Green's law
938:Lake Geneva
850:Grand Banks
746:Drawing of
684:devastated
546:impact wave
516:Other terms
439:tidal waves
283:Terminology
177:Earthquakes
6242:Earthquake
6200:Geological
6029:Reanalysis
5928:Satellites
5909:Sofar bomb
5757:Subduction
5732:Ridge push
5627:Ocean bank
5607:Contourite
5534:Tide gauge
5519:Tidal race
5504:Tidal bore
5494:Slack tide
5459:Earth tide
5379:Ocean gyre
5199:Wind setup
5194:Wind fetch
5157:Wave setup
5152:Wave radar
5147:Wave power
5045:Rogue wave
4975:Dispersion
4499:(ITIC) of
4483:References
4471:2016-09-18
4446:2016-09-18
4394:2012-06-12
4291:2012-02-19
4286:"津波の高さの定義"
4209:2009-10-18
4119:3 November
4085:2009-10-18
3986:2009-09-09
3964:2009-09-09
3940:, Tsunamis
3751:2022-03-21
3566:2014-02-27
3540:2014-02-26
3472:2014-02-27
3223:16 January
3209:"Tsunamis"
3193:16 January
3167:16 January
3031:Thucydides
2986:2024-01-31
2933:Landslides
2894:3 November
2872:3 November
2867:"tsunamis"
2851:3 November
2789:3 November
2722:Thucydides
2679:1 December
2643:1 December
2621:3 November
2595:2011-04-27
2563:2010-07-15
2475:2018-11-23
2380:Rogue wave
2250:floodgates
2208:See also:
2204:Mitigation
2147:topography
2143:bathymetry
2108:Washington
2002:Geologists
1995:megathrust
1906:newspapers
1850:See also:
1290:tidal bore
1237:wavelength
1233:wind waves
1183:Hardtack I
1149:initiated
1125:See also:
1059:tsunamis.
1051:, and the
1007:La Reunion
991:Big Island
960:Vajont Dam
949:Lituya Bay
928:Landslides
898:9.2), and
839:subducting
804:wavelength
783:subsidence
752:earthquake
728:1977 Sumba
712:convergent
701:Seismicity
686:Alexandria
678:Res Gestae
672:historian
639:Thucydides
637:historian
563:See also:
552:giant wave
502:landslides
494:tidal wave
490:tidal wave
451:tidal wave
443:tidal bore
417:Tidal wave
267:Thucydides
265:historian
248:wave train
240:tidal wave
228:wavelength
189:landslides
173:large lake
164:pronounced
25:Tidal wave
6571:Hypernova
6566:Supernova
6514:Firestorm
6429:Heat wave
6424:Ice storm
6419:Cold wave
6222:Avalanche
6217:Landslide
5891:Acoustics
5843:Sea level
5742:Slab pull
5679:tectonics
5587:Cold seep
5549:Landforms
5426:Whirlpool
5421:Upwelling
5204:Wind wave
5132:Wave base
5060:Sea state
4980:Edge wave
4970:Cross sea
4665:(print);
4340:0037-4237
4228:ignored (
4218:cite book
4023:WorldData
4005:WorldData
3980:"Tsunami"
3907:Inset to
3844:243837214
3705:129637214
3090:160152988
2963:1612-510X
2762:ignored (
2752:cite book
2533:19 August
2518:"tsunami"
2502:19 August
2490:"tsunami"
2464:"tsunami"
2424:Footnotes
2198:elephants
2190:Sri Lanka
2139:real time
1936:July 2023
1895:"Tsunami"
1758:
1741:
1411:
1351:Ambraseys
1266:fishermen
1247:5000 × 10
981:) in the
956:Monte Toc
837:floor is
510:meteorite
470:The term
431:Indonesia
374:borrowing
224:sea waves
6586:Category
6521:ARkStorm
6509:Wildfire
6414:Blizzard
6314:Sinkhole
6124:Category
6076:Seawater
5803:Littoral
5798:Deep sea
5657:Seamount
5539:Tideline
5484:Rip tide
5414:shutdown
5384:Overflow
5117:Undertow
4960:Clapotis
4707:Tsunami!
4673:(eBook).
4627:Noypi.ph
4584:BBC News
4540:Tsunami!
4412:Archived
4322:(2010).
4272:"津波について"
3728:Elsevier
3655:43187708
3647:26392617
3623:(2053).
3560:BBC News
3449:Archived
3107:Archived
3015:Archived
2904:cite web
2291:See also
2230:in Japan
2069:Kamakura
2050:Bamfield
2030:Honolulu
1835:tsunami.
1612:= 5 for
1572:= 4 for
1532:= 3 for
1492:= 2 for
1359:and the
1307:Drawback
1100:marubbio
1019:La Palma
975:La Palma
846:Storegga
817:
734:events.
653:Potidaea
590:Sumatran
506:slumping
215:and the
149:Japanese
57:Thailand
6592:Tsunami
6504:Derecho
6478:Tornado
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