1319:
1359:(USGS) estimates that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0–7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this average has been relatively stable. In recent years, the number of major earthquakes per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is available from the United States Geological Survey. A recent increase in the number of major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low intensity. However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too early to categorically state that this is the case.
1112:
1174:, an increase in fluid pressure reduces the normal stress acting on the fault plane that holds it in place, and fluids can exert a lubricating effect. As thermal overpressurization may provide positive feedback between slip and strength fall at the fault plane, a common opinion is that it may enhance the faulting process instability. After the mainshock, the pressure gradient between the fault plane and the neighboring rock causes a fluid flow that increases pore pressure in the surrounding fracture networks; such an increase may trigger new faulting processes by reactivating adjacent faults, giving rise to aftershocks. Analogously, artificial pore pressure increase, by fluid injection in Earth's crust, may
2308:
different roles of loss of family and key community members, loss of home and familiar surroundings, and loss of essential supplies and services to maintain survival. Particularly for children, the clear availability of caregiving adults who can protect, nourish, and clothe them in the aftermath of the earthquake and help them make sense of what has befallen them has been shown to be more important to their emotional and physical health than the simple giving of provisions. As was observed after other disasters involving destruction and loss of life and their media depictions, recently observed in the
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682:
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1923:. In the open ocean, the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometres (62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis travel 600–800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the earthquake that generated them.
134:
106:
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90:
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descending into the hot mantle, are the only parts of our planet that can store elastic energy and release it in fault ruptures. Rocks hotter than about 300 °C (572 °F) flow in response to stress; they do not rupture in earthquakes. The maximum observed lengths of ruptures and mapped faults (which may break in a single rupture) are approximately 1,000 km (620 mi). Examples are the earthquakes in
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5827:
750:
1903:
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974:
controlling the maximum earthquake magnitude on a fault, however, is not the maximum available length, but the available width because the latter varies by a factor of 20. Along converging plate margins, the dip angle of the rupture plane is very shallow, typically about 10 degrees. Thus, the width of the plane within the top brittle crust of the Earth can reach 50–100 km (31–62 mi) (such as in
1347:; for example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity) United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are: an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years. This is an example of the
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calculated using different methods. The magnitude of an earthquake is a single value that describes the size of the earthquake at its source. Intensity is the measure of shaking at different locations around the earthquake. Intensity values vary from place to place, depending on the distance from the earthquake and the underlying rock or soil makeup.
791:. Once the fault has locked, continued relative motion between the plates leads to increasing stress and, therefore, stored strain energy in the volume around the fault surface. This continues until the stress has risen sufficiently to break through the asperity, suddenly allowing sliding over the locked portion of the fault, releasing the
2024:. Earthquake forecasting is concerned with the probabilistic assessment of general earthquake hazards, including the frequency and magnitude of damaging earthquakes in a given area over years or decades. For well-understood faults the probability that a segment may rupture during the next few decades can be estimated.
896:. Earthquakes associated with normal faults are generally less than magnitude 7. Maximum magnitudes along many normal faults are even more limited because many of them are located along spreading centers, as in Iceland, where the thickness of the brittle layer is only about six kilometres (3.7 mi).
1338:
It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Minor earthquakes occur very frequently around the world in places like
California and Alaska in the U.S., as well as in El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile,
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as it adjusts to the effects of the mainshock. An aftershock is in the same region as the main shock but always of a smaller magnitude, however, they can still be powerful enough to cause even more damage to buildings that were already previously damaged from the mainshock. If an aftershock is larger
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Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location and time. Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern. Earthquake clustering has been observed, for example,
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During an earthquake, high temperatures can develop at the fault plane, increasing pore pressure and consequently vaporization of the groundwater already contained within the rock. In the coseismic phase, such an increase can significantly affect slip evolution and speed, in the post-seismic phase it
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A tectonic earthquake begins as an area of initial slip on the fault surface that forms the focus. Once the rupture has been initiated, it begins to propagate away from the focus, spreading out along the fault surface. Lateral propagation will continue until either the rupture reaches a barrier, such
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principal stress. Strike-slip faulting is intermediate between the other two types described above. This difference in stress regime in the three faulting environments can contribute to differences in stress drop during faulting, which contributes to differences in the radiated energy, regardless of
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This is so because the energy released in an earthquake, and thus its magnitude, is proportional to the area of the fault that ruptures and the stress drop. Therefore, the longer the length and the wider the width of the faulted area, the larger the resulting magnitude. The most important parameter
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Contemporary depictions of earthquakes in film are variable in the manner in which they reflect human psychological reactions to the actual trauma that can be caused to directly afflicted families and their loved ones. Disaster mental health response research emphasizes the need to be aware of the
1817:
Physical damage from an earthquake will vary depending on the intensity of shaking in a given area and the type of population. Underserved and developing communities frequently experience more severe impacts (and longer lasting) from a seismic event compared to well-developed communities. Impacts
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The shaking of the earth is a common phenomenon that has been experienced by humans from the earliest of times. Before the development of strong-motion accelerometers, the intensity of a seismic event was estimated based on the observed effects. Magnitude and intensity are not directly related and
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For every unit increase in magnitude, there is a roughly thirty-fold increase in the energy released. For instance, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 32 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 1,000 times more energy than a 5.0
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In addition, there exists a hierarchy of stress levels in the three fault types. Thrust faults are generated by the highest, strike-slip by intermediate, and normal faults by the lowest stress levels. This can easily be understood by considering the direction of the greatest principal stress, the
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of
Miletus (625–547 BCE) was the only documented person who believed that earthquakes were caused by tension between the earth and water. Other theories existed, including the Greek philosopher Anaxamines' (585–526 BCE) beliefs that short incline episodes of dryness and wetness caused seismic
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With these impacts and others, the aftermath may bring disease, a lack of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks and depression to survivors, and higher insurance premiums. Recovery times will vary based on the level of damage and the socioeconomic status of the impacted
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The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate in the Ring of Fire at depths not exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km (43 mi) are classified as "shallow-focus" earthquakes, while those with a focal depth between 70 and 300 km (43 and
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and where movement on them involves a vertical component. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip. The topmost, brittle part of the Earth's crust, and the cool slabs of the tectonic plates that are
1354:
The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past, but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase in the number of earthquakes. The
1673:
Although relatively slow seismic waves have traditionally been used to detect earthquakes, scientists realized in 2016 that gravitational measurement could provide instantaneous detection of earthquakes, and confirmed this by analyzing gravitational records associated with the
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Melgar, Diego; Taymaz, Tuncay; Ganas, Athanassios; Crowell, Brendan; Öcalan, Taylan; Kahraman, Metin; Tsironi, Varvara; Yolsal-Çevikbilen, Seda; Valkaniotis, Sotiris; Irmak, Tahir Serkan; Eken, Tuna; Erman, Ceyhun; Özkan, Berkan; Dogan, Ali Hasan; Altuntaş, Cemali (2023).
931:, can produce major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Strike-slip faults tend to be oriented near vertically, resulting in an approximate width of 10 km (6.2 mi) within the brittle crust. Thus, earthquakes with magnitudes much larger than 8 are not possible.
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and heavy items that could injure someone, locating shutoffs for utilities, and being educated about what to do when the shaking starts. For areas near large bodies of water, earthquake preparedness encompasses the possibility of a tsunami caused by a large earthquake.
1509:) have retained a key feature, where each unit represents a ten-fold difference in the amplitude of the ground shaking and a 32-fold difference in energy. Subsequent scales are also adjusted to have approximately the same numeric value within the limits of the scale.
1403:, human activity can also produce earthquakes. Activities both above ground and below may change the stresses and strains on the crust, including building reservoirs, extracting resources such as coal or oil, and injecting fluids underground for waste disposal or
1754:
Specific local geological, geomorphological, and geostructural features can induce high levels of shaking on the ground surface even from low-intensity earthquakes. This effect is called site or local amplification. It is principally due to the transfer of the
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On average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds between the P- and S-wave times 8. Slight deviations are caused by inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analysis of seismograms, the Earth's core was located in 1913 by
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Ground rupture is a visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault, which may be of the order of several meters in the case of major earthquakes. Ground rupture is a major risk for large engineering structures such as
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An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. Rapid changes of stress between rocks, and the stress from the original earthquake are the main causes of these aftershocks, along with the crust around the ruptured
1670:, depth of the epicenter, geographical region, distances to population centers, location uncertainty, several parameters that are included in USGS earthquake reports (number of stations reporting, number of observations, etc.), and a unique event ID.
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and upwards by the ground surface. The mechanics of this process are poorly understood because it is difficult either to recreate such rapid movements in a laboratory or to record seismic waves close to a nucleation zone due to strong ground motion.
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that can devastate communities thousands of kilometers away. Regions most at risk for great loss of life include those where earthquakes are relatively rare but powerful, and poor regions with lax, unenforced, or nonexistent seismic building codes.
2312:, it is also believed to be important not to pathologize the reactions to loss and displacement or disruption of governmental administration and services, but rather to validate the reactions to support constructive problem-solving and reflection.
2030:
have been developed that can provide regional notification of an earthquake in progress, but before the ground surface has begun to move, potentially allowing people within the system's range to seek shelter before the earthquake's impact is felt.
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material (such as sand) temporarily loses its strength and transforms from a solid to a liquid. Soil liquefaction may cause rigid structures, like buildings and bridges, to tilt or sink into the liquefied deposits. For example, in the
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but on adjacent segments of fault, these storms occur over the course of years, with some of the later earthquakes as damaging as the early ones. Such a pattern was observed in the sequence of about a dozen earthquakes that struck the
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is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9.5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Cañete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the
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principal stress) equals the weight of the rock mass itself. In the case of thrusting, the rock mass "escapes" in the direction of the least principal stress, namely upward, lifting the rock mass, and thus, the overburden equals the
2685:
Sibson, R.H. (2002) "Geology of the crustal earthquake source" International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, Volume 1, Part 1, p. 455, eds. W H K Lee, H Kanamori, P C Jennings, and C. Kisslinger, Academic Press,
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S-waves and later arriving surface waves do most of the damage compared to P-waves. P-waves squeeze and expand the material in the same direction they are traveling, whereas S-waves shake the ground up and down and back and forth.
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are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures. The severity of the local effects depends on the complex combination of the earthquake
5053:
Goenjian, Najarian; Pynoos, Steinberg; Manoukian, Tavosian; Fairbanks, AM; Manoukian, G; Tavosian, A; Fairbanks, LA (1994). "Posttraumatic stress disorder in elderly and younger adults after the 1988 earthquake in
Armenia".
802:, frictional heating of the fault surface, and cracking of the rock, thus causing an earthquake. This process of gradual build-up of strain and stress punctuated by occasional sudden earthquake failure is referred to as the
572:
to design structures that withstand shaking. The cultural impact of earthquakes spans myths, religious beliefs, and modern media, reflecting their profound influence on human societies. Similar seismic phenomena, known as
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stood by him with a bowl to catch the poison, but whenever she had to empty the bowl the poison dripped on Loki's face, forcing him to jerk his head away and thrash against his bonds, which caused the earth to tremble.
1655:(F-E regions), which are based on political and geographical boundaries as well as seismic activity. More active zones are divided into smaller F-E regions whereas less active zones belong to larger F-E regions.
2072:
is part of a mobile laboratory that supports the procedures leading to the seismic assessment of masonry buildings and the planning of retrofitting operations on them. It has been applied to assess buildings in
3212:
1926:
Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 do not cause tsunamis, although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.
1091:
as the end of a fault segment, or a region on the fault where there is insufficient stress to allow continued rupture. For larger earthquakes, the depth extent of rupture will be constrained downwards by the
2049:
is to foresee the impact of earthquakes on buildings, bridges, tunnels, roadways, and other structures, and to design such structures to minimize the risk of damage. Existing structures can be modified by
4295:
1512:
Although the mass media commonly reports earthquake magnitudes as "Richter magnitude" or "Richter scale", standard practice by most seismological authorities is to express an earthquake's strength on the
1130:
ruptures are known to have propagated at speeds greater than the S-wave velocity. These have so far all been observed during large strike-slip events. The unusually wide zone of damage caused by the
927:
are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental
1362:
Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the 40,000-kilometre-long (25,000 mi), horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific seismic belt, known as the
3953:
2237:. Fictional earthquakes tend to strike suddenly and without warning. For this reason, stories about earthquakes generally begin with the disaster and focus on its immediate aftermath, as in
487:, from those so weak they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel objects and people into the air, damage critical infrastructure, and wreak destruction across entire cities. The
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or gas lines. In the event of water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the
1986:
of future earthquakes within stated limits. Many methods have been developed for predicting the time and place in which earthquakes will occur. Despite considerable research efforts by
736:
Earthquakes that caused the greatest loss of life, while powerful, were deadly because of their proximity to either heavily populated areas or the ocean, where earthquakes often create
1278:
by the fact that no single earthquake in the sequence is the main shock, so none has a notably higher magnitude than another. An example of an earthquake swarm is the 2004 activity at
1153:, observed where the relatively low felt intensities, caused by the slow propagation speed of some great earthquakes, fail to alert the population of the neighboring coast, as in the
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direction of the force that "pushes" the rock mass during the faulting. In the case of normal faults, the rock mass is pushed down in a vertical direction, thus the pushing force (
530:, landslides, and other seismic events. The frequency, type, and size of earthquakes in an area define its seismic activity, reflecting the average rate of seismic energy release.
5089:
Wang, Gao; Shinfuku, Zhang; Zhao, Shen; Zhang, H; Zhao, C; Shen, Y (2000). "Longitudinal Study of
Earthquake-Related PTSD in a Randomly Selected Community Sample in North China".
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1867:
Earthquakes can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel is attempting rescue work.
806:. It is estimated that only 10 percent or less of an earthquake's total energy is radiated as seismic energy. Most of the earthquake's energy is used to power the earthquake
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of the medium. In the Earth's interior, the shock- or P-waves travel much faster than the S-waves (approx. relation 1.7:1). The differences in travel time from the
545:, leading to significant damage and loss of life. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a
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835:: normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along the fault is in the direction of
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motion from hard deep soils to soft superficial soils and the effects of seismic energy focalization owing to the typical geometrical setting of such deposits.
3141:
Sibson, R.H. (1973). "Interactions between
Temperature and Pore-Fluid Pressure during Earthquake Faulting and a Mechanism for Partial or Total Stress Relief".
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should no longer be brittle, due to the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-focus earthquakes is faulting caused by
2702:
HjaltadĂłttir S., 2010, "Use of relatively located microearthquakes to map fault patterns and estimate the thickness of the brittle crust in
Southwest Iceland"
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to the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources of earthquakes and structures within the Earth. Also, the depth of the
1274:
Earthquake swarms are sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period. They are different from earthquakes followed by a series of
916:) including almost all of those of magnitude 8 or more. Megathrust earthquakes are responsible for about 90% of the total seismic moment released worldwide.
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Earthquakes of magnitude 8.0 and greater from 1900 to 2018. The apparent 3D volumes of the bubbles are linearly proportional to their respective fatalities.
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sequence because, after the main event, pore pressure increase slowly propagates into the surrounding fracture network. From the point of view of the
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Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water—including when an earthquake
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Floods may be secondary effects of earthquakes if dams are damaged. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods.
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1024:
may occur at much greater depths (ranging from 300 to 700 km (190 to 430 mi)). These seismically active areas of subduction are known as
340:
628:
is any seismic event—whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by the rupture of geological
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2538:
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2383: – university research consortium dedicated to exploring the Earth's interior through the collection and distribution of seismographic data
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2151:, god of beauty and light, he was punished by being bound in a cave with a poisonous serpent placed above his head dripping venom. Loki's wife
502:
is used to describe any seismic event that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes can occur naturally or be induced by human activities, such as
4415:
3558:
2667:
Sibson, R.H. (1982). "Fault Zone Models, Heat Flow, and the Depth
Distribution of Earthquakes in the Continental Crust of the United States".
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and requires careful mapping of existing faults to identify any that are likely to break the ground surface within the life of the structure.
4519:
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3178:"Effective normal stress alteration due to pore pressure changes induced by dynamic slip propagation on a plane between dissimilar materials"
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of the seismic waves through solid rock ranges from approx. 3 km/s (1.9 mi/s) up to 13 km/s (8.1 mi/s), depending on the
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movements along faults, including normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip faults, with energy release and rupture dynamics governed by the
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in
Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, India, Nepal, and Japan. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being
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1990:, scientifically reproducible predictions cannot yet be made to a specific day or month. Popular belief holds earthquakes are preceded by
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1074:. Earthquake swarms can serve as markers for the location of the flowing magma throughout the volcanoes. These swarms can be recorded by
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along the fault surface that increases the frictional resistance. Most fault surfaces do have such asperities, which leads to a form of
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3356:
880:), are about half to one third as long as the lengths along subducting plate margins, and those along normal faults are even shorter.
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4236:
3808:"Fatal attraction: living with earthquakes, the growth of villages into megacities, and earthquake vulnerability in the modern world"
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earthquakes occur anywhere on the earth where there is sufficient stored elastic strain energy to drive fracture propagation along a
4756:
4031:
Klose, Christian D. (July 2012). "Evidence for anthropogenic surface loading as trigger mechanism of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake".
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in the 5th century BCE to the 14th century CE, earthquakes were usually attributed to "air (vapors) in the cavities of the Earth."
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and raise its temperature, though these changes are negligible compared to the conductive and convective flow of heat out from the
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in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century.
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magnitude earthquake. An 8.6-magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of energy as 10,000 atomic bombs of the size used in
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Earthquakes are not only categorized by their magnitude but also by the place where they occur. The world is divided into 754
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5222:; First, E (2002). "Observations of acute reactions of young children and their families to the World Trade Center attacks".
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Schorlemmer, D.; Wiemer, S.; Wyss, M. (2005). "Variations in earthquake-size distribution across different stress regimes".
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912:. Reverse faults, particularly those along convergent boundaries, are associated with the most powerful earthquakes (called
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who restrains the fish with a stone. When
Kashima lets his guard fall, Namazu thrashes about, causing violent earthquakes.
1231:
5180:(2004). "Preschoolers' traumatic stress post-9/11: relational and developmental perspectives. Disaster Psychiatry Issue".
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1956:, were to fail during a future earthquake. Impact projections suggest the flood could affect roughly five million people.
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in Turkey in the 20th century and has been inferred for older anomalous clusters of large earthquakes in the Middle East.
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2171:, causing earthquakes and other calamities. He also used earthquakes to punish and inflict fear upon people as revenge.
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in Chile, the largest ever recorded at 9.5 magnitude. Earthquakes result in various effects, such as ground shaking and
2249:
1465:
was developed in the 1950s as a means to measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events. The
5126:"Prospective Study of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, and Depressive Reactions After Earthquake and Political Violence"
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than the mainshock, the aftershock is redesignated as the mainshock and the original main shock is redesignated as a
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In modern popular culture, the portrayal of earthquakes is shaped by the memory of great cities laid waste, such as
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5324:
3493:"Poseidon's Horses: Plate Tectonics and Earthquake Storms in the Late Bronze Age Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean"
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4712:
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Greene II, H.W.; Burnley, P.C. (October 26, 1989). "A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes".
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Every earthquake produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with different velocities:
1356:
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190:
4838:
Salvaneschi, P.; Cadei, M.; Lazzari, M. (1996). "Applying AI to
Structural Safety Monitoring and Evaluation".
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1385:, some seismologists are warning that a single earthquake may claim the lives of up to three million people.
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strategies can be employed by a government or organization to mitigate risks and prepare for consequences.
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As a consequence, the first waves of a distant earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle.
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growth or is converted into heat generated by friction. Therefore, earthquakes lower the Earth's available
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4754:
Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities in the San Francisco Bay Region, 2003 to 2032, 2003,
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1794:, soil liquefaction caused many buildings to sink into the ground, eventually collapsing upon themselves.
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1415:, and studies point to the state's oil industry as the cause of other earthquakes in the past century. A
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581:, have been observed on other celestial bodies, indicating the universality of such events beyond Earth.
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20:
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4367:"On Shaky Ground, Association of Bay Area Governments, San Francisco, reports 1995,1998 (updated 2003)"
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Volcanic Eruptions of 1980 at Mount St. Helens, The First 100 Days: USGS Professional Paper 1249
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The most popular single earthquake in fiction is the hypothetical "Big One" expected of California's
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1811:
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ruptures travel at unusually low velocities. A particularly dangerous form of slow earthquake is the
1082:(a device that measures ground slope) and used as sensors to predict imminent or upcoming eruptions.
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at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume.
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at a particular location in the Earth is the average rate of seismic energy release per unit volume.
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2304:, features a con artist who convinces an elderly woman that an apocalyptic earthquake is imminent.
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of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The
618:
538:
491:
of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a particular time. The
484:
319:
314:
52:
5583:
Liu, ChiChing; Linde, Alan T.; Sacks, I. Selwyn (2009). "Slow earthquakes triggered by typhoons".
4523:
4469:
4257:
3094:"Sub- and super-shear ruptures during the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw 7.6 earthquake doublet in SE TĂĽrkiye"
2123:
activity. The Greek philosopher Democritus (460–371 BCE) blamed water in general for earthquakes.
6476:
6451:
6391:
6071:
6012:
5535:
4984:
3553:
3236:"Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review"
2866:
Wyss, M. (1979). "Estimating expectable maximum magnitude of earthquakes from fault dimensions".
2255:
2065:
2058:
can provide building owners with financial protection against losses resulting from earthquakes.
2040:
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1659:
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scale, which is based on the actual energy released by an earthquake, the static seismic moment.
1502:
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165:
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Efforts to manage earthquake risks involve prediction, forecasting, and preparedness, including
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6005:
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3785:
3050:
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2017:
2003:
1807:
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979:
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815:
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381:
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4176:
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934:
6426:
6235:
5743:
5557:
4392:"Guidelines for evaluating the hazard of surface fault rupture, California Geological Survey"
4085:
3903:
2413:
2309:
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was the cause and god of earthquakes. When he was in a bad mood, he struck the ground with a
2021:
1975:
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1021:
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who causes earthquakes. Namazu lives in the mud beneath the earth and is guarded by the god
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6406:
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JM Appel. A Comparative Seismology. Weber Studies (first publication), Volume 18, Number 2.
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3912:
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3287:
3247:
3188:
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2815:
2746:
2389:
2059:
2055:
2051:
1920:
1571:
1563:
1363:
1209:
1120:
852:, all in subduction zones. The longest earthquake ruptures on strike-slip faults, like the
722:
668:
428:
411:
366:
200:
117:
5350:
Geller, Robert J.; Jackson, David D.; Kagan, Yan Y.; Mulargia, Francesco (14 March 1997),
4760:
4370:
4232:
2646:
2217:). Earthquakes form part of the picture through which Jesus portrays the beginning of the
709:, which killed between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century.
681:
8:
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6555:
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1743:, and the local geological and geomorphological conditions, which may amplify or reduce
1591:
Upper crust soils and unconsolidated sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second
1370:. Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries too, such as along the
1208:
in Parkfield, California where a long-term research study is being conducted around the
6506:
6215:
5998:
5917:
5624:
5425:
5403:"Operational Earthquake Forecasting: State of Knowledge and Guidelines for Utilization"
5401:
International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection (30 May 2011),
5374:
5278:
4820:
4093:
4066:
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1991:
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1070:. Such earthquakes can serve as an early warning of volcanic eruptions, as during the
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6603:
6349:
6240:
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5616:
5608:
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4707:
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2602:
2475:
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2198:
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1297:, where the earthquakes strike a fault in clusters, each triggered by the shaking or
1226:
1012:
186 mi) are commonly termed "mid-focus" or "intermediate-depth" earthquakes. In
924:
853:
784:
756:
542:
527:
3925:
3898:
3849:
3315:
2522:
Pressler, Margaret Webb (14 April 2010). "More earthquakes than usual? Not really".
49:. In particular, tone switches from too scientific to encyclopedic between sections.
7128:
7122:
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6540:
6431:
6396:
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5628:
5600:
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5417:
5366:
5306:
5264:
5215:
5189:
5177:
5140:
5098:
5063:
4887:
4847:
4802:
4783:"Probabilities of Earthquake Occurrences along the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone"
4214:
4203:"The moment magnitude Mw and the energy magnitude Me: common roots and differences"
4058:
4001:
3920:
3829:
3643:
3515:
3295:
3255:
3208:
3196:
3158:
3113:
2990:
2978:
2883:
2843:
2823:
2754:
2713:"Reports and publications | Seismicity | Icelandic Meteorological office"
1744:
1269:
1037:
905:
792:
565:
215:
5878:
5370:
3716:
3049:
National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Science of Earthquakes (2003).
1445:
The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with the
7027:
6769:
6593:
6511:
6446:
6441:
6339:
6205:
6076:
5931:
5247:
Allen, Clarence R. (December 1976), "Responsibilities in earthquake prediction",
5016:
4666:
3894:
3881:
3743:
3699:
3587:
3579:
3531:
3299:
3020:
2404:
2380:
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2160:
2136:
2124:
2110:
An image from a 1557 book depicting an earthquake in Italy in the 4th century BCE
1848:
Collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings
1843:
1731:
1412:
1287:
1257:
1248:
1146:
1059:
928:
826:
776:
629:
523:
233:
195:
105:
56:
5540:
5497:
5102:
3260:
3235:
2622:
Vassiliou, Marius; Kanamori, Hiroo (1982). "The Energy Release in Earthquakes".
1802:
1514:
1411:
is thought to have been caused by disposing wastewater from oil production into
133:
6980:
6896:
6716:
6608:
6525:
6329:
6091:
6081:
5967:
5144:
3378:
3118:
3093:
2202:
1887:
1719:
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are based on the observed effects and are related to the intensity of shaking.
1473:(total rupture area, average slip of the fault, and rigidity of the rock). The
1470:
1400:
1103:(S-wave) velocity of the surrounding rock. There are a few exceptions to this:
836:
780:
6646:
5193:
4218:
4062:
3897:; Wilson, Miles; Gluyas, Jon G.; Julian, Bruce R.; Davies, Richard J. (2018).
7226:
7191:
6989:
6744:
6583:
6461:
6456:
6411:
6180:
5612:
5224:
Journal of ZERO-TO-THREE: National Center for Infants, Toddlers, and Families
4816:
3757:"Historic Earthquakes and Earthquake Statistics: Where do earthquakes occur?"
3527:
2300:(2015), among other works. Jacob M. Appel's widely anthologized short story,
2206:
2194:
2187:
2089:
2069:
1983:
1949:
1547:
1469:
not only measures the amplitude of the shock but also takes into account the
1450:
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1017:
939:
799:
766:
632:
but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts,
511:
5951:
5804:
4743:
International Commission on Earthquake Forecasting for Civil Protection 2011
4202:
2326:
Phenomena similar to earthquakes have been observed in other planets (e.g.,
705:
hillsides—and many victims were killed when these structures collapsed. The
7186:
7108:
7103:
6936:
6901:
6849:
6764:
6759:
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6729:
6416:
6359:
6190:
5907:
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5654:
5620:
5505:
5268:
5219:
5201:
5173:
5152:
5110:
4494:
3841:
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3519:
3307:
3162:
2835:
2214:
1987:
1706:
The effects of earthquakes include, but are not limited to, the following:
1543:
1424:
1382:
1075:
1001:
967:
873:
761:
673:
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480:
281:
98:
89:
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5751:
5075:
5067:
4807:
4782:
4550:
Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 85
2901:
1714:
1242:
and the aftershocks (which continued to occur after the period shown here)
1058:
Earthquakes often occur in volcanic regions and are caused there, both by
7201:
7087:
7020:
6999:
6994:
6872:
6774:
6471:
6354:
6293:
5862:
3975:
3200:
2759:
2348:
2290:
2218:
2068:
may help to assess buildings and plan precautionary operations. The Igor
2009:
1839:
Loss of critical community services including hospitals, police, and fire
1686:
1458:
1029:
594:
476:
309:
276:
5913:
5838:
5739:
5604:
2827:
1160:
97:
occur mostly along tectonic plate boundaries, especially on the Pacific
6578:
6466:
6278:
6273:
6195:
6185:
6066:
5811:
5731:
5476:
Wood, H.O.; Gutenberg, B. (6 September 1935), "Earthquake prediction",
4891:
4005:
3278:
Nur, A; Booker, J.R. (1972). "Aftershocks Caused by Pore Fluid Flow?".
2278:
2115:
2013:
1979:
1945:
1785:
Soil liquefaction occurs when, because of the shaking, water-saturated
1579:
1440:
1302:
1275:
1221:
1196:
1167:
1135:
1013:
656:
641:
578:
515:
492:
391:
271:
160:
5648:
5320:
4944:
4851:
1099:
In most cases, the rupture speed approaches, but does not exceed, the
7211:
7206:
7154:
7069:
7064:
7059:
6862:
6857:
6754:
6734:
6620:
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6421:
6037:
5979:
5779:
2982:
2334:
2328:
1862:
1740:
1667:
1575:
1551:
1407:. Most of these earthquakes have small magnitudes. The 5.7 magnitude
1253:
1123:
at supershear speeds; more than 50,000 people died in both countries.
1079:
772:
697:, China. More than 830,000 people died. Most houses in the area were
645:
574:
550:
519:
261:
155:
150:
94:
5421:
5311:
4972:
4162:"USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy (implemented on January 18, 2002)"
2785:
2253:(1999). A notable example is Heinrich von Kleist's classic novella,
689:
One of the most devastating earthquakes in recorded history was the
7161:
7149:
7054:
6954:
6784:
6671:
6401:
6376:
6303:
6220:
5886:
5124:
Goenjian, Steinberg; Najarian, Fairbanks; Tashjian, Pynoos (2000).
4615:
2164:
1953:
1786:
1404:
1378:
1331:
1293:
Sometimes a series of earthquakes occur in what has been called an
996:
737:
633:
554:
507:
386:
5939:
5927:
4045:
2106:
1290:, showing the most recorded activity in the area since the 1970s.
7144:
7118:
7079:
7015:
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6867:
6724:
6696:
6381:
6308:
6298:
6288:
6283:
5991:
5963:
5340:
The Earthquake Observers: Disaster Science From Lisbon to Richter
4441:"The wicked problem of earthquake hazard in developing countries"
2183:
2168:
1914:
1875:
1756:
1699:
1567:
1537:
1530:
1399:
While most earthquakes are caused by the movement of the Earth's
1067:
1033:
698:
694:
546:
5874:
5346:; 2012) 348 pages; explores both scientific and popular coverage
5052:
2139:, earthquakes were explained as the violent struggle of the god
1594:
Upper crust solid rock: 3–6 km (1.9–3.7 mi) per second
6706:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6613:
6386:
6334:
6144:
5987:
5903:
5826:
5642:
5447:
International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology
3884:." Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science.
3600:
2119:
2082:
2078:
2074:
1902:
1691:
1340:
1327:
1326:
and tsunami took almost 100,000 lives on December 28, 1908, in
1100:
1041:
831:
There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an
795:. This energy is released as a combination of radiated elastic
733:
is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history.
503:
291:
286:
5727:
5445:
Kanamori, Hiroo (2003), "Earthquake Prediction: An Overview",
3713:"Earthquake Facts and Statistics: Are earthquakes increasing?"
1028:. Deep-focus earthquakes occur at a depth where the subducted
749:
6975:
6929:
6159:
4397:. California Department of Conservation. 2002. Archived from
3056:
Living on an Active Earth: Perspectives on Earthquake Science
2152:
2148:
2144:
1936:
1192:
1063:
888:
Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being
725:, Alaska. The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been
702:
590:
472:
5975:
5775:
3335:"What are Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Earthquake Clusters?"
1982:
concerned with the specification of the time, location, and
648:
is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.
475:'s surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the
7112:
6154:
6149:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6114:
3974:
3626:"USGS Earthquake statistics table based on data since 1900"
2140:
2088:
Individuals can also take preparedness steps like securing
1948:
in Tajikistan is in danger of catastrophic flooding if the
1764:
1256:. Aftershocks are formed as the crust around the displaced
6827:
5349:
4640:
3018:
2640:
2407: – study of how tectonic faults influence earthquakes
518:
or focus, while the ground level directly above it is the
5302:
Regional Relationships Among Earthquake Magnitude Scales.
2269:
depicts the consequences of the Kobe earthquake of 1995.
1610:
Light sediments: 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second
779:. The sides of a fault move past each other smoothly and
640:. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its
5123:
3702:, USGS Science of Changing World. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
3090:
2888:
10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<336:EMEMOE>2.0.CO;2
1825:
Damage to critical infrastructure (short and long-term)
1381:
such as Mexico City, Tokyo, and Tehran in areas of high
4837:
4288:"Magnitude 8.0 – SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS Earthquake Details"
2259:, which describes the destruction of Santiago in 1647.
904:
Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being
4876:. Vol. 1: A–G. Routledge. 2003. pp. 358–364.
3059:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. p.
2436:"USGS: Magnitude 8 and Greater Earthquakes Since 1900"
1613:
Earths crust: 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) per second
1339:
Peru, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran, Pakistan, the
5088:
3355:. United States Geological Survey. January 29, 2009.
2805:
1597:
Lower crust: 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) per second
1161:
Co-seismic overpressuring and effect of pore pressure
5214:
4317:"Earth's gravity offers earlier earthquake warnings"
2927:"M7.5 Northern Peru Earthquake of 26 September 2005"
2472:
Catastrophe!: The 100 Greatest Disasters of All Time
2409:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
2385:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1427:, though the link has not been conclusively proved.
4342:"Gravity shifts could sound early earthquake alarm"
1894:were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself.
1475:
Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale
5277:
4416:"Historic Earthquakes – 1964 Anchorage Earthquake"
3942:"Study Links 2011 Quake to Technique at Oil Wells"
3379:"The Parkfield, California, Earthquake Experiment"
3003:
1828:Roads, bridges, and public transportation networks
982:), making the most powerful earthquakes possible.
4886:
4546:
4522:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
4520:"The Great 1906 San Francisco earthquake of 1906"
4418:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
4200:
3784:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
3759:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
3715:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
3671:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
2645:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
2621:
2544:. Journal of Geophysical Research. Archived from
2526:. Washington Post: Washington Post. pp. C10.
2416: – Vertical shift of land in plate tectonics
1600:Deep mantle: 13 km (8.1 mi) per second.
593:resulting from a sudden release of energy in the
522:. Earthquakes are primarily caused by geological
7224:
5249:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
4916:
3985:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
3233:
3051:"5. Earthquake Physics and Fault-System Science"
3019:Watson, John; Watson, Kathie (January 7, 1998).
2960:
2669:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
2641:Spence, William; S.A. Sipkin; G.L. Choy (1989).
2127:called earthquakes "underground thunderstorms".
537:in China, with over 830,000 fatalities, and the
5298:
5172:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4148:
3980:"A Century of Induced Earthquakes in Oklahoma?"
3813:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
2201:refers to earthquakes occurring both after the
1658:Standard reporting of earthquakes includes its
1616:Deep mantle: 7 km (4.3 mi) per second
1499:first scale for measuring earthquake magnitudes
1282:. In August 2012, a swarm of earthquakes shook
589:An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of
533:Significant historical earthquakes include the
5555:
4923:. Univ of Massachusetts Press. pp. 179–.
4547:Noson, L.L.; Qamar, A.; Thorsen, G.W. (1988).
6813:
5670:
5582:
5475:
5011:Science in popular culture: a reference guide
4648:
3490:
3405:
3403:
2737:Stern, Robert J. (2002), "Subduction zones",
1709:
1698:, which killed an estimated 60,000 people. A
938:Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the
514:. The initial point of rupture is called the
436:
5684:
4993:
3899:"Global review of human-induced earthquakes"
3644:"Seismicity and earthquake hazard in the UK"
3229:
3227:
3225:
3175:
3084:
2782:"Instrumental California Earthquake Catalog"
2368:
2054:to improve their resistance to earthquakes.
55:. There might be a discussion about this on
4874:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History
4086:"Possible Link Between Dam and China Quake"
2601:. Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
2598:The Physics of Rock Failure and Earthquakes
2489:
2487:
2361:European-Mediterranean Seismological Centre
2114:From the lifetime of the Greek philosopher
1430:
677:Earthquakes (M6.0+) since 1900 through 2017
553:. Earthquakes' occurrence is influenced by
6820:
6806:
5677:
5663:
4910:
4285:
4083:
3466:"Quake 'swarm' shakes Southern California"
3400:
2594:
2536:
2517:
2515:
1488:
1134:has been attributed to the effects of the
443:
429:
5558:"Chapter 3: Earthquakes and their causes"
5310:
5006:
4971:, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001),
4806:
4780:
4044:
3924:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3277:
3259:
3222:
3117:
2758:
2539:"The Energy Release in Great Earthquakes"
2401:) – International scientific society
2130:
1640:
1558:
1260:adjusts to the effects of the mainshock.
1106:
1020:descends beneath another tectonic plate,
601:. Earthquakes may also be referred to as
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
5556:Hyndman, Donald; Hyndman, David (2009).
5444:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4738:
4542:
4540:
3939:
3746:, Australian Geographic, March 14, 2011.
3169:
2521:
2484:
2456:. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from
2454:"Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths"
2351: – Belt of Eurasian mountain ranges
2105:
1901:
1886:Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging
1874:
1831:Water, power, sewer and gas interruption
1801:
1713:
1685:
1317:
1301:of the previous earthquakes. Similar to
1225:
1110:
995:
933:
748:
680:
672:
471: – is the shaking of the
104:
88:
4556:. Washington State Earthquake Hazards.
4084:LaFraniere, Sharon (February 5, 2009).
3805:
3693:Are Earthquakes Really on the Increase?
2954:
2902:"Global Centroid Moment Tensor Catalog"
2512:
1952:formed by the earthquake, known as the
1620:
1419:paper suggested that the 8.0 magnitude
783:only if there are no irregularities or
721:(27 March 1964), which was centered in
693:, which occurred on 23 January 1556 in
7225:
5299:Chung, D.H.; Bernreuter, D.L. (1980),
4669:. Ruth Ludwin, U.S. Geological Survey.
4653:
4647:, p. 2070), who in turn followed
4292:Global Earthquake Epicenters with Maps
4258:"Newsela | The science of earthquakes"
3322:
3273:
3271:
3140:
3134:
3044:
3042:
2934:National Earthquake Information Center
2666:
2370:Centre Sismologique Euro-Méditerranéen
2012:is usually considered to be a type of
6801:
5658:
5246:
4858:
4678:
4644:
4611:"Fresh alert over Tajik flood threat"
4537:
4118:
4100:from the original on January 27, 2018
4030:
3737:The 10 biggest earthquakes in history
2736:
2643:"Measuring the Size of an Earthquake"
2634:
2588:
2224:
1388:
1366:, which for the most part bounds the
1000:Collapsed Gran Hotel building in the
919:
5280:Earthquakes and geological discovery
5275:
5182:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
2865:
1774:
1747:. The ground-shaking is measured by
1047:
498:In its most general sense, the word
27:
16:Sudden movement of the Earth's crust
4757:"Bay Area Earthquake Probabilities"
4497:. United States Geological Survey.
3603:. United States Geological Survey.
3472:from the original on 27 August 2012
3442:. United States Geological Survey.
3268:
3176:Rudnicki, J.W.; Rice, J.R. (2006).
3039:
3027:from the original on March 26, 2009
3023:. United States Geological Survey.
2573:. United States Geological Survey.
2497:. United States Geological Survey.
2315:
2276:someday, as depicted in the novels
2101:
1702:overwhelms the ships in the harbor.
1232:Central Italy earthquakes of August
1141:
1085:
13:
5515:
4720:from the original on March 3, 2024
4681:"Quake myths rely on cloudy facts"
4233:"Speed of Sound through the Earth"
4201:Bormann, P; Di Giacomo, D (2011).
4177:"USGS Earthquake Magnitude Policy"
4012:from the original on July 23, 2020
3956:from the original on July 23, 2020
3940:Fountain, Henry (March 28, 2013).
3440:"Earthquake Swarms at Yellowstone"
3359:from the original on April 3, 2009
3234:Guerriero, V; Mazzoli, S. (2021).
2250:Aftershock: Earthquake in New York
960:
729:; however, of these ten, only the
14:
7264:
5695:Offshore geotechnical engineering
5636:
5439:from the original on 17 July 2021
5352:"Earthquakes Cannot Be Predicted"
4582:"Notes on Historical Earthquakes"
3500:Journal of Archaeological Science
3491:Amos Nur; Cline, Eric H. (2000).
2147:of mischief and strife, murdered
1694:in ruins and in flames after the
1072:1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
899:
662:
5986:
5974:
5962:
5950:
5938:
5926:
5912:
5902:
5885:
5873:
5861:
5849:
5837:
5825:
5803:
5774:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5726:
4119:Earle, Steven (September 2015).
3782:"Visual Glossary – Ring of Fire"
3669:"Common Myths about Earthquakes"
3463:
3218:from the original on 2019-05-02.
2943:from the original on 25 May 2017
2568:
2395:Seismological Society of America
2332:on Mars) and on the Moon (e.g.,
1797:
1690:1755 copper engraving depicting
1520:
1423:was induced by loading from the
883:
459: – also called a
132:
32:
5327:from the original on 2020-01-22
5284:, Scientific American Library,
5208:
5166:
5117:
5082:
5046:
5037:
4978:
4961:
4937:
4880:
4831:
4781:Pailoplee, Santi (2017-03-13).
4774:
4748:
4732:
4713:United States Geological Survey
4700:
4672:
4634:
4623:from the original on 2008-11-22
4603:
4574:
4563:from the original on 2020-02-04
4512:
4501:from the original on 2010-09-05
4487:
4476:from the original on 2018-03-21
4462:
4451:from the original on 2022-11-03
4433:
4408:
4384:
4359:
4334:
4323:from the original on 2016-11-23
4309:
4298:from the original on 2013-05-14
4279:
4268:from the original on 2017-03-01
4250:
4239:from the original on 2010-11-25
4225:
4194:
4183:from the original on 2017-07-31
4154:
4142:
4131:from the original on 2022-10-21
4112:
4077:
4024:
3968:
3933:
3926:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.07.008
3887:
3867:
3856:from the original on 2013-09-03
3799:
3774:
3749:
3730:
3705:
3686:
3661:
3650:from the original on 2010-11-06
3636:
3618:
3607:from the original on 2011-05-13
3593:
3572:
3561:from the original on 2019-10-16
3541:
3484:
3457:
3446:from the original on 2008-05-13
3432:
3421:from the original on 2015-08-23
3389:from the original on 2022-10-24
3371:
3345:
3012:
2997:
2919:
2908:from the original on 2011-07-19
2894:
2859:
2850:
2799:
2774:
2730:
2719:from the original on 2008-04-14
2705:
2696:
2679:
2660:
2577:from the original on 2011-06-07
2501:from the original on 2021-04-20
2034:
1662:, date and time of occurrence,
1479:Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale
1357:United States Geological Survey
1188:Tidal triggering of earthquakes
1181:
1138:developed in such earthquakes.
1119:ruptured along segments of the
1093:brittle-ductile transition zone
619:non-earthquake seismic rumbling
5007:Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002).
4708:"Is there earthquake weather?"
4679:Lafee, Scott (April 9, 2010).
4495:"Natural Hazards – Landslides"
4472:. Nctsn.org. 30 January 2018.
3590:). BBC News. October 31, 2002.
2615:
2562:
2530:
2464:
2446:
2428:
1997:
1978:is a branch of the science of
1215:
1016:zones, where older and colder
1004:metropolis, after the shallow
820:
624:In its most general sense, an
584:
109:Global plate tectonic movement
1:
6345:Mechanically stabilized earth
5645:of the U.S. Geological Survey
5564:(2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole:
5562:Natural Hazards and Disasters
5459:10.1016/s0074-6142(03)80186-9
5371:10.1126/science.275.5306.1616
4369:. Abag.ca.gov. Archived from
2470:Spignesi, Stephen J. (2005).
2421:
2376:Injection-induced earthquakes
2096:
2020:is often differentiated from
1964:
1959:
1892:1906 San Francisco earthquake
1881:1906 San Francisco earthquake
1856:
1810:, which collapsed during the
1117:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
744:
7182:Potentially hazardous object
6097:Hydraulic conductivity tests
5546:Resources in other libraries
5449:, International Geophysics,
4121:"11.3 Measuring Earthquakes"
4033:Environmental Earth Sciences
3601:"Earthquake Hazards Program"
3300:10.1126/science.175.4024.885
2263:'s short fiction collection
1908:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
1505:in 1935. Subsequent scales (
1313:
1172:Mohr-Coulomb strength theory
1006:1986 San Salvador earthquake
731:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
7:
6658:Stress distribution in soil
5498:10.1126/science.82.2123.219
5344:University of Chicago Press
5103:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1260
4973:The Oxford Bible Commentary
4686:The San Diego Union-Tribune
4649:Wood & Gutenberg (1935)
4149:Chung & Bernreuter 1980
3261:10.3390/geosciences11030119
3021:"Volcanoes and Earthquakes"
3004:Foxworthy and Hill (1982).
2341:
1202:
1062:faults and the movement of
1054:Volcano tectonic earthquake
483:. Earthquakes can range in
21:Earthquake (disambiguation)
10:
7269:
5808:Pore pressure measurement
5643:Earthquake Hazards Program
5238:
5145:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.911
4949:World History Encyclopedia
4643:, p. 1616, following
4221:– via Springer Link.
4166:Earthquake Hazards Program
3580:Italy's earthquake history
3119:10.26443/seismica.v2i3.387
2322:Quake (natural phenomenon)
2319:
2038:
2028:Earthquake warning systems
2001:
1968:
1934:
1912:
1897:
1860:
1778:
1710:Shaking and ground rupture
1681:
1678:("Fukushima") earthquake.
1644:
1533:(shock- or pressure waves)
1434:
1392:
1267:
1219:
1185:
1051:
992:Depth of focus (tectonics)
989:
942:, northwest of Los Angeles
824:
666:
549:. Earthquakes can trigger
341:Coordinating Committee for
18:
7174:
7137:
7096:
7078:
7047:
7040:
7008:
6974:
6967:
6945:
6915:
6881:
6848:
6839:
6715:
6670:
6569:
6561:Preconsolidation pressure
6533:
6524:
6497:
6317:
6266:
6253:
6168:
6122:
6113:
6036:
5956:Standard penetration test
5714:
5701:
5692:
5541:Resources in your library
5194:10.1016/j.psc.2004.03.006
4917:George E. Dimock (1990).
4586:British Geological Survey
4219:10.1007/s10950-010-9219-2
4063:10.1007/s12665-011-1355-7
3875:Global urban seismic risk
1930:
1822:Injuries and loss of life
1812:1856 Heraklion earthquake
1582:can be computed roughly.
1377:With the rapid growth of
1280:Yellowstone National Park
1263:
701:—dwellings carved out of
372:Adams–Williamson equation
6057:California bearing ratio
5855:Rotary-pressure sounding
5686:Geotechnical engineering
4920:The Unity of the Odyssey
2302:A Comparative Seismology
1994:, in the early morning.
1870:
1739:, the distance from the
1507:seismic magnitude scales
1483:Mercalli intensity scale
1461:at great distances. The
1437:Seismic magnitude scales
1431:Measurement and location
1409:2011 Oklahoma earthquake
985:
812:elastic potential energy
707:1976 Tangshan earthquake
539:1960 Valdivia earthquake
320:Seismic intensity scales
315:Seismic magnitude scales
6477:Geosynthetic clay liner
6452:Expanded clay aggregate
6072:Proctor compaction test
6013:Crosshole sonic logging
5999:Nuclear densometer test
5756:Geo-electrical sounding
5276:Bolt, Bruce A. (1993),
4174:A copy can be found at
3978:; Page, Morgan (2015).
3806:Jackson, James (2006).
3415:Encyclopedia Britannica
3353:"Repeating Earthquakes"
2784:. WGCEP. Archived from
2495:"Cool Earthquake Facts"
2256:The Earthquake in Chile
2066:Artificial intelligence
2041:Earthquake preparedness
1503:Charles Francis Richter
1489:Intensity and magnitude
1457:and can be recorded by
1447:Richter magnitude scale
1421:2008 Sichuan earthquake
1155:1896 Sanriku earthquake
714:1960 Chilean earthquake
691:1556 Shaanxi earthquake
535:1556 Shaanxi earthquake
6740:Earthquake engineering
6551:Lateral earth pressure
6176:Hydraulic conductivity
6027:Wave equation analysis
6006:Exploration geophysics
5898:Deformation monitoring
5867:Rotary weight sounding
5269:10.1785/BSSA0660062069
4470:"Earthquake Resources"
4168:. USGS. Archived from
3834:10.1098/rsta.2006.1805
3520:10.1006/jasc.1999.0431
3411:"Aftershock | geology"
3163:10.1038/physci243066a0
2624:Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am
2369:
2239:Short Walk to Daylight
2131:Mythology and religion
2111:
2047:earthquake engineering
2018:earthquake forecasting
2004:Earthquake forecasting
1944:The terrain below the
1910:
1883:
1814:
1792:1964 Alaska earthquake
1769:nuclear power stations
1727:
1703:
1696:1755 Lisbon earthquake
1664:geographic coordinates
1641:Location and reporting
1559:Speed of seismic waves
1467:moment magnitude scale
1463:surface wave magnitude
1335:
1243:
1132:2001 Kunlun earthquake
1124:
1107:Supershear earthquakes
1022:deep-focus earthquakes
1008:
943:
914:megathrust earthquakes
816:Earth's deep interior.
804:elastic-rebound theory
769:
753:Three types of faults:
727:megathrust earthquakes
719:Good Friday earthquake
686:
678:
570:earthquake engineering
559:elastic-rebound theory
382:Earthquake engineering
110:
102:
5918:Settlement recordings
5843:Rock control drilling
5744:Cone penetration test
5068:10.1176/ajp.151.6.895
4808:10.1515/geo-2017-0004
4741:, p. 1205. See also
4660:Earthquake Prediction
4445:www.preventionweb.net
4235:. Hypertextbook.com.
4207:Journal of Seismology
3904:Earth-Science Reviews
3187:. 111, B10308 (B10).
2856:Geoscience Australia.
2739:Reviews of Geophysics
2414:Vertical displacement
2310:2010 Haiti earthquake
2235:San Francisco in 1906
2109:
2022:earthquake prediction
1976:Earthquake prediction
1971:Earthquake prediction
1935:Further information:
1905:
1878:
1861:Further information:
1834:Communication systems
1805:
1718:Damaged buildings in
1717:
1689:
1653:Flinn–Engdahl regions
1349:Gutenberg–Richter law
1321:
1308:North Anatolian Fault
1299:stress redistribution
1229:
1128:Supershear earthquake
1114:
999:
937:
866:North Anatolian Fault
833:interplate earthquake
752:
684:
676:
405:Earth Sciences Portal
377:Flinn–Engdahl regions
343:Earthquake Prediction
108:
92:
6780:Agricultural science
6482:Cellular confinement
5649:IRIS Seismic Monitor
5410:Annals of Geophysics
3646:. Quakes.bgs.ac.uk.
3201:10.1029/2006JB004396
2760:10.1029/2001RG000108
2460:on November 1, 2009.
2390:Lists of earthquakes
2060:Emergency management
2056:Earthquake insurance
2052:seismic retrofitting
1621:Seismic wave arrival
1564:Propagation velocity
1364:Pacific Ring of Fire
1210:Parkfield earthquake
1121:East Anatolian Fault
1026:Wadati–Benioff zones
723:Prince William Sound
669:Lists of earthquakes
566:seismic retrofitting
367:Shear wave splitting
45:confusing or unclear
19:For other uses, see
6672:Numerical analysis
6556:Overburden pressure
6546:Pore water pressure
6326:Shoring structures
6201:Reynolds' dilatancy
6102:Water content tests
6087:Triaxial shear test
6047:Soil classification
6020:Pile integrity test
5605:10.1038/nature08042
5597:2009Natur.459..833L
5490:1935Sci....82..219W
5261:1976BuSSA..66.2069A
4799:2017OGeo....9....4P
4055:2012EES....66.1439K
3998:2015BuSSA.105.2863H
3917:2018ESRv..178..438F
3895:Fougler, Gillian R.
3826:2006RSPTA.364.1911J
3820:(1845): 1911–1925.
3549:"Earthquake Storms"
3512:2000JArSc..27...43N
3383:earthquake.usgs.gov
3292:1972Sci...175..885N
3252:2021Geosc..11..119G
3193:2006JGRB..11110308R
3155:1973NPhS..243...66S
3110:2023Seism...2..387M
2975:1989Natur.341..733G
2936:. 17 October 2005.
2880:1979Geo.....7..336W
2828:10.1038/nature04094
2820:2005Natur.437..539S
2751:2002RvGeo..40.1012S
2595:Ohnaka, M. (2013).
1906:The tsunami of the
1749:ground acceleration
1647:Earthquake location
1453:travel through the
1417:Columbia University
1372:Himalayan Mountains
1284:Southern California
910:convergent boundary
789:stick-slip behavior
267:Epicentral distance
53:clarify the article
7238:Geological hazards
6833:list by death toll
6647:Slab stabilisation
6627:Stability analysis
4665:2009-10-07 at the
4641:Geller et al. 1997
4094:The New York Times
4090:The New York Times
4006:10.1785/0120150109
3950:The New York Times
3946:The New York Times
3880:2011-09-20 at the
3742:2013-09-30 at the
3698:2014-06-30 at the
3586:2004-07-09 at the
2571:"How Much Bigger?"
2442:on April 14, 2016.
2285:Goodbye California
2225:In popular culture
2176:Japanese mythology
2112:
1992:earthquake weather
1911:
1884:
1815:
1728:
1704:
1395:Induced seismicity
1389:Induced seismicity
1336:
1324:Messina earthquake
1244:
1151:tsunami earthquake
1125:
1009:
957:fault dimensions.
944:
925:Strike-slip faults
920:Strike-slip faults
894:divergent boundary
770:
687:
679:
244:Induced seismicity
191:Remotely triggered
111:
103:
7248:Natural disasters
7220:
7219:
7197:Geomagnetic storm
7170:
7169:
7036:
7035:
6963:
6962:
6907:Soil liquefaction
6829:Natural disasters
6795:
6794:
6666:
6665:
6642:Sliding criterion
6604:Response spectrum
6520:
6519:
6350:Pressure grouting
6249:
6248:
6109:
6108:
6062:Direct shear test
5768:Permeability test
5651:– IRIS Consortium
5591:(7248): 833–836.
5575:978-0-495-31667-1
5522:Library resources
5484:(2123): 219–320,
5468:978-0-12-440658-2
5338:Deborah R. Coen.
5291:978-0-7167-5040-6
5030:978-0-313-31822-1
4930:978-0-87023-721-8
4903:978-1-156-78621-5
4888:Sturluson, Snorri
4852:10.1109/64.511774
3286:(4024): 885–887.
3070:978-0-309-06562-7
2969:(6244): 733–737.
2904:. Globalcmt.org.
2814:(7058): 539–542.
2692:978-0-12-440652-0
2608:978-1-107-35533-0
2367:), also known as
2274:San Andreas Fault
2209:, 54) and at his
2045:The objective of
1808:Għajn Ħadid Tower
1781:Soil liquefaction
1775:Soil liquefaction
1540:(both body waves)
1501:was developed by
1230:Magnitude of the
1195:may trigger some
1176:induce seismicity
1048:Volcanic activity
854:San Andreas Fault
617:is also used for
543:soil liquefaction
528:volcanic activity
453:
452:
85:
84:
77:
7260:
7129:Tropical cyclone
7123:Tornado outbreak
7045:
7044:
6972:
6971:
6925:Pyroclastic flow
6917:Volcano eruption
6846:
6845:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6799:
6798:
6654:Bearing capacity
6541:Effective stress
6531:
6530:
6432:Land reclamation
6372:Land development
6267:Natural features
6264:
6263:
6231:Specific storage
6120:
6119:
6052:Atterberg limits
5990:
5978:
5966:
5954:
5942:
5930:
5916:
5906:
5891:Screw plate test
5889:
5877:
5865:
5853:
5841:
5829:
5807:
5778:
5766:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5712:
5711:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5632:
5579:
5566:Cengage Learning
5508:
5471:
5440:
5438:
5407:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5387:
5381:, archived from
5356:
5335:, NUREG/CR-1457.
5334:
5333:
5332:
5314:
5294:
5283:
5271:
5255:(6): 2069–2074,
5232:
5231:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5155:. Archived from
5130:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5097:(8): 1260–1266.
5086:
5080:
5079:
5050:
5044:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5014:
5004:
4991:
4982:
4976:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4869:
4856:
4855:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4810:
4787:Open Geosciences
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4759:. Archived from
4752:
4746:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4676:
4670:
4657:
4651:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4588:. Archived from
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4447:. 7 March 2018.
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4344:. Archived from
4338:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4286:Geographic.org.
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4173:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4127:(2nd ed.).
4125:Physical Geology
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4048:
4039:(5): 1439–1447.
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
3992:(6): 2863–2870.
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3891:
3885:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3753:
3747:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3709:
3703:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3632:on May 24, 2010.
3628:. Archived from
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3597:
3591:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3557:. 1 April 2003.
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3530:. Archived from
3497:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3407:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3337:. Archived from
3331:
3320:
3319:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3231:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3182:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2983:10.1038/341733a0
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2931:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2762:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2543:
2537:Kanamori Hiroo.
2534:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2491:
2482:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2438:. Archived from
2432:
2410:
2400:
2386:
2372:
2366:
2357: – Sunquake
2316:Outside of earth
2199:Matthew's Gospel
2102:Historical views
1888:electrical power
1745:wave propagation
1515:moment magnitude
1455:Earth's interior
1295:earthquake storm
1270:Earthquake swarm
1166:can control the
1142:Slow earthquakes
1086:Rupture dynamics
1038:phase transition
653:seismic activity
489:seismic activity
445:
438:
431:
216:Earthquake swarm
136:
113:
112:
80:
73:
69:
66:
60:
36:
35:
28:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7166:
7133:
7097:Cyclonic storms
7092:
7074:
7032:
7028:Limnic eruption
7004:
6978:
6959:
6947:Natural erosion
6941:
6911:
6885:
6877:
6835:
6826:
6796:
6791:
6770:Earth materials
6711:
6673:
6662:
6571:
6565:
6516:
6493:
6447:Earth structure
6442:Erosion control
6340:Ground freezing
6330:Retaining walls
6313:
6255:
6245:
6206:Angle of repose
6164:
6105:
6039:
6032:
6031:
5992:Visible bedrock
5944:Simple sounding
5932:Shear vane test
5708:instrumentation
5707:
5705:
5697:
5688:
5683:
5639:
5576:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5518:
5516:Further reading
5513:
5512:
5469:
5436:
5422:10.4401/ag-5350
5405:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5354:
5330:
5328:
5312:10.2172/5073993
5292:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5213:
5209:
5171:
5167:
5159:
5133:Am J Psychiatry
5128:
5122:
5118:
5091:Am J Psychiatry
5087:
5083:
5056:Am J Psychiatry
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5017:Greenwood Press
5005:
4994:
4983:
4979:
4966:
4962:
4953:
4951:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4915:
4911:
4904:
4885:
4881:
4872:"Earthquakes".
4871:
4870:
4859:
4836:
4832:
4779:
4775:
4766:
4764:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4677:
4673:
4667:Wayback Machine
4658:
4654:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4545:
4538:
4529:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4477:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4454:
4452:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4401:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4376:
4374:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4351:
4349:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4326:
4324:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4301:
4299:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4231:
4230:
4226:
4199:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4147:
4143:
4134:
4132:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4082:
4078:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
3976:Hough, Susan E.
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3938:
3934:
3892:
3888:
3882:Wayback Machine
3872:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3804:
3800:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3744:Wayback Machine
3735:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3700:Wayback Machine
3691:
3687:
3678:
3676:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3653:
3651:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3588:Wayback Machine
3577:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3534:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3475:
3473:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3422:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3392:
3390:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3333:
3332:
3323:
3276:
3269:
3232:
3223:
3215:
3185:J. Geophys. Res
3180:
3174:
3170:
3139:
3135:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3047:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3017:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2735:
2731:
2722:
2720:
2715:. En.vedur.is.
2711:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2680:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2650:
2639:
2635:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2567:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2535:
2531:
2520:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2469:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2408:
2405:Seismotectonics
2398:
2384:
2381:IRIS Consortium
2364:
2355:Helioseismology
2344:
2324:
2318:
2266:After the Quake
2261:Haruki Murakami
2244:The Ragged Edge
2227:
2182:(鯰) is a giant
2161:Greek mythology
2137:Norse mythology
2133:
2125:Pliny the Elder
2104:
2099:
2043:
2037:
2006:
2000:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1939:
1933:
1917:
1900:
1873:
1865:
1859:
1844:property damage
1800:
1783:
1777:
1767:, bridges, and
1712:
1684:
1676:2011 Tohoku-Oki
1649:
1643:
1623:
1561:
1523:
1491:
1443:
1435:Main articles:
1433:
1413:injection wells
1401:tectonic plates
1397:
1391:
1316:
1288:Imperial Valley
1272:
1266:
1224:
1218:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1163:
1147:Slow earthquake
1144:
1109:
1088:
1056:
1050:
994:
988:
963:
961:Energy released
922:
902:
886:
829:
827:Fault (geology)
823:
764:
759:
754:
747:
671:
665:
587:
449:
397:
396:
362:
354:
353:
345:
342:
335:
325:
324:
305:
297:
296:
257:
256:Characteristics
249:
248:
229:
221:
220:
146:
81:
70:
64:
61:
50:
37:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7266:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7135:
7134:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7116:
7106:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7090:
7084:
7082:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7051:
7049:
7042:
7041:Meteorological
7038:
7037:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7030:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6969:
6965:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6951:
6949:
6943:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6934:
6933:
6932:
6921:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6897:Seismic hazard
6893:
6891:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6854:
6852:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6825:
6824:
6817:
6810:
6802:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6721:
6719:
6717:Related fields
6713:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6678:
6676:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6637:Classification
6634:
6629:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6609:Seismic hazard
6606:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6575:
6573:
6567:
6566:
6564:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6535:
6528:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6323:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6268:
6261:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6238:
6236:Shear strength
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6211:Friction angle
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6092:Oedometer test
6089:
6084:
6082:Sieve analysis
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6042:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6002:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5983:
5982:
5971:
5970:
5968:Total sounding
5959:
5958:
5947:
5946:
5935:
5934:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5910:
5894:
5893:
5882:
5881:
5870:
5869:
5858:
5857:
5846:
5845:
5834:
5833:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5771:
5770:
5759:
5758:
5747:
5746:
5735:
5734:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5709:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5659:
5653:
5652:
5646:
5638:
5637:External links
5635:
5634:
5633:
5580:
5574:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5473:
5467:
5442:
5416:(4): 315–391,
5398:
5388:on 12 May 2019
5365:(5306): 1616,
5347:
5336:
5296:
5290:
5273:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5207:
5188:(3): 473–489.
5165:
5162:on 2017-08-10.
5139:(6): 911–916.
5116:
5081:
5062:(6): 895–901.
5045:
5036:
5029:
4992:
4977:
4960:
4936:
4929:
4909:
4902:
4879:
4857:
4830:
4773:
4747:
4731:
4699:
4671:
4652:
4633:
4619:. 2003-08-03.
4602:
4573:
4536:
4511:
4486:
4461:
4432:
4407:
4404:on 2009-10-09.
4383:
4358:
4333:
4308:
4278:
4249:
4224:
4213:(2): 411–427.
4193:
4172:on 2016-05-04.
4153:
4141:
4111:
4076:
4023:
3967:
3932:
3886:
3866:
3798:
3773:
3748:
3729:
3704:
3685:
3660:
3635:
3617:
3592:
3571:
3540:
3537:on 2009-03-25.
3483:
3456:
3431:
3399:
3370:
3344:
3341:on 2009-05-11.
3321:
3267:
3221:
3168:
3149:(126): 66–68.
3143:Nat. Phys. Sci
3133:
3083:
3069:
3038:
3011:
2996:
2953:
2918:
2893:
2874:(7): 336–340.
2858:
2849:
2798:
2773:
2729:
2704:
2695:
2678:
2659:
2633:
2614:
2607:
2587:
2561:
2529:
2511:
2483:
2463:
2445:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2378:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2320:Main article:
2317:
2314:
2226:
2223:
2203:death of Jesus
2132:
2129:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2039:Main article:
2036:
2033:
2002:Main article:
1999:
1996:
1969:Main article:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1932:
1929:
1913:Main article:
1899:
1896:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1799:
1796:
1779:Main article:
1776:
1773:
1732:ground rupture
1726:, January 2010
1720:Port-au-Prince
1711:
1708:
1683:
1680:
1645:Main article:
1642:
1639:
1631:Beno Gutenberg
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1541:
1534:
1522:
1519:
1490:
1487:
1471:seismic moment
1432:
1429:
1393:Main article:
1390:
1387:
1315:
1312:
1268:Main article:
1265:
1262:
1220:Main article:
1217:
1214:
1204:
1201:
1186:Main article:
1183:
1180:
1162:
1159:
1143:
1140:
1108:
1105:
1087:
1084:
1052:Main article:
1049:
1046:
990:Main article:
987:
984:
962:
959:
921:
918:
901:
900:Reverse faults
898:
885:
882:
850:Sumatra (2004)
825:Main article:
822:
819:
746:
743:
667:Main article:
664:
663:Major examples
661:
644:or focus. The
586:
583:
526:, but also by
451:
450:
448:
447:
440:
433:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
417:Related topics
414:
408:
407:
399:
398:
395:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
363:
360:
359:
356:
355:
352:
351:
346:
339:
336:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
312:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
247:
246:
241:
236:
234:Fault movement
230:
227:
226:
223:
222:
219:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
142:
141:
138:
137:
129:
128:
122:
121:
83:
82:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7265:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7192:Meteor shower
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7046:
7043:
7039:
7029:
7026:
7022:
7019:
7018:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6990:Coastal flood
6988:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6977:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6948:
6944:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6838:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6818:
6816:
6811:
6809:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6745:Geomorphology
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6714:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6669:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:Consolidation
6587:
6585:
6584:Frost heaving
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6523:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6462:Geosynthetics
6460:
6458:
6457:Crushed stone
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:Cut-and-cover
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6252:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6181:Water content
6179:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6035:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5879:Sample series
5876:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5718:
5713:
5710:
5704:
5703:Investigation
5700:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5453:: 1205–1216,
5452:
5448:
5443:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5404:
5399:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5216:Schechter, DS
5211:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5049:
5040:
5032:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4990:
4986:
4981:
4974:
4970:
4967:Allison, D.,
4964:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4883:
4875:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4834:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4763:on 2017-02-18
4762:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4740:
4739:Kanamori 2003
4735:
4719:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4606:
4592:on 2011-05-16
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4559:
4552:
4551:
4543:
4541:
4526:on 2017-02-11
4525:
4521:
4515:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4422:on 2011-06-23
4421:
4417:
4411:
4400:
4393:
4387:
4373:on 2009-09-21
4372:
4368:
4362:
4348:on 2016-11-24
4347:
4343:
4337:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4150:
4145:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4080:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3870:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3788:on 2006-08-28
3787:
3783:
3777:
3763:on 2006-09-25
3762:
3758:
3752:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3719:on 2006-08-12
3718:
3714:
3708:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3675:on 2006-09-25
3674:
3670:
3664:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3471:
3467:
3460:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2939:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2788:on 2011-07-25
2787:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2699:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2675:(1): 151–163.
2674:
2670:
2663:
2649:on 2009-09-01
2648:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2551:on 2010-07-23
2547:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2481:
2480:0-8065-2558-4
2477:
2473:
2467:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2415:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:Matthew 27:51
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:New Testament
2191:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2143:. When Loki,
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2108:
2094:
2091:
2090:water heaters
2086:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2070:expert system
2067:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:seismologists
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:landslide dam
1947:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:occurs at sea
1916:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:Fires of the
1877:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1818:may include:
1813:
1809:
1806:Ruins of the
1804:
1798:Human impacts
1795:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:S-waves speed
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Surface waves
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:Longitudinal
1528:
1527:
1526:
1521:Seismic waves
1518:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Seismic waves
1448:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1368:Pacific Plate
1365:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:undergoing a
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:oceanic crust
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
983:
981:
977:
971:
969:
958:
955:
950:
941:
940:Carrizo Plain
936:
932:
930:
926:
917:
915:
911:
908:such as at a
907:
897:
895:
891:
884:Normal faults
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
842:Alaska (1957)
838:
834:
828:
818:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:seismic waves
798:
794:
793:stored energy
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
768:
763:
758:
751:
742:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
683:
675:
670:
660:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
638:nuclear tests
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:seismic waves
597:that creates
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:nuclear tests
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:seismic waves
479:that creates
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
446:
441:
439:
434:
432:
427:
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7187:Impact event
7175:Astronomical
7109:Thunderstorm
7104:Bomb cyclone
6968:Hydrological
6937:Volcanic ash
6902:Seismic risk
6882:
6850:Mass wasting
6765:Biogeography
6760:Hydrogeology
6750:Soil science
6730:Geochemistry
6598:
6489:Infiltration
6417:Cut and fill
6360:Soil nailing
6226:Permeability
6191:Bulk density
5908:Inclinometer
5831:Ram sounding
5716:
5588:
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5561:
5536:Online books
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2294:(2009), and
2289:
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2248:
2242:
2238:
2231:Kobe in 1995
2228:
2215:Matthew 28:2
2211:resurrection
2192:
2173:
2158:
2134:
2113:
2087:
2064:
2044:
2035:Preparedness
2026:
2007:
1974:
1943:
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1925:
1918:
1885:
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1851:
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1753:
1730:Shaking and
1729:
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1604:
1603:
1586:P-wave speed
1585:
1584:
1562:
1524:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1459:seismometers
1444:
1425:Zipingpu Dam
1398:
1383:seismic risk
1376:
1361:
1353:
1337:
1294:
1292:
1273:
1245:
1240:January 2017
1236:October 2016
1206:
1191:
1182:Tidal forces
1164:
1145:
1126:
1098:
1089:
1076:seismometers
1057:
1010:
1002:San Salvador
980:Alaska, 1964
972:
968:World War II
964:
953:
948:
945:
923:
903:
887:
874:Denali Fault
846:Chile (1960)
830:
781:aseismically
771:
735:
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361:Other topics
166:Blind thrust
125:
99:Ring of Fire
86:
71:
65:October 2022
62:
51:Please help
42:
25:
7243:Lithosphere
7233:Earthquakes
7202:Solar flare
7088:Megadrought
7048:Temperature
7021:Megatsunami
7000:Storm surge
6995:Flash flood
6873:Debris flow
6775:Archaeology
6499:Foundations
6472:Geomembrane
6355:Slurry wall
6294:Water table
6258:Interaction
6254:Structures
6241:Sensitivity
6038:Laboratory
5527:Earthquakes
5392:29 December
4969:56. Matthew
4840:IEEE Expert
4645:Allen (1976
4262:newsela.com
3911:: 438–514.
3240:Geosciences
2349:Alpide belt
2297:San Andreas
2219:end of time
2010:forecasting
1998:Forecasting
1853:community.
1536:Transverse
1379:mega-cities
1345:exponential
1303:aftershocks
1276:aftershocks
1258:fault plane
1249:fault plane
1216:Aftershocks
1044:structure.
1030:lithosphere
976:Japan, 2011
876:in Alaska (
872:), and the
868:in Turkey (
821:Fault types
777:fault plane
757:Strike-slip
613:. The word
595:lithosphere
585:Terminology
477:lithosphere
349:Forecasting
310:Seismometer
304:Measurement
277:Shadow zone
126:Earthquakes
93:Earthquake
7253:Seismology
7227:Categories
6883:Earthquake
6841:Geological
6632:Mitigation
6614:Shear wave
6599:Earthquake
6594:Compaction
6579:Permafrost
6570:Phenomena/
6467:Geotextile
6392:Embankment
6382:Excavation
6319:Earthworks
6279:Vegetation
6274:Topography
6196:Thixotropy
6186:Void ratio
6169:Properties
6067:Hydrometer
5812:Piezometer
5732:Core drill
5331:2017-07-21
5230:(3): 9–13.
5220:Coates, SW
5174:Coates, SW
5019:. p.
4954:2017-07-23
4893:Prose Edda
4767:2017-08-28
4627:2008-09-15
4596:2008-09-15
4567:2019-12-01
4530:2008-09-15
4505:2008-09-15
4480:2018-06-05
4455:2022-11-03
4426:2008-09-15
4377:2010-08-23
4352:2016-11-23
4327:2016-11-22
4302:2013-03-13
4272:2017-02-28
4243:2010-08-23
4187:2017-07-25
4135:2022-10-22
3860:2011-03-09
3792:2006-08-14
3767:2006-08-14
3723:2006-08-14
3679:2006-08-14
3654:2010-08-23
3611:2006-08-14
3565:2007-05-02
3450:2008-09-15
3425:2021-10-13
3393:2022-10-24
3246:(3): 119.
3104:(3): 387.
2947:2008-08-01
2912:2011-07-24
2792:2011-07-24
2723:2011-07-24
2653:2006-11-03
2630:: 371–387.
2581:2010-10-10
2555:2010-10-10
2505:2021-04-21
2422:References
2335:moonquakes
2329:marsquakes
2279:Richter 10
2247:(1968) or
2116:Anaxagoras
2097:In culture
2014:prediction
1980:seismology
1965:Prediction
1960:Management
1946:Sarez Lake
1857:Landslides
1580:hypocenter
1572:elasticity
1552:Love waves
1481:, and the
1441:Seismology
1222:Aftershock
1197:seismicity
1168:Aftershock
1136:sonic boom
1101:shear wave
1080:tiltmeters
1014:subduction
929:transforms
892:such as a
785:asperities
745:Occurrence
657:seismicity
642:hypocenter
626:earthquake
579:moonquakes
575:marsquakes
551:landslides
516:hypocenter
500:earthquake
493:seismicity
457:earthquake
392:Seismology
333:Prediction
272:Hypocenter
206:Supershear
186:Megathrust
181:Intraplate
176:Interplate
161:Aftershock
95:epicenters
47:to readers
7212:Hypernova
7207:Supernova
7155:Firestorm
7070:Heat wave
7065:Ice storm
7060:Cold wave
6863:Avalanche
6858:Landslide
6755:Hydrology
6735:Petrology
6623:analysis
6621:Landslide
6526:Mechanics
6437:Track bed
6422:Fill dirt
6407:Terracing
5980:Trial pit
5795:Statnamic
5780:Load test
5613:0028-0836
5430:129825964
5379:123516228
4989:parallels
4985:Mark 13:8
4825:132545870
4817:2391-5447
4745:, p. 327.
4071:118367859
4046:1007.2155
3528:0305-4403
3476:27 August
3128:257520761
2769:247695067
2745:(4): 17,
1984:magnitude
1863:Landslide
1741:epicenter
1737:magnitude
1668:epicenter
1660:magnitude
1576:epicenter
1314:Frequency
1254:foreshock
1212:cluster.
1068:volcanoes
906:shortened
646:epicenter
520:epicenter
485:intensity
262:Epicenter
239:Volcanism
201:Submarine
156:Foreshock
151:Mainshock
7162:ARkStorm
7150:Wildfire
7055:Blizzard
6955:Sinkhole
6785:Agrology
6674:software
6572:problems
6402:Causeway
6377:Landfill
6304:Subgrade
6221:Porosity
6216:Cohesion
5621:19516339
5506:17818812
5434:archived
5325:archived
5202:15325488
5153:10831470
5111:10910788
4975:, p. 884
4945:"Namazu"
4890:(1220).
4793:(1): 4.
4718:Archived
4663:Archived
4621:Archived
4616:BBC News
4558:Archived
4499:Archived
4474:Archived
4449:Archived
4321:Archived
4296:Archived
4266:Archived
4237:Archived
4181:Archived
4129:Archived
4104:July 23,
4098:Archived
4016:July 23,
4010:Archived
3960:July 23,
3954:Archived
3878:Archived
3854:Archived
3850:40712253
3842:16844641
3740:Archived
3696:Archived
3648:Archived
3605:Archived
3584:Archived
3559:Archived
3470:Archived
3444:Archived
3419:Archived
3387:Archived
3357:Archived
3316:19354081
3308:17781062
3213:Archived
3098:Seismica
3025:Archived
2938:Archived
2906:Archived
2836:16177788
2717:Archived
2575:Archived
2524:KidsPost
2499:Archived
2342:See also
2288:(1977),
2282:(1996),
2241:(1972),
2165:Poseidon
1954:Usoi Dam
1842:General
1787:granular
1548:Rayleigh
1405:fracking
1332:Calabria
1203:Clusters
1060:tectonic
978:, or in
949:greatest
890:extended
808:fracture
773:Tectonic
738:tsunamis
699:yaodongs
634:fracking
611:temblors
555:tectonic
508:fracking
412:Category
387:Seismite
118:a series
116:Part of
7145:Derecho
7119:Tornado
7080:Drought
7016:Tsunami
6868:Mudflow
6725:Geology
6697:SVSlope
6507:Shallow
6427:Grading
6365:Tieback
6309:Subsoil
6299:Bedrock
6289:Topsoil
6284:Terrain
6077:R-value
6040:testing
5790:Dynamic
5717:in situ
5715:Field (
5629:4424312
5593:Bibcode
5486:Bibcode
5478:Science
5359:Science
5321:5073993
5257:Bibcode
5239:Sources
5076:8185000
4795:Bibcode
4724:July 3,
4692:July 3,
4051:Bibcode
3994:Bibcode
3913:Bibcode
3822:Bibcode
3554:Horizon
3508:Bibcode
3468:. CNN.
3363:May 11,
3288:Bibcode
3280:Science
3248:Bibcode
3209:1333820
3189:Bibcode
3151:Bibcode
3106:Bibcode
2991:4287597
2971:Bibcode
2876:Bibcode
2868:Geology
2844:4327471
2816:Bibcode
2747:Bibcode
2193:In the
2188:Kashima
2184:catfish
2169:trident
1915:Tsunami
1898:Tsunami
1757:seismic
1700:tsunami
1682:Effects
1666:of its
1568:density
1538:S-waves
1531:P-waves
1040:into a
1034:olivine
864:), the
767:Reverse
695:Shaanxi
607:tremors
547:tsunami
469:temblor
211:Tsunami
171:Doublet
43:may be
6707:Plaxis
6702:UTEXAS
6692:SVFlux
6682:SEEP2D
6534:Forces
6387:Trench
6335:Gabion
6145:Gravel
5785:Static
5627:
5619:
5611:
5585:Nature
5572:
5524:about
5504:
5465:
5428:
5377:
5319:
5288:
5200:
5151:
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5074:
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4069:
3848:
3840:
3526:
3314:
3306:
3207:
3126:
3076:8 July
3067:
3031:May 9,
2989:
2963:Nature
2842:
2834:
2808:Nature
2767:
2690:
2605:
2569:USGS.
2478:
2180:Namazu
2120:Thales
2083:Naples
2081:, and
2079:Rhodes
2075:Lisbon
2008:While
1931:Floods
1692:Lisbon
1477:, the
1341:Azores
1328:Sicily
1264:Swarms
1042:spinel
848:, and
797:strain
762:Normal
630:faults
615:tremor
603:quakes
524:faults
510:, and
504:mining
465:tremor
292:S wave
287:P wave
228:Causes
7138:Other
7009:Other
6976:Flood
6930:Lahar
6687:STABL
6160:Loess
6123:Types
5625:S2CID
5437:(PDF)
5426:S2CID
5406:(PDF)
5386:(PDF)
5375:S2CID
5355:(PDF)
5160:(PDF)
5129:(PDF)
4821:S2CID
4561:(PDF)
4554:(PDF)
4402:(PDF)
4395:(PDF)
4067:S2CID
4041:arXiv
3846:S2CID
3535:(PDF)
3496:(PDF)
3312:S2CID
3216:(PDF)
3205:S2CID
3181:(PDF)
3124:S2CID
2987:S2CID
2941:(PDF)
2930:(PDF)
2840:S2CID
2765:S2CID
2549:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2153:Sigyn
2149:Baldr
1937:Flood
1871:Fires
1724:Haiti
1193:Tides
1064:magma
986:Focus
954:least
703:loess
609:, or
591:Earth
473:Earth
467:, or
461:quake
144:Types
7113:Hail
6981:List
6888:List
6512:Deep
6155:Loam
6150:Peat
6140:Sand
6135:Silt
6130:Clay
6115:Soil
5817:Well
5617:PMID
5609:ISSN
5570:ISBN
5502:PMID
5463:ISBN
5394:2016
5317:OSTI
5286:ISBN
5198:PMID
5149:PMID
5107:PMID
5072:PMID
5025:ISBN
4987:and
4925:ISBN
4898:ISBN
4813:ISSN
4726:2024
4694:2024
4106:2020
4018:2020
3962:2020
3838:PMID
3524:ISSN
3478:2012
3365:2009
3304:PMID
3078:2010
3065:ISBN
3033:2009
2832:PMID
2688:ISBN
2603:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2365:EMSC
2291:2012
2141:Loki
1765:dams
1570:and
1550:and
1497:The
1439:and
1330:and
1322:The
1238:and
1234:and
1115:The
1078:and
878:2002
870:1939
862:1906
858:1857
712:The
651:The
636:and
577:and
568:and
196:Slow
6397:Cut
5706:and
5601:doi
5589:459
5494:doi
5455:doi
5451:616
5418:doi
5367:doi
5363:275
5307:doi
5265:doi
5190:doi
5141:doi
5137:157
5099:doi
5095:157
5064:doi
5060:151
4848:doi
4803:doi
4215:doi
4059:doi
4002:doi
3990:105
3921:doi
3909:178
3830:doi
3818:364
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3516:doi
3296:doi
3284:175
3256:doi
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3159:doi
3147:243
3114:doi
3061:418
2979:doi
2967:341
2884:doi
2824:doi
2812:437
2755:doi
2399:SSA
2338:).
2233:or
2174:In
2159:In
2145:god
2135:In
1546:– (
1286:'s
1066:in
837:dip
765:C.
760:B.
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