621:
606:
554:
92:
233:
50:
590:
578:
566:
31:
625:
623:
611:
610:
607:
612:
624:
609:
840:
546:
with flat crowns and cusps with parallel ridges. The coloration is an intense dark blue above and white below; the white does not extend to above the pectoral fins. The color rapidly fades to gray after death. The dark pigment above the pectoral fins, the rounded pectoral fin tips, and the absence of
847:
The pelagic thresher has never been implicated in an attack on humans; it has small jaws and teeth for its size and tends to flee from divers. This shark is taken by commercial fisheries in the central
Pacific and western Indian Oceans, as well as off California and Mexico. Abundant off northeastern
347:
later concluded was probably of a common thresher. Several authors, including Gohar and Mazhar (1964, Red Sea), Kato, Springer and Wagner (1967, Eastern
Pacific), Fourmanoir and Laboute (1976, New Caledonia), Johnson (1978, Tahiti), and Faughnan (1980, Hawaiian Islands) have published illustrations
541:
are very small, numbering 21–22 rows on each side with a symphysial (central) row in the upper jaw and 21 on each side without a symphysial row in the lower jaw. Five to 11 rows of posterior teeth are present. The teeth are smooth-edged, with oblique cusps and lateral cusplets on the outside
830:
red muscles, responsible for generating heat in the common thresher, are positioned in two lateral strips just beneath the skin rather than at the core of the body. A rete system is present around the pelagic thresher's brain and eyes, albeit less developed than in the bigeye thresher, which may
781:
and feed on egg capsules produced by the mother. Each capsule measures about 55 mm (2.2 in) long and 12 mm (0.5 in) across, and contains 20–30 ova. Early-stage embryos have specialized teeth for opening the capsules, while later-stage embryos have their teeth hidden and
798:
at 2.8–2.9 m (9.2–9.5 ft) long and eight to nine years old, while males mature at 2.7–2.8 m (8.9–9.2 ft) long and seven to eight years old. The oldest confirmed ages for females and males are 16 and 14 years, respectively. Extrapolating the growth curves to the
512:
The pelagic thresher is the smallest of the thresher sharks, typically 3 m (10 ft) in length and 69.5 kg (153.3 lb) in weight, and usually not exceeding 3.3 m (10.8 ft) and 88.4 kg (194.9 lb). Males and females attain known maximum lengths of 3.5 m
793:
The growth rate of pelagic threshers slows with age: 9 cm/year for ages 0–1, 8 cm/year for ages 2–3, 6 cm/year for ages 5–6, 4 cm/year for ages 7–10, 3 cm/year for ages 10–12, and 2 cm/year for ages 13 and greater. Females reach
513:(11.5 ft) and 3.8 m (12.5 ft), respectively. A record of 5 m (16.4 ft) is dubious and may have resulted from confusion with other thresher species. This species has a fusiform body (wide in the middle and tapered at the ends) and a very slender upper
704:
Little information is available on the feeding ecology of the pelagic thresher. Its very slender tail and fine dentition suggest an exclusive diet of small, pelagic prey. Analysis of stomach contents reveals that pelagic threshers feed mainly on
696:), during which they exhibit characteristic behaviors to facilitate the cleaning interaction. These visits occur more frequently early in the morning, and may be why these normally oceanic sharks are sometimes encountered in shallow water.
536:
The head is narrow with a short, conical snout and a distinctive "pinched" profile when viewed from below. The eyes are very large in juveniles and decrease in relative size with age. No furrows occur at the corners of the mouth. The
622:
608:
339:. He illustrated one of the three specimens in his paper, "On the two species of the thresher shark from Formosan waters", published in August 1935. Nakamura also separately illustrated and described a
927:
Rigby, C.L.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Fordham, S.; Francis, M.P.; Herman, K.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019).
1985:
222:
799:
largest known individuals suggests that females may have a lifespan exceeding 28 years, and males 17 years. A single female produces about 40 young over her entire life.
790:). Young pelagic threshers are born unusually large, up to 1.6 m (5.2 ft) long or 43% the length of the mother, which likely reduces predation on the newborns.
737:
prey into a compact mass, before striking them sharply with the upper lobe of their tails to stun them. Because of this behavior, pelagic threshers are often hooked on
852:, it comprises over 12% (about 3,100 fish, 220 metric tons) of the annual Taiwanese shark landings. The meat is sold for human consumption, the skin is made into
2240:
307:, feeding on unfertilized eggs produced by the mother. The young are born unusually large, up to 43% the length of the mother. Pelagic threshers are valued by
553:
782:
swallow the capsules whole, their teeth not becoming functional again until just after birth. No evidence of sibling cannibalism has been found as in the
393:
Due to confusion with the common thresher, the distribution of the pelagic thresher may be wider than is currently known. It ranges extensively in the
291:
The diet of the pelagic thresher consists mainly of small midwater fishes, which are stunned with whip-like strikes of its tail. Along with all other
476:, occurring from the surface to a depth of at least 150 m (492 ft). However, it occasionally comes close to shore in regions with a narrow
633:
The pelagic thresher is an active, strong swimmer and has been known to leap clear of the water (five times in a row on one documented occasion).
2050:
316:
2089:
1143:
spp.) inferred from mitochondrial DNA control region sequences". M.Sc. thesis. Moss
Landing Marine Laboratories, California State University.
1333:
Sepulveda, C.A.; Wegner, N.C.; Bernal, D. & Graham, J.B. (2005). "The red muscle morphology of the thresher sharks (family
Alopiidae)".
2220:
2024:
1294:
Liu, K.M.; Chen, C.T.; Liao, T.H. & Joung, S.J. (February 1999). "Age, Growth, and
Reproduction of the Pelagic Thresher Shark,
2063:
1182:
2115:
1951:
1427:
2068:
284:), even in professional publications, but can be distinguished by the dark, rather than white, color over the bases of its
884:
1998:
1093:
2230:
1124:
1017:
2177:
54:
2094:
288:. The smallest of the three thresher species, the pelagic thresher typically measures 3 m (10 ft) long.
2235:
721:. Therefore, little competition occurs between the pelagic thresher and other large oceanic piscivores such as
2195:
733:, which tend to feed near the surface. As in other threshers, pelagic threshers may swim in circles to drive
355:
analysis conducted by Blaise Eitner in 1995 showed that the closest relative of the pelagic thresher is the
1158:
1959:
1933:
1911:
1964:
769:
is uncertain, but has been suggested to be less than one year as in the common thresher. The developing
2146:
2182:
1420:
1229:"Composition of piscine prey in the diet of large pelagic fish in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean"
686:
951:
276:, usually far from shore, but occasionally entering coastal habitats. It is often confused with the
91:
469:
within the eastern and western
Pacific pelagic thresher populations, but little flow between them.
819:
368:
1217:) on Monad shoal, Malapascua Island, Cebu, Philippines. MSc Thesis, University of Wales, Bangor.
2055:
1873:
734:
1802:
206:
2169:
2133:
2081:
1393:
1368:
Weng, K.C. & Block, B.A. (2004). "Diel vertical migration of the bigeye thresher shark (
1920:
1413:
1240:
879:
Though rarely caught, pelagic threshers are also valued by sport fishers and are listed as
1925:
1010:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
868:
of the pelagic thresher can comprise 10% of its weight, and is used in the manufacture of
8:
1938:
1625:
589:
577:
39:
1244:
680:, pelagic threshers have been observed regularly visiting cleaning stations occupied by
2225:
1829:
1634:
1315:
1054:
827:
565:
335:
Hiroshi
Nakamura on the basis of three large specimens, none of which was designated a
320:
308:
86:
1037:(Lamniformes: Alopiidae) with Evidence for the Existence of an Unrecognized Species".
928:
264:; this group of sharks is characterized by the greatly elongated upper lobes of their
2128:
1972:
1811:
1601:
1350:
1253:
1228:
1120:
1013:
795:
673:
477:
462:
454:
1990:
1839:
1778:
1342:
1307:
1248:
1046:
946:
783:
766:
738:
718:
446:
344:
1977:
1268:
Otake, T. & Mizue, K. (1981). "Direct
Evidence for Oophagy in Thresher Shark,
2159:
2102:
1848:
1704:
1527:
1518:
1332:
861:
762:
543:
501:
356:
277:
1405:
1896:
1759:
1722:
1500:
1474:
1468:
892:
857:
710:
375:
261:
257:
183:
173:
143:
133:
2214:
2076:
2003:
1685:
1564:
1399:
1178:
937:
926:
812:
807:
Anatomical examination indicates that the pelagic thresher is unlikely to be
754:
638:
438:
336:
332:
312:
296:
273:
59:
268:. The pelagic thresher occurs in the tropical and subtropical waters of the
232:
1741:
1658:
1545:
1354:
973:
816:
808:
681:
661:
637:
of the pelagic thresher include larger fishes (including other sharks) and
518:
473:
398:
394:
285:
269:
2107:
559:
Pelagic threshers can be identified by the color above their pectoral fins
2037:
1905:
1732:
1592:
1437:
1226:
1012:. Vol. 2. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 81–83.
888:
873:
826:
from being dissipated into the water, inside its trunk. Furthermore, its
750:
730:
706:
692:
677:
538:
406:
382:
292:
163:
1374:
Fishery
Bulletin – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1293:
2029:
2016:
1793:
1769:
1695:
1555:
1462:
1319:
1058:
895:
records are from California. Pelagic threshers are frequently taken as
823:
714:
526:
522:
514:
493:
481:
450:
265:
1346:
839:
529:, and is of comparable size to the pelvic fins. The second dorsal and
2042:
1667:
1490:
1045:(3). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 562–571.
908:
880:
869:
489:
466:
434:
103:
1867:
1394:
Species Description of Alopias pelagicus at www.shark-references.com
1311:
1050:
30:
2011:
1890:
1582:
1456:
1450:
1306:(1). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 68–74.
1191:
900:
777:
until they are 12 cm (4.7 in) long, after which they are
774:
722:
646:
642:
634:
530:
485:
422:
352:
311:
for their meat, skin, liver oil, and fins, and are also pursued by
123:
757:. It gives birth to two pups at a time (rarely just one), one per
2190:
904:
896:
853:
778:
665:
458:
410:
402:
304:
2120:
1946:
1616:
849:
770:
758:
497:
442:
300:
113:
2154:
2141:
1649:
1480:
1227:
Moteki, M.; Arai, M.; Tsuchiya, K. & Okamoto, H. (2001).
1139:
Trejo, T. (2005). "Global phylogeography of thresher sharks (
865:
547:
labial furrows separate this shark from the common thresher.
430:
426:
418:
364:
340:
153:
76:
70:
1205:
Oiver, S. (2005). The behaviour of pelagic thresher sharks (
1119:. London: University of California Press. pp. 101–102.
457:. The North Pacific population shifts northward during warm
920:
843:
Pelagic threshers are often caught as bycatch on longlines.
765:, most adult females are pregnant throughout the year; the
726:
414:
348:
of "common threshers" that were in fact pelagic threshers.
831:
serve to buffer those organs against temperature changes.
521:
are long and straight with broad, rounded tips. The first
331:
The pelagic thresher was originally described by Japanese
299:
and usually gives birth to litters of two. The developing
903:
meant for other species such as tuna, and also rarely in
1033:
Eitner, B.J. (Aug 18, 1995). "Systematics of the Genus
616:
A male pelagic thresher being attended by cleaner fish
1367:
542:
margins. The body is covered with very small, smooth
629:
A pelagic thresher using tail slaps to hunt sardines
488:in the Red Sea and the Gulf of California, and off
1372:), a species possessing orbital retia mirabilia".
1267:
517:lobe nearly as long as the rest of the shark. The
1435:
2212:
1326:
1007:
1837:
1261:
952:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161597A68607857.en
2241:Taxa named by Hiroshi Nakamura (ichthyologist)
1361:
317:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1421:
1289:
1287:
1032:
472:The pelagic thresher primarily inhabits the
1114:
525:is placed halfway between the pectoral and
388:
1730:
1428:
1414:
1284:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
231:
48:
29:
1693:
1553:
1252:
1117:Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California
950:
326:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1088:
838:
619:
604:
496:. It has also been known to enter large
1177:
1171:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
990:
887:. The largest overall records are from
2213:
1498:
600:
1872:
1871:
1409:
1146:
1026:
834:
811:like the common thresher; it lacks a
2196:B938C9C8-B3D4-4EBE-8E2E-FA2F2DB1FF4F
2147:ECA59D85-221A-2065-9024-EFE01AD32FED
1166:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research.
1103:
1065:
938:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
885:International Game Fish Association
802:
13:
1098:Florida Museum of Natural History.
14:
2252:
1387:
1159:Biology of the Pelagic Thresher (
2221:IUCN Red List endangered species
1254:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2001.00362.x
1209:) in relation to cleaning fish (
588:
576:
564:
552:
381:, meaning "of the sea". Another
295:, the pelagic thresher exhibits
90:
1335:Journal of Experimental Biology
1274:Japanese Journal of Ichthyology
1220:
1199:
1168:Retrieved on December 22, 2008.
1100:Retrieved on December 22, 2008.
744:
1298:in the Northwestern Pacific".
1133:
966:
876:, and high-grade machine oil.
507:
397:, with scattered records from
1:
914:
480:, and has been observed near
856:, and the fins are used for
672:, which infest the skin. At
660:, which inhabit the shark's
645:of this species include the
385:is the smalltooth thresher.
7:
10:
2257:
753:, the pelagic thresher is
699:
1880:
1828:
1791:
1767:
1758:
1721:
1684:
1647:
1614:
1590:
1581:
1544:
1489:
1445:
1008:Compagno, L.J.V. (2002).
717:, all inhabitants of the
363:), with which it forms a
319:assessed this species as
239:
230:
212:
205:
87:Scientific classification
85:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2231:Marine fish of Nicaragua
1195:. December 2008 version.
1181:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
389:Distribution and habitat
240:Geographic range (blue)
1803:Smalltooth sand tiger (
820:countercurrent exchange
2236:Fish described in 1935
945:: e.T161597A68607857.
844:
650:Litobothrium amplifica
630:
617:
327:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1626:Shortfin mako shark (
1402:on Sealife Collection
1370:Alopias superciliosus
842:
822:system that prevents
749:Like the rest of the
628:
615:
1635:Longfin mako shark (
1341:(Pt 22): 4255–4261.
1211:Labroides dimidiatus
1115:Ebert, D.A. (2003).
974:"Appendices | CITES"
899:on longlines and in
687:Labroides dimidiatus
465:has shown extensive
309:commercial fisheries
1812:Bigeye sand tiger (
1602:Great white shark (
1245:2001FisSc..67.1063M
773:are sustained by a
601:Biology and ecology
461:years. Analysis of
40:Conservation status
1830:Pseudocarchariidae
1779:Sand tiger shark (
1510:Pelagic thresher (
845:
835:Human interactions
761:. With no defined
631:
618:
256:) is a species of
2206:
2205:
2129:Open Tree of Life
1991:alopias-pelagicus
1952:alopias-pelagicus
1939:Alopias_pelagicus
1926:Alopias_pelagicus
1912:Alopias pelagicus
1882:Alopias pelagicus
1874:Taxon identifiers
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1849:Crocodile shark (
1824:
1823:
1754:
1753:
1717:
1716:
1705:Megamouth shark (
1680:
1679:
1577:
1576:
1540:
1539:
1528:Common thresher (
1519:Bigeye thresher (
1347:10.1242/jeb.01898
1296:Alopias pelagicus
1270:Alopias pelagicus
1233:Fisheries Science
1207:Alopias pelagicus
1185:Alopias pelagicus
1161:Alopias pelagicus
931:Alopias pelagicus
788:Carcharias taurus
693:Thalassoma lunare
674:Malapascua Island
626:
613:
478:continental shelf
463:mitochondrial DNA
455:Galapagos Islands
253:Alopias pelagicus
244:
243:
216:Alopias pelagicus
198:A. pelagicus
80:
63:
24:Pelagic thresher
2248:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2111:
2110:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1869:
1868:
1840:Pseudocarcharias
1835:
1834:
1765:
1764:
1728:
1727:
1691:
1690:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1550:
1521:A. superciliosus
1496:
1495:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1400:Pelagic thresher
1382:
1381:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1291:
1282:
1281:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1239:(6): 1063–1074.
1224:
1218:
1215:Thalasoma lunare
1203:
1197:
1196:
1175:
1169:
1155:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1112:
1101:
1094:Pelagic Thresher
1090:
1063:
1062:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1005:
988:
987:
985:
984:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
954:
924:
803:Thermoregulation
784:sand tiger shark
767:gestation period
741:by their tails.
719:mesopelagic zone
627:
614:
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:dermal denticles
447:Hawaiian Islands
369:specific epithet
361:A. superciliosus
345:Leonard Compagno
248:pelagic thresher
235:
218:
95:
94:
74:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
20:
16:Species of shark
2256:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2176:
2168:
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2158:
2153:
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2140:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2103:Observation.org
2101:
2093:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2067:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1876:
1866:
1857:
1820:
1787:
1750:
1713:
1676:
1643:
1610:
1573:
1565:Basking shark (
1536:
1485:
1441:
1434:
1390:
1385:
1366:
1362:
1331:
1327:
1312:10.2307/1447386
1292:
1285:
1266:
1262:
1225:
1221:
1204:
1200:
1176:
1172:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1113:
1104:
1091:
1066:
1051:10.2307/1446753
1031:
1027:
1020:
1006:
991:
982:
980:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
925:
921:
917:
837:
805:
763:breeding season
751:mackerel sharks
747:
702:
682:cleaner wrasses
664:intestine, and
620:
605:
603:
596:
593:
584:
581:
572:
569:
560:
557:
510:
502:Tuamotu Islands
433:, northwestern
429:, southeastern
391:
357:bigeye thresher
329:
293:mackerel sharks
278:common thresher
226:
220:
214:
201:
89:
81:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2187:
2174:
2164:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2112:
2099:
2086:
2073:
2060:
2047:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1902:
1886:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
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1819:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1760:Odontaspididae
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1742:Goblin shark (
1738:
1736:
1725:
1723:Mitsukurinidae
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1682:
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1659:Salmon shark (
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1475:Elasmobranchii
1471:
1469:Chondrichthyes
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1438:mackerel shark
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1388:External links
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858:shark fin soup
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670:Echthrogaleus
668:of the genus
667:
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579:
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516:
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337:type specimen
334:
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324:
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207:Binomial name
204:
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154:Selachimorpha
152:
150:Subdivision:
149:
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72:
67:
61:
56:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2208:
1881:
1851:P. kamoharai
1850:
1838:
1813:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1743:
1731:
1706:
1694:
1669:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1566:
1554:
1546:Cetorhinidae
1529:
1520:
1512:A. pelagicus
1511:
1509:
1499:
1479:Subdivision
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1338:
1334:
1328:
1303:
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1190:
1184:
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1140:
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1097:
1092:Seitz, J.C.
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1009:
981:. Retrieved
977:
968:
956:. Retrieved
942:
936:
930:
922:
893:light tackle
891:, while the
878:
874:health foods
862:squalene oil
846:
817:blood vessel
806:
792:
787:
748:
745:Life history
707:barracudinas
703:
691:
685:
669:
662:spiral valve
657:
653:
649:
632:
535:
511:
484:dropoffs or
471:
399:South Africa
395:Indo-Pacific
392:
378:
374:is from the
371:
360:
350:
330:
290:
281:
252:
251:
247:
245:
215:
213:
197:
196:
184:
18:
2038:iNaturalist
1906:Wikispecies
1814:O. noronhai
1733:Mitsukurina
1707:M. pelagios
1668:Porbeagle (
1661:L. ditropis
1593:Carcharodon
1530:A. vulpinus
958:19 November
889:New Zealand
809:warm-bodied
711:lightfishes
678:Philippines
527:pelvic fins
508:Description
407:Arabian Sea
383:common name
282:A. vulpinus
266:caudal fins
223:H. Nakamura
164:Lamniformes
73:Appendix II
2215:Categories
1794:Odontaspis
1770:Carcharias
1744:M. owstoni
1696:Megachasma
1567:C. maximus
1556:Cetorhinus
1463:Vertebrata
1461:Subphylum
1398:Photos of
983:2022-01-14
915:References
723:billfishes
658:L. nickoli
654:L. daileyi
533:are tiny.
523:dorsal fin
515:caudal fin
494:Micronesia
482:coral reef
474:open ocean
453:, and the
451:California
421:, and off
413:, between
405:, and the
321:endangered
140:Subclass:
55:Endangered
2226:Alopiidae
1781:C. taurus
1637:I. paucus
1491:Alopiidae
1473:Subclass
978:cites.org
901:driftnets
881:game fish
870:cosmetics
779:oophagous
739:longlines
735:schooling
647:tapeworms
643:parasites
635:Predators
531:anal fins
490:Indonesia
486:seamounts
467:gene flow
445:, to the
435:Australia
372:pelagicus
323:in 2019.
305:oophagous
262:Alopiidae
260:, family
192:Species:
174:Alopiidae
110:Kingdom:
104:Eukaryota
2155:Species+
2056:10838022
2012:FishBase
1897:Q1274522
1891:Wikidata
1805:O. ferox
1670:L. nasus
1583:Lamnidae
1481:Selachii
1457:Chordata
1451:Animalia
1449:Kingdom
1355:16272248
1192:FishBase
905:gillnets
796:maturity
775:yolk sac
715:escolars
666:copepods
641:. Known
423:Pakistan
379:pelagios
353:allozyme
170:Family:
124:Chordata
120:Phylum:
114:Animalia
100:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2191:ZooBank
2030:2420809
1501:Alopias
1455:Phylum
1440:species
1436:Extant
1320:1447386
1241:Bibcode
1141:Alopias
1059:1446753
1035:Alopias
897:bycatch
883:by the
864:in the
854:leather
828:aerobic
771:embryos
700:Feeding
676:in the
500:in the
498:lagoons
459:El Nino
411:Somalia
403:Red Sea
343:, that
301:embryos
185:Alopias
180:Genus:
160:Order:
130:Class:
75: (
58: (
2183:220019
2170:179562
2167:uBio:
2134:801808
2121:220019
2108:598555
2082:161597
2069:159922
2004:130932
1947:ARKive
1617:Isurus
1467:Class
1353:
1318:
1300:Copeia
1213:&
1123:
1057:
1039:Copeia
1016:
850:Taiwan
759:uterus
729:, and
713:, and
656:, and
443:Tahiti
441:, and
425:), to
401:, the
367:. The
315:. The
270:Indian
225:, 1935
2178:WoRMS
2160:68007
2142:Plazi
2095:57979
2051:IRMNG
2043:68050
1999:EUNIS
1965:72350
1650:Lamna
1316:JSTOR
1055:JSTOR
866:liver
727:tunas
595:Teeth
583:Teeth
539:teeth
431:Japan
427:China
419:India
409:(off
376:Greek
365:clade
341:fetus
77:CITES
71:CITES
2116:OBIS
2090:NCBI
2077:IUCN
2064:ITIS
2025:GBIF
2017:5891
1978:C5K6
1960:BOLD
1351:PMID
1304:1999
1121:ISBN
1043:1995
1014:ISBN
960:2021
943:2019
907:and
815:, a
690:and
571:Jaws
492:and
417:and
415:Oman
303:are
272:and
246:The
1986:CMS
1973:CoL
1934:AFD
1921:ADW
1378:102
1343:doi
1339:208
1308:doi
1272:".
1249:doi
1047:doi
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351:An
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