6400:
5013:
transferred to modern
Persian in the form of epics and preserved to a large extent. As the greatest epic work of Iranian history, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh was written in the Islamic era. In terms of literature and epic, Shahnameh has great superiority over all the works of the previous eras. Some Iranians even tried to establish a kind of equivalent relationship between the mythological figures of these two completely different frameworks. So the time, place and mythological characters of the two mythological systems, Iranian and Semitic, were mixed up; For example, in Iranian mythology, the parents of man are Ayudamen (or Meshia) and Meshiani. In the Islamic era, some people equated Ayudamen with Adam, who is the first of the people in Semitic mythology, and it is the same. Along with the intermingling of Iranian and Semitic mythology, which increased with the passage of time, Iranian mythology continued to live and evolve among the Zoroastrian minority. One of the most important developments was the changes that took place in the predictions about the end of time. There were more references to the Tazi raiders and the new religion of the conquerors.
3628:
3470:
mythology are close in many ways. This proximity is sometimes to the extent of the similarity of the names of persons and places. The close languages of these two groups also confirm their common roots; Therefore, the origin of the mythology of these two nations has been the same in the distant past, but the migration of
Indians from the Aryan plateau to lands with different nature and climatic conditions, as well as indigenous peoples, has brought about fundamental changes in their mythology and religious beliefs. There are good and evil forces in both of these myths. The names of their gods are close to each other. Fire is sacred and praised in Iranian and Indian beliefs, and they used to perform sacrifices for the gods in a similar manner. The oldest examples of the ancient form of Iranian mythology are references in
3938:
4278:
3536:
4307:
3776:
4095:
4449:
5462:
3616:, which has two stalks and fifteen leaves. These fifteen leaves are in accordance with the years that Mishiyeh and Mishyaneh, the first Adam couple have at that time. Mishiyeh is male and Mishyaneh is female. Mishiyeh is known as the father of humans and Mishyaneh as the mother of humans. Ahriman attacks their thoughts and they utter the first lie and attribute creation to Ahriman. They both repent and have seven pairs of children and die after living for a hundred years. The genealogy of the descendants of Mishiyeh and Mishyaneh includes the origins of many different races. The Iranian race is from a couple called
4797:
3600:, which are: Sepand Mino, Khordad, Mordad, Bahman, Ordibehesht, Shahrivar and Spandarmad. After the creation of Amshaspandan, Ahura Mazda creates the gods. Ahriman also creates Sardivan for each of Amshaspandans to deal with Ahura Maza. At the end of the first three thousand years, a peace is made between Ahura Mazda and Ahriman that the last battle between the forces of evil and good will take place nine thousand years later. After the pact is concluded, Ahura Mazda utters the true prayer, Ahunur, and as a result, Ahriman falls to hell and remains unconscious there for the second three thousand years.
4205:-like, consuming itself in fire every few hundred years, only to rise anew from the ashes. The Huma bird is said to have both the male and female natures in one body, each nature having one wing and one leg. Huma is considered to be compassionate, and a 'bird of fortune' since its shadow is said to be auspicious. In Sufi tradition, catching the Huma is beyond even the wildest imagination, but catching a glimpse of it or even a shadow of it is sure to make one happy for the rest of one's life. It is also believed that Huma cannot be caught alive, and the person killing a Huma will die in forty days.
3876:
4856:
6414:
4174:
3576:
4733:
4982:
3694:
5774:
3394:
588:
262:
6745:
5764:
4504:
65:
526:
167:
24:
3567:
Chelpasa (lizard), Snake and Young. Although he is mentioned in the
Shahnameh of the Mardosh kingdom, in the Avesta he is a three-headed, six-eyed and three-nosed demon with a body full of scorpions. However, based on Zoroastrian writings, in the final days of the world, it is Ahura Mazda who will win over Ahriman and destroy him forever, and after that only goodness, light and health will remain in the world.
6407:
3523:. The dynamism arose, the mountains were created, the rivers flowed, and the moon and stars began to rotate. In the general picture of the world at that time, the world was divided into seven regions, the center of which was called Khoonirth, and six satellite lands were around it. The sky had three levels of star base, moon base and sun base. Dark Mountain, which was located in
3461:. The traditions and beliefs of these people influenced the beliefs of their later society, which was under the cultural domination of the Aryans. With the power of the Medes and then the Persians, a newer mythology, known as the comprehensive mythology of Iran, began. Researchers believe that before the power of the Medes, a branch of Aryans migrated from Iran to
3478:. Because Yashta are above all a collection of prayer hymns, there are no detailed references to myths in them. Everything is closed and short. The most detailed texts about Iranian mythology are in Zoroastrian writings in Middle Persian. The final compilation of most of them is in the early Islamic era; But most of them are based on the texts of the late
3596:
world is Minoan and there is still neither place nor time. In this period, two entities are mentioned. One is the world belonging to Ahura Maza, which is full of light, life, knowledge, beauty, and fragrance, and the second is the world belonging to
Ahriman, which is dark, ugly, smelly, and full of sorrow and disease. Ahura Maza first creates
3336:
Ahuras became evil and Divan became good, And among
Iranians, Ahuras became good and Divan became evil. They sacrificed for both types of gods. The purpose of the sacrifice for the evil gods was to pay them a ransom to stop killing people. Sacrifice was made for good gods to seek help and blessing from them. On the other side of the fence is
3956:: divinity of the wind (Vayu) and of the atmosphere (Vata). The names are also used independently of one another, with 'Vayu' occurring more frequently than 'Vata', but even when used independently still representing the other aspect. The entity is simultaneously angelic and demonic, that is, depending on the circumstances, either
3527:, was considered the center of the universe. The message of Iranian myths is the confrontation of two gems of good and evil. One is truth and the other is untruth, one is fragrant and the other is bright, one is light and the other is darkness. In fact, serving good concepts is still one of the great mythological messages of Iran.
3231:
and a genre of ancient
Persian folklore. These stories concern the origin and nature of the world, the lives and activities of deities, heroes, and mythological creatures, and the origins and significance of the ancient Persians' own cult and ritual practices. Modern scholars study the myths to shed
4238:
narrates about the practice of killing xrafstars among the Magi: "The Magi are a very peculiar race, different entirely from the
Egyptian priests, and indeed from all other men whatsoever. The Egyptian priests make it a point of religion not to kill any live animals except those which they offer in
3256:
has had significant influence. Historically, these were regions long ruled by dynasties of various
Iranian empires, that incorporated considerable aspects of Persian culture through extensive contact with them, or where sufficient Iranian peoples settled to still maintain communities who patronize
4200:
poetry. Although there are many legends of the creature, common to all is that the bird is said never to alight on the ground, and instead to live its entire life flying invisibly high above the earth. Huma bird is said to never come to rest, living its entire life flying invisibly high above the
3453:, but they were not of the Aryan race. These tribes, who controlled the southern half of Iran, the west and the northwest, had their own special myths. Not much is known about their mythology. However, Kassites mythology has some similarities with later Iranian civilizations, namely the Medes and
3364:
which grew out from both of his shoulders. No matter how many times they were beheaded, new heads grew on them to guard him. The snake, like in many other mythologies, was a symbol of evil, but many other animals and birds appear in
Iranian mythology, and, especially, the birds were signs of good
3335:
Iranian mythology is based on the battle between good and evil. Indo-Iranian peoples believed in two general categories of gods: Ahuras, and evil: Divan. The characteristics of these two ranks of gods among
Iranians and Hindus, and were transformed into each other, in the sense that among Indians
5012:
came to Iran, many Iranian myths were discarded or at least fell out of favor. Myths related to creation, actions of gods and supernatural forces in general, and predictions related to the end of the world are among them. Contrary to the mentioned cases, the deeds of mythological characters were
3595:
Creation takes place within twelve thousand mythological years. These twelve thousand years are divided into four periods of three thousand years. The first three thousand years begins with the birth of two children named Ahura Maza and Ahriman from Zarvan. In the first three thousand years, the
3737:
A fusion of mythological history and real history: This period corresponds to the time when the Iranian mythological narrative coincides with concrete historical data such as stone inscriptions and Greek texts; It means the fall of Iran at the hands of Alexander. However, the Iranian narrative
3566:
Ahura Mazda and Ahriman have been at war with each other since eternity, and life in the world is a reflection of the cosmic struggle of the two. Ahriman's place of residence is the north of the earth, where the whole divan of "Zeed and Islah". Ahriman appears in 3 forms other than his image:
3518:
In the mythological beliefs of Iranians before Zoroastrian, the world was round and flat like a plate. The sky was also imagined as stone and hard as a diamond. The earth in the center was completely flat and untouched, and there was no movement between the earth, the moon, and the stars. But
3469:
are very similar to the ancient forms of Iranian mythology. The mythology of Iran was greatly influenced by the myths of the native peoples of the Iranian plateau and the myths of the Middle River. Researchers have shown these influences in many places in Iranian mythology. Indian and Iranian
4582:
4159:. When the Senmurv descended or alighted from its roost, all the ripened seeds fell to the earth. These seeds were gathered by the Chamrosh, which then distributed them to other parts of the earth. Chamrosh is the archetype of all birds, said to rule and protect all
4239:
sacrifice. The Magi, on the contrary, kill animals of all kinds with their own hands, excepting dogs and men. They even seem to take a delight in the employment, and kill, as readily as they do other animals, ants and snakes, and such like flying or creeping things"
3662:
take over the leadership of Behdinan. Sushyant period is the period of evolution of Urmazdi creatures, and all divans from the generation of bipeds and quadrupeds are destroyed. Sushyant has the task of raising the dead. Each of these dead people pass through the
3611:
The third three thousand years: in this period, we see the conflict of Ahriman and his demons with Ahura Maza and his gods. Meanwhile, Ahriman kills the created cow, grains, plants and animals are created. After 40 years, a rhubarb branch grows from the seed of
3603:
The second three thousand years: After Ahriman's unconsciousness, Ahura Mazda begins the creation of the world. He creates the sky, water, earth, plants, animals and humans in one year. The anniversary of these creations are six festivals, which are known as
3721:
belongs to the narratives of this period. In the Shahnameh, it is associated with the epic, and in it Rostam, who is a less prominent character in Zoroastrian texts, rises to the top. These kings were probably considered the local kings of eastern Iran.
4233:
and Middle Persian texts, the class of xrafstars includes frogs, reptiles, scorpions and insects like ants or wasps, whereas predators such as the wolf are not referred to as xrafstars, even though they too are considered to be creations of evil.
4899:
dynastic origin, probably from the 1st century AD. It has also been suggested that Gorgani's story reflects the traditions and customs of the period immediately before he himself lived. The framework of the story is the opposition of two
3716:
and ends with the possessors. In this period, Zoroastrian religion is presented and we see fundamental changes in the mythological history of Iran. The most important events of this period are related to Iran and Turan wars. The story of
3558:(Ahriman), are mentioned by the names of Div and Druq. These two have male and female genders, and against every good thing in the world. In Iranian mythology, the world is always the scene of conflict between these evil and good forces.
4271:'s guidance. Since jinn are neither innately evil nor innately good, Islam acknowledged spirits from other religions and was able to adapt them during its expansion. Jinn are not a strictly Islamic concept; they may represent several
3899:. Lotus Festival (Persian: Jashn-e Nilupar) is an Iranian festival that is held on the end of the first week of July. Holding this festival at this time was probably based on the blooming of lotus flowers at the beginning of summer.
4940:
in northeastern Iran. Manikan sees ShÄhrÅ« in a royal gala, wonders at her beauty, and asks her to marry him. She answers that she is already married, but she promises to give him her daughter in marriage if a girl is born to her.
3762:
The one who chose to follow Ahura Mazda, would live a good life with others, and the one who chose Ahriman, will become a source of strife. Death is a journey to the afterlife, and the soul of the dead person has to cross the
3608:. The main prototypes of creation are the cow, four-legged animals, and the human beings. At the end of the second three thousand years, Ahriman, with the help of his allies, returns and decides to destroy the current world.
3686:. This series of kings who brought the beginning of human civilization to Iranians and were able to record fire and use of metals and other living things and capturing the court in their records. It starts from
4360:. Powerful, cruel and cold-hearted, they have a particular relish for the taste of human flesh. Some use only primitive weapons, such as stones: others, more sophisticated, are equipped like warriors, wearing
3428:
civilizations lived in this land, which mostly had no linguistic, racial, or even religious kinship with their neighbors outside the Iranian plateau, and sometimes they had solidarity. These tribes included
3895:: goddess and appears in complete and earlier form as Aredvi Sura Anahita, associated with fertility, healing and wisdom. There is also a temple named Anahita in Iran. The symbol of goddess Anahita is the
3284:
Most characters in Persian mythology are either good, or they are evil. The resultant discord mirrors the nationalistic ideals of the early Islamic era as well as the moral and ethical perceptions of the
3554:
In Iranian mythology, what can be seen everywhere in all mythological narratives is the presence of evil and evil forces in the world. These evil forces, which are considered to be the assistants of
4171:
is pillaged every three years by outsiders, and when this happens, the angel Burj sends Chamrosh out to fly onto the highest mountaintop then snatch the pillagers in its talons as a bird does corn.
4446:
slays Div-e Sepid and uses his heart and blood to cure the blindness of the king and the captured Persian heroes. Rostam also takes the Div's head as a helmet and is often pictured wearing it.
3385:), a beautiful albeit evil woman in early mythology, gradually became less evil and more beautiful. The conflict between good and evil is prevalent in Persian myths as well as Zoroastrianism.
6399:
3869:
sources relating to Mithra. Since the early 1970s, the dominant scholarship has noted dissimilarities between the Persian and Roman traditions, making it, at most, the result of Roman
3457:, especially in the names. The mythology of the Elamites, who were a separate people and had linguistic affinities with the non-Aryans of India, shares some myths contained in the
3905:: Rashnu is one of the three judges who pass judgment on the souls of people after death. Rashnu's standard appellation is "the very straight." The 18th day of every month in the
3738:
considered the reign of Alexander and the Greeks to be very short, and did not assume any time for the Seleucids, it also estimated the period of 450 years of rule of the
3690:
and ends at Garshasp. However, all these are mythological characters in the Avesta, and in the Zoroastrian texts of the Sasanian period, they are gods of the Izder race.
4600:(also given as Yama), who rules the world with justice. He is given power by the gods as a reward for his selfless devotion and uses it wisely. In Persian mythology and
3767:. Good souls found the bridge to be a wide road leading to heaven, and for bad souls who chose to follow Ahriman during their life, they fell from the bridge into hell.
3658:
is a religion that has Ahura Mazda at the head of their gods, and in other words, it is Zoroastrian religion. After Zoroaster's death, Oshidar, Oshidar Mah and
4484:. There are some accounts that the spines can be launched like arrows. It eats its victims whole, using its three rows of teeth, and leaves no bones behind.
4382:
are described as ugly demons with supernatural strength and power, who, nonetheless, may sometimes be subdued and forced to do the bidding of a sorcerer.
4004:, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire" or "visible and invisible fire". It is considered to be the visible presence of
4201:
earth, and never alighting on the ground (in some legends it is said to have no legs). In several variations of the Huma myths, the bird is said to be
3968:, which in Zoroastrian tradition is a demon. Scripture frequently applies the epithet "good" when speaking of one or the other in a positive context.
3650:. This period is the period of religious revelation. Ahura Mazda reveals the secrets of religion to Zoroaster, and he declares himself a prophet of
5183:
2373:
4762:. The Seven Labours were seven difficult tasks undertaken by Rostam, accompanied, in most instances, only by his faithful and sagacious steed
5281:
3730:
to the Kayanians in his works. However, it is clear that the last Kiyan king who is defeated by Alexander in mythological texts is the same
2337:
4364:
and using weapons of metal. Despite their uncouth appearance ā and in addition to their great physical strength ā many are also masters of
2420:
4378:, they are already the evil entities endowed with roughly human shape and supernatural powers familiar from later folklore, in which the
1535:
3712:: The Kayanians are the second mythological dynasty of Iran, which in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh is equal to the epic periods. It starts with
5635:
4352:.They are described as having a body like that of a human, only of gigantic size, with two horns upon their heads and teeth like the
4125:, though it must be understood as a completely different mythological creature of its own. The figure can be found in all periods of
554:
4969:, written about a hundred years after Shahnameh, is about Faramarz and his wars. He is also mentioned in other ancient books like
4396:'s demon of "wrath." Aeshma is variously interpreted as "wrath," "rage," and "fury." His standard epithet is "of the bloody mace."
3982:, the 13th day of the month and the 4th month of the year are dedicated to Tishtrya/Tir, and hence named after the entity. In the
4151:, described as having the body of a dog/wolf with the head and wings of an eagle. It was said to inhabit the ground beneath the
129:
101:
5269:
5167:
2344:
2316:
4049:: Zurvan was perceived as the god of infinite time and space and also known as "one" or "alone." Zurvan was portrayed as a
1195:
301:
4675:. When Siavash goes to Turan and abandons Iranian army, Bahram is put in command of the Iranian army until the arrival of
3627:
5810:
4296:
renowned for their beauty. They are described in one reference work as mischievous beings that have been denied entry to
3846:, light, oath, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship. Mithra is also a judicial figure, an all-seeing protector of
3195:
3080:
3052:
2301:
425:
108:
5426:
5027:
4989:
2366:
2323:
1254:
82:
37:
6703:
4534:. Rostam was always represented as the mightiest of Iranian paladins (holy warriors). He rides the legendary stallion
5319:
587:
228:
210:
148:
51:
192:
3937:
3012:
2330:
1094:
115:
5667:
5630:
605:
5496:
5373:
4272:
4246:
3814:. He is the first and most frequently invoked spirit in the Persian mythology. The literal meaning of the word
2602:
2565:
2186:
1961:
1365:
177:
86:
3535:
97:
5609:
2874:
2359:
1931:
1200:
1137:
938:
824:
547:
5353:
Iran almanac and book of facts 1964ā1965. Fourth edition, new print. Published by Echo of Iran, Tehran 1965.
3742:
to be only 200 years. The final data of the Parthian era in Iranian mythology deals with the battle between
5961:
3310:, who although not participating in the day-to-day affairs of mankind, was represented in the world by the
3037:
3002:
1619:
1122:
933:
928:
923:
818:
4277:
6557:
5522:
5047:
4888:
3047:
2425:
1936:
1431:
1132:
1011:
997:
978:
5331:
6774:
6769:
6478:
6169:
5187:
5032:
4306:
4053:
and neutral god without passion; one for whom there was no distinction between good and evil. The name
3042:
1274:
1232:
832:
4476:
that proliferated in western European medieval art as well. It has the head of a human, the body of a
2795:
6708:
6627:
5733:
4747:
4589:
4575:
4559:
4439:
2692:
1976:
1941:
1614:
918:
296:
3935:
of "victory", and "as a giver of victory Verethragna plainly enjoyed the greatest popularity of old.
6779:
5461:
4617:
4050:
3932:
3140:
2236:
2126:
1946:
1477:
1309:
1260:
1156:
958:
913:
908:
828:
540:
291:
5289:
4085:: Spenta Armaiti is the guardian and goddess of the green earth and a sign of fertility and birth.
5803:
5491:
4225:
for the animals that are harmful or repulsive. They were considered creations of the Evil Spirit
3743:
3642:
The fourth three thousand years: The third three thousand years ends in the middle of the era of
3188:
2131:
1858:
968:
963:
953:
597:
188:
75:
5248:
3986:, which inherits its month names from the Zoroastrian calendar, the 4th month is likewise named
3828:(Ahriman): the "destructive/evil spirit" and the main adversary in Zoroastrianism either of the
3269:
6610:
6534:
5604:
5476:
5419:
4605:
4563:
4415:
4293:
3682:
are the first dynasty of Iranian history according to mythological texts, which are related to
3157:
3025:
2997:
2677:
2612:
2121:
2093:
1877:
1779:
1545:
1391:
1015:
853:
745:
684:
639:
579:
571:
122:
43:
6675:
5684:
5244:
4031:
3120:
2941:
2879:
2837:
2682:
2268:
2097:
1005:
1001:
986:
982:
3775:
6635:
6619:
6079:
6034:
5979:
5931:
5893:
4901:
4365:
4094:
3979:
3906:
3580:
3125:
3087:
2936:
2869:
2864:
2842:
2672:
2642:
2575:
2473:
2438:
2214:
2179:
1492:
1175:
1127:
1064:
1034:
992:
972:
836:
690:
381:
184:
6149:
6014:
4448:
3289:
period, in which the world was perceived to be locked in a battle between the destructive
2592:
1360:
8:
6159:
6039:
5614:
5599:
4633:
4581:
4567:
4202:
4118:
3702:
3030:
3017:
2705:
2607:
2545:
2458:
2398:
1487:
1482:
1378:
1302:
1267:
1190:
1180:
1039:
740:
735:
704:
461:
443:
277:
5261:
4518:
Persian myths is filled with famous heroes, to name a few: the greatest Persian hero is
3974:: benevolent divinity associated with life-bringing rainfall and fertility. Tishtrya is
6748:
6719:
6602:
6413:
6334:
6309:
6304:
6235:
6134:
6124:
6114:
6024:
5840:
5796:
5777:
5569:
5553:
5226:
5218:
5042:
4877:
4779:
4676:
4644:
4609:
4469:
4419:
3859:
3727:
3679:
3675:
3181:
3092:
3075:
2889:
2849:
2805:
2777:
2652:
2622:
2617:
2555:
2550:
2530:
2520:
2498:
2463:
2442:
2415:
2405:
2193:
2144:
2078:
2062:
1687:
1340:
1079:
765:
670:
665:
456:
386:
355:
332:
2737:
2657:
6725:
6698:
6643:
6094:
5767:
5741:
5707:
5640:
5412:
5369:
5315:
5265:
5230:
5163:
5076:
4796:
4769:
4668:
4130:
2926:
2914:
2757:
2747:
2742:
2700:
2637:
2560:
2540:
2535:
2525:
2510:
2488:
2468:
2434:
2410:
2207:
2173:
2165:
2109:
2103:
2085:
2056:
2035:
2013:
1783:
1644:
1584:
1566:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1464:
1459:
1288:
1151:
800:
793:
786:
772:
758:
718:
697:
634:
626:
429:
337:
282:
2894:
6651:
6494:
6367:
6004:
5903:
5589:
5501:
5210:
5096:
5037:
5022:
4671:
are Siavash's counselors. They unsuccessfully try to convince Siavash not to go to
4613:
4254:
4138:
4134:
3983:
3880:
3750:, which is the same as what was found in Latin and Armenian texts. After that, the
3709:
3353:
3216:
3152:
3007:
2931:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2854:
2815:
2810:
2787:
2730:
2710:
2687:
2667:
2647:
2632:
2483:
2478:
2448:
2430:
2201:
2151:
1968:
1774:
1662:
1602:
1579:
1522:
1517:
1454:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1099:
712:
660:
652:
645:
350:
319:
4873:
3931:, 'victorious'. Representing this concept is the divinity Verethragna, who is the
6693:
6683:
6377:
6109:
6009:
5748:
5702:
5659:
5594:
5486:
5481:
5092:
5084:
5080:
4920:. The story is about Vis, the daughter of ShÄhrÅ« and QÄrin, the ruling family of
4917:
4909:
4896:
4815:
4660:
4411:
4329:
4317:
4257:. Like humans, they are accountable for their deeds and can be either believers (
4250:
3779:
3751:
3739:
3479:
3466:
3450:
3258:
3253:
3228:
3147:
2946:
2884:
2772:
2762:
2752:
2725:
2717:
2662:
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5201:
Frye, Richard Nelson (1962). "Reitzenstein and QumrĆ¢n Revisited by an Iranian".
3875:
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4772:: The tragedy of Rostam and Sohrab forms part of the 10th-century Persian epic
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4434:, his commanders, and paladins; blinds them, and imprisons them in a dungeon.
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light on the religious and political institutions of not only Iran but of the
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6261:
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5100:
4966:
4880:
4714:
4574:, without knowing who his opponent is. He is also known for the story of his
4418:. He is a huge being. He possesses great physical strength and is skilled in
4208:
4141:, and other regions that were within the realm of Persian cultural influence.
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4904:, one in the west and the other in the east. Gorgani originally belongs to
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4766:, although in two labours he was accompanied also by the champion, Olad.
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Iranians. The only written texts relating to religious come from prophet
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261:
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4368:, capable of overcoming their enemies by magic and afflicting them with
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period begins, and they are introduced as descendants of the Kayanians.
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1759:
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4750:: a series of acts carried out by the greatest of the Iranian heroes,
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5946:
5878:
5820:
5532:
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5160:
Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts
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4706:
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3324:
3237:
3102:
2048:
1825:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1789:
1657:
5389:
4215:. Als are demons of childbirth, interfering with human reproduction.
4016:. The rituals for purifying a fire are performed 1,128 times a year.
3449:
also had an old and well-known civilization in the southwest of the
195:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
64:
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1991:
1982:
1873:
1674:
1649:
1553:
1044:
620:
5394:
3913:, a Sassanid-era text, notes that on the 18th day "life is merry".
6529:
6468:
6458:
6362:
6284:
6279:
6207:
6202:
6177:
6144:
6104:
6099:
5951:
5863:
5853:
5584:
5130:
4993:
4985:
4844:. EsfandiyÄr is best known for the tragic story of a battle with
4652:
4638:
4597:
4585:
4547:
4487:
4426:. He destroys the army of Kay Kavus by conjuring a dark storm of
4389:
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4258:
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and Neshak. After them, Farag-Farwagin and after them the couple
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3430:
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3318:
2041:
2005:
1998:
1796:
1416:
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395:
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3646:. The most important feature of this period is the emergence of
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1764:
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1237:
1054:
6049:
6044:
4604:, Jamshid is described as the fourth and greatest king of the
4527:
4523:
4102:
3377:, a royal bird of victory whose plume adorned Persian crowns.
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art and literature and is also evident in the iconography of
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5004:, Simurg and many other Iranian myths play a prominent role.
6245:
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4342:
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4289:
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4009:
3993:
3851:
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3446:
3378:
3327:, initiated the reforms which would become Zoroastrianism.
2389:
2255:
4976:
4725:, as they become lovers. They had two children, including
5262:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
4722:
4503:
3257:
their respective cultures. It roughly corresponds to the
4113:: a benevolent bird. It is sometimes equated with other
3832:, the "holy/creative spirits/mentality", or directly of
4743:, who later becomes one of the greatest Persian heroes.
3223:), is the body of the myths originally told by ancient
4192:: is a mythical bird, continuing as a common motif in
3500:. The other major source for Persian mythology is the
4916:
background point to a date in the Parthian period of
5237:
4570:); and for tragically fighting and killing his son,
4895:origin for the story, but it is now regarded as of
89:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4679:. His most important adventure is in the story of
4336:lore, with Persian origins. They exist along with
3506:(āThe Book of Kingsā) written by the Persian poet
4554:. Rostam is best known for his tragic fight with
4229:and killing them was seen as meritorious. In the
3373:, a large, beautiful, and powerful bird; and the
6761:
4912:. The existence of these small kingdoms and the
4057:is a normalized rendition of the word, which in
3850:, and the guardian of cattle, the harvest, and
3670:
5112:For example, those regions and peoples in the
5804:
5420:
5033:List of articles related to Persian mythology
4828:. He was the son and the crown prince of the
4147:: a bird said to live on the summit of Mount
3482:. Some of the most famous of these books are
3189:
2367:
548:
5157:
4026:and in later Persian culture and mythology.
5151:
52:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5811:
5797:
5427:
5413:
4785:. It tells the tragic story of the heroes
3571:Myths of creation and the end of the world
3561:
3348:, who led a popular uprising against him.
3196:
3182:
2374:
2360:
2338:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wƶrterbuch
555:
541:
5818:
5636:Ferdowsi millennial celebration in Berlin
229:Learn how and when to remove this message
211:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:Learn how and when to remove this message
5363:
5116:that were not under direct Iranian rule.
4980:
4859:A miniature from the 1729 manuscript by
4854:
4795:
4731:
4580:
4558:, the other legendary Iranian hero; for
4502:
4447:
4305:
4276:
4172:
4105:and its chickens. 16th century painting.
4093:
3936:
3874:
3774:
3692:
3626:
3574:
3534:
3513:
3392:
4977:Iranian mythology in the Islamic period
4891:in the 11th century. Gurgani claimed a
4852:and is one of its literary highlights.
4848:. It is one of the longest episodes in
4073:. The Middle Persian name derives from
3757:
3279:
6762:
5184:"Interview with Richard N. Frye (CNN)"
3978:in Middle- and Modern Persian. In the
5792:
5408:
5390:Iranian Mythology by Albert J. Carnoy
4442:" to free his sovereign. At the end,
2345:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary
2317:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
5200:
4566:(not to be confused with the modern
4406:, Div-e Sepid (White Demon), is the
4267:), depending on whether they accept
160:
87:adding citations to reliable sources
58:
17:
4721:, and later she becomes married to
3465:. That is why the ancient forms of
3357:
3220:
2302:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European
13:
6412:
6405:
6398:
5357:
5162:. LIT Verlag MĆ¼nster. p. 83.
4818:hero and one of the characters of
4729:, the main hero of the Shahnameh.
4667:. In the story of Siavash, he and
4546:, Rostam and his predecessors are
4522:, who is the grandson of the hero
4284:, flying, with cup and wine flask.
3400:, believed to be a depiction of a
2324:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
14:
6791:
5383:
33:This article has multiple issues.
6744:
6743:
6573:Gonbadan Castle (Dez-i Gonbadan)
5773:
5772:
5763:
5762:
5460:
5158:Marcinkowski, Christoph (2010).
5125:Such as in the western parts of
3911:Counsels of Adarbad Mahraspandan
3330:
2331:Journal of Indo-European Studies
1095:Bible translations into Armenian
586:
524:
260:
165:
63:
22:
5668:A New Prologue to the Shahnameh
5631:Ferdowsi millennial celebration
5324:
5304:
5264:. Clive Holes. 2001. Page XXX.
4947:: an Iranian legendary hero in
4538:and wears a special suit named
4510:depicted killing a demon, with
4498:
4245:: invisible creatures in early
4155:tree that was the roost of the
3591:(left, with star-studded globe)
3306:supporters, versus the Creator
606:List of Indo-European languages
74:needs additional citations for
41:or discuss these issues on the
5497:Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
5274:
5255:
5203:The Harvard Theological Review
5194:
5176:
5119:
5106:
5065:
4908:which is one of main lands of
4701:mythological female figure in
4275:beliefs integrated into Islam.
3980:Zoroastrian religious calendar
3530:
3388:
3369:. Most famous of these is the
3344:who was, finally, defeated by
1:
6582:Bahman Castle (Dezh-i Bahman)
5610:Mohammad-Ali Eslami Nodooshan
5144:
4332:: monstrous creatures within
1932:Proto-Indo-European mythology
1201:Paleolithic continuity theory
6585:Alanan Castle (Dezh-i Alanan
5434:
4865:, of the Persian love story
4624:. In the eastern regions of
4089:
3909:is dedicated to Rashnu. The
3782:-era relief (224-561 AD) at
3671:Mythological history of Iran
3236:, which includes regions of
1620:Northern Black Polished Ware
819:Proto-Indo-European language
7:
5523:List of places in Shahnameh
5048:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
5016:
4840:. He was the grandchild of
4620:transliterated the name as
4247:religion in pre-Islamic era
4163:on Earth. According to the
3962:- "worthy of worship" - or
1937:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism
191:the claims made and adding
10:
6796:
6579:Sepid Castle (Dezh-i Sepid
6576:Roein Castle (Dez-i Roein)
4887:was composed in poetry by
4754:, The story was retold by
4300:until they have completed
3654:religion and his mission.
3295:and his hordes of demonic
3274:Iranian cultural continent
1233:Domestication of the horse
6739:
6663:
6595:
6566:
6487:
6423:
6396:
6353:
6270:
6244:
6168:
5960:
5902:
5839:
5832:
5758:
5677:
5649:
5623:
5562:
5546:
5510:
5469:
5458:
5442:
5215:10.1017/S0017816000007926
4709:. She is the princess of
4526:, and son of the equally
4456:(labeled "martigora") by
3883:is the symbol of goddess
1942:Historical Vedic religion
1219:Chalcolithic (Copper Age)
5364:Hinnells, J. R. (1985).
5282:"Columbia College Today"
5058:
4990:Nodir Devonbegi Madrasah
4932:(RÄmÄ«n), the brother to
4889:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
4647:, is an Iranian hero in
4472:similar to the Egyptian
1947:Ancient Iranian religion
1310:Novotitarovskaya culture
1157:Indo-European migrations
5492:Ferdowsi Street, Tabriz
5482:Ferdowsi Square, Tehran
5245:"IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN"
5000:. In the literature of
4683:, where he fights with
3818:is "lord", and that of
3770:
3562:Ahura Mazda and Ahriman
1448:Northern/Eastern Steppe
6709:Rostam's Seven Labours
6588:Gang Castle (Gang-Dez)
6417:
6410:
6403:
5605:Mir Jalaleddin Kazzazi
5477:Ferdowsi Metro Station
5395:Indo-Iranian Mythology
5332:"EncyclopƦdia Iranica"
5005:
4961:and at last killed by
4902:Parthian ruling houses
4870:
4808:
4748:Rostam's Seven Labours
4744:
4687:army along with other
4596:Another great hero is
4593:
4515:
4461:
4325:
4285:
4185:
4106:
4034:and is the cognate of
4012:through the eponymous
3984:Iranian civil calendar
3949:
3923:is related to Avestan
3888:
3799:
3706:
3639:
3592:
3551:
3519:everything changed by
3417:
3272:project uses the term
3158:Religion and mythology
1919:Religion and mythology
1878:Medieval Scandinavians
1169:Alternative and fringe
6704:Rostam and Esfandiyar
6416:
6409:
6402:
5310:Sarkhosh-Curtis, V.,
4984:
4936:Manikan, the King of
4858:
4799:
4735:
4584:
4506:
4451:
4309:
4280:
4176:
4097:
4032:Indo-Iranian religion
3940:
3878:
3873:of Zoroastrian ideas.
3778:
3696:
3636:sarcophagus of Wirkak
3630:
3578:
3538:
3514:Overview of the world
3396:
3360:) was guarded by two
3121:Comparative mythology
2421:Aboriginal Australian
2269:Indo-European studies
1632:Peoples and societies
6160:Eskandar (Alexander)
5249:EncyclopƦdia Iranica
4590:Shahnameh of Tahmasb
4292:: exquisite, winged
4139:Eastern Roman Empire
4022:: a divine plant in
3907:Zoroastrian calendar
3758:Life & Afterlife
3624:and Guzak are born.
3581:The School of Athens
3280:Religious background
3270:EncyclopƦdia Iranica
3126:Comparative religion
3088:Legendary progenitor
2566:Continental Germanic
1176:Anatolian hypothesis
1128:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1035:Hittite inscriptions
580:Indo-European topics
302:World Heritage Sites
83:improve this article
5615:Mohammad-Amin Riahi
5600:Keikhosrow Shahrokh
4924:(Media) in western
4634:Indian subcontinent
4568:Mazandaran Province
4542:in battles. In the
4101:returning to nest,
4030:has its origins in
3546:- a scene from the
3221:Ų§Ų³Ų·ŁŲ±ŁāŲ“ŁŲ§Ų³Ū Ų§ŪŲ±Ų§ŁŪ
2875:Proto-Indo-European
1432:Multi-cordoned ware
1303:Mikhaylovka culture
1191:Indigenous Aryanism
1181:Armenian hypothesis
1040:Hieroglyphic Luwian
98:"Persian mythology"
6720:Khosrow and Shirin
6558:Other locations...
6418:
6411:
6404:
5570:Abolhassan Sadighi
5554:Firdeusi Institute
5071:These include the
5043:Persian literature
5006:
4871:
4809:
4758:in his epic poem,
4745:
4636:it is rendered as
4610:Pishdadian Dynasty
4594:
4516:
4480:and the tail of a
4470:legendary creature
4462:
4326:
4286:
4261:) or unbelievers (
4221:: a cover term in
4186:
4117:birds such as the
4107:
4061:appears as either
3950:
3944:on the coinage of
3919:: The neuter noun
3889:
3860:Mithraic mysteries
3800:
3794:of sovereignty to
3707:
3676:Pishdadian dynasty
3640:
3593:
3552:
3508:Abolqasem Ferdowsi
3418:
3404:, as mentioned in
3317:and the righteous
3261:and its bordering
3209:Iranian mythology,
3076:Legendary creature
2792:Pacific Northwest
1012:Proto-Indo-Iranian
998:Proto-Balto-Slavic
979:Proto-Italo-Celtic
430:Miniature painting
422:Visual art history
176:possibly contains
6775:Iranian mythology
6770:Persian mythology
6757:
6756:
6731:Persian mythology
6726:Bijan and Manijeh
6699:Rostam and Sohrab
6394:
6393:
6170:Female characters
6150:Rostam FarrokhzÄd
6095:Zangay-i Shavaran
5786:
5785:
5742:Rustam and Zohrab
5734:Rostam and Sohrab
5721:Persian mythology
5641:Firdousi (crater)
5575:Abu-Mansur Daqiqi
5400:Iran Almanac 2006
5366:Persian Mythology
5270:978-90-04-10763-2
5169:978-3-643-80049-7
5028:Iranian mythology
4988:on the portal of
4878:classical Persian
4807:by Joseph Rotter.
4770:Rostam and Sohrab
4669:Zange-ye Shavaran
4618:Edward FitzGerald
3927:, 'obstacle' and
3858:attributed their
3726:has compared the
3276:for this region.
3215:in western term (
3213:Persian mythology
3206:
3205:
2384:
2383:
1645:Anatolian peoples
1615:Painted Grey Ware
1503:Nordic Bronze Age
1152:Kurgan hypothesis
1105:Old Irish glosses
1070:Gaulish epigraphy
565:
564:
239:
238:
231:
221:
220:
213:
178:original research
159:
158:
151:
133:
56:
6787:
6747:
6746:
6368:House of Goudarz
5837:
5836:
5813:
5806:
5799:
5790:
5789:
5776:
5775:
5766:
5765:
5590:Hooshang Seyhoun
5502:Tomb of Ferdowsi
5464:
5429:
5422:
5415:
5406:
5405:
5379:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5328:
5322:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5288:. Archived from
5278:
5272:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5186:. Archived from
5180:
5174:
5173:
5155:
5138:
5123:
5117:
5110:
5104:
5069:
5038:Persian folklore
5023:Iranian folklore
4957:. He was son of
4614:Kayanian dynasty
4458:Johannes Jonston
4438:undertakes his "
4135:medieval Armenia
3948:, 2nd century CE
3710:Kayanian dynasty
3703:Sa'dabad Complex
3587:, 1509, showing
3474:, especially in
3467:Indian mythology
3359:
3222:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3153:Pseudo-mythology
3065:Related concepts
2386:
2385:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2217:
2210:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2065:
2051:
2044:
2030:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1985:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1775:Germanic peoples
1765:Hellenic peoples
1754:
1747:
1740:
1663:Mycenaean Greeks
1652:
1580:Thraco-Cimmerian
1478:Globular Amphora
1455:Abashevo culture
1394:
1387:
1357:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1100:Tocharian script
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
754:
721:
707:
700:
693:
679:
655:
648:
629:
590:
567:
566:
557:
550:
543:
529:
528:
527:
264:
241:
240:
234:
227:
216:
209:
205:
202:
196:
193:inline citations
169:
168:
161:
154:
147:
143:
140:
134:
132:
91:
67:
59:
48:
26:
25:
18:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6780:Persian culture
6760:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6735:
6694:Zal and Rudabeh
6684:Derafsh Kaviani
6659:
6631:of Shah Tahmasp
6591:
6562:
6483:
6425:
6419:
6390:
6378:House of Nowzar
6355:
6349:
6266:
6240:
6164:
5962:Male characters
5956:
5898:
5828:
5817:
5787:
5782:
5754:
5749:Rustom O Sohrab
5703:Derafsh Kaviani
5673:
5651:
5645:
5619:
5595:Julius von Mohl
5558:
5542:
5506:
5487:Ferdowsi Street
5465:
5456:
5438:
5433:
5386:
5376:
5360:
5358:Further reading
5350:
5349:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5314:(1993) London,
5309:
5305:
5295:
5293:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5260:
5256:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5199:
5195:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5170:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5141:
5124:
5120:
5111:
5107:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5019:
4979:
4918:Iranian history
4739:gives birth to
4655:and brother of
4651:. He is son of
4501:
4390:Younger Avestan
4251:Islamic culture
4092:
3790:presenting the
3773:
3760:
3734:of Achaemenid.
3673:
3573:
3564:
3533:
3516:
3510:(940-1020 CE).
3480:Sassanid period
3451:Iranian plateau
3391:
3333:
3282:
3259:Iranian Plateau
3254:culture of Iran
3229:Iranian peoples
3202:
3173:
3172:
3148:Lower mythology
3116:
3108:
3107:
3066:
3058:
3057:
2993:
2985:
2984:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2802:Plains Indians
2693:Native American
2401:
2380:
2351:
2350:
2283:Marija Gimbutas
2271:
2261:
2260:
2252:Winter solstice
2242:Horse sacrifice
2213:
2206:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2089:
2074:
2061:
2047:
2040:
2026:
2017:
2004:
1997:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1951:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1854:
1841:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1727:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1654:
1648:
1633:
1625:
1624:
1598:
1575:
1562:
1550:
1531:
1473:
1450:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1372:Northern Europe
1353:
1349:
1336:
1323:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1259:
1255:Steppe cultures
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1196:Baltic homeland
1170:
1166:
1162:Eurasian nomads
1146:
1142:
1118:
1110:
1109:
1080:Runic epigraphy
1075:Latin epigraphy
1030:
1022:
1021:
959:Proto-Anatolian
943:
898:
894:Thraco-Illyrian
879:Graeco-Phrygian
869:Graeco-Armenian
864:Graeco-Albanian
843:
821:
808:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
750:
717:
703:
696:
689:
675:
651:
644:
625:
610:
602:
600:
561:
531:Iran portal
525:
523:
518:
514:Kurdish cuisine
509:Caspian cuisine
504:Balochi cuisine
495:
482:
448:
435:
373:
360:
342:
324:
306:
287:
254:Culture of Iran
235:
224:
223:
222:
217:
206:
200:
197:
182:
170:
166:
155:
144:
138:
135:
92:
90:
80:
68:
27:
23:
12:
11:
5:
6793:
6783:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6649:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6617:
6608:
6599:
6597:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6574:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6552:
6547:
6545:Mount Damavand
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6479:White Elephant
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6383:House of Sasan
6380:
6375:
6373:House of Viseh
6370:
6365:
6359:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6225:
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6210:
6205:
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6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5942:Humay Chehrzad
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5845:
5843:
5834:
5830:
5829:
5816:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5759:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5730:
5727:Persians and I
5723:
5718:
5713:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5664:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5633:
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5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
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5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5439:
5432:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5385:
5384:External links
5382:
5381:
5380:
5374:
5368:. P. Bedrick.
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5323:
5303:
5273:
5254:
5236:
5209:(4): 261ā268.
5193:
5190:on 2016-04-23.
5175:
5168:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5118:
5114:North Caucasus
5105:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5053:Zoroastrianism
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5018:
5015:
4978:
4975:
4814:: a legendary
4713:, daughter of
4606:epigraphically
4560:his expedition
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4463:
4397:
4394:Zoroastrianism
4383:
4334:Middle Eastern
4327:
4304:for atonement.
4287:
4240:
4223:Zoroastrianism
4216:
4206:
4187:
4142:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:Spenta Armaiti
4080:
4059:Middle Persian
4051:transcendental
4044:
4024:Zoroastrianism
4017:
3991:
3969:
3951:
3914:
3900:
3890:
3837:
3823:
3812:god of the sky
3784:Naqsh-e Rostam
3772:
3769:
3765:Chinvat Bridge
3759:
3756:
3672:
3669:
3665:Chinvat Bridge
3652:Zoroastrianism
3632:Chinvat Bridge
3572:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3532:
3529:
3515:
3512:
3390:
3387:
3340:, a symbol of
3332:
3329:
3281:
3278:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3013:Feral children
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
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2847:
2846:
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2813:
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2800:
2799:
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2790:
2785:
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2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2237:Fire sacrifice
2233:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2082:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2028:Zoroastrianism
2010:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1965:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1895:Medieval India
1886:
1885:
1880:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1777:
1772:
1770:Italic peoples
1767:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1704:
1703:
1691:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1546:Gandhara grave
1543:
1538:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:Middle Dnieper
1388:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1347:Eastern Europe
1344:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1275:DnieperāDonets
1271:
1264:
1252:
1250:Kurgan culture
1247:
1246:
1245:
1235:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1186:Beech argument
1183:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1009:
995:
990:
976:
969:Proto-Germanic
966:
964:Proto-Armenian
961:
956:
954:Proto-Albanian
950:
949:
942:
941:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
904:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
850:
849:
842:
841:
840:
839:
815:
814:
807:
806:
805:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
743:
738:
732:
731:
725:
724:
723:
722:
710:
709:
708:
701:
694:
682:
681:
680:
668:
663:
658:
657:
656:
649:
637:
632:
631:
630:
617:
616:
609:
608:
601:
596:
595:
592:
591:
583:
582:
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575:
563:
562:
560:
559:
552:
545:
537:
534:
533:
520:
519:
517:
516:
511:
506:
500:
497:
496:
494:
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483:
481:
480:
475:
469:
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459:
453:
450:
449:
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446:
440:
437:
436:
434:
433:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
389:
384:
378:
375:
374:
372:
371:
365:
362:
361:
359:
358:
353:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
335:
329:
326:
325:
323:
322:
317:
311:
308:
307:
305:
304:
299:
294:
288:
286:
285:
280:
275:
269:
266:
265:
257:
256:
250:
249:
237:
236:
219:
218:
173:
171:
164:
157:
156:
71:
69:
62:
57:
31:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6792:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6750:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6715:
6714:Davazdah Rokh
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6615:
6614:
6611:Great Mongol
6609:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6594:
6587:
6584:
6581:
6578:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:Koulad-Ghandi
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:Kharvazan Div
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6262:Mehrab Kaboli
6260:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6167:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5814:
5809:
5807:
5802:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5779:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5736:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:others' works
5650:Depictions in
5648:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:Organizations
5545:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5430:
5425:
5423:
5418:
5416:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5377:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5361:
5352:
5351:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5320:0-7141-2082-0
5317:
5313:
5312:Persian Myths
5307:
5292:on 2015-11-27
5291:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5250:
5246:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5154:
5150:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5115:
5109:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4992:(1622-1623),
4991:
4987:
4983:
4974:
4972:
4968:
4967:Faramarz-nama
4964:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4874:Vis and RÄmin
4868:
4867:Vis and RÄmin
4864:
4863:
4857:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4789:and his son,
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4715:Mehrab Kaboli
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4628:, and by the
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4576:Seven Labours
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4493:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4459:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:into the sea.
4323:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:and later in
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:: a class of
4210:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3842:: The god of
3841:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3830:Spenta Mainyu
3827:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:creator deity
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3634:scene on the
3633:
3629:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3598:Amesha Spenta
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3424:, individual
3423:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3331:Good and Evil
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3250:Transcaucasia
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:KwakwakaŹ¼wakw
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:J. P. Mallory
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:Reconstructed
1923:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1752:Insular Celts
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:Indo-Iranians
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
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1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:Pontic Steppe
1404:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
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1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1243:Kurgan stelae
1241:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:Pontic Steppe
1220:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
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1129:
1126:
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1120:
1114:
1113:
1106:
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1081:
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1068:
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1063:
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1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:Proto-Iranian
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
984:
980:
977:
974:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
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922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
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906:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
859:Daco-Thracian
857:
855:
852:
851:
848:
845:
844:
838:
834:
830:
826:
823:
822:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:Reconstructed
810:
809:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
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734:
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628:
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215:
212:
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194:
190:
186:
180:
179:
174:This article
172:
163:
162:
153:
150:
142:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100: ā
99:
95:
94:Find sources:
88:
84:
78:
77:
72:This article
70:
66:
61:
60:
55:
53:
46:
45:
40:
39:
34:
29:
20:
19:
16:
6730:
6718:
6689:Babr-e Bayan
6677:
6676:Abu-Mansuri
6653:
6645:
6636:
6628:
6621:
6616:(or Demotte)
6612:
6604:
6387:House of SÄm
6213:Banu Goshasp
5819:
5747:
5740:
5732:
5725:
5720:
5709:
5686:
5685:Abu-Mansuri
5666:
5658:
5449:
5365:
5340:, retrieved
5338:, 2023-11-15
5335:
5326:
5311:
5306:
5294:. Retrieved
5290:the original
5286:columbia.edu
5285:
5276:
5257:
5239:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5188:the original
5178:
5159:
5153:
5121:
5108:
5067:
5007:
4952:
4943:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4849:
4823:
4810:
4780:Persian poet
4773:
4768:
4746:
4693:
4643:
4637:
4630:Zoroastrians
4626:Greater Iran
4621:
4612:(before the
4595:
4543:
4540:Babr-e Bayan
4517:
4499:Famous Myths
4440:Seven Labors
4414:(demons) of
4379:
4373:
4347:
4341:
4262:
4231:Young Avesta
4227:Angra Mainyu
4184:(550-330 BC)
4115:mythological
4077:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4038:
4027:
3975:
3963:
3957:
3929:verethragnan
3928:
3924:
3920:
3910:
3897:Lotus flower
3881:Lotus flower
3870:
3826:Angra Mainyu
3822:is "wisdom".
3819:
3815:
3786:, depicting
3761:
3744:Artabanus IV
3736:
3708:
3674:
3641:
3610:
3602:
3594:
3565:
3556:Angra Mainyu
3553:
3517:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3419:
3382:
3334:
3319:
3312:
3297:
3291:
3283:
3273:
3267:
3242:Central Asia
3212:
3208:
3207:
3098:Culture hero
2942:West African
2880:Proto-Uralic
2859:
2722:Californian
2678:Mesopotamian
2343:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2309:Publications
2308:
2294:
2275:
2229:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:Paleo-Balkan
2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2021:
2012:
2011:
1967:
1966:
1954:
1924:
1907:Greater Iran
1900:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1780:Paleo-Balkan
1745:Celtiberians
1724:
1723:
1706:
1705:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1679:
1608:
1607:
1595:
1594:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1528:
1527:
1470:
1469:
1447:
1446:
1409:
1408:
1371:
1370:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1261:BugāDniester
1225:
1224:
1090:Gothic Bible
1006:Proto-Baltic
1002:Proto-Slavic
987:Proto-Italic
983:Proto-Celtic
946:
901:
889:Italo-Celtic
884:Indo-Hittite
874:Graeco-Aryan
847:Hypothetical
846:
811:
746:Paleo-Balkan
728:
685:Indo-Iranian
640:Balto-Slavic
613:
382:Architecture
314:
225:
207:
201:January 2024
198:
175:
145:
139:January 2024
136:
126:
119:
112:
105:
93:
81:Please help
76:verification
73:
49:
42:
36:
35:Please help
32:
15:
6620:Baysonghor
6596:Manuscripts
6446:Div-e Sepid
6441:Arzhang Div
6426:and animals
5927:Kay Lohrasp
5922:Kay Khosrow
5716:Persian art
5693:Bizhan Nama
5077:Achaemenids
4965:. The book
4914:feudalistic
4842:Kay Lohrasp
4608:unattested
4514:behind him.
4400:Div-e Sepid
4006:Ahura Mazda
4000:concept of
3998:Zoroastrian
3942:Verethragna
3921:verethragna
3917:Verethragna
3871:perceptions
3864:Zoroastrian
3834:Ahura Mazda
3804:Ahura Mazda
3788:Ahura Mazda
3728:Achaemenids
3688:Kay Lohrasp
3684:Kay Lohrasp
3680:Pishdadians
3644:Kay Lohrasp
3531:Evil Forces
3521:Ahura Mazda
3420:Before the
3389:Development
3308:Ahura Mazda
3287:Zoroastrian
3234:Persosphere
2697:Algonquian
2683:Micronesian
2576:Anglo-Saxon
2399:Mythologies
2187:Continental
2180:Anglo-Saxon
1883:Middle Ages
1833:Middle Ages
1688:Indo-Aryans
1681:Indo-Aryans
1488:Bell Beaker
1483:Corded ware
1379:Corded ware
1268:Sredny Stog
1213:Archaeology
993:Proto-Greek
973:Proto-Norse
462:Calligraphy
444:Handicrafts
6764:Categories
6639:of Rashida
6567:Structures
6540:Alborzkouh
6535:Mazandaran
6505:Zabulistan
6424:Creatures
6363:Kashvadian
6218:Gordafarid
6065:EsfandiyÄr
5937:Kay Bahman
5841:Pishdadian
5833:Characters
5698:Borzu Nama
5580:Asadi Tusi
5538:Zabulistan
5375:0872260178
5342:2023-12-31
5296:9 December
5145:References
5135:Tajikistan
5127:South Asia
4998:Uzbekistan
4971:Borzu Nama
4963:Kay Bahman
4881:love story
4862:Visramiani
4836:and Queen
4812:EsfandiyÄr
4564:Mazandaran
4556:EsfandiyÄr
4424:necromancy
4416:Mazandaran
4370:nightmares
4182:Persepolis
4121:, and the
3946:Kanishka I
3933:hypostasis
3852:the Waters
3796:Ardashir I
3748:Ardeshir I
3732:Darius III
3697:Statue of
3579:Detail of
3358:Aži DahÄka
3302:and their
3252:where the
3246:South Asia
3227:and other
3131:Euhemerism
2937:Vietnamese
2870:Polynesian
2865:Philippine
2843:Talamancan
2673:Melanesian
2643:Lusitanian
2613:Indonesian
2474:Cantabrian
2439:Lithuanian
2295:Institutes
2215:Lithuanian
1969:Indo-Aryan
1955:Historical
1889:Indo-Aryan
1846:Tocharians
1760:Cimmerians
1638:Bronze Age
1529:South Asia
1403:Bronze Age
1341:Afanasievo
1145:Mainstream
909:Vocabulary
829:Sound laws
691:Indo-Aryan
457:Embroidery
426:Modern art
387:Literature
356:Irreligion
333:Philosophy
185:improve it
109:newspapers
38:improve it
6678:Shahnameh
6654:Shahnameh
6646:Shahnameh
6637:Shahnameh
6629:Shahnameh
6622:Shahnameh
6613:Shahnameh
6605:Shahnameh
6603:Florence
6554:Kasa-Roud
6525:Ctesiphon
6454:Huma bird
6433:Akvan Div
6354:Clans and
6345:Biderafsh
5990:Kayanoush
5947:Kay Darab
5917:Kay KÄvus
5912:Kay KawÄd
5879:Manuchehr
5821:Shahnameh
5710:Shahnameh
5687:Shahnameh
5451:Shahnameh
5336:Knowledge
5231:162213219
5097:Afsharids
5085:Sasanians
5081:Parthians
4954:Shahnameh
4910:Parthians
4850:Shahnameh
4825:Shahnameh
4775:Shahnameh
4760:Shahnameh
4707:Shahnameh
4649:Shahnameh
4544:Shahnameh
4466:Manticore
4454:manticore
4432:Kay Kavus
4408:chieftain
4404:Shahnameh
4402:: In the
4375:Shahnameh
4311:Shahnameh
4236:Herodotus
4219:Khrafstra
4178:Huma bird
4090:Creatures
4002:holy fire
3954:Vayu-Vata
3844:covenants
3740:Parthians
3724:Al-Biruni
3714:Kay Kawad
3660:Saoshyant
3648:Zoroaster
3606:Gahambars
3589:Zoroaster
3548:Shahnameh
3503:Shahnameh
3485:Bundahisn
3381:(Avestan
3375:Huma bird
3342:despotism
3325:Zoroaster
3238:West Asia
3163:Symbolism
3103:Folk hero
3003:Creatures
2998:Creations
2822:Puebloan
2706:Blackfoot
2608:Hungarian
2459:Brazilian
2390:Mythology
2230:Practices
2049:Yarsanism
1859:Albanians
1839:East Asia
1826:Scythians
1818:Phrygians
1811:Paeonians
1804:Illyrians
1790:Thracians
1707:East Asia
1658:Armenians
1585:Hallstatt
1567:Chernoles
1508:Terramare
1498:Trzciniec
1465:Sintashta
1460:Andronovo
1361:CernavodÄ
1334:East Asia
1289:Khvalynsk
1029:Philology
939:Particles
825:Phonology
766:Liburnian
741:Tocharian
736:Anatolian
705:Nuristani
598:Languages
338:Astronomy
315:Mythology
297:Festivals
283:Languages
189:verifying
44:talk page
6749:Category
6644:Windsor
6550:Tammisha
6474:Shabrang
6356:families
6340:Nastihan
6300:Afrasiab
6295:Garsivaz
6290:Aghrirat
6272:Turanian
6231:KatÄyoun
6227:Manizheh
6223:Farangis
6193:Sindukht
6188:ShahrnÄz
6085:SiyĆ¢vash
6080:Fariborz
6075:Faramarz
6070:Pashotan
6035:Gershasp
6030:Gostaham
5980:Shahrasp
5932:Goshtasb
5904:Kayanian
5894:Garshasp
5869:Fereydun
5859:Tahmuras
5849:Keyumars
5826:Ferdowsi
5778:Template
5768:Category
5708:Kurdish
5660:Ferdowsi
5624:Memorial
5436:Ferdowsi
5093:Safavids
5089:Samanids
5017:See also
4949:Ferdowsi
4945:Faramarz
4906:Hyrcania
4897:Parthian
4893:Sasanian
4838:KatÄyoun
4834:Goshtasp
4830:Kayanian
4820:Ferdowsi
4783:Ferdowsi
4756:Ferdowsi
4719:Sindukht
4705:'s epic
4703:Ferdowsi
4691:heroes.
4685:Turanian
4602:folklore
4548:Marzbans
4482:scorpion
4392:name of
4349:shayatin
4298:paradise
4161:avifauna
4145:Chamrosh
4008:and his
3972:Tishtrya
3925:verethra
3752:Sassanid
3656:Mazdaism
3614:Keyumars
3542:slaying
3540:Faramarz
3497:Vendidad
3494:and the
3455:Persians
3447:Elamites
3439:Kassites
3414:Vendidad
3402:Fravashi
3398:Farvahar
3225:Persians
3168:Theology
3136:Folklore
3115:See also
2975:National
2965:Creation
2890:Romanian
2850:Ossetian
2838:Selk'nam
2806:Ho-Chunk
2778:Iroquois
2653:Malagasy
2623:Japanese
2561:Frankish
2556:Germanic
2551:Georgian
2536:Etruscan
2531:Estonian
2521:Egyptian
2499:Scottish
2464:Buddhist
2443:Prussian
2416:Armenian
2406:Albanian
2276:Scholars
2174:Germanic
2145:Scottish
2110:Thracian
2104:Illyrian
2098:Albanian
2086:European
2079:Armenian
2063:Ossetian
2057:Scythian
2042:Yazidism
1992:Buddhism
1983:Hinduism
1874:Norsemen
1784:Anatolia
1701:Iranians
1694:Iranians
1675:Iron Age
1650:Hittites
1603:Colchian
1596:Caucasus
1554:Iron Age
1523:Lusatian
1518:Urnfield
1442:Srubnaya
1437:Poltavka
1427:Catacomb
1366:Cucuteni
1321:Caucasus
1138:Religion
1123:Homeland
1065:Behistun
1045:Linear B
934:Numerals
929:Pronouns
854:Balkanic
801:Thracian
794:Phrygian
787:Paeonian
773:Messapic
759:Illyrian
671:Hellenic
666:Germanic
635:Armenian
627:Albanian
621:Albanoid
572:a series
570:Part of
351:Religion
320:Folklore
246:a series
244:Part of
6664:Related
6652:Davari
6530:Estakhr
6469:Shabdiz
6459:Simurgh
6285:Pashang
6280:Zadashm
6208:Tahmina
6203:Sudabeh
6183:ArnavÄz
6178:Faranak
6145:Shaghad
6105:Goudarz
6100:Kashvad
6040:Nariman
5952:Dara II
5864:Jamshid
5854:Hushang
5737:(opera)
5678:Related
5585:Bundari
5223:1508723
5131:Bahrain
4994:Bukhara
4986:Simurgh
4816:Iranian
4778:by the
4699:Persian
4689:Iranian
4653:Goudarz
4639:Jamshed
4632:of the
4622:Jamshyd
4598:Jamshid
4588:in the
4586:Jamshid
4460:(1650).
4420:sorcery
4410:of the
4366:sorcery
4320:throws
4302:penance
4294:spirits
4259:Muslims
4255:beliefs
4203:phoenix
4157:Senmurv
4131:Georgia
4127:Iranian
4119:phoenix
4111:Simurgh
4099:Simurgh
4078:zruvan.
4075:Avestan
3893:Anahita
3885:Anahita
3867:Persian
3780:Sasanid
3622:Hushang
3585:Raphael
3544:Ahriman
3491:Denkard
3459:Rigveda
3431:Lullubi
3383:Pairika
3371:Simurgh
3354:Avestan
3292:Ahriman
3217:Persian
3053:Sources
3038:Objects
3026:Culture
3022:Heroes
3008:Deities
2927:Tibetan
2860:Persian
2758:Guarani
2748:Choctaw
2743:Chilote
2701:Abenaki
2638:Lugbara
2618:Italian
2603:Hittite
2593:Guanche
2541:Finnish
2526:English
2511:Chinese
2489:Cornish
2469:Catalan
2435:Latvian
2411:Arabian
2208:Latvian
2166:Cornish
2036:Kurdish
2022:Persian
2014:Iranian
2006:Sikhism
1999:Jainism
1962:Hittite
1901:Iranian
1797:Dacians
1590:Jastorf
1513:Tumulus
1493:ĆnÄtice
1422:Yamnaya
1417:Chariot
1355:Usatovo
1296:Yamnaya
1133:Society
1117:Origins
1050:Rigveda
902:Grammar
729:Extinct
719:Romance
698:Iranian
491:Cuisine
478:Jewelry
472:Pottery
417:Gardens
407:Theater
396:Dastgah
292:Symbols
273:History
183:Please
123:scholar
6671:Daqiqi
6510:Sistan
6488:Places
6464:Rakhsh
6335:Barman
6330:Houman
6315:Arjasp
6310:Shideh
6305:Tageuo
6257:Zahhak
6253:Mardas
6246:Tazian
6236:Azadeh
6198:Rudaba
6155:Barbad
6140:Zavara
6135:Gorgin
6125:Bahram
6120:Rohham
6115:Bizhan
6060:Sohrab
6055:Rostam
5975:Siamak
5970:Jamasp
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2202:Baltic
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2072:Others
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1282:Samara
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780:Mysian
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1977:Vedic
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