Pheromone - Knowledge

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androstadienone presentation, while men react more negatively. In an experiment by Hummer and McClintock, androstadienone or a control odor was put on the upper lips of fifty males and females and they were tested for four effects of the pheromone: 1) automatic attention towards positive and negative facial expressions, 2) the strength of cognitive and emotional information as distractors in a simple reaction time task, 3) relative attention to social and nonsocial stimuli (i.e. neutral faces), and 4) mood and attentiveness in the absence of social interaction. Those treated with androstadienone drew more attention to towards emotional facial expressions and emotional words but no increased attention to neutral faces. These data suggest that androstadienone may increase attention to emotional information causing the individual to feel more focused. It is thought that androstadienone modulates on how the mind attends and processes information.

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humans. Both mouse Taar3 and Taar5 detect compounds (isoamylamine and trimethylamine, respectively) that are enriched in male versus female mouse urine. Isoamylamine in male urine is reported to act as a pheromone, accelerating puberty onset in female mice . The authors suggest the Taar family has a chemosensory function that is distinct from odorant receptors with a role associated with the detection of social cues. ... The evolutionary pattern of the TAAR gene family is characterized by lineage-specific phylogenetic clustering . These characteristics are very similar to those observed in the olfactory GPCRs and vomeronasal (V1R, V2R) GPCR gene families.

1210:, of the University of Chicago. A group of women were exposed to a whiff of perspiration from other women. Depending on the time in the month the sweat was collected (before, during, or after ovulation) there was an association with the recipient woman's menstrual cycle to speed up or slow down. The 1971 study proposed two types of pheromone involved: "One, produced prior to ovulation, shortens the ovarian cycle; and the second, produced just at ovulation, lengthens the cycle". However, recent studies and reviews of the methodology have called the validity of her results and existence of menstrual synchronization into question. 274:, overcoming host resistance by mass attack, and defense against predators. A group of individuals at one location is referred to as an aggregation, whether consisting of one sex or both sexes. Male-produced sex attractants have been called aggregation pheromones, because they usually result in the arrival of both sexes at a calling site and increase the density of conspecifics surrounding the pheromone source. Most sex pheromones are produced by the females; only a small percentage of sex attractants are produced by males. Aggregation pheromones have been found in members of the 255: 512: 1045:, have been observed to use pheromones as a means of kin recognition to avoid inbreeding. For example, B. bifarius males display "patrolling" behavior in which they mark specific paths outside their nests with pheromones and subsequently "patrol" these paths. Unrelated reproductive females are attracted to the pheromones deposited by males on these paths, and males that encounter these females while patrolling can mate with them. Other bees of the Bombus species are found to emit pheromones as precopulatory signals, such as 424: 247: 472:. Certain ants lay down an initial trail of pheromones as they return to the nest with food. This trail attracts other ants and serves as a guide. As long as the food source remains available, visiting ants will continuously renew the pheromone trail. The pheromone requires continuous renewal because it evaporates quickly. When the food supply begins to dwindle, the trail-making ceases. Pharaoh ants ( 1273:

function, but only responds to hormones in a "sex-specific manner". There also have been pheromone receptor genes found in olfactory mucosa. There have been no experiments that compare people lacking the VNO, and people that have it. It is disputed on whether the chemicals are reaching the brain through the VNO or other tissues.

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Androstadienone seems to affect the limbic system and causes a positive reaction in women, improving mood. Responses to androstadienone depend on the individual and the environment they are in. Androstadienone negatively influences the perception of pain in women. Women tend to react positively after

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Androstenol is the putative female pheromone. In a 1978 study by Kirk-Smith, people wearing surgical masks treated with androstenol or untreated were shown pictures of people, animals and buildings and asked to rate the pictures on attractiveness. Individuals with their masks treated with androstenol

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Importantly, three ligands identified activating mouse Taars are natural components of mouse urine, a major source of social cues in rodents. Mouse Taar4 recognizes β-phenylethylamine, a compound whose elevation in urine is correlated with increases in stress and stress responses in both rodents and

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in humans. Also, while there are sensory neurons in the human VNO there seem to be no connections between the VNO and the central nervous system. The associated olfactory bulb is present in the fetus, but regresses and vanishes in the adult brain. There have been some reports that the human VNO does

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for their mood. It seems to have different effects on women, depending on where a female is in her menstrual cycle, with the highest sensitivity to it during ovulation. In 1983, study participants exposed to androstenone were shown to undergo changes in skin conductance. Androstenone has been found

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Olfactory processing of chemical signals like pheromones exists in all animal phyla and is thus the oldest of the senses. It has been suggested that it serves survival by generating appropriate behavioral responses to the signals of threat, sex and dominance status among members of the same species.

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While mice produce gender-specific amounts of urinary TMA levels and were attracted by TMA, this odor is repellent to rats and aversive to humans , indicating that there must be species-specific functions. ... Furthermore, a homozygous knockout of murine TAAR5 abolished the attraction behavior

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Releaser pheromones are pheromones that cause an alteration in the behavior of the recipient. For example, some organisms use powerful attractant molecules to attract mates from a distance of two miles or more. In general, this type of pheromone elicits a rapid response, but is quickly degraded. In

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flair their white rump hair and exposes two highly odoriferous glands that releases a compound described having the odor "reminiscent of buttered popcorn". This sends a message to other pronghorns by both sight and smell about a present danger. This scent has been observed by humans 20 to 30 meters

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moths is that in the absence of males they exhibited calling behavior and called as often but for shorter periods on average than control females. Even after these contacts virus-infected females made many frequent contacts with males and continued to call; they were found to produce five to seven

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Although there are disputes about the mechanisms by which pheromones function, there is evidence that pheromones do affect humans. Despite this evidence, it has not been conclusively shown that humans have functional pheromones. Those experiments suggesting that certain pheromones have a positive

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that produced six types in the vaginal fluids. The combination of these acids is referred to as "copulins". One of the acids, acetic acid, was found in all of the sampled female's vaginal fluid. Even in humans, one-third of women have all six types of copulins, which increase in quantity before

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While humans are highly dependent upon visual cues, when in close proximity smells also play a role in sociosexual behaviors. An inherent difficulty in studying human pheromones is the need for cleanliness and odorlessness in human participants. Though various researchers have investigated the

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in mice and aversion to trimethylamine in rats). In humans, hTAAR5 presumably mediates aversion to trimethylamine, which is known to act as an hTAAR5 agonist and to possess a foul, fishy odor that is aversive to humans; however, hTAAR5 is not the only olfactory receptor that is responsible for

38: 1171:. These chemicals are not biologically active until puberty when sex steroids influence their activity. The change in activity during puberty suggest that humans may communicate through odors. Several axillary steroids have been described as possible human pheromones: 2910:

Furthermore, while some TAARs detect aversive odors, TAAR-mediated behaviors can vary across species. ... The ability of particular TAARs to mediate aversion and attraction behavior provides an exciting opportunity for mechanistic unraveling of odor valence

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to TMA . Thus, it is concluded that TAAR5 itself is sufficient to mediate a behavioral response at least in mice. ... Whether the TAAR5 activation by TMA elicits specific behavioral output like avoidance behavior in humans still needs to be examined.

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observed and noted how "females who lay their eggs in these fruits deposit these mysterious substances in the vicinity of their clutch to signal to other females of the same species they should clutch elsewhere." It may be helpful to note that the word

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A possible theory being studied now is that these axillary odors are being used to provide information about the immune system. Milinski and colleagues found that the artificial odors that people chose are determined in part by their

478:) mark trails that no longer lead to food with a repellent pheromone, which causes avoidance behaviour in ants. Repellent trail markers may help ants to undertake more efficient collective exploration. The army ant 1226:

While it may be expected on evolutionary grounds that humans have pheromones, these three molecules have yet to be rigorously proven to act as such. Research in this field has suffered from small sample sizes,

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Preti G, Wysocki CJ, Barnhart KT, Sondheimer SJ, Leyden JJ (June 2003). "Male axillary extracts contain pheromones that affect pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and mood in women recipients".

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Papke RS, Kemp DJ, Rutowski RL (2007). "Multimodal Signalling: Structural Ultraviolet Reflectance Predicts Male Mating Success Better than Pheromones in the Butterfly Colias eurytheme L. (Pieridae)".

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Mice can distinguish close relatives from more distantly related individuals on the basis of scent signals, which enables them to avoid mating with close relatives and minimizes deleterious

3450:. p. 298 Quoting Preti & Weski (1999) "No peer reviewed data supporting the presences of ... human ... pheromones that cause rapid behavioral changes, such as attraction and/or 811:

Signal pheromones cause short-term changes, such as the neurotransmitter release that activates a response. For instance, GnRH molecule functions as a neurotransmitter in rats to elicit

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that mark the perimeter of the claimed territory. In social seabirds, the preen gland is used to mark nests, nuptial gifts, and territory boundaries with behavior formerly described as '

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contrast, a primer pheromone has a slower onset and a longer duration. For example, rabbit (mothers) release mammary pheromones that trigger immediate nursing behavior by their babies.

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Pheromones are also utilized by bee and wasp species. Some pheromones can be used to suppress the sexual behavior of other individuals allowing for a reproductive monopoly – the wasp

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Wood, William F.; Palmer, Todd M.; Stanton, Maureen L. (2002). "A comparison of volatiles in mandibular glands from three Crematogaster ant symbionts of the whistling thorn acacia".

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Sobotník J, Hanus R, Kalinová B, Piskorski R, Cvacka J, Bourguignon T, Roisin Y (April 2008). "(E,E)-alpha-farnesene, an alarm pheromone of the termite Prorhinotermes canalifrons".

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Kleerebezem M, Quadri LE (October 2001). "Peptide pheromone-dependent regulation of antimicrobial peptide production in Gram-positive bacteria: a case of multicellular behavior".

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Primer pheromones trigger a change of developmental events (in which they differ from all the other pheromones, which trigger a change in behavior). They were first described in

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is a physiological state that allows bacterial cells to take up DNA from other cells and incorporate this DNA into their own genome, a sexual process called transformation.

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ovulation. Copulins are used to signal ovulation; however, as human ovulation is concealed it is thought that they may be used for reasons other than sexual communication.

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Wood, William F.; Hoang, Thuy-Tien; McGlynn, Terrence P. (2011). "Volatile components from the mandibular glands of the turtle ants, Cephalotes alfaroi and C. cristatus".

374:, alarm pheromones are also used as an alert to incoming predators. Pheromones also exist in plants: Certain plants emit alarm pheromones when grazed upon, resulting in 2477:

Schulz S, Francke W, König WA, Schurig V, Mori K, Kittmann R, Schneider D (December 1990). "Male pheromone of swift moth, Hepialus hecta L. (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)".

92:. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting like hormones outside the body of the secreting individual, to affect the behavior of the receiving individuals. There are 526:

In animals, sex pheromones indicate the availability of the female for breeding. Male animals may also emit pheromones that convey information about their species and

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Landoldt, P. J., Reed, H. C., and Heath, R. R. "An Alarm Pheromone from Heads of Worker Vespula squamosa (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)", "Florida Entomologist", June 1999.

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Martin SJ, Carruthers JM, Williams PH, Drijfhout FP (August 2010). "Host specific social parasites (Psithyrus) indicate chemical recognition system in bumblebees".

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Van Toller C, Kirk-Smith M, Wood N, Lombard J, Dodd GH (1983). "Skin conductance and subjective assessments associated with the odour of 5-alpha-androstan-3-one".

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Some authors assume that approach-avoidance reactions in animals, elicited by chemical cues, form the phylogenetic basis for the experience of emotions in humans.

415:, having to do with display or show (from the Greek 'deixis'), has a different but related meaning in rhetoric, the human art of persuasion by means of words. 720:

release pheromones into the surrounding water, sending a chemical message that triggers other urchins in the colony to eject their sex cells simultaneously.

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Laid down in the environment, territorial pheromones mark the boundaries and identity of an organism's territory. Cats and dogs deposit these pheromones by

328:). Aggregation pheromones are among the most ecologically selective pest suppression methods. They are non-toxic and effective at very low concentrations. 2754:

Schaal B, Coureaud G, Langlois D, Giniès C, Sémon E, Perrier G (July 2003). "Chemical and behavioural characterization of the rabbit mammary pheromone".

1697: 2127: 888:, including certain pheromones; these TAARs putatively function as a class of pheromone receptors involved in the olfactive detection of social cues. 4476: 2829: 2612:

Sen R, Gadagkar R (2010). "Natural history and behaviour of the primitively eusocial wasp (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): a comparison of the two sexes".

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Post DC, Downing HA, Jeanne RL (October 1984). "Alarm response to venom by social waspsPolistes exclamans andP. fuscatus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)".

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Fitzgerald TD (July 2008). "Use of pheromone mimic to cause the disintegration and collapse of colonies of tent caterpillars ( Malacosoma spp.)".

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study. Experiments have focused on three classes of possible human pheromones: axillary steroids, vaginal aliphatic acids, and stimulators of the

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Norris MJ (1954). "Sexual maturation in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal), with special reference to the effects of grouping".

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trimethylamine olfaction in humans. As of December 2015, hTAAR5-mediated trimethylamine aversion has not been examined in published research.

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who called them various names, like for instance "alarm substances". These chemical messengers are transported outside of the body and affect

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Hummer TA, McClintock MK (April 2009). "Putative human pheromone androstadienone attunes the mind specifically to emotional information".

1444: 174:('stimulating'). Pheromones are also sometimes classified as ecto-hormones. They were researched earlier by various scientists, including 2703:

Yao M, Rosenfeld J, Attridge S, Sidhu S, Aksenov V, Rollo CD (2009). "The Ancient Chemistry of Avoiding Risks of Predation and Disease".

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species, males, otherwise known as drones, patrol circuits of scent marks (pheromones) to find queens. In particular, pheromones for the

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communicate by using pheromones. The ecological functions and evolution of pheromones are a major topic of research in the field of

903:. This review also noted that the behavioral response evoked by a TAAR can vary across species (e.g., TAAR5 mediates attraction to 3525:

p. 264 ...there has not yet been any hard evidence for human pheromones that might sexual attraction (for members of either sex)

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Wood, William F. (2002). "2-Pyrrolidinone, a putative alerting pheromone from rump glands of pronghorn, Antilocapra Americana".

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Xiang Y, Yang M, Li Z (2009). "Calling behavior and rhythms of sex pheromone production in the Black Cutworm Moth in China".

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possibility of their existence, no pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a

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Among eukaryotic microorganisms, pheromones promote sexual interaction in numerous species. These species include the yeast

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Kohl JV, Atzmueller M, Fink B, Grammer K (October 2001). "Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology".

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that may be able to serve as a chemical sensory organ; however, the genes that encode the VNO receptors are nonfunctional

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Wood, William F. (2005). "Comparison of mandibular gland volatiles from ants of the bull horn acacia, Acacia collinsii".

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rated their photographs as being "warmer" and "more friendly". The best-known case study involves the synchronization of

298:. In recent decades, aggregation pheromones have proven useful in the management of many pests, such as the boll weevil ( 225:

that elicit innate behaviors soon after the German biochemist Adolf Butenandt had characterized the first such chemical,

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and colleagues found that both men and women prefer the axillary odors of people whose MHC is different from their own.

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This classification, based on the effects on behavior, remains artificial. Pheromones fill many additional functions.

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Raina AK, Klun JA (August 1984). "Brain factor control of sex pheromone production in the female corn earworm moth".

1319:. Despite these claims, no pheromonal substance has ever been demonstrated to directly influence human behavior in a 1129: 668:. Traps containing pheromones are used by farmers to detect and monitor insect populations in orchards. In addition, 3317:

Foster RL (1992). "Nestmate Recognition as an Inbreeding Avoidance Mechanism in Bumble Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".

3269:, Alaks G, Graham L, Lacy RC (October 1994). "An experimental study of inbreeding depression in a natural habitat". 4462: 1848:

Wood, William F.; Chong, Berni (1975). "3-Octanone and 3-Octanol; Alarm Pheromones from East African Acacia Ants".

1305: 970:, putatively pheromone sensing, have been identified in the vomeronasal organ named V1Rs, V2Rs, and V3Rs. All are 958:. An active role for the human VNO in the detection of pheromones is disputed; while it is clearly present in the 1296:

receptors exist in humans providing, the authors propose, evidence for a mechanism of human pheromone detection.

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Androstenone is postulated to be secreted only by males as an attractant for women, and thought to be a positive

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but are only distantly related to the receptors of the main olfactory system, highlighting their different role.

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Karlson P, Luscher M (January 1959). "Pheromones': a new term for a class of biologically active substances".

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A review of studies involving non-human animals indicated that TAARs in the olfactory epithelium can mediate

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Liberles SD, Buck LB (August 2006). "A second class of chemosensory receptors in the olfactory epithelium".

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Danton H. O’Day, Paul A. Horgen (1981) Sexual Interactions in Eukaryotic Microbes Academic Press, New York.

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times more pheromone and attracted twice as many males as did control females in flight tunnel experiments.

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changes and/or behavioral change in the recipient. They proposed the term to describe chemical signals from

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provides an example of using pheromones to mark and maintain foraging paths. When species of wasps such as

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Figure 2: Table of ligands, expression patterns, and species-specific behavioral responses for each TAAR

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is present in rabbit milk and seems to play a role of pheromone inducing suckling in the newborn rabbit.

112:, and many others that affect behavior or physiology. Pheromones are used by many organisms, from basic 4605: 943: 839: 443: 31: 3956:"The search for human pheromones: the lost decades and the necessity of returning to first principles" 65: 4689: 4657: 4229:

Wedekind C, Seebeck T, Bettens F, Paepke AJ (June 1995). "MHC-dependent mate preferences in humans".

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Some body spray advertisers claim that their products contain human sexual pheromones that act as an

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butterflies release pheromones, an olfactory cue important for mate selection. In mealworm beetles,

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Secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species

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Some species release a volatile substance when attacked by a predator that can trigger flight (in

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Aging, nutrition and taste nutrition, food science and culinary perspectives for aging tastefully

4449: 946:. While the VNO is present in most amphibia, reptiles, and non-primate mammals, it is absent in 4684: 4555: 3208:

Sherborne AL, Thom MD, Paterson S, Jury F, Ollier WE, Stockley P, et al. (December 2007).

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the female preference of pheromones is dependent on the nutritional condition of the males.

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study. Thus, the role of pheromones in human behavior remains speculative and controversial.

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found new nests, they use pheromones to lead the rest of the colony to the new nesting site.

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R.S. Herz, T. Engen, Odor memory: review and analysis, Psychon. Bull. Rev. 3 (1996) 300–313.

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The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology

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The effect of Hz-2V virus infection on the reproductive physiology and behavior of female

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Epideictic pheromones are different from territory pheromones, when it comes to insects.

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Yang Z, Schank JC (December 2006). "Women do not synchronize their menstrual cycles".

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Grammer K, Fink B, Neave N (February 2005). "Human pheromones and sexual attraction".

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downwind from alarmed animals. The major odour compound identified from this gland is

4416: 4385: 4366: 4349: 4321: 4285: 4254: 4178: 4137: 4080: 4029: 4025: 3985: 3928: 3880: 3876: 3845: 3796: 3752: 3701: 3658: 3511: 3504: 3443: 3421: 3369: 3294: 3247: 3181: 3140: 3135: 3100: 3081: 3044: 3021: 2973: 2901: 2779: 2728: 2594: 2502: 2416: 2374: 2354: 2347: 2329: 2282: 2251: 2178:"Decay rates of attractive and repellent pheromones in an ant foraging trail network" 2104: 2044: 2034: 1998: 1822: 1740: 1728: 1653: 1615: 1577: 1491: 1368: 1261: 1207: 1202: 1140: 1047: 935: 812: 767: 739: 643: 609: 566: 535: 511: 480: 427: 324: 4520: 4515: 4428: 4266: 4041: 3940: 3892: 3727:

Stern K, McClintock MK (March 1998). "Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones".

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effect on humans are countered by others indicating they have no effect whatsoever.

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Purves D, Brannon EM, Cabeza R, LaBar KS, Huettel SA, Platt ML, Woldorff M (2008).

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production in neighboring plants. These tannins make the plants less appetizing to

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Svensson BG, Bergstrom G (1979). "Marking Pheromones of Alpinobornbus Males".

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Wood William F. (1983). "Chemical Ecology: Chemical Communication in Nature".

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Necromones, given off by a deceased and decomposing organism; consisting of

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to be perceived as more pleasant to women during their time of ovulation.

1180: 1136: 1079: 1075: 1000:, primordial pheromone signaling between individuals may have evolved to 987: 866:) that – with exception for TAAR1 – are expressed in the human 800: 657: 469: 291: 271: 222: 113: 4076: 3330: 2832:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from 2775: 2580: 1756:"Sex attractant and aggregation pheromones of male phytophagous insects" 4593: 4173: 4156: 3649:

Kirk-Smith M (1978). "Human social attitudes affected by androstenol".

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An alarm pheromone has been documented in a mammalian species. Alarmed

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McClintock MK (January 1971). "Menstrual synchorony and suppression".

1538: 3697: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 1573: 1419: 1373: 1265: 1125: 1001: 997: 931: 896: 497:, lay down pheromone trails that are used to achieve group movement. 386: 379: 287: 123: 71: 4132: 4107: 3615:"Pheromones in sex and reproduction: Do they have a role in humans?" 3406:

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

966:, shrunk or completely absent in adults. Three distinct families of 727:, which affects sex expression. This is very similar to pheromones. 714:, 2,3-dihydro-6-transfarnesol, citronellol, and geranylcitronellol. 4599: 2932:

Wallrabenstein I, Singer M, Panten J, Hatt H, Gisselmann G (2015).

2304:

Bernstein C, Bernstein H (September 1997). "Sexual communication".

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Hays WS (2003). "Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated?".

3464:

Hays WS (2003). "Human pheromones: have they been demonstrated?".

3440:

Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste.

2920: 2852: 2176:

Robinson EJ, Green KE, Jenner EA, Holcombe M, Ratnieks FL (2008).

1103: 246: 4580: 4507: 4363:

Pheromones and Animal Behaviour: Communication by Smell and Taste

4157:"Facts, fallacies, fears, and frustrations with human pheromones" 4009: 3343: 1399: 1091: 963: 923: 885: 616:

of many animals use a pheromone to help find a female gamete for

605: 355: 283: 202: 89: 80: 3651:

Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry & Behavior

954:

monkeys (downward facing nostrils, as opposed to sideways), and

4335:"Human pheromones: integrating neuroendocrinology and ethology" 4010:"Volatile fatty acids, "copulins", in human vaginal secretions" 3862: 613: 375: 127: 37: 4398: 2931: 1786: 1292:

found in mouse urine, including one putative mouse pheromone.

533:

At the microscopic level, a number of bacterial species (e.g.

88:

factor that triggers a social response in members of the same

4558: 4312:, Bossert WH (1963). "Chemical Communication Among Animals". 1289: 1160: 1037:

In addition to mice, two species of bumblebee, in particular

959: 882: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 435: 343: 135: 4443: 4228: 3537:"Pheromones are probably not why people find you attractive" 3000:"A novel family of candidate pheromone receptors in mammals" 2753: 986:

Furthermore, it has been suggested that in the evolution of

723:

In plants, some homosporous ferns release a chemical called

4198:"Evidence for MHC-correlated perfume preferences in humans" 2175: 1099: 947: 930:

and non-primate mammals pheromones are detected by regular

464:

Social insects commonly use trail pheromones. For example,

359: 1695: 938:(VNO), or Jacobson's organ, which lies at the base of the 4333:

Kohl JV, Atzmueller M, Fink B, Grammer K (October 2001).

4332: 3210:"The genetic basis of inbreeding avoidance in house mice" 3207: 2702: 2476: 1605: 1095: 955: 942:

between the nose and mouth and is the first stage of the

465: 351: 347: 130:

has been particularly well documented. In addition, some

4279: 3264: 468:

mark their paths with pheromones consisting of volatile

4484: 1632: 1255: 1070:

Pheromones of certain pest insect species, such as the

4384:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 3612: 2563:

Burand JP, Tan W, Kim W, Nojima S, Roelofs W (2005).

368:

use alarm pheromones to alert others to a threat. In

4007: 3064:

Keverne EB (October 1999). "The vomeronasal organ".

1638:

Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie

1130:

List of neurosteroids § Pheromones and pherines

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pheromone trail left by a swimming female, and male

519:

showing the pheromone pouch and brush-like organ in

3501: 1147:claiming pheromones affect men's sexual cognition. 656:release sex pheromones to attract a mate, and some 3503: 2562: 2303: 2217: 1110:are known to be currently available for breeding. 623:Many well-studied insect species, such as the ant 3824:"Menstrual synchrony pheromones: cause for doubt" 3457: 3101:"Analysis of chemical signals by nervous systems" 2659: 2527: 1972: 1866: 1473: 4671: 3910: 3403: 2122: 2120: 1901: 1451:. MedicineNet Inc. 19 March 2012. Archived from 1200:among women based on unconscious odor cues, the 3726: 3043:(11th ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 335. 1516: 362:) in members of the same species. For example, 2993: 2991: 2824: 2822: 2820: 1551: 1014: 823: 4470: 4308: 3644: 3642: 2997: 2435: 2218:Hunt ER, Franks NR, Baddeley RJ (June 2020). 2117: 236: 4154: 4054: 1850:Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 870:. In humans and other animals, TAARs in the 3319:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 3057: 2988: 2817: 2611: 2441: 911: 4477: 4463: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3856: 3821: 3778: 3675: 3648: 3639: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3528: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3098: 2268: 1276:In 2006, it was shown that a second mouse 1234: 1019: 748:Calming (appeasement) pheromones (mammals) 4379: 4365:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4213: 4172: 4131: 4008:Michael RP, Bonsall RW, Kutner M (1975). 3979: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3839: 3630: 3613:Mostafa T, El Khouly G, Hassan A (2012). 3502:Bear MF, Connors BW, Paradiso MA (2006). 3241: 3175: 3134: 3124: 3015: 2967: 2957: 2895: 2588: 2390: 2245: 2235: 1847: 1808: 1771: 1231:, false positives, and poor methodology. 774: 4222: 4195: 4189: 2869: 1601: 1599: 1206:, named after the primary investigator, 1090:Pheromones are used in the detection of 510: 422: 253: 245: 36: 4148: 4105: 3996: 3601: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3442:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3388: 3258: 3063: 3038: 2224:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 2096: 1753: 1636:, Beckmann R, Hecker E (May 1961). "". 1288:(TAAR), some are activated by volatile 14: 4672: 4273: 3899: 3497: 3495: 3316: 2804: 2026: 1396:, an organ in swallowtail caterpillars 1155:Axillary steroids are produced by the 818: 4458: 4360: 4155:Wysocki CJ, Preti G (November 2004). 4108:"Mouse data hint at human pheromones" 3953: 3534: 3510:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3312: 3310: 3308: 3157: 2998:Pantages E, Dulac C (December 2000). 2022: 2020: 1869:J Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1596: 1239:A class of aliphatic acids (volatile 1059: 493:Gregarious caterpillars, such as the 4282:Principles of Cognitive Neuroscience 3572: 3553: 3463: 2830:"Trace amine receptor: Introduction" 2061: 1928: 1256:Stimulators of the vomeronasal organ 1150: 4446:, the database of insect pheromones 4314:Recent Progress in Hormone Research 3575:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3492: 3466:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2064:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1931:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1904:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1085: 310:, and stored product weevils (e.g. 270:Aggregation pheromones function in 24: 4301: 3432: 3305: 3164:Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 2017: 1306:major histocompatibility complexes 598:and the multicellular green algae 25: 4701: 4437: 3522:neuroscience exploring the brain. 3506:Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain 1114:Human sex pheromone controversies 166:in 1959, based on the Greek φέρω 4450:Sexual Orientation, in the Brain 4231:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 3960:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 2283:10.1111/j.1439-0418.2008.01286.x 1286:trace amine-associated receptors 1102:pheromones are sprayed into the 836:trace amine-associated receptors 4099: 4048: 3947: 3815: 3772: 3720: 3669: 3337: 3201: 3192: 3151: 3092: 3032: 2876:Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2798: 2747: 2696: 2653: 2640: 2605: 2556: 2521: 2470: 2384: 2363: 2340: 2297: 2262: 2211: 2169: 2149: 2090: 2055: 1966: 1957: 1922: 1895: 1860: 1841: 1780: 1672:"Insect aggregation pheromones" 1054: 830:Trace amine-associated receptor 3099:Hildebrand JG (January 1995). 2306:Journal of Theoretical Biology 2103:. Princeton University Press. 1747: 1705:Biology and Fertility of Soils 1689: 1664: 1626: 1545: 1510: 1467: 1437: 1106:, and those sows that exhibit 700:uses this. With regard to the 418: 241: 13: 1: 4413:10.1095/biolreprod.102.008268 3017:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)00157-4 2650:. Retrieved 26 September 2015 2542:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.07.004 2271:Journal of Applied Entomology 2084:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00097-7 2033:. : Elsevier Academic Press. 1889:10.1016/S0305-1978(01)00099-0 1519:Journal of Chemical Education 1488:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00493-4 1431: 1008:within individual organisms. 401: 149: 4026:10.1016/0306-4530(75)90007-4 3877:10.1016/0301-0511(83)90056-X 3822:Strassmann BI (March 1999). 3619:Journal of Advanced Research 3418:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 3078:10.1126/science.286.5440.716 2959:10.1371/journal.pone.0144704 2870:Liberles SD (October 2015). 2413:10.1126/science.225.4661.531 2369:Dusenbery, David B. (2009). 2097:Miklósi, Ádám (2018-04-03). 977: 304:), the pea and bean weevil ( 84:) is a secreted or excreted 78: 'to bear' and 7: 4342:Neuro Endocrinology Letters 3925:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.002 3438:Wyatt, Tristram D. (2003). 3346:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2662:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2479:Journal of Chemical Ecology 2128:"Kimball, J.W. Pheromones. 1975:Journal of Chemical Ecology 1789:Journal of Chemical Ecology 1650:10.1515/bchm2.1961.324.1.71 1608:Neuro Endocrinology Letters 1326: 1015:Evolution of sex pheromones 972:G protein-coupled receptors 934:membranes, and also by the 840:G protein-coupled receptors 824:In the olfactory epithelium 779: 10: 4706: 3632:10.1016/j.jare.2011.03.003 2888:10.1016/j.conb.2015.01.001 2614:Journal of Natural History 2444:Journal of Insect Behavior 2100:The Dog: A Natural History 1725:10.1007/s00374-019-01365-8 1280:sub-class is found in the 1123: 1117: 1063: 1023: 944:accessory olfactory system 915: 899:behavioral responses to a 827: 504: 457: 335: 237:Categorization by function 158:"pheromone" was coined by 64: 32:Pheromone (disambiguation) 29: 4649: 4579: 4554: 4506: 4497: 4106:Pearson H (August 2006). 3793:10.1007/s12110-006-1005-z 3587:10.1007/s00265-003-0613-4 3478:10.1007/s00265-003-0613-4 3366:10.1007/s10886-010-9805-3 3234:10.1016/j.cub.2007.10.041 2725:10.1007/s11692-009-9069-4 2626:10.1080/00222931003615703 2569:Journal of Insect Science 2456:10.1007/s10905-009-9193-0 2197:10.1007/s00040-008-0994-5 1951:10.1016/j.bse.2004.12.009 1916:10.1016/j.bse.2011.01.013 1819:10.1007/s10886-008-9450-2 1445:"Definition of pheromone" 1389:Membrane steroid receptor 806: 788: 258:Aggregation of the water 250:Aggregation of bug nymphs 199:autonomous nervous system 4014:Psychoneuroendocrinology 912:In the vomeronasal organ 730: 664:, use pheromones during 592:, the ciliate protozoan 589:Dictyostelium discoideum 564:, the filamentous fungi 561:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 542:Streptococcus pneumoniae 453: 331: 4401:Biology of Reproduction 4215:10.1093/beheco/12.2.140 3954:Wyatt TD (April 2015). 3841:10.1093/humrep/14.3.579 3291:10.1126/science.7939661 2130:Kimball's Biology Pages 1235:Vaginal aliphatic acids 1020:Avoidance of inbreeding 745:Royal pheromones (bees) 495:forest tent caterpillar 4251:10.1098/rspb.1995.0087 3972:10.1098/rspb.2014.2994 3535:Riley A (9 May 2016). 3454:have been documented." 3158:Stoka AM (June 1999). 3041:Physiology of behavior 2648:Natural History Museum 2326:10.1006/jtbi.1997.0459 2237:10.1098/rsif.2019.0848 1384:Major urinary proteins 1247:) was found in female 775:Categorization by type 523: 500: 444:urinating on landmarks 439: 267: 251: 170:('I carry') and ὁρμων 50: 4382:Living at Micro Scale 4380:Dusenbery DB (2009). 3913:Hormones and Behavior 3865:Biological Psychology 3177:10.1677/jme.0.0220207 2371:Living at Micro Scale 1760:American Entomologist 1379:List of neurosteroids 1118:Further information: 968:vomeronasal receptors 916:Further information: 828:Further information: 796:Schistocerca gregaria 650:Pseudophryne bibronii 626:Leptothorax acervorum 595:Blepharisma japonicum 580:, the aquatic fungus 514: 448:displacement activity 430:using pheromones and 426: 391:Antilocapra americana 257: 249: 40: 3126:10.1073/pnas.92.1.67 2807:Anti-Locust Bulletin 2705:Evolutionary Biology 1364:Honey bee pheromones 1282:olfactory epithelium 1120:Human sex pheromones 1026:Inbreeding avoidance 918:Vomeronasal receptor 872:olfactory epithelium 868:olfactory epithelium 652:, and the butterfly 604:. In addition, male 583:Allomyces macrogynus 475:Monomorium pharaonis 346:) or aggression (in 319:Sitophilus granarius 30:For other uses, see 4243:1995RSPSB.260..245W 4196:Milinski M (2001). 4124:2006Natur.442..495P 4077:10.1038/nature05066 4069:2006Natur.442..645L 3741:1998Natur.392..177S 3690:1971Natur.229..244M 3358:2010JCEco..36..855M 3283:1994Sci...266..271J 3226:2007CBio...17.2061S 3117:1995PNAS...92...67H 3039:Carlson NR (2013). 2950:2015PLoSO..1044704W 2836:on 23 February 2014 2776:10.1038/nature01739 2768:2003Natur.424...68S 2717:2009EvBio..36..267Y 2674:1979JCEco...5..603S 2491:1990JCEco..16.3511S 2405:1984Sci...225..531R 2318:1997JThBi.188...69B 2076:2002BioSE..30..361W 1987:1984JCEco..10.1425P 1943:2005BioSE..33..651W 1881:2002BioSE..30..217W 1801:2008JCEco..34..478S 1754:Landolt JP (1997). 1717:2019BioFS..55..425S 1566:1959Natur.183...55K 1531:1983JChEd..60..531W 1006:endocrine signaling 876:olfactory receptors 838:are a group of six 819:Pheromone receptors 708:Bombus hyperboreus, 654:Edith's checkerspot 577:Achlya ambisexualis 4596:(PH94B; Aloradine) 4202:Behavioral Ecology 4174:10.1002/ar.a.20125 3966:(1804): 20142994. 3828:Human Reproduction 2682:10.1007/bf00987845 2620:(15–16): 959–968. 2499:10.1007/BF00982114 2027:Marcus JB (2019). 1995:10.1007/BF00990313 1773:10.1093/ae/43.1.12 1060:Pheromone trapping 740:Nasonov pheromones 703:Bombus hyperboreus 524: 440: 371:Polistes exclamans 313:Sitophilus zeamais 301:Anthonomus grandis 268: 252: 233:to attract mates. 126:. Their use among 51: 4667: 4666: 4575: 4574: 4391:978-0-674-03116-6 4372:978-0-521-48526-5 4361:Wyatt TD (2003). 4291:978-0-87893-694-6 4237:(1359): 245–249. 4063:(7103): 645–650. 3735:(6672): 177–179. 3684:(5282): 244–245. 3517:978-0-7817-6003-4 3277:(5183): 271–273. 3220:(23): 2061–2066. 3072:(5440): 716–720. 3050:978-0-205-23939-9 2581:10.1093/jis/5.1.6 2485:(12): 3511–3521. 2399:(4661): 531–533. 2379:978-0-674-03116-6 2230:(167): 20190848. 2110:978-1-4008-8999-0 2040:978-0-12-813528-0 1981:(10): 1425–1433. 1539:10.1021/ed060p531 1482:(10): 1579–1596. 1369:Insect pheromones 1262:vomeronasal organ 1208:Martha McClintock 1203:McClintock effect 1151:Axillary steroids 1141:vomeronasal organ 1048:Bombus lapidarius 962:it appears to be 936:vomeronasal organ 813:lordosis behavior 644:Xylocopa sonorina 610:three-dimensional 586:, the slime mold 574:, the water mold 567:Neurospora crassa 536:Bacillus subtilis 517:Danaus chrysippus 481:Eciton burchellii 432:olfactory signals 325:Sitophilus oryzae 180:Joseph A. Lintner 16:(Redirected from 4697: 4690:Chemical ecology 4658:Steroid hormones 4504: 4503: 4479: 4472: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4432: 4407:(6): 2107–2113. 4395: 4376: 4357: 4339: 4329: 4296: 4295: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4176: 4167:(1): 1201–1211. 4152: 4146: 4145: 4135: 4103: 4097: 4096: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4005: 3994: 3993: 3983: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3908: 3897: 3896: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3843: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3698:10.1038/229244a0 3673: 3667: 3666: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3610: 3599: 3598: 3570: 3551: 3550: 3548: 3547: 3532: 3526: 3524: 3509: 3499: 3490: 3489: 3461: 3455: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3401: 3386: 3385: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3314: 3303: 3302: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3245: 3205: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3155: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3128: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3019: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2971: 2961: 2944:(12): e0144704. 2929: 2918: 2913: 2899: 2867: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2826: 2815: 2814: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2700: 2694: 2693: 2657: 2651: 2646:"Alpinobombus". 2644: 2638: 2637: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2592: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2530:Animal Behaviour 2525: 2519: 2518: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2388: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2249: 2239: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2185:Insectes Sociaux 2182: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2153: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2134:. Archived from 2124: 2115: 2114: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2024: 2015: 2014: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1812: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1702: 1693: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1603: 1594: 1593: 1574:10.1038/183055a0 1549: 1543: 1542: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1441: 1425:Chemical ecology 1229:publication bias 1198:menstrual cycles 1086:Animal husbandry 901:receptor agonist 677:Tenebrio molitor 671:Colias eurytheme 428:Dogs communicate 365:Vespula squamosa 197:, including the 176:Jean-Henri Fabre 156:portmanteau word 144:chemical ecology 103:trail pheromones 75: 68: 21: 4705: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4670: 4669: 4668: 4663: 4645: 4571: 4550: 4531:Androstadienone 4493: 4483: 4440: 4435: 4392: 4373: 4337: 4304: 4302:Further reading 4299: 4292: 4278: 4274: 4227: 4223: 4194: 4190: 4153: 4149: 4133:10.1038/442495a 4104: 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Called the 1283: 1279: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1243:as a kind of 1242: 1232: 1230: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1137:peer reviewed 1131: 1127: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 996: 995:multicellular 992: 989: 984: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 919: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 831: 816: 814: 804: 802: 798: 797: 786: 769: 765: 762: 758: 754: 750: 747: 744: 742:(worker bees) 741: 738: 737: 736: 728: 726: 725:antheridiogen 721: 719: 715: 713: 709: 705: 704: 699: 698: 692: 689: 688: 682: 680: 678: 673: 672: 667: 663: 659: 658:lepidopterans 655: 651: 647: 645: 640: 639: 634: 633: 628: 627: 621: 619: 618:fertilization 615: 611: 608:can follow a 607: 603: 602: 597: 596: 591: 590: 585: 584: 579: 578: 573: 569: 568: 563: 562: 556: 554: 550: 549: 544: 543: 538: 537: 531: 529: 522: 521:Kerala, India 518: 513: 508: 507:Sex pheromone 498: 496: 491: 489: 488: 483: 482: 477: 476: 471: 467: 461: 451: 449: 445: 437: 433: 429: 425: 416: 414: 409: 399: 397: 392: 388: 383: 381: 377: 373: 372: 367: 366: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 339: 329: 327: 326: 321: 320: 315: 314: 309: 308: 303: 302: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 266: 265: 261: 256: 248: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 219:immune system 216: 212: 211:physiological 208: 204: 200: 196: 195:neurocircuits 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 160:Peter Karlson 157: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 122: 121:multicellular 118: 115: 111: 110: 105: 104: 98: 96: 91: 87: 83: 82: 77: 74: 67: 63: 60: 59:Ancient Greek 56: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 4654: 4653: 4541:Androsterone 4536:Androstenone 4498: 4486: 4404: 4400: 4381: 4362: 4345: 4341: 4317: 4313: 4281: 4275: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4208:(2): 140–9. 4205: 4201: 4191: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4017: 4013: 3963: 3959: 3949: 3916: 3912: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3784: 3781:Human Nature 3780: 3774: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3654: 3650: 3622: 3618: 3581:(2): 89–97. 3578: 3574: 3544:. 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Sep 2008" 1910:: 135–138. 1681:19 February 1676:www.msu.edu 1634:Butenandt A 1459:14 February 1449:Medicinenet 1334:Aphrodisiac 1317:aphrodisiac 1294:Orthologous 1270:pseudogenes 1241:fatty acids 1181:androstenol 1080:spongy moth 1076:acrobat ant 991:prokaryotes 988:unicellular 801:Maud Norris 718:Sea urchins 712:octadecenol 662:ghost moths 419:Territorial 292:Dictyoptera 272:mate choice 242:Aggregation 217:signaling, 132:vertebrates 119:to complex 117:prokaryotes 114:unicellular 4680:Pheromones 4674:Categories 4594:Fasedienol 4499:Pheromones 4487:pheromones 3625:(1): 1–9. 3546:2016-05-09 3452:copulation 2352:0125241607 2162:2006-03-14 2142:2008-11-01 2049:1097958893 1856:: 332–334. 1432:References 1394:Osmeterium 1260:The human 1124:See also: 1078:, and the 1032:inbreeding 1024:See also: 998:eukaryotes 952:catarrhine 893:attractive 834:The human 766:Suckling: 666:lek mating 641:, the bee 553:Competence 413:epideictic 402:Epideictic 380:herbivores 296:Orthoptera 280:Collembola 276:Coleoptera 260:springtail 188:ethologist 150:Background 124:eukaryotes 97:pheromones 57:(from 41:A fanning 4655:See also: 4444:Pherobase 4310:Wilson EO 3663:0362-2428 3267:Hughes KA 2911:encoding. 2733:0071-3260 2536:: 47–54. 1805:CiteSeerX 1741:159042283 1733:0178-2762 1644:: 71–83. 1420:Stigmergy 1374:Kairomone 1266:epithelia 1126:Body odor 1002:paracrine 978:Evolution 964:atrophied 932:olfactory 803:in 1954. 648:the frog 387:pronghorn 288:Hemiptera 213:changes, 209:mediated 55:pheromone 18:Pheremone 4641:Salubrin 4600:Itruvone 4581:Pherines 4556:Volatile 4508:Steroids 4429:29125811 4421:12606409 4354:11600881 4326:14284035 4267:34971350 4183:15470677 4142:16885951 4085:16878137 4042:38274482 3990:25740891 3941:17022112 3933:19470369 3893:54325922 3850:10221677 3801:26181612 3595:37400635 3541:BBC News 3486:37400635 3426:15653193 3374:20509042 3331:25085362 3252:17997307 3186:10343281 3086:10531049 3026:11163270 2978:26684881 2938:PLOS ONE 2906:25616211 2784:12840760 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