Postpartum depression

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regarding PPD, it is often left untreated as women frequently report feeling ashamed about seeking help and are concerned about being labeled as a "bad mother" if they acknowledge that they are experiencing depression. Although there has been previous research interest in depression-related stigma, few studies have addressed PPD stigma. One study studied PPD stigma by examining how an education intervention would impact it. They hypothesized that an education intervention would significantly influence PPD stigma scores. Although they found some consistency with previous mental health stigma studies, for example, that males had higher levels of personal PPD stigma than females, most of the PPD results were inconsistent with other mental health studies. For example, they hypothesized that education intervention would lower PPD stigma scores, but in reality, there was no significant impact, and also familiarity with PPD was not associated with one's stigma towards people with PPD. This study was a strong starting point for further PPD research but indicates more needs to be done to learn what the most effective anti-stigma strategies are specifically for PPD.

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had to reach out and participate, around 27% of the sample population had symptoms consistent with postpartum depression without even knowing. Also found that on average 8.46 women had minor and major PPDS was found to be 8.46 and 8.69% respectively. The main factors that were found to contribute to this study were the stress during pregnancy, the availability of support after, and a prior diagnosis of depression were all found to be factors. Canada has specific population demographics that also involve a large amount of immigrant and indigenous women which creates a specific cultural demographic localized to Canada. In this study, researchers found that these two populations were at significantly higher risk compared to "Canadian-born non-indigenous mothers". This study found that risk factors such as low education, low-income cut-off, taking antidepressants, and low social support are all factors that contribute to the higher percentage of these populations developing PPDS. Specifically, indigenous mothers had the most risk factors than immigrant mothers with non-indigenous Canadian women being closer to the overall population.

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are no set criteria for men to have postpartum depression. The cause may be distinct in males. Causes of paternal postpartum depression include hormonal changes during pregnancy, which can be indicative of father-child relationships. For instance, male depressive symptoms have been associated with low testosterone levels in men. Low prolactin, estrogen, and vasopressin levels have been associated with struggles with father-infant attachment, which can lead to depression in first-time fathers. Symptoms of postpartum depression in men are extreme sadness, fatigue, anxiety, irritability, and suicidal thoughts. Postpartum depression in men is most likely to occur 3–6 months after delivery and is correlated with maternal depression, meaning that if the mother is experiencing postpartum depression, then the father is at a higher risk of developing the illness as well. Postpartum depression in men leads to an increased risk of suicide, while also limiting healthy infant-father attachment. Men who experience PPD can exhibit poor parenting behaviors, and distress, and reduce infant interaction.

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Morocco between 6.9% and 14%, in Nigeria between 10.7% and 22.9%, in Uganda 43%, in Tanzania 12%, in Zimbabwe 33%, in Sudan 9.2%, in Kenya between 13% and 18.7% and, 19.9% for participants in Ethiopia according to studies carried out in these countries among postpartum mothers between the ages of 17–49. This demonstrates the gravity of this problem in Africa and the need for postpartum depression to be taken seriously as a public health concern in the continent. Additionally, each of these studies was conducted using Western-developed assessment tools. Cultural factors can affect diagnosis and can be a barrier to assessing the burden of disease. Some recommendations to combat postpartum depression in Africa include considering postpartum depression as a public health problem that is neglected among postpartum mothers. Investing in research to assess the actual prevalence of postpartum depression, and encourage early screening, diagnosis, and treatment of postpartum depression as an essential aspect of maternal care throughout Africa.

1737:. Another factor is related to the region's women's lack of access to care services because many societies within the region do not prioritize mental health and do not perceive it as a serious issue. The prevailing crises and wars within some countries of the region, lack of education, polygamy, and early childbearing are additional factors. Fertility rates in Palestine are noticeably high; higher fertility rates have been connected to a possible pattern where birth rates increase after violent episodes. Research conducted on Arab women indicates that more cases of postpartum depression are associated with increased parity. A study found that the most common pregnancy and birth variable reported to be associated with PPD in the Middle East was an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy while having a female baby instead of a male baby is also discussed as a factor with 2 to 4 times higher risk. 1109:

traumatic event. The DSM-IV and DSM-5 (standard classifications of mental disorders used by medical professionals) do not explicitly recognize childbirth-related PTSD, but both allow childbirth to be considered as a potential cause of PTSD. Childbirth-related PTSD is closely related to postpartum depression. Research indicates mothers who have childbirth-related PTSD also commonly have postpartum depression. Childbirth-related PTSD and postpartum depression have some common symptoms. Although both diagnoses overlap in their signs and symptoms, some symptoms specific to postpartum PTSD include being easily startled, recurring nightmares and flashbacks, avoiding the baby or anything that reminds one of birth, aggression, irritability, and panic attacks. Real or perceived trauma before, during, or after childbirth is a crucial element in diagnosing childbirth-related PTSD.

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financial obstacles, serve as help-seeking barriers. A history of mistrust within the United States healthcare system or negative health experiences can influence one's willingness and adherence to seek postpartum depression treatment. Cultural responses must be adequate in PPD healthcare and resources. Representation and cultural competency are crucial to equitable healthcare for PPD. Different ethnic groups may believe that healthcare providers will not respect their cultural values or religious practices, which influences their willingness to use mental health services or be prescribed antidepressant medications. Additionally, resources for PPD are limited and often don't incorporate what mothers would prefer. The use of technology can be a beneficial way to provide mothers with resources because it is accessible and convenient.

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analysis put a mean prevalence at 10-15% percent but explicitly stated that cultural factors such as perception of mental health and stigma could be preventing accurate reporting. The analysis for South America shows that PPD occurs at a high rate looking comparatively at Brazil (42%) Chile (4.6-48%) Guyana and Colombia (57%) and Venezuela (22%). In most of these countries, PPD is not considered a serious condition for women and therefore there is an absence of support programs for prevention and treatment in health systems. Specifically, in Brazil PPD is identified through the family environment whereas in Chile PPD manifests itself through suicidal ideation and emotional instability. In both cases, most women feel regret and refuse to take care of the child showing that this illness is serious for both the mother and child.

602:, children can experience the effects of postpartum depression. If a mother experiences postpartum depression that goes untreated, it can have adverse effects on her children. When a child is in infancy, these problems can include unusual amounts of crying (colic) and not having normal sleeping patterns. These problems can have a cyclical effect, meaning that they can further agitate the mother's postpartum depression and can even lead to the mother further developing postpartum depression. These cyclical effects can affect the way the mother maintains her relationship with her child. These can include the stopping of breastfeeding, as well as negative emotions such as withdrawal, disengagement, and even hostility. If a mother develops a hostile relationship, it can lead to extreme outcomes such as infanticide. 1667:

migrant and giving birth to a child overseas has also been identified as a risk factor for PPD. Specifically for Japanese women who were born and raised in Japan but who gave birth to their child in Hawaii, USA, about 50% of them experienced emotional dysfunction during their pregnancy. All women who gave birth for the first time and were included in the study experienced PPD. In immigrant Asian Indian women, the researchers found a minor depressive symptomatology rate of 28% and an additional major depressive symptomatology rate of 24% likely due to different healthcare attitudes in different cultures and distance from family leading to homesickness.

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mother and daughter-in-law are notoriously common in Asian societies as traditionally for them, marriage means the daughter-in-law joining and adjusting to the groom's family completely. These conflicts may be responsible for the emergence of PPD. Regarding the gender of the child, many studies have suggested dissatisfaction with an infant's gender (birth of a baby girl) is a risk factor for PPD. This is because, in some Asian cultures, married couples are expected by the family to have at least one son to maintain the continuity of the bloodline which might lead a woman to experience PPD if she cannot give birth to a baby boy.

1805:. A 16th-century physician, Castello Branco, documented a case of postpartum depression without the formal title as a relatively healthy woman with melancholy after childbirth, remained insane for a month, and recovered with treatment. Although this treatment was not described, experimental treatments began to be implemented for postpartum depression for the centuries that followed. Connections between female reproductive function and mental illness would continue to center around reproductive organs from this time through to the modern age, with a slowly evolving discussion around "female madness". 915:

Depression Scale scores than the heterosexual women in the sample. Postpartum depression is more common among lesbian women than heterosexual women, which can be attributed to lesbian women's higher depression prevalence. Lesbian women have a higher risk of depression because they are more likely to have been treated for depression and to have attempted or contemplated suicide than heterosexual women. These higher rates of PPD in lesbian/bisexual mothers may reflect less social support, particularly from their families of origin, and additional stress due to homophobic discrimination in society.

1801:, was a Christian mystic. She was a pilgrim known as "Madwoman" after having a tough labor and delivery. There was a long physical recovery period during which she started descending into "madness" and became suicidal. Based on her descriptions of visions of demons and conversations she wrote about that she had with religious figures like God and the Virgin Mary, historians have identified what Margery Kempe was experiencing as "postnatal psychosis" and not postpartum depression. This distinction became important to emphasize the difference between postpartum depression and 1947:, a former nurse, became pregnant for the first time in 1993. After giving birth to five children in the coming years, she had severe depression and many depressive episodes. This led to her believing that her children needed to be saved and that by killing them, she could rescue their eternal souls. She drowned her children one by one for an hour, by holding their heads underwater in their family bathtub. When called into trial, she felt that she had saved her children rather than harming them and that this action would contribute to defeating Satan. 1156:

more physical symptoms, whereas those in Western countries have more feelings of sadness. Depending on one's cultural background, symptoms of postpartum depression may manifest differently, and non-Westerners being screened in Western countries may be misdiagnosed because their screening tools do not account for cultural diversity. Aside from culture, it is also important to consider one's social context, as women with low socioeconomic status may have additional stressors that affect their postpartum depression screening scores.

60: 1204:(IPT). Support groups and group therapy options focused on psychoeducation around postpartum depression have been shown to enhance the understanding of postpartum symptoms and often assist in finding further treatment options. Other forms of therapy, such as group therapy, home visits, counseling, and ensuring greater sleep for the mother may also have a benefit. While specialists trained in providing counseling interventions often serve this population in need, results from a recent 12147: 1117:

factors). Research has identified several factors that increase the chance of developing childbirth-related PTSD. These include a negative subjective experience of childbirth, maternal mental health (prenatal depression, perinatal anxiety, acute postpartum depression, and history of psychological problems), history of trauma, complications with delivery and baby (for example emergency cesarean section or NICU admittance), and a low level of social support.

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maternity leave, healthcare, and financial security, are regulated and influenced by local policies that differ across countries. For example, European social policies differ from country to country contrary to the US, all countries provide some form of paid universal maternity leave and free healthcare. Studies also found differences in symptomatic manifestations of PPD between European and American women. Women from Europe reported higher scores of

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prevalence measurement. For instance, the studies varied in their approach, with some using a longitudinal panel method tracking PPD at multiple points during pregnancy and postpartum periods, while others employed cross-sectional approaches to estimate point or period prevalences. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was commonly used across these studies, yet variations in cutoff scores further determined the results of prevalence.

1479:(IECMH) center is a related technical assistance program that utilizes evidence-based treatment services to address issues of PPD. The IECMH facilitates parenting and home visit programs, early care site interventions with parents and children, and a variety of other consultation-based services. The IECMH's initiatives seek to educate home visitors on screening protocols for PPD as well as ways to refer depressed mothers to professional help. 1241:(CBT) has shown promising results with lower negative parenting behavior scores and lower rates of anxiety, stress, and depression. CBT may be beneficial for mothers who have limitations in accessing in-person CBT. However, the long-term benefits have not been determined. The implementation of cognitive behavioral therapy happens to be one of the most successful and well-known forms of therapy regarding PPD. In simple terms, 1152:

their infant remains in the neonatal intensive care unit. Mothers who score between twelve and nineteen on the EPDS are offered two types of support. The mothers are offered LV treatment provided by a nurse in the NICU and they can be referred to the mental health professional services. If a mother receives a three on item number ten of the EPDS they are immediately referred to the social work team as they may be suicidal.

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follow-up. For example, in Canada, Alberta is the only province with universal PPD screening. This screening is carried out by Public Health nurses with the baby's immunization schedule. In Sweden, Child Health Services offers a free program for new parents that includes screening mothers for PPD at 2 months postpartum. However, there are concerns about adherence to screening guidelines regarding maternal mental health.

705:. Estradiol levels increase during pregnancy, then drastically decrease following childbirth. When estradiol levels drop postpartum, the levels of serotonin decline as well. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood. Low serotonin levels cause feelings of depression and anxiety. Thus, when estradiol levels are low, serotonin can be low, suggesting that estradiol plays a role in the development of PPD. 1829:

between pregnancy or childbirth and female mental illness. It wasn't until the onset of the twentieth century that the attitude of the scientific community shifted once again: the consensus amongst gynecologists and other medical experts was to turn away from the idea of diseased reproductive organs and instead towards more "scientific theories" that encompassed a broadening medical perspective on mental illness.

514:. Brain activation differences between depressed and nondepressed mothers are more pronounced when stimulated by non-infant emotional cues. Depressed mothers show greater neural activity in the right amygdala toward non-infant emotional cues as well as reduced connectivity between the amygdala and right insular cortex. Recent findings have also identified blunted activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, 976:

Psychological and cultural factors associated with increased incidence of postpartum depression include family history of depression, stressful life events during early puberty or pregnancy, anxiety or depression during pregnancy, and low social support. Violence against women is a chronic stressor, so depression may occur when someone is no longer able to respond to the violence.

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undergo significant stress and life changes during the postpartum period, similar to biological mothers. This , may raise their chance of developing depressive symptoms and anxious tendencies. Postpartum depression presents in adoptive mothers via sleep deprivation similar to birth mothers, but adoptive parents have added risk factors such as a history of infertility.

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limited access to resources while transitioning into motherhood. These women already have fewer spending options, and having a child may spread those options even further. Low-income women are frequently trapped in a cycle of poverty, unable to advance, affecting their ability to access and receive quality healthcare to diagnose and treat postpartum depression.

1475:(SAMHSA) whose disaster relief program provides medical assistance at both the national and local level. The disaster relief fund not only helps to raise awareness of the benefits of having healthcare professionals screen for PPD but also helps childhood professionals (home visitors and early care providers) develop the skills to diagnose and prevent PPD. The 641:

worries about social stigma and employment opportunities. Concerns were also raised about possible child removal and a parent's diagnosis including mental illness. From the studies conducted thus far, although limited, it is evident that there is a much larger population that experiences depression associated with childbirth than just biological mothers.

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possess less than 12 years of education, are unmarried, smoke during pregnancy, experience over two stressful life events, or have full-term infant is low-birthweight or was admitted to a NICU. While US prevalence decreased from 2004 to 2012, it did not decrease among American Indian/Alaska Native women or those with full term, low-birthweight infants.

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which can affect data. The stigma of mental health - with or without support from family members and health professionals - often deters women from seeking help for their PPD. When medical help is achieved, some women find the diagnosis helpful and encourage a higher profile for PPD amongst the health professional community.

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women and men throughout the United States. Peer support models are appealing to many women because they are offered in a group and outside of the mental health setting. The website Postpartum Progress provides a comprehensive list of support groups separated by state and includes the contact information for each group. The

1352:(REMS) program. The mother is to be enrolled before receiving the medication. It is only available to those at certified healthcare facilities with a healthcare provider who can continually monitor the patient. The infusion itself is a 60-hour, or 2.5-day, process. People's oxygen levels are to be monitored with a 1903:

has been identified as a significant risk factor for postpartum depression in many Arab regions. Based on cultural beliefs that place importance on mothers, mothers-in-law have significant influences on daughters-in-law and grandchildren's lives in such societies as the husbands frequently have close

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that is known as "doing the month" (confinement) in which they spend the first 30 days after giving birth resting in bed, while the mother or mother-in-law takes care of domestic duties and childcare. In addition, the new mother is not allowed to bathe or shower, wash her hair, clean her teeth, leave

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Africa, like all other parts of the world, struggles with the burden of postpartum depression. Current studies estimate the prevalence to be 15-25% but this is likely higher due to a lack of data and recorded cases. The magnitude of postpartum depression in South Africa is between 31.7% and 39.6%, in

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A main issue surrounding PPD is the lack of study and the lack of reported prevalence that is based on studies developed in Western economically developed countries. In countries such as Brazil, Guyana, Costa Rica, Italy, Chile, and South Africa reports are prevalent, around 60%. An itemized research

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Within the United States, the prevalence of postpartum depression was lower than the global approximation at 11.5% but varied between states from as low as 8% to as high as 20.1%. The highest prevalence in the US is found among women who are American Indian/Alaska Natives or Asian/Pacific Islanders,

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However, hotlines can lack cultural competency which is crucial in quality healthcare, specifically for people of color. Calling the police or 911, specifically for mental health crises, is dangerous for many people of color. Culturally and structurally competent emergency hotlines are a huge need in

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Government guidance recommends caution when administering antidepressant medications during breastfeeding. Most antidepressants are excreted in breast milk in low quantities which can have adverse effects on babies. Regarding allopregnanolone, very limited data did not indicate a risk for the infant.

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in postpartum depression. Allopregnanolone levels drop after giving birth, which may lead to women becoming depressed and anxious. Some trials have demonstrated an effect on PPD within 48 hours from the start of infusion. Other new allopregnanolone analogs under evaluation for use in the treatment of

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A 2013 Cochrane review found evidence that psychosocial or psychological intervention after childbirth helped reduce the risk of postnatal depression. These interventions included home visits, telephone-based peer support, and interpersonal psychotherapy. Support is an important aspect of prevention,

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It is critical to acknowledge the diversity of patient populations diagnosed with postpartum depression and how this may impact the reliability of the screening tools used. There are cultural differences in how patients express symptoms of postpartum depression; those in non-western countries exhibit

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Approximately 3-6% of mothers in the postpartum period have childbirth-related PTSD. The percentage of individuals with childbirth-related PTSD is approximately 15-18% in high-risk samples (women who experience severe birth complications, have a history of sexual/physical violence, or have other risk

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has also been studied as a risk factor for PPD. In a 2007 study conducted by Ross and colleagues, lesbian and bisexual mothers were tested for PPD and then compared with a heterosexual sample group. It was found that lesbian and bisexual biological mothers had significantly higher Edinburgh Postnatal

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are also frequently hypothesized to cause PPD. However, little evidence supports this hypothesis. Mothers who have had several previous children without experiencing PPD can nonetheless experience it with their latest child. Despite the biological and psychosocial changes that may accompany pregnancy

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Postpartum depression is not limited to biological mothers and is not unique to them specifically. While not much research has been done regarding post-adoption depression, difficulties associated with parenting post-partum are similar between biological and adoptive parents. Women who adopt children

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Postpartum depression affects roughly 8.9 to 10.1% of women in high-income countries and 17.8 to 19.7% of women in low and middle-income countries. Postpartum depression commonly affects mothers who have experienced stillbirth, live in urban areas and adolescent mothers. Moreover, this mood disorder

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Postpartum depression is still linked to significant stigma. This can also be difficult when trying to determine the true prevalence of postpartum depression. Participants in studies about PPD carry their beliefs, perceptions, cultural context, and stigma of mental health in their cultures with them

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Also during the 19th century, gynecologists embraced the idea that female reproductive organs, and the natural processes they were involved in, were at fault for "female insanity." Approximately 10% of asylum admissions during this period are connected to "puerperal insanity," the named intersection

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Even with the variety of studies, it is difficult to find the exact rate as approximately 60% of US women are not diagnosed and of those diagnosed, approximately 50% are not treated for PPD. Cesarean section rates did not affect the rates of PPD. While there is discussion of postpartum depression in

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Those with PPD come across many help-seeking barriers, including lack of knowledge, stigma about symptoms, as well as health service barriers. There are also attitudinal barriers to seeking treatment, including stigma. Interpersonal relationships with friends and family, as well as institutional and

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A lack of social support has been identified as a barrier to seeking help for postpartum depression. Peer support programs have been identified as an effective intervention for women experiencing symptoms of postpartum depression. In-person, online, and telephone support groups are available to both

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The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale is used within the first week of the newborn being admitted. If mothers receive a score less than 12 they are told to be reassessed because of the depression testing protocol. It is also advised that mothers in the NICU get screened every four to six weeks as

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and postpartum depression. African American mothers have been shown to have the highest risk of PPD at 25%, while Asian mothers had the lowest at 11.5%, after controlling for social factors such as age, income, education, marital status, and baby's health. The PPD rates for First Nations, Caucasian,

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with PPD. This correlation does not mean these factors are causal. Cigarette smoking has been known to have additive effects. Some studies have found a link between PPD and low levels of DHA (an omega-3 fatty acid) in the mother. A correlation between postpartum thyroiditis and postpartum depression

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levels drop back to pre-pregnancy levels within 24 hours of giving birth, and that sudden change may cause it. Aberrant steroid hormone-dependent regulation of neuronal calcium influx via extracellular matrix proteins and membrane receptors involved in responding to the cell's microenvironment might

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lists a virtual support group titled "The Shades of Blue Project," which is available to all women via the submission of a name and email address. Additionally, NAMI recommends the website "National Association of Professional and Peer Lactation Supports of Color" for mothers in need of a lactation

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Therapeutic methods of intervention can begin as early as a few days post-birth when most mothers are discharged from hospitals. Research surveys have revealed a paucity of professional, and emotional support for women struggling in the weeks following delivery despite there being a heightened risk

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is the most recognized international resource for those with PPD as well as healthcare providers. It brings together those experiencing PPD, volunteers, and professionals to share information, referrals, and support networks. Services offered by PSI include the website (with support, education, and

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is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders. While being a wide branch of therapy, it remains very beneficial when tackling specific emotional distress, which is the foundation of PPD. Thus, CBT manages

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According to two other studies, LGBTQ2S+ people were discouraged from accessing postpartum mental health services due to societal stigma adding a social barrier that heteronormative mothers do not have. Lesbian participants expressed apprehension about receiving a mental health diagnosis because of

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Paternal postpartum depression has not been studied as much as its maternal counterpart. However, postpartum depression affects 8 to 10% of fathers. In men, postpartum depression is typically defined as "an episode of major depressive disorder (MDD) occurring soon after the birth of a child". There

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This was one of the first public and notable cases of postpartum psychosis, which helped create a dialogue on women's mental health after childbirth. The court found that Yates was experiencing mental illness concerns, and the trial started the conversation of mental illness in cases of murder and

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Canada has one of the largest refugee resettlement in the world with an equal percentage of women to men. This means that Canada has a disproportionate percentage of women who develop postpartum depression since there is an increased risk among the refugee population. In a blind study, where women

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is a blog focused on being a community of mothers talking openly about postpartum depression and other mental health conditions associated. Story-telling and online communities reduce the stigma around PPD and promote peer-based care. Postpartum Progress is specifically relevant to people of color

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Instructional videos have been popular among women who turn to the internet for PPD treatment, especially when the videos are interactive and get patients involved in their treatment plans. Since the early 2000s, video tutorials on PPD have been integrated into many web-based training programs for

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Parents may suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or suffer post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, following childbirth. While there has been debate in the medical community as to whether childbirth should be considered a traumatic event, the current consensus is childbirth can be a

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Postpartum depression in the DSM-5 is known as "depressive disorder with peripartum onset". Peripartum onset is defined as starting anytime during pregnancy or within the four weeks following delivery. There is no longer a distinction made between depressive episodes that occur during pregnancy or

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Western medical science's understanding and construction of postpartum depression have evolved over the centuries. Ideas surrounding women's moods and states have been around for a long time, typically recorded by men. In 460 B.C., Hippocrates wrote about puerperal fever, agitation, delirium, and

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In the context of Asian countries, premarital pregnancy is an important risk factor for PPD. This is because it is considered highly unacceptable in most Asian cultures as there is a highly conservative attitude toward sex among Asian people than people in the West. In addition, conflicts between

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Postpartum blues, commonly known as "baby blues," is a transient postpartum mood disorder characterized by milder depressive symptoms than postpartum depression. This type of depression can occur in up to 80% of all mothers following delivery. Symptoms typically resolve within two weeks. Symptoms

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Rates of PPD have been shown to decrease as income increases. Women with fewer resources may be more likely to have an unintended or unwanted pregnancy, increasing the risk of PPD. Women with fewer resources may also include single mothers of low income. Single mothers of low income may have more

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Some cultures believe that the symptoms of postpartum depression or similar illnesses can be avoided through protective rituals in the period after birth. These may include offering structures of organized support, hygiene care, diet, rest, infant care, and breastfeeding instruction. The rituals

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Furthermore, the prevalence of postpartum depression in Arab countries exhibits significant variability, often due to diverse assessment methodologies. In a review of twenty-five studies examining PPD, differences in assessment methods, recruitment locations, and timing of evaluations complicate

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From a selected group of studies found from a literature search, researchers discovered many demographic factors of Asian populations that showed significant association with PPD. Some of these include the age of the mother at the time of childbirth as well as the older age at marriage. Being a

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In couples, emotional closeness and global support by the partner protect against both perinatal depression and anxiety. In 2014, Alasoom and Koura found that compared to 42.9 percent of women who did not get spousal support, only 14.7 percent of women who got spousal assistance had PPD. Further

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suggests healthcare providers consider depression screening for perinatal women. Additionally, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends pediatricians screen mothers for PPD at 1-month, 2-month, and 4-month visits. However, many providers do not consistently provide screening and appropriate

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Childbirth-related PTSD has several negative health effects. Research suggests that childbirth-related PTSD may negatively affect the emotional attachment between mother and child. However, maternal depression or other factors may also explain this negative effect. Childbirth-related PTSD in the

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A meta-analysis reviewing research on the association of violence and postpartum depression showed that violence against women increases the incidence of postpartum depression. About one-third of women throughout the world will experience physical or sexual violence at some point in their lives.

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The risk factors for postpartum depression can be broken down into two categories as listed above, biological and psychosocial. Certain biological risk factors include the administration of oxytocin to induce labor. Chronic illnesses such as diabetes, or Addison's disease, as well as issues with

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Reduced paternal interaction can later lead to cognitive and behavioral problems in children. Children as young as 3.5 years old may experience problems with internalizing and externalizing behaviors, indicating that paternal postpartum depression can have long-term consequences. Furthermore, if

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show that the prevalence in the first three months of postpartum was 31%, while the prevalence from the fourth to twelfth months of postpartum was 19%. PPD may last several months or even a year. Postpartum depression can also occur in women who have suffered a miscarriage. For fathers, several

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Currently, there are no widely recognized assessments that measure postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder in medical settings. Existing PTSD assessments (such as the DSM-IV) have been used to measure childbirth-related PTSD. Some surveys exist to measure childbirth-related PTSD specifically,

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Evidence suggests that hormonal changes may play a role. Understanding the neuroendocrinology characteristic of PPD has proven to be particularly challenging given the erratic changes to the brain and biological systems during pregnancy and postpartum. A review of exploratory studies in PPD has

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When stigma occurs, a person is labeled by their illness and viewed as part of a stereotyped group. There are three main elements of stigmas, 1) problems of knowledge (ignorance or misinformation), 2) problems of attitudes (prejudice), and 3) problems of behavior (discrimination). Specifically

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For example, a study in Kom Ombo, Egypt, reported a rate of 73.7% for PPD, but the small sample size of 57 mothers and the broad measurement timeframe spanning from two weeks to one year postpartum contributes to the challenge of making definitive prevalence conclusions (2). This wide array of

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Hotlines, chat lines, and telephone interviews offer immediate, emergency support for those experiencing PPD. Telephone-based peer support can be effective in the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression among women at high risk. Established examples of telephone hotlines include the

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to conduct research on the psychosocial development of children with part of their efforts going towards the support of mothers' health and safety. Training and education services are offered through the NICHD to equip women and their healthcare providers with evidence-based knowledge of PPD.

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may be effective in women with PPD, supported by the idea that the drop in estrogen and progesterone levels post-delivery contributes to depressive symptoms. However, there is some controversy with this form of treatment because estrogen should not be given to people who are at higher risk of

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is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems. Psychotherapy can be super beneficial for mothers or fathers that are dealing with PPD. It allows individuals to talk with

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suggest that individuals who have experienced family violence are 2.5 times more likely to develop PPD. Further, violence against women was defined as "any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual, or psychological harm or suffering to women".

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There is a general assumption that Western cultures are homogenous and that there are no significant differences in psychiatric disorders across Europe and the USA. However, in reality, factors associated with maternal depression, including work and environmental demands, access to universal

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Treatment for mild to moderate PPD includes psychological interventions or antidepressants. Women with moderate to severe PPD would likely experience a greater benefit with a combination of psychological and medical interventions. Light aerobic exercise is useful for mild and moderate cases.

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The psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression include severe life events, some forms of chronic strain, relationship quality, and support from partner and mother. There is a need for more research regarding the link between psychosocial risk factors and postpartum depression. Some

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As the child grows older, postpartum depression can lead to the child experiencing irregularities in cognitive processes, behaviors, and emotions. In addition to these abnormalities, children who grew up around postpartum depression are also susceptible to developing violent tendencies.

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local resource info), coordinators for support and local resources, online weekly video support groups in English and Spanish, free weekly phone conferences with chats with experts, educational videos, closed Facebook groups for support, and professional training of healthcare workers.

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postpartum depression is diagnosed under "depressive disorder with peripartum onset", in which "peripartum onset" is defined as any time either during pregnancy or within the four weeks following delivery. The prevalence of postpartum depression differs across different months after

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children as young as two are not frequently read to, this negative parent-child interaction can harm their expressive vocabulary. A study focusing on low-income fathers found that increased involvement in their child's first year was linked to lower rates of postpartum depression.

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and the postpartum period, most women are not diagnosed with PPD. Many mothers are unable to get the rest they need to fully recover from giving birth. Sleep deprivation can lead to physical discomfort and exhaustion, which can contribute to the symptoms of postpartum depression.

1754:, depressive feelings, and thoughts of self-harming. Additionally, there are differences in prescribing patterns and attitudes towards certain medications between the US and Europe which are indicative of how different countries approach treatment, and their different stigmas. 1683:

is higher than in the Western world and other regions of the world. Despite the high number of postpartum depression cases in the region in comparison to other areas, there is a large literature gap in correlation with the Arab region, and no studies have been conducted in the

1608:, are accessible to most communities and valued among women as a way to connect with their children and manage symptoms of depression. Well-being activities associated with being outdoors, including walking and running, were noted amongst women as a way to help manage mood. 1442:

circulating some of the first press articles on PPD that helped to normalize the symptoms that women experienced. Feminist writings on PPD from the early seventies shed light on the darker realities of motherhood and amplified the lived experiences of mothers with PPD.

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Additionally, research showed that mothers of female babies had a considerably higher risk of PPD, ranging from 2-4 times higher than those of mothers of male babies, due to the value certain cultures in the Middle East place on female babies compared to male babies.

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Educational interventions can help women struggling with postpartum depression (PPD) to cultivate coping strategies and develop resiliency. The phenomenon of "scientific motherhood" represents the origin of women's education on perinatal care with publications like

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to psychotherapy does not appear to confer any additional benefit. Therefore, it is not completely clear which antidepressants, if any, are most effective for the treatment of PPD, and for whom antidepressants would be a better option than non-pharmacotherapy.

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individuals with PPD and are often considered a type of evidence-based management strategy for individuals. This can take the form of objective-based learning, detailed exploration of case studies, resource guides for additional support and information, etc.

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The most severe symptoms last from 2 to 12 weeks, and recovery takes 6 months to a year. Women who have been hospitalized for a psychiatric condition immediately after delivery are at a much higher risk of suicide during the first year after delivery.

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postpartum period may also lead to issues with the child's social-emotional development. Current research suggests childbirth-related PTSD results in lower breastfeeding rates and may prevent parents from breastfeeding for the desired amount of time.

930:, mothers of female babies had a two-to-four-fold increased risk of postpartum depression (PPD) compared to mothers of male babies. Four studies found that conflicts with the mother-in-law are associated with PPD, with risk ratios of 1.8 and 2.7. 1080:

About half of women who experience postpartum psychosis have no risk factors; but a prior history of mental illness, especially bipolar disorder, a history of prior episodes of postpartum psychosis, or a family history put some at a higher risk.

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Migration away from a cultural community of support can be a factor in PPD. Traditional cultures around the world prioritize organized support during postpartum care to ensure the mother's mental and physical health, well-being, and recovery.

9477:

Carlson ET (1967). "Franz G. Alexander and Sheldon T. Selesnick. The History of Psychiatry: An Evaluation of Psychiatric Thought and Practice from Prehistoric Times to the Present, New York: Harper & Row, 1966, p. xvi + 471. $ 11.95".

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included a section focusing on research into postpartum conditions including postpartum depression. Some argue that more resources in the form of policies, programs, and health objectives need to be directed to the care of those with PPD.

1069:), depression, severe confusion, loss of inhibition, paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions begin suddenly in the first two weeks after delivery; the symptoms vary and can change quickly. It is different from postpartum depression and 1954:

Yates' case brought wide media attention to the problem of filicide, or the murder of children by their parents. Throughout history, both men and women have perpetrated this act, but the study of maternal filicide is more extensive.

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Postpartum depression onset usually begins between two weeks to a month after delivery. A study done at an inner-city mental health clinic has shown that 50% of postpartum depressive episodes began before delivery. Therefore, in the

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When this spirit is unsatisfied and venting resentment, it causes the mother to experience frequent crying, loss of appetite, and trouble sleeping, known collectively as "sakit meroyan". The mother can be cured with the help of a

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Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ (March 2017). "Antenatal Stressful Life Events and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in the United States: The Role of Women's Socioeconomic Status Indices at the State Level".

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is an effective anxiolytic and in some cases antidepressant treatment in men and women. Exogenous oxytocin has only been explored as a PPD treatment with rodents, but results are encouraging for potential application in humans.

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found that nonspecialist providers, including lay counselors, nurses, midwives, and teachers without formal training in counseling interventions, often provide effective services related to perinatal depression and anxiety.

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Most studies regarding PPD are done using self-report screenings which are less reliable than clinical interviews. This use of self-reporting may have results that underreport symptoms and thus postpartum depression rates.

362:. Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms. While most women experience a brief period of worry or unhappiness after delivery, postpartum depression should be suspected when symptoms are severe and last over two weeks. 1363:, sold under the brand name Zurzuvae for treatment of postpartum depression. Zuranolone is administered through a pill, which is more convenient than brexanolone, which is administered through an intravenous injection. 1225:

someone, maybe even someone who specializes in working with people who are dealing with PPD, and share their emotions and feelings to get help to become more emotionally stable. Psychotherapy proves to show efficacy of

8987:"Examining Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Outcomes of a Culturally Adapted Evidence-Based Postpartum Depression Preventive Intervention for Women in Doha, Qatar: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial" 365:

Among those at risk, providing psychosocial support may be protective in preventing PPD. This may include community support such as food, household chores, mother care, and companionship. Treatment for PPD may include

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Both individual social and psychological interventions appear equally effective in the treatment of PPD. Social interventions include individual counseling and peer support, while psychological interventions include

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McDonagh MS, Matthews A, Phillipi C, Romm J, Peterson K, Thakurta S, et al. (September 2014). "Depression drug treatment outcomes in pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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Baker, C. D., Kamke, H., O'Hara, M. W., & Stuart, S. (2009). Web-based training for implementing evidence-based management of postpartum depression. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 22(5),

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Additionally, preliminary research has shown that childbearing individuals who are part of the LGBTQ2S+ community may be more susceptible to prenatal depression and anxiety than cisgender and heterosexual people.

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studying interventions and prevention to tackle postpartum depression in Arab mothers. Countries within the Arab region had a postpartum depression prevalence ranging from 10% to 40%, with a PPD prevalence in

1456: 1383:(ECT) has shown efficacy in women with severe PPD who have either failed multiple trials of medication-based treatment or cannot tolerate the available antidepressants. Tentative evidence supports the use of 649:

The cause of PPD is unknown. Hormonal and physical changes, personal and family history of depression, and the stress of caring for a new baby all may contribute to the development of postpartum depression.

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at 27%. The high prevalence of postpartum depression in the region may be attributed to socio-economic and cultural factors involving social and partner support, poverty, and prevailing societal views on

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A 2010 review found few studies of medications for treating PPD noting small sample sizes and generally weak evidence. Some evidence suggests that mothers with PPD will respond similarly to people with

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Laursen TM, Munk-Olsen T, Mortensen PB, Abel KM, Appleby L, Webb RT (May 2011). "Filicide in offspring of parents with severe psychiatric disorders: a population-based cohort study of child homicide".

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Lai X, Chen J, Li H, Zhou L, Huang Q, Liao Y, et al. (26 December 2022). "The incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder following traumatic childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis".

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lasting longer than two weeks are a sign of a more serious type of depression. Women who experience "baby blues" may have a higher risk of experiencing a more serious episode of depression later on.

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Lev-Wiesel R, Chen R, Daphna-Tekoah S, Hod M (January 2009). "Past traumatic events: are they a risk factor for high-risk pregnancy, delivery complications, and postpartum posttraumatic symptoms?".

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Cole J, Bright K, Gagnon L, McGirr A (August 2019). "A systematic review of the safety and effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of peripartum depression".

1356:. Side effects of the medication include dry mouth, sleepiness, somnolence, flushing, and loss of consciousness. It is also important to monitor for early signs of suicidal thoughts or behaviors. 959:

Research conducted in the Middle East has demonstrated a link between PPD risk and mothers who were not informed and who are not given due consideration when decisions are made during childbirth.

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Different risk variables linked to postpartum depression (PPD) among Arabic women emphasize regional influences. Risk factors that have been identified include the gender of the infant and

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typically put individuals at risk for further health complications. However, it has been found that these diseases do not increase the risk for postpartum depression, these factors are known to

8220:. Volume 10, Issue 2, Fall/winter 2019, "Open in Emergency : a Special Issue on Asian American Mental Health." Edited by Mimi Khúc, 2nd edition., The Asian American Literary Review, Inc., 2019. 5957:

Van Sieleghem S, Danckaerts M, Rieken R, Okkerse JM, de Jonge E, Bramer WM, et al. (November 2022). "Childbirth related PTSD and its association with infant outcome: A systematic review".

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Held, L., & Rutherford, A. (2012). Can't a mother sing the blues? Postpartum depression and the construction of motherhood in late 20th-century America. History of psychology, 15(2), 107.

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McCoy SJ, Beal JM, Shipman SB, Payton ME, Watson GH (April 2006). "Risk factors for postpartum depression: a retrospective investigation at 4-weeks postnatal and a review of the literature".

3350:

Suto M, Isogai E, Mizutani F, Kakee N, Misago C, Takehara K (August 2016). "Prevalence and Factors Associated With Postpartum Depression in Fathers: A Regional, Longitudinal Study in Japan".

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Yonkers KA, Ramin SM, Rush AJ, Navarrete CA, Carmody T, March D, et al. (November 2001). "Onset and persistence of postpartum depression in an inner-city maternal health clinic system".

1077:. It is important not to confuse psychosis with other symptoms that may occur after delivery, such as delirium. Delirium typically includes a loss of awareness or inability to pay attention. 338:

While the exact cause of PPD is unclear, the cause is believed to be a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, and social factors. These may include factors such as hormonal changes and

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Violence against women occurs in conflict, post-conflict, and non-conflict areas. The research reviewed only looked at violence experienced by women from male perpetrators. Studies from the

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whether or not it would lessen the sentence or not. It also started a dialogue on women going against "maternal instinct" after childbirth and what maternal instinct was truly defined by.

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has an immediate, 24/7 support line in San Diego/San Diego Access and Crisis Line at (888) 724–7240, in which you can talk with mothers who have recovered from PPD and trained providers.

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Symptoms of PPD can occur at any time in the first year postpartum. Typically, a diagnosis of postpartum depression is considered after signs and symptoms persist for at least two weeks.

6736:

Pilkington PD, Milne LC, Cairns KE, Lewis J, Whelan TA (June 2015). "Modifiable partner factors associated with perinatal depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

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WHO/NICHD Planning Meeting on the Use of Longitudinal Data Banks for Research on Child Growth and Psychosocial Development, AMRO, Washington, DC, 1–2 October 1984: report of the meeting

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those that occur after delivery. Nevertheless, the majority of experts continue to diagnose postpartum depression as depression with onset anytime within the first year after delivery.

7893:

Maloni, J. A., Przeworski, A., & Damato, E. G. (2013). Web recruitment and internet use and preferences reported by women with postpartum depression after pregnancy complications.

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Beck, C. T. (2008). State of the science on postpartum depression: What nurse researchers have contributed—Part 2. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 33(3), 151-156.

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Robertson-Blackmore E, Putnam FW, Rubinow DR, Matthieu M, Hunn JE, Putnam KT, et al. (October 2013). "Antecedent trauma exposure and risk of depression in the perinatal period".

1307:, which include women up to 12 weeks after delivery. Additionally, none of the existing studies included women who were breastfeeding. However, there is some evidence that the use of 728:

While the causes of PPD are not understood, several factors have been suggested to increase the risk. These risks can be broken down into two categories, biological and psychosocial:

8642:

Brown-Bowers A, McShane K, Wilson-Mitchell K, Gurevich M (May 2015). "Postpartum depression in refugee and asylum-seeking women in Canada: A critical health psychology perspective".

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Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE (November 2003). "The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature".

1943:

Certain cases of postpartum mental health concerns received attention in the media and brought about dialogue on ways to address and understand more about postpartum mental health.

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Evagorou O, Arvaniti A, Samakouri M (March 2016). "Cross-Cultural Approach of Postpartum Depression: Manifestation, Practices Applied, Risk Factors and Therapeutic Interventions".

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Screening for postpartum depression is critical as up to 50% of cases go undiagnosed in the US, emphasizing the significance of comprehensive screening measures. In the US, the

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More robust studies on neural activation regarding PPD have been conducted with rodents than humans. These studies have allowed for greater isolation of specific brain regions,

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National Alliance on Mental Illness: 800-950-NAMI (6264), National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: 800-273-TALK (8255), Postpartum Support International: 800-944-4PPD (4773), and

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Smith, E. K., Gopalan, P., Glance, J. B., & Azzam, P. N. (2016). Postpartum depression screening: a review for psychiatrists. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 24(3), 173-187.

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studies indicate differences in brain activity between mothers with postpartum depression and those without. Mothers diagnosed with PPD tend to have less activity in the left

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and depressive tendencies after the birth of their baby. Gilman wrote the story to protest the societal oppression of women as the result of her own experience as a patient.

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and increased activity in the right frontal lobe when compared with healthy controls. They also exhibit decreased connectivity between vital brain structures, including the

1257:(IPT) has shown to be effective in focusing specifically on the mother and infant bond. Psychosocial interventions are effective for the treatment of postpartum depression. 10134: 4458:

Mukherjee S, Coxe S, Fennie K, Madhivanan P, Trepka MJ (January 2017). "Stressful Life Event Experiences of Pregnant Women in the United States: A Latent Class Analysis".

394:, a more severe form of postpartum mood disorder, occurs in about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women following childbirth. Postpartum psychosis is one of the leading causes of the 9231:"Economic and Health Predictors of National Postpartum Depression Prevalence: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Meta-Regression of 291 Studies from 56 Countries" 7215:"Implementation and Effectiveness of Nonspecialist-Delivered Interventions for Perinatal Mental Health in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 4167:

Ross LE, Dennis CL (April 2009). "The prevalence of postpartum depression among women with substance use, an abuse history, or chronic illness: a systematic review".

4292:

Hibbeln JR (May 2002). "Seafood consumption, the DHA content of mothers' milk and prevalence rates of postpartum depression: a cross-national, ecological analysis".

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Postpartum depression can be influenced by sociocultural factors. There are many examples of particular cultures and societies that hold specific beliefs about PPD.

1472: 1348:

Brexanolone has risks that can occur during administration, including excessive sedation and sudden loss of consciousness, and therefore has been approved under the

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may occur. In the United States, postpartum depression is one of the leading causes of the annual reported infanticide incidence rate of about 8 per 100,000 births.

1813:

With the 19th century came a new attitude about the relationship between female mental illness and pregnancy, childbirth, or menstruation. The famous short story, "

1570: 1178:

Preventative treatment with antidepressants may be considered for those who have had PPD previously. However, as of 2017, the evidence supporting such use is weak.

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McCurdy AP, Boulé NG, Sivak A, Davenport MH (June 2017). "Effects of Exercise on Mild-to-Moderate Depressive Symptoms in the Postpartum Period: A Meta-analysis".

2054: 1168:

Across different cultures, traditional rituals for postpartum care may be preventative for PPD but are more effective when the support is welcomed by the mother.

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Prevatt BS, Lowder EM, Desmarais SL (September 2018). "Peer-support intervention for postpartum depression: Participant satisfaction and program effectiveness".

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Stowe ZN, Hostetter AL, Newport DJ (February 2005). "The onset of postpartum depression: Implications for clinical screening in obstetrical and primary care".

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Jones I, Chandra PS, Dazzan P, Howard LM (November 2014). "Bipolar disorder, affective psychosis, and schizophrenia in pregnancy and the post-partum period".

1145:, may be used to identify women who have postpartum depression. If the new mother scores 13 or more, she likely has PPD and further assessment should follow. 295: 7966:

McCance-Katz, E. F. (2018). The substance abuse and mental health services administration (SAMHSA): new directions. Psychiatric services, 69(10), 1046-1048.

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Pearlstein, T., Howard, M., Salisbury, A., & Zlotnick, C. (2009). Postpartum depression. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 200(4), 357-364.

11706: 1130: 8525: 2158: 12048: 219: 3315:

Paulson JF, Bazemore SD (May 2010). "Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis".

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Paulson JF, Bazemore SD (May 2010). "Prenatal and postpartum depression in fathers and its association with maternal depression: a meta-analysis".

819: 8004:

Thomas LJ, Scharp KM, Paxman CG (19 May 2014). "Stories of Postpartum Depression: Exploring Health Constructs and Help-Seeking in Mothers' Talk".

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Dennis CL, Dowswell T (July 2013). "Interventions (other than pharmacological, psychosocial or psychological) for treating antenatal depression".

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In those who are at risk counseling is recommended. In 2018, 24% of areas in the UK had no access to perinatal mental health specialist services.

885:. Women with fewer resources indicate a higher level of postpartum depression and stress than those women with more resources, such as financial. 9101:"The impact of education, country, race and ethnicity on the self-report of postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale" 6334:

Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R (June 1987). "Detection of postnatal depression. Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale".

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There is a call to integrate both a consideration of biological and psychosocial risk factors for PPD when treating and researching the illness.

780:, and genetic vulnerabilities such as a family history of depression or PPD. Chronic illnesses caused by neuroendocrine irregularities including 9442:

Jefferies D, Horsfall D, Schmied V (February 2017). "Blurring reality with fiction: Exploring the stories of women, madness, and infanticide".

4051:

Paschetta E, Berrisford G, Coccia F, Whitmore J, Wood AG, Pretlove S, et al. (June 2014). "Perinatal psychiatric disorders: an overview".

4008:

Nielsen Forman D, Videbech P, Hedegaard M, Dalby Salvig J, Secher NJ (October 2000). "Postpartum depression: identification of women at risk".

7167:"Functions of Support Group Communication for Women with Postpartum Depression: How Support Groups Silence and Encourage Voices of Motherhood" 993:

The criteria required for the diagnosis of postpartum depression are the same as those required to make a diagnosis of non-childbirth-related

6502:

Dennis CL, Dowswell T (February 2013). Dennis CL (ed.). "Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression".

6405:

Davila RC, Segre LS (January 2018). "A Nurse-Based Model of Psychosocial Support for Emotionally Distressed Mothers of Infants in the NICU".

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Feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, nearly every day, for most of the day, or the observation of a depressed mood made by others

4086:

Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J (November 2014). "Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period".

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Workman JL, Barha CK, Galea LA (February 2012). "Endocrine substrates of cognitive and affective changes during pregnancy and postpartum".

1402: 10145: 8834:

Halbreich U, Karkun S (April 2006). "Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms".

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Studies have also shown a correlation between postpartum depression in mothers living within areas of conflicts, crises, and wars in the

769: 655: 11126: 11082: 10185: 1843: 658:

activity, however, the directionality of specific hormone increases or decreases remain mixed. Hormones that have been studied include

1349: 288: 5716:"Prevalence and risk factors of birth-related posttraumatic stress among parents: A comparative systematic review and meta-analysis" 1927:

cultures. Furthermore, women may under report symptoms to put the needs of the family before their own because these countries have

1923:, yet it is a major symptom within the EPDS. Words like "depression screen" or "mental health" are considered disrespectful to some 708:

Fathers, who are not undergoing profound hormonal changes, can also have postpartum depression. The cause may be distinct in males.

701:, which helps the uterus thicken and grow, is thought to contribute to the development of PPD. This is due to its relationship with 10941: 10558: 10371: 9491: 5387: 3904:"Association of peripartum synthetic oxytocin administration and depressive and anxiety disorders within the first postpartum year" 2588: 2311: 1165:

as depressed mothers commonly state that their feelings of depression were brought on by "lack of support" and "feeling isolated."

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193. "Maternal Depression and Child Development." Paediatrics & Child Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, October 2004

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Morof D, Barrett G, Peacock J, Victor CR, Manyonda I (December 2003). "Postnatal depression and sexual health after childbirth".

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has been proposed but remains controversial. There may also be a link between postpartum depression and anti-thyroid antibodies.

383: 7573: 2637: 2489:

Spinelli MG (September 2004). "Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives".

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The National Child and Maternal Health Education Program functions as a larger education and outreach program supported by the

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factors such as communication between the couple and relationship satisfaction have a protective effect against anxiety alone.

335:, crying episodes, irritability, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. PPD can also negatively affect the newborn child. 9947:

Fisher K (2003). "To Save Her Children's Souls: Theoretical Perspectives on Andrea Yates and Postpartum-Related Infanticide".

11686: 11653: 10157: 10138: 9855: 9830: 9596: 9375: 5462: 5354: 4336: 1148:

Healthcare providers may take a blood sample to test if another disorder is contributing to depression during the screening.

491: 7934: 3814: 10124: 6586:"Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: multisite randomised controlled trial" 4966: 1912: 1138: 576:

and adversely affect acute and long-term child development. Postpartum depression may lead mothers to be inconsistent with

281: 17: 9298: 8472:"Barriers to Service Use for Postpartum Depression Symptoms Among Low-Income Ethnic Minority Mothers in the United States" 5004:

Ross LE, Steele L, Goldfinger C, Strike C (2007). "Perinatal depressive symptomatology among lesbian and bisexual women".

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otherwise known as IPT is a wonderfully intuitive fit for many women with PPD as they typically experience a multitude of

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in this period. In the story, an unnamed woman journals her life when she is treated by her physician husband, John, for

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mania experienced by women after childbirth. Hippocrates' ideas still linger in how postpartum depression is seen today.

1525: 214: 7418: 7056:

Dennis CL, Hodnett E (October 2007). "Psychosocial and psychological interventions for treating postpartum depression".

5337:

Western D (1 January 2013). "A Conceptual and Contextual Background for Gender-based Violence and Depression in Women".

3276:"Paternal postpartum depression, its relationship to maternal postpartum depression, and implications for family health" 11701: 10388: 10363: 10198: 8685:

Bowen A, Muhajarine N (2006). "Prevalence of antenatal depression in women enrolled in an outreach program in Canada".

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Brummelte S, Galea LA (January 2016). "Postpartum depression: Etiology, treatment and consequences for maternal care".

4695: 4129: 2046: 8727:"Prevalence and characteristics of postpartum depression symptomatology among Canadian women: a cross-sectional study" 5291:

Wu Q, Chen HL, Xu XJ (April 2012). "Violence as a risk factor for postpartum depression in mothers: a meta-analysis".

4572:"The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes" 2268:"Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?" 12104: 11959: 11886: 11581: 11174: 10994: 10892: 9772:"Changes in stigma and help-seeking in relation to postpartum depression: non-clinical parenting intervention sample" 9345: 5661:"The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in pregnancy and after birth: A systematic review and meta-analysis" 2858: 2220:

Stewart DE, Vigod SN (January 2019). "Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics".

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interventions for postpartum depression, both in home and clinical settings and both in group and individual format.

8526:"Addressing the Increased Risk of Postpartum Depression for Black Women | NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness" 6812: 12131: 11266: 10503: 10474: 10415: 6545:

Dennis CL, Dowswell T (2013). "Psychosocial and psychological interventions for preventing postpartum depression".

5532: 249: 8778:"Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among Indigenous, non-Indigenous and immigrant women in Canada" 11752: 11490: 10508: 10303: 10228: 8235:"Postpartum Depression Help-Seeking Barriers and Maternal Treatment Preferences: A Qualitative Systematic Review" 5097:

Ross LE (2005). "Perinatal mental health in lesbian mothers: a review of potential risk and protective factors".

2661:"Onset timing, thoughts of self-harm, and diagnoses in postpartum women with screen-positive depression findings" 2005: 675: 244: 5560:"Risk of Postpartum Relapse in Bipolar Disorder and Postpartum Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 3842:"A new molecular risk pathway for postpartum mood disorders: clues from steroid sulfatase-deficient individuals" 3685: 3438:"Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to mothers" 2932:"Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta–analysis" 2147:"Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to mothers" 908:

is having a partner who has PPD, with fathers developing PPD 50% of the time when their female partner has PPD.

11633: 11161: 10946: 10917: 10178: 2562:

The Boston Women's Health Book Collective: Our Bodies Ourselves, pages 489–491, New York: Touchstone Book, 2005

7493:"Bench-to-bedside: NIMH research leads to brexanolone, first-ever drug specifically for postpartum depression" 5715: 3902:

Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Nephew BC, Babb JA, Guilarte-Walker Y, Moore Simas TA, Deligiannidis KM (February 2017).

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stressors that are associated with their depression, including several disrupted interpersonal relationships.

11835: 10687: 10405: 10381: 4245:"Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration" 1460: 882: 6015:"Maternal posttraumatic stress disorder during the perinatal period and child outcomes: A systematic review" 4369:

Beck CT (1996). "A meta-analysis of the relationship between postpartum depression and infant temperament".

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studies show that men experience the highest levels of postpartum depression between 3–6 months postpartum.

12119: 11902: 11747: 11350: 10887: 10420: 10265: 10151: 7518: 6773:"Interventions to Prevent Perinatal Depression: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 2146: 1242: 1238: 1197: 956:

births had greater PPD rates. On the other hand, Lebanese women in urban areas showed an opposite pattern.

375: 254: 7648: 5714:

Heyne CS, Kazmierczak M, Souday R, Horesh D, Lambregtse-van den Berg M, Weigl T, et al. (June 2022).

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that appears to occur in about 1 in 1000 pregnancies, in which symptoms of high mood and racing thoughts (

952:, rural residential living is linked to an increased risk. It was found that rural Lebanese women who had 11915: 11433: 10595: 10393: 6200:"Incorporating recognition and management of perinatal and postpartum depression into pediatric practice" 1246:

to further reduce or limit the frequency and intensity of emotional outbreaks in the mothers or fathers.

1226: 893: 371: 355: 136: 11408: 9538:

Quawas R (May 2006). "A New Woman's Journey into Insanity: Descent and Return in The Yellow Wallpaper".

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Schumacher M, Zubaran C, White G (June 2008). "Bringing birth-related paternal depression to the fore".

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Orsolini L, Valchera A, Vecchiotti R, Tomasetti C, Iasevoli F, Fornaro M, et al. (12 August 2016).

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have found a correlation between lower education levels and higher PPD prevalence.

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Maternal age, family food insecurity, and violence against women

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Recurrent thoughts of death, with or without plans of suicide

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for PPD for new mothers during this transitional period.

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Chronic illnesses caused by neuroendocrine irregularities

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According to three studies conducted in 805:A personal or family history of depression 482:Worry about harming self, baby, or partner 296: 282: 58: 27:Mood disorder experienced after childbirth 9983: 9864: 9797: 9787: 9735: 9686: 9629: 9591:. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 2–6. 9256: 9246: 9205: 9124: 9060: 9012: 9002: 8961: 8951: 8801: 8752: 8742: 8583: 8443: 7975:National Center for Children in Poverty. 7842: 7536: 7468: 7339: 7287: 7238: 7132: 7122: 7032: 6902: 6788: 6712: 6694: 6653: 6609: 6475: 6465: 6291: 6215: 6030: 6001: 5879: 5861: 5817: 5799: 5739: 5626: 5616: 5575: 5451:American Psychiatric Association (2013), 5260: 5250: 5182: 5164: 4871: 4869: 4806: 4788: 4747: 4737: 4671: 4587: 4434: 4268: 4147: 3984: 3927: 3867: 3857: 3790: 3738: 3578: 3518: 3401: 3291: 3247: 3206: 3121: 2965: 2947: 2825: 2684: 2347: 2283: 2261: 2259: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2118: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1808: 1033: 382:. Tentative evidence supports the use of 11346:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia 10942:Depersonalization-derealization disorder 10158:Postpartum Depression and the Baby Blues 9873:International Journal of Nursing Studies 9820: 8544: 8233:Dennis CL, Chung-Lee L (December 2006). 7777: 7751:"Postpartum Support International - PSI" 7406: 7164: 6166: 5535:. 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OnMedica. 20 April 2018 6750:10.1016/j.jad.2015.02.023 6293:10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.013 6032:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.045 5921:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.003 5732:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157 5680:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.009 5305:10.1007/s00737-011-0248-9 5166:10.1186/s12884-016-1155-x 5068:10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.007 5018:10.1007/s00737-007-0168-x 4928:10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1 4890:10.1080/02646830600643908 4664:10.1007/s10995-005-0048-9 4613:Journal of Women's Health 4576:Child Abuse & Neglect 4496:Journal of Women's Health 4472:10.1016/j.whi.2016.09.007 4427:10.1007/s11920-014-0468-6 4169:Journal of Women's Health 3731:10.1017/S1092852914000480 3563:10.1007/s00737-011-0227-1 3503:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.049 3396:(11): 12. November 2018. 3096:Field T (February 2010). 2710:Obstetrics and Gynecology 2389:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003 2222:Annual Review of Medicine 2186:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6 1789:Prior to the 19th century 1757: 1740: 1643: 1589:SAMHSA's National Hotline 1465:World Health Organization 1430:Educational interventions 1381:Electroconvulsive therapy 1276:major depressive disorder 1094:electroconvulsive therapy 1014:Changes in sleep patterns 644: 632:Issues for LGBTQ2S people 500:anterior cingulate cortex 442:Inability to be comforted 179: 168: 156: 146: 117: 109: 101: 83: 71: 66: 57: 49: 44: 11590:Gestational hypertension 11404:Impulse-control disorder 11320:Schizoaffective disorder 11315:Brief reactive psychosis 11012:Mass psychogenic illness 10975:Body dysmorphic disorder 10754:Post-concussion syndrome 10364:Emotional and behavioral 9728:10.1624/105812406X119002 9248:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00248 8744:10.1186/1471-2458-11-302 8656:10.1177/1363459314554315 8488:10.1177/1049732309332794 6696:10.4103/2249-4863.137654 5863:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00409 5801:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00560 5618:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00138 2349:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487 1938: 1819:Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1490:www.nichd.nih.gov/ncmhep 1375: 1017:Feelings of restlessness 856:Low socioeconomic status 847:Childcare or life stress 782:irritable bowel syndrome 754:irritable bowel syndrome 752:Inflammatory illnesses ( 358:, lack of support, or a 30:Not to be confused with 11989:Umbilical cord prolapse 11911:Amniotic fluid embolism 11669:dermatoses of pregnancy 11341:Childhood schizophrenia 10693:Frontotemporal dementia 10650:High-functioning autism 10467:Intellectual disability 9401:Literature and Medicine 9235:Frontiers in Psychiatry 8991:JMIR Research Protocols 5959:Early Human Development 5850:Frontiers in Psychiatry 5788:Frontiers in Psychology 5605:Frontiers in Psychiatry 3815:"Postpartum depression" 3661:"Postpartum Depression" 3623:10.1111/1471-0528.17103 3159:10.4088/jcp.09m05508gre 2859:"Postpartum Depression" 2806:Behavioral Neuroscience 2763:Trends in Neurosciences 2420:"Postpartum Depression" 2095:"Postpartum depression" 1893:participate in a ritual 1701:between 21.2 and 22.1, 1661: 1591:: 1-800-662-HELP (4357) 1519:Community-based support 1298:Some studies show that 1073:. It may be a form of 829:History of sexual abuse 574:maternal-infant bonding 12105:Concomitant conditions 12084:Postpartum thyroiditis 11862:Circumvallate placenta 11682:Impetigo herpetiformis 11677:Gestational pemphigoid 11649:Hyperemesis gravidarum 11582:hypertensive disorders 10858:Specific social phobia 10749:Organic brain syndrome 10591:Melancholic depression 10352:Childhood and learning 10154:: Postnatal depression 10152:NHS Choices Health A-Z 9105:Psychological Medicine 8576:10.15585/mmwr.mm6606a1 8416:Internet Interventions 6790:10.1001/jama.2019.0007 6217:10.1542/peds.2010-2348 5533:"Postpartum Psychosis" 4790:10.3390/ijerph17134727 3908:Depression and Anxiety 3230:Scarff JR (May 2019). 3029:10.1001/jama.287.6.762 2468:10.1080/09540260305196 1809:19th century and after 1034:Differential diagnosis 749:Hormone irregularities 746:Genetic history of PPD 346:, a family history of 158:Differential diagnosis 12074:Postpartum infections 12069:Postpartum depression 11414:Psychomotor agitation 11204:and substance-related 11147:Postpartum depression 11027:Somatization disorder 10913:Acute stress reaction 10678:AIDS dementia complex 10125:Postpartum depression 9631:10.1192/bjp.156.6.861 7025:10.3399/bjgp17X692525 6348:10.1192/bjp.150.6.782 5111:10.1300/J013v41n03_07 5056:Women's Health Issues 4832:Hormones and Behavior 4625:10.1089/jwh.2008.0774 4508:10.1089/jwh.2016.5872 4460:Women's Health Issues 4181:10.1089/jwh.2008.0953 3329:10.1001/jama.2010.605 3064:10.1001/jama.2010.605 1991:Gender disappointment 1697:between 18% and 24%, 1612:Accessibility to care 1585:: 800-944-4PPD (4773) 1579:: 800-273-TALK (8255) 1573:: 800-950-NAMI (6264) 1505:www.samhsa.gov/iecmhc 1401:Further information: 1259:Interpersonal therapy 1255:Interpersonal therapy 1250:Interpersonal Therapy 1202:interpersonal therapy 1063:psychiatric emergency 380:psychodynamic therapy 309:Postpartum depression 240:Gender disappointment 230:Postpartum depression 45:Postpartum depression 12079:Postpartum psychosis 11948:Obstetrical bleeding 11843:Obstetrical bleeding 11664:Integumentary system 11639:Gestational diabetes 11618:related to pregnancy 11616:Other, predominantly 11409:Klüver–Bucy syndrome 11239:Substance dependence 11152:Postpartum psychosis 10698:Huntington's disease 10480:Lujan–Fryns syndrome 10329:Personality disorder 10146:Postnatal Depression 9413:10.1353/lm.2014.0017 9303:www.pennmedicine.org 8953:10.1108/mi.2014.5370 7165:Anderson LN (2013). 5427:10.1056/NEJMcp011542 4546:10.4088/JCP.13m08364 3969:10.4183/aeb.2019.410 1986:Antenatal depression 1817:", was published by 1815:The Yellow Wallpaper 1803:postpartum psychosis 1059:Postpartum psychosis 596:American Journal of 585:postpartum psychosis 520:orbitofrontal cortex 392:Postpartum psychosis 352:psychological stress 317:postnatal depression 265:Infant mental health 235:Postpartum psychosis 210:Antenatal depression 133:psychological stress 127:, family history of 53:Postnatal depression 18:Postnatal depression 12059:Postpartum bleeding 11882:Placental abruption 11867:Monochorionic twins 11697:Prurigo gestationis 11289:Delusional disorder 11234:Stimulant psychosis 11224:Physical dependence 11078:Rumination syndrome 10980:Conversion disorder 10957:Psychogenic amnesia 10807:with depressed mood 10805:Adjustment disorder 10708:Parkinson's disease 10683:Alzheimer's disease 10576:Atypical depression 10412:Social functioning 10287:Munchausen syndrome 10282:Factitious disorder 9850:. pp. 217–66. 9821:Laderman C (1987). 8194:POSTPARTUM PROGRESS 8116:POSTPARTUM PROGRESS 7578:Wall Street Journal 6467:10.2147/IJWH.S54666 6187:on 2 November 2014. 4726:Jornal de Pediatria 2869:on 25 February 2012 2145:Paulson JF (2010). 2001:Sex after pregnancy 1891:Some Chinese women 1833:Society and culture 1543:cultural competency 1538:Postpartum Progress 1396:omega-3 fatty acids 467:Changes in appetite 270:Paternal depression 192:Articles related to 139:, lack of support, 12089:Puerperal mastitis 12044:Breast engorgement 11831:Monoamniotic twins 11821:Chorionic hematoma 11308:schizophrenia-like 10952:Dissociative fugue 10401:Movement disorders 10086:External resources 9789:10.7717/peerj.5893 9287:. 19 October 2012. 8006:Women & Health 7183:10.1002/jcop.21566 7124:10.2147/IJWH.S6938 7019:(663): e684–e691. 6084:10.1002/ijgo.14643 5099:Women & Health 4983:10.1037/pro0000032 3436:Paulson J (2010). 2996:on 21 October 2010 912:Sexual orientation 850:Low social support 678:, endorphins, and 545:Onset and duration 418:Severe mood swings 402:Signs and symptoms 323:experienced after 12175:Depression (mood) 12162: 12161: 12120:Thyroid disorders 12110:Diabetes mellitus 11994:Uterine inversion 11926:Shoulder dystocia 11921:Obstructed labour 11897: 11896: 11761: 11760: 11730:Chorea gravidarum 11506:Ectopic pregnancy 11431: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11384: 11383: 11380: 11379: 11252: 11251: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11039: 11038: 11035: 11034: 10928: 10927: 10766: 10765: 10762: 10761: 10723:Vascular dementia 10645:Asperger syndrome 10611: 10610: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10455:Tourette syndrome 10341: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10120: 10119: 9919:Pediatric Nursing 9857:978-0-7867-2740-7 9832:978-0-520-06036-4 9598:978-0-415-91292-1 9518:www.gutenberg.org 9377:978-0-19-968664-3 9338:10.1159/000087441 8731:BMC Public Health 7262:Stuart S (2012). 6602:10.1136/bmj.a3064 5497:(9956): 1789–99. 5464:978-0-89042-555-8 5356:978-1-4614-7531-6 4338:978-0-07-179327-8 4094:(9956): 1775–88. 4059:(6): 501–509.e6. 3617:(10): 1630–1643. 3442:Psychiatric Times 3364:10.1002/nur.21728 3189:Scarff J (2019). 2151:Psychiatric Times 1973:Psychiatry portal 1880:, who performs a 1838:Legal recognition 1495:www.nichd.nih.gov 1309:estradiol patches 1206:systematic review 763:Cigarette smoking 531:neurotransmitters 504:prefrontal cortex 502:, dorsal lateral 476:Social withdrawal 360:drug use disorder 340:sleep deprivation 306: 305: 187: 186: 152:Based on symptoms 148:Diagnostic method 141:drug use disorder 89:Extreme sadness, 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 12197: 12149: 12148: 11984:Postmature birth 11972:Placenta accreta 11877:Placenta praevia 11872:Placenta accreta 11816:Chorioamnionitis 11626:Digestive system 11622: 11621: 11548:Fetal resorption 11536:Rudimentary horn 11493:abortive outcome 11487: 11486: 11458: 11451: 11444: 11435: 11434: 11390: 11389: 11279: 11278: 11258: 11257: 11193: 11192: 11068:Anorexia nervosa 11056: 11055: 11045: 11044: 11022:Psychogenic pain 10990:Globus pharyngis 10838:Childhood phobia 10821: 10820: 10793: 10792: 10772: 10771: 10628: 10627: 10617: 10616: 10527: 10526: 10426:Selective mutism 10377:Conduct disorder 10360: 10359: 10347: 10346: 10324:Trichotillomania 10299:Gender dysphoria 10294:Fear of intimacy 10251:Sexual anhedonia 10219: 10218: 10208: 10207: 10195:Mental disorders 10188: 10181: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10142: 10141:on 1 March 2012. 10013: 10012: 9998: 9997: 9987: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9944: 9935: 9934: 9914: 9905: 9904: 9868: 9862: 9861: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9818: 9812: 9811: 9801: 9791: 9767: 9750: 9749: 9739: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9690: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9633: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9581: 9572: 9571: 9535: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9366:Kempe M (2015). 9363: 9352: 9351: 9325: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9309: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9280: 9271: 9270: 9260: 9250: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9209: 9177: 9166: 9165: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9128: 9096: 9083: 9082: 9064: 9040: 9027: 9026: 9016: 9006: 8982: 8976: 8975: 8965: 8955: 8931: 8910: 8909: 8873: 8860: 8859: 8831: 8816: 8815: 8805: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8756: 8746: 8722: 8711: 8710: 8682: 8676: 8675: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8604: 8598: 8597: 8587: 8555: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8447: 8407: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8377: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8352: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8230: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8186: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8175: 8161: 8152: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8122: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8057: 8046: 8045: 8001: 7992: 7989: 7983: 7973: 7967: 7964: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7950: 7945:on 15 March 2022 7941:. Archived from 7931: 7925: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7891: 7882: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7846: 7822: 7816: 7815: 7775: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7669: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7653: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7611:www.nimh.nih.gov 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7569: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7543: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7472: 7440: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7360: 7354: 7353: 7343: 7311: 7302: 7301: 7291: 7280:10.1002/cpp.1778 7259: 7253: 7252: 7242: 7210: 7204: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7162: 7156: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7136: 7126: 7102: 7087: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6972:(6): 1087–1097. 6961: 6955: 6954: 6926: 6917: 6916: 6906: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6792: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6716: 6698: 6674: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6613: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6499: 6490: 6489: 6479: 6469: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6295: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6219: 6195: 6189: 6188: 6173: 6164: 6163: 6123: 6112: 6111: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6034: 6010: 5999: 5998: 5954: 5941: 5940: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5883: 5865: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5803: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5743: 5711: 5700: 5699: 5665: 5656: 5641: 5640: 5630: 5620: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5555: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5486: 5473: 5472: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5288: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5254: 5230: 5197: 5196: 5186: 5168: 5144: 5131: 5130: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5047: 5038: 5037: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4873: 4864: 4863: 4827: 4821: 4820: 4810: 4792: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4751: 4741: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4700:www.nimh.nih.gov 4692: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4591: 4567: 4558: 4557: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4406: 4395: 4394: 4371:Nursing Research 4366: 4343: 4342: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4240: 4229: 4228: 4208: 4193: 4192: 4164: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4134:www.nimh.nih.gov 4126: 4120: 4119: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3931: 3920:10.1002/da.22599 3899: 3890: 3889: 3871: 3861: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3819:womenshealth.gov 3811: 3805: 3804: 3794: 3762: 3753: 3752: 3742: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3690:www.nimh.nih.gov 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3582: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3522: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3433: 3424: 3423: 3405: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3271: 3262: 3261: 3251: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3210: 3186: 3171: 3170: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3093: 3084: 3083: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2992:. Archived from 2986: 2980: 2979: 2969: 2951: 2927: 2914: 2913: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2829: 2818:10.1037/a0025538 2801: 2795: 2794: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2741: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2688: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2626: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2584: 2563: 2560: 2523: 2522: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2451: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2351: 2327: 2316: 2315: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2287: 2263: 2254: 2253: 2217: 2206: 2205: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2090: 2067: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2043: 1981:Postpartum blues 1975: 1970: 1969: 1864:Cultural beliefs 1459:(NICHD) and the 1330:allopregnanolone 1090:mood stabilizers 1075:bipolar disorder 1045:Postpartum blues 1039:Postpartum blues 999:minor depression 995:major depression 832:Childhood trauma 815:Postpartum blues 623:Adoptive parents 344:bipolar disorder 298: 291: 284: 225:Postpartum blues 189: 188: 125:bipolar disorder 62: 42: 41: 32:Postpartum blues 21: 12205: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12158: 12136: 12093: 12037:Cracked nipples 12032:Low milk supply 12013: 11999:Uterine rupture 11893: 11788:Oligohydramnios 11773:amniotic cavity 11767: 11757: 11734: 11716: 11667: 11658: 11617: 11611: 11580: 11567: 11553:Molar pregnancy 11492: 11476: 11462: 11432: 11423: 11395: 11376: 11360: 11329: 11307: 11298: 11273: 11248: 11205: 11202:substance abuse 11179: 11156: 11133: 11087: 11073:Bulimia nervosa 11050: 11031: 11007:Hypochondriasis 11002:False pregnancy 10985:Ganser syndrome 10967:Somatic symptom 10961: 10924: 10876: 10865:Specific phobia 10810: 10787: 10758: 10732: 10664: 10660:Savant syndrome 10632:Autism spectrum 10622: 10607: 10535: 10513: 10492: 10486: 10461: 10354: 10333: 10309:Dermatillomania 10270: 10256:Sexual anorexia 10213: 10202: 10192: 10160:- HelpGuide.org 10133: 10121: 10116: 10115: 10081: 10080: 10024: 10010: 10002: 10001: 9964: 9960: 9945: 9938: 9915: 9908: 9879:(10): 1355–73. 9869: 9865: 9858: 9844: 9840: 9833: 9819: 9815: 9768: 9753: 9708: 9704: 9659: 9655: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9582: 9575: 9536: 9532: 9522: 9520: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9475: 9471: 9444:Women and Birth 9440: 9436: 9397: 9393: 9378: 9364: 9355: 9348: 9326: 9317: 9307: 9305: 9297: 9296: 9292: 9282: 9281: 9274: 9227: 9223: 9178: 9169: 9146: 9142: 9097: 9086: 9041: 9030: 8983: 8979: 8932: 8913: 8874: 8863: 8842:(2–3): 97–111. 8832: 8819: 8774: 8770: 8723: 8714: 8683: 8679: 8640: 8636: 8609:Women and Birth 8605: 8601: 8556: 8545: 8535: 8533: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8468: 8461: 8408: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8364: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8339: 8337: 8329: 8328: 8324: 8314: 8312: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8278: 8274: 8231: 8224: 8215: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8173: 8171: 8163: 8162: 8155: 8145: 8143: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8120: 8118: 8110: 8109: 8105: 8058: 8049: 8002: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7974: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7948: 7946: 7933: 7932: 7928: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7876: 7823: 7819: 7776: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7748: 7744: 7723:(7): CD006795. 7713: 7709: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7590: 7588: 7570: 7566: 7556: 7554: 7544: 7537: 7527: 7525: 7517: 7516: 7512: 7502: 7500: 7499:. 20 March 2019 7491: 7490: 7486: 7441: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7405: 7401: 7361: 7357: 7326:(2): CD013560. 7312: 7305: 7260: 7256: 7219:JAMA Psychiatry 7211: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7163: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7103: 7090: 7085: 7081: 7060:(4): CD006116. 7054: 7050: 7005: 7001: 6962: 6958: 6927: 6920: 6889:(4): CD004363. 6875: 6871: 6832: 6828: 6818: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6769: 6765: 6734: 6730: 6675: 6671: 6634: 6627: 6582: 6578: 6549:(2): CD001134. 6543: 6539: 6510:(2): CD001134. 6500: 6493: 6446: 6442: 6403: 6396: 6386: 6384: 6382:medlineplus.gov 6376: 6375: 6371: 6332: 6325: 6272: 6268: 6237: 6233: 6196: 6192: 6175: 6174: 6167: 6124: 6115: 6068: 6064: 6011: 6002: 5955: 5944: 5901: 5897: 5842: 5835: 5780: 5773: 5712: 5703: 5663: 5657: 5644: 5597: 5593: 5556: 5552: 5542: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5526: 5487: 5476: 5465: 5449: 5442: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5386: 5385: 5381: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5335: 5328: 5289: 5278: 5231: 5200: 5145: 5134: 5095: 5091: 5048: 5041: 5002: 4998: 4963: 4959: 4912: 4905: 4874: 4867: 4828: 4824: 4769: 4765: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4644: 4640: 4609: 4605: 4568: 4561: 4530: 4523: 4491: 4487: 4456: 4452: 4407: 4398: 4367: 4346: 4339: 4325: 4321: 4290: 4286: 4241: 4232: 4209: 4196: 4165: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4084: 4080: 4049: 4045: 4006: 4002: 3949: 3945: 3900: 3893: 3838: 3834: 3824: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3763: 3756: 3711: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3669: 3667: 3665:medlineplus.gov 3659: 3658: 3654: 3603: 3596: 3543: 3536: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3457: 3453: 3434: 3427: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3348: 3344: 3313: 3309: 3272: 3265: 3228: 3224: 3187: 3174: 3143: 3139: 3094: 3087: 3048: 3044: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2928: 2917: 2896:(11): 1856–63. 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2863:Pregnancy Guide 2855: 2851: 2802: 2798: 2758: 2752: 2745: 2706: 2702: 2665:JAMA Psychiatry 2657: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2628: 2627: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2585: 2566: 2561: 2526: 2487: 2483: 2452: 2445: 2436: 2434: 2416: 2412: 2369: 2365: 2328: 2319: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2264: 2257: 2218: 2209: 2170: 2166: 2143: 2136: 2091: 2070: 2060: 2058: 2045: 2044: 2019: 2014: 1971: 1964: 1961: 1941: 1866: 1853: 1840: 1835: 1811: 1791: 1786: 1769: 1760: 1743: 1677: 1675:The Middle East 1664: 1655: 1646: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1614: 1598: 1551: 1535: 1521: 1512: 1485: 1453: 1432: 1427: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1378: 1369: 1300:hormone therapy 1271: 1263:biopsychosocial 1252: 1237:Internet-based 1235: 1219: 1193: 1184: 1162: 1127: 1071:maternity blues 1056: 1047: 1041: 1036: 987: 982: 968: 844:Low self-esteem 799: 734: 726: 668:thyroid hormone 647: 634: 625: 612: 570: 547: 489: 458: 430:Low self-esteem 412: 404: 315:), also called 302: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12203: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12156: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12134: 12129: 12127:Maternal death 12124: 12123: 12122: 12117: 12112: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12023: 12021: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11962: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11933:Fetal distress 11930: 11929: 11928: 11918: 11913: 11907: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11852: 11851: 11850: 11840: 11839: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11793:Polyhydramnios 11790: 11782:amniotic fluid 11777: 11775: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11744: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11726: 11724: 11722:Nervous system 11718: 11717: 11715: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11673: 11671: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11630: 11628: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11600:HELLP syndrome 11592: 11586: 11584: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11555: 11550: 11545: 11540: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11503: 11497: 11495: 11491:Pregnancy with 11484: 11478: 11477: 11461: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11438: 11429: 11428: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11386: 11385: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11311: 11309: 11300: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11283: 11275: 11274: 11254: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11247: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11229:Rebound effect 11226: 11221: 11216: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11177: 11172: 11170:Hypersexuality 11166: 11164: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11149: 11143: 11141: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11109: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11064: 11062: 11052: 11051: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10977: 10971: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10938: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10905: 10903:Panic disorder 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10870:Claustrophobia 10862: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10853:Anthropophobia 10845: 10843:Social anxiety 10840: 10835: 10829: 10827: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10808: 10801: 10799: 10789: 10788: 10768: 10767: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10713:Pick's disease 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10642: 10636: 10634: 10624: 10623: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10471: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10459: 10458: 10457: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10440: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10410: 10409: 10408: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10386: 10385: 10384: 10374: 10368: 10366: 10356: 10355: 10343: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10278: 10276: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10231: 10225: 10223: 10215: 10214: 10204: 10203: 10199:Classification 10191: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10155: 10149: 10143: 10131: 10118: 10117: 10114: 10113: 10102: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10067: 10056: 10041: 10025: 10020: 10019: 10017: 10016:Classification 10009: 10008:External links 10006: 10000: 9999: 9958: 9936: 9906: 9863: 9856: 9838: 9831: 9813: 9751: 9702: 9653: 9604: 9597: 9573: 9546:(105): 35–53. 9530: 9505: 9469: 9450:(1): e24–e31. 9434: 9391: 9376: 9353: 9346: 9315: 9290: 9272: 9221: 9167: 9140: 9111:(5): 787–799. 9084: 9028: 8977: 8940:Mental Illness 8911: 8861: 8817: 8788:(4): 440–452. 8768: 8712: 8677: 8634: 8599: 8570:(6): 153–158. 8543: 8532:. 26 July 2021 8517: 8482:(4): 535–551. 8459: 8397: 8372: 8360:www.samhsa.gov 8347: 8322: 8297: 8272: 8245:(4): 323–331. 8222: 8206: 8181: 8153: 8141:Shades of Blue 8128: 8103: 8047: 8012:(4): 373–387. 7993: 7984: 7968: 7956: 7926: 7913: 7903: 7883: 7874: 7817: 7790:(5): 659–661. 7767: 7742: 7707: 7664: 7640: 7623: 7598: 7564: 7535: 7510: 7484: 7455:(3): 265–282. 7432: 7399: 7372:(3): 526–534. 7355: 7303: 7254: 7225:(5): 498–509. 7205: 7196: 7177:(6): 709–724. 7157: 7148: 7088: 7079: 7048: 6999: 6956: 6918: 6869: 6842:(5): 495–507. 6826: 6804: 6783:(6): 580–587. 6763: 6728: 6689:(2): 146–150. 6669: 6648:(12): 834–40. 6625: 6576: 6537: 6491: 6440: 6413:(1): 114–121. 6394: 6369: 6323: 6266: 6231: 6190: 6165: 6138:(3): 211–219. 6132:Psychosomatics 6113: 6078:(1): 211–221. 6062: 6000: 5942: 5915:(5): 389–401. 5895: 5833: 5771: 5701: 5642: 5591: 5550: 5524: 5474: 5463: 5440: 5405: 5379: 5362: 5355: 5326: 5276: 5245:(1): 142–155. 5198: 5132: 5089: 5062:(3): 187–190. 5039: 4996: 4977:(5): 309–319. 4957: 4922:(4): 316–321. 4903: 4865: 4822: 4763: 4712: 4687: 4638: 4603: 4559: 4540:(10): e942-8. 4521: 4502:(3): 276–285. 4485: 4450: 4396: 4344: 4337: 4319: 4300:(1–3): 15–29. 4284: 4230: 4194: 4146: 4121: 4078: 4043: 4016:(10): 1210–7. 4000: 3963:(3): 410–415. 3943: 3914:(2): 137–146. 3891: 3852:(3): 391–401. 3832: 3821:. 9 April 2018 3806: 3771:Brain Research 3754: 3702: 3677: 3652: 3594: 3557:(4): 335–343. 3534: 3477: 3451: 3425: 3377: 3342: 3323:(19): 1961–9. 3307: 3263: 3242:(5–6): 11–14. 3222: 3201:(5–6): 11–14. 3172: 3153:(5): 698–703. 3137: 3085: 3058:(19): 1961–9. 3042: 3007: 2981: 2915: 2880: 2849: 2796: 2769:(2): 106–120. 2743: 2716:(6): 1318–25. 2700: 2651: 2606: 2564: 2524: 2497:(9): 1548–57. 2481: 2443: 2410: 2363: 2342:(4): 487–502. 2336:Women's Health 2317: 2299: 2255: 2228:(1): 183–196. 2207: 2164: 2134: 2068: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1960: 1957: 1940: 1937: 1909:Middle Eastern 1865: 1862: 1852: 1851:Role of stigma 1849: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1810: 1807: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1742: 1739: 1724:at 37.1%, and 1676: 1673: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1550: 1547: 1534: 1531: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1500:www.samhsa.gov 1496: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1452: 1449: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1354:pulse oximeter 1270: 1267: 1251: 1248: 1234: 1231: 1218: 1215: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1180: 1161: 1158: 1126: 1123: 1055: 1052: 1043:Main article: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1020:Loss of energy 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 986: 983: 981: 978: 967: 964: 878: 877: 874: 871: 866: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 840:breast-feeding 836: 833: 830: 827: 822: 817: 812: 809: 806: 803: 798: 795: 778:celiac disease 765: 764: 761: 750: 747: 744: 741: 733: 730: 725: 722: 646: 643: 633: 630: 624: 621: 611: 608: 600:and Gynecology 569: 566: 546: 543: 488: 485: 484: 483: 480: 477: 474: 473:Poor self-care 471: 468: 465: 462: 457: 454: 453: 452: 449: 446: 443: 440: 437: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 411: 408: 403: 400: 304: 303: 301: 300: 293: 286: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 204: 203: 199: 198: 194: 193: 185: 184: 183:~15% of births 181: 177: 176: 170: 166: 165: 160: 154: 153: 150: 144: 143: 121: 115: 114: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 87: 81: 80: 75: 69: 68: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12202: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12155: 12154: 12150: 12143: 12142: 12139: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12020: 12016: 12010: 12009:Uterine atony 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11979:Preterm birth 11977: 11973: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11967: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11846: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11785: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11719: 11713: 11712:Stretch marks 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11665: 11661: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11623: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11595:Pre-eclampsia 11593: 11591: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11544: 11541: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11496: 11494: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11467: 11464:Pathology of 11459: 11454: 11452: 11447: 11445: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11398: 11391: 11387: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11334:Schizophrenia 11332: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11305: 11301: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11264: 11263:Schizophrenia 11259: 11255: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11214:Drug overdose 11212: 11211: 11208: 11203: 11199: 11194: 11190: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11162:Sexual desire 11159: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11136: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11090: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11042: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10871: 10868: 10867: 10866: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10848:Social phobia 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10800: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10786: 10783:-related and 10782: 10778: 10773: 10769: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10618: 10614: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10489: 10481: 10478: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10464: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10435: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10404: 10403: 10402: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10348: 10344: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10273: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10196: 10189: 10184: 10182: 10177: 10175: 10170: 10169: 10166: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10123: 10122: 10112: 10108: 10107: 10103: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10091: 10088: 10084: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10057: 10055: 10051: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10026: 10023: 10018: 10014: 10005: 9995: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9977: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9954: 9950: 9943: 9941: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9913: 9911: 9902: 9898: 9894: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9867: 9859: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9758: 9756: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9673:(4): 259–70. 9672: 9668: 9664: 9657: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9608: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9580: 9578: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9534: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9501: 9497: 9493: 9489: 9486:(1): 99–100. 9485: 9481: 9473: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9407:(2): 348–64. 9406: 9402: 9395: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9362: 9360: 9358: 9349: 9347:3-8055-7865-2 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9286: 9279: 9277: 9268: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9176: 9174: 9172: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9144: 9136: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9033: 9024: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9004:10.2196/11623 9000: 8997:(1): e11623. 8996: 8992: 8988: 8981: 8973: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8884:(1): 129–54. 8883: 8879: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8866: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8813: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8719: 8717: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8650:(3): 318–35. 8649: 8645: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8603: 8595: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8466: 8464: 8455: 8451: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8361: 8357: 8351: 8336: 8332: 8326: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8286: 8282: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8227: 8219: 8213: 8211: 8195: 8191: 8185: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8158: 8142: 8138: 8132: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8000: 7998: 7988: 7982: 7978: 7972: 7963: 7961: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7923: 7917: 7907: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7888: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7772: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7668: 7650: 7644: 7636: 7635: 7627: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7553: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7524: 7520: 7514: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7439: 7437: 7420: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7351: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7308: 7299: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7274:(2): 134–40. 7273: 7269: 7265: 7258: 7250: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7200: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6960: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6941:(10): 852–8. 6940: 6936: 6932: 6925: 6923: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6632: 6630: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6496: 6487: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6399: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6330: 6328: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6210:(5): 1032–9. 6209: 6205: 6201: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5838: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5570:(2): 117–27. 5569: 5565: 5561: 5554: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5331: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5299:(2): 107–14. 5298: 5294: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5105:(3): 113–28. 5104: 5100: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5044: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4908: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4884:(2): 99–106. 4883: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4783:(13): E4727. 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4658:(2): 149–57. 4657: 4653: 4649: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4619:(1): 119–25. 4618: 4614: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4582:(7): 659–70. 4581: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4377:(4): 225–30. 4376: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4255:(1): 99–137. 4254: 4250: 4246: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4175:(4): 475–86. 4174: 4170: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3896: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719:CNS Spectrums 3716: 3709: 3707: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3358:(4): 253–62. 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3268: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2884: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2655: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2462:(3): 231–42. 2461: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2278:(4): 331–43. 2277: 2273: 2269: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2180:(4): 263–74. 2179: 2175: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2105:(4): 357–64. 2104: 2100: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2017: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1963: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1902: 1901:mother-in-law 1897: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1870:Malay culture 1861: 1857: 1848: 1845: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1799:Margery Kempe 1795: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1672: 1668: 1659: 1653:South America 1650: 1641: 1637: 1631:United States 1626:North America 1618: 1609: 1607: 1606:music therapy 1603: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1530: 1527: 1516: 1510:Psychotherapy 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1425:United States 1422: 1419: 1413:International 1404: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1373: 1367:Breastfeeding 1364: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1334:intravenously 1331: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1227:psychodynamic 1223: 1222:Psychotherapy 1217:Psychotherapy 1214: 1211: 1210:meta-analysis 1207: 1203: 1199: 1188: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143:questionnaire 1140: 1135: 1132: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1088:medications, 1087: 1086:antipsychotic 1082: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1051: 1046: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1000: 996: 991: 977: 974: 963: 960: 957: 955: 951: 947: 942: 940: 937:. Studies in 936: 931: 929: 925: 921: 916: 913: 909: 907: 902: 898: 895: 890: 886: 884: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 841: 837: 834: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 800: 794: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 762: 759: 755: 751: 748: 745: 742: 740: 736: 735: 729: 721: 718: 714: 709: 706: 704: 700: 696: 694: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 651: 642: 638: 629: 620: 616: 607: 603: 601: 599: 592: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 565: 562: 558: 553: 542: 540: 536: 532: 527: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 481: 478: 475: 472: 469: 466: 463: 460: 459: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 414: 413: 407: 399: 397: 393: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:mood disorder 318: 314: 310: 299: 294: 292: 287: 285: 280: 279: 277: 276: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 206: 205: 201: 200: 196: 195: 191: 190: 182: 178: 175:, medications 174: 171: 167: 164: 161: 159: 155: 151: 149: 145: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 86: 82: 79: 76: 74: 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 12151: 12144: 12068: 12004:Vasa praevia 11964: 11938:Locked twins 11854: 11804: 11780: 11526:Interstitial 11294:Folie à deux 11219:Intoxication 11200:substances, 11198:Psychoactive 11146: 11117:Night terror 10934:Dissociative 10898:Panic attack 10450:Tic disorder 10139:the original 10104: 10093: 10069: 10058: 10043: 10028: 10003: 9978:(2): 48–57. 9975: 9971: 9961: 9952: 9948: 9922: 9918: 9876: 9872: 9866: 9847: 9841: 9822: 9816: 9779: 9775: 9722:(3): 34–42. 9719: 9715: 9705: 9670: 9666: 9656: 9624:(6): 861–5. 9621: 9617: 9607: 9588: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9521:. 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Retrieved 2050: 1953: 1949: 1945:Andrea Yates 1942: 1933: 1929:collectivist 1906: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1874: 1867: 1858: 1854: 1841: 1827: 1812: 1796: 1792: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1761: 1744: 1715: 1707:Saudi Arabia 1678: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1647: 1638: 1634: 1621:Epidemiology 1615: 1599: 1564: 1552: 1536: 1522: 1513: 1470: 1454: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1416: 1398:are useful. 1389: 1379: 1370: 1358: 1347: 1337:PPD include 1327:neurosteroid 1320: 1313: 1297: 1272: 1253: 1236: 1220: 1194: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1136: 1128: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1083: 1079: 1057: 1048: 992: 988: 969: 961: 958: 943: 932: 917: 910: 906:paternal PPD 903: 899: 891: 887: 879: 797:Psychosocial 786:fibromyalgia 766: 758:fibromyalgia 727: 724:Risk factors 710: 707: 697: 688:progesterone 672:testosterone 664:progesterone 652: 648: 639: 635: 626: 617: 613: 604: 595: 593: 582: 571: 548: 528: 496:frontal lobe 490: 487:Neurobiology 405: 388: 364: 337: 316: 312: 308: 307: 229: 119:Risk factors 36: 11943:Nuchal cord 11692:Linea nigra 11644:Hepatitis E 11577:proteinuria 11558:Miscarriage 11543:Embryo loss 11521:Heterotopic 11267:schizotypal 11102:Hypersomnia 11092:Nonorganic 10833:Agoraphobia 10564:Cyclothymia 10559:Bipolar NOS 10534:(affective) 10406:Stereotypic 10314:Kleptomania 10095:MedlinePlus 8169:napplsc.org 7939:www.apa.org 7901:(2), 90-95. 7680:: 142–150. 7616:20 November 7591:16 November 7523:www.fda.gov 6387:20 November 6286:: 165–173. 5674:: 634–645. 5012:(2): 53–9. 4705:20 November 4139:20 November 3825:20 November 3497:: 293–302. 2634:www.cdc.gov 1686:Middle East 1681:Middle East 1392:acupuncture 1323:brexanolone 1305:blood clots 1288:breast milk 973:Middle East 935:Middle East 926:and one in 589:infanticide 561:Middle East 512:hippocampus 436:, emptiness 378:(CBT), and 173:Counselling 102:Usual onset 50:Other names 12185:Motherhood 12169:Categories 11953:Postpartum 11848:Antepartum 11563:Stillbirth 11474:puerperium 11472:, and the 11470:childbirth 11419:Stereotypy 11282:Delusional 11271:delusional 11244:Withdrawal 11112:Parasomnia 11017:Nosophobia 10797:Adjustment 10785:somatoform 10718:Sundowning 10571:Depression 10554:Bipolar II 10443:Stuttering 10438:Cluttering 10234:Paraphilia 10071:DiseasesDB 9972:Psychiatry 9925:(3): 300. 8737:(1): 302. 8422:: 100275. 7425:31 October 6744:: 165–80. 6460:: 975–87. 6204:Pediatrics 5965:: 105667. 5726:: 102157. 5543:27 October 5159:(1): 375. 4838:: 153–66. 4421:(9): 468. 3777:: 219–32. 3470:10 January 3108:(1): 1–6. 2942:(1): 542. 2873:22 October 2827:2429/66579 2424:StatPearls 2012:References 1931:cultures. 1823:hysterical 1735:motherhood 1720:at 40.2%, 1693:at 18.6%, 1566:PPD care. 1361:zuranolone 1343:ganaxolone 1339:zuranolone 1332:, for use 1292:sertraline 1284:sertraline 1269:Medication 1200:(CBT) and 1182:Treatments 1160:Prevention 732:Biological 598:Obstetrics 557:childbirth 464:Low libido 456:Behavioral 439:Exhaustion 368:counseling 348:depression 329:low energy 325:childbirth 163:Baby blues 129:depression 91:low energy 78:Psychiatry 12019:Puerperal 11607:Eclampsia 11511:Abdominal 11482:Pregnancy 11466:pregnancy 11372:Catatonia 11304:Psychosis 11139:Postnatal 11122:Nightmare 10728:Wandering 10581:Dysthymia 10549:Bipolar I 10504:Pervasive 10319:Pyromania 10244:Voyeurism 10239:Fetishism 10106:eMedicine 9782:: e5893. 9568:191660461 9560:0001-2793 9500:1520-6696 9386:931662216 9079:1556-5009 8672:206717561 8496:1049-7323 8436:2214-7829 8259:0730-7659 8082:1532-3099 8068:: 38–47. 8062:Midwifery 8026:0363-0242 7869:206337303 7853:0884-2175 7804:0884-2175 7702:167209199 7586:0099-9660 7449:CNS Drugs 7191:1520-6629 6705:2249-4863 6596:: a3064. 6318:232773376 6302:0165-0327 6152:0033-3182 6108:255181351 6092:1879-3479 6041:1573-2517 6025:: 18–31. 5995:252342586 5979:1872-6232 5929:0272-7358 5872:1664-0640 5810:1664-1078 5766:248337797 5750:1873-7811 5688:1573-2517 5175:1471-2393 5076:1049-3867 4936:1433-9285 4898:144993416 4799:1660-4601 3977:1841-0987 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2250:59341428 2242:30691372 2202:20966469 2194:14628179 2159:Archived 2129:19318144 2055:Archived 1959:See also 1752:insomnia 1705:at 21%, 1315:Oxytocin 985:Criteria 966:Violence 920:polygamy 739:oxytocin 693:oxytocin 684:Estrogen 680:cortisol 660:estrogen 656:HPA axis 539:steroids 535:hormones 516:striatum 508:amygdala 434:Numbness 202:Overview 85:Symptoms 11806:chorion 11531:Ovarian 10816:Anxiety 10655:PDD-NOS 10544:Bipolar 10197: ( 10065:D019052 9985:2922347 9799:6230434 9737:1595301 9688:3725295 9640:2207517 9258:5799244 9241:: 248. 9207:7680231 9126:5369767 8963:4253395 8906:1285417 8803:6964473 8754:3118237 8585:5657855 8445:6926164 8199:9 April 8174:9 April 8146:9 April 8121:9 April 7760:9 April 7470:6424603 7394:1508392 7341:8094614 7289:4141636 7240:7859878 7134:3039003 7034:5604832 6904:6494522 6819:17 June 6714:4139996 6611:2628301 6571:4812056 6532:4812056 6477:4247145 6356:3651732 6057:5007700 5881:6153962 5856:: 409. 5819:5387093 5794:: 560. 5628:4981602 5611:: 138. 5398:9 April 5262:7536723 5184:5124263 4808:7370050 4673:1592250 4436:4920261 4391:8700656 4270:5659274 3986:6992410 3929:5310833 3869:8116278 3792:4156558 3740:4363269 3580:3433270 3520:4887416 3249:6659987 3208:6659987 3123:2819576 3000:13 June 2967:8343347 2686:4440326 2599:9 April 2285:2440795 2120:3918890 2061:11 June 1784:History 1722:Bahrain 1711:Tunisia 1703:Lebanon 1191:Therapy 950:Lebanon 374:(IPT), 333:anxiety 319:, is a 113:Unclear 95:anxiety 11810:amnion 11060:Eating 10908:Stress 10825:Phobia 10781:stress 10640:Autism 10433:Speech 10222:Sexual 10129:Curlie 10100:007215 9992: 9982: 9955:: 599. 9929: 9899: 9891: 9854: 9829: 9806: 9796: 9744: 9734: 9695: 9685: 9646: 9638: 9595: 9566: 9558: 9498: 9462: 9427: 9419: 9384: 9374: 9344: 9265: 9255: 9214: 9204: 9192:: 89. 9133: 9123: 9077: 9021: 9011: 8970: 8960: 8904: 8896: 8854: 8810: 8800: 8761: 8751: 8705: 8670: 8662: 8644:Health 8627: 8592: 8582: 8510: 8502: 8494: 8452: 8442: 8434: 8306:"Home" 8265: 8257: 8137:"HOME" 8096: 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4894:S2CID 4856:S2CID 4112:S2CID 4034:S2CID 3882:S2CID 3643:S2CID 3416:S2CID 3076:S2CID 2840:S2CID 2787:S2CID 2759:(PDF) 2734:S2CID 2515:S2CID 2246:S2CID 2198:S2CID 2157:(2). 1939:Media 1921:Islam 1691:Qatar 1376:Other 1067:mania 946:Egypt 939:Qatar 924:Egypt 864:colic 552:DSM-5 11771:and 11269:and 10918:PTSD 10532:Mood 10372:ADHD 10060:MeSH 10049:9-CM 9990:PMID 9927:PMID 9889:PMID 9852:ISBN 9827:ISBN 9804:PMID 9742:PMID 9693:PMID 9636:PMID 9593:ISBN 9556:ISSN 9544:2006 9525:2020 9496:ISSN 9460:PMID 9417:PMID 9382:OCLC 9372:ISBN 9342:ISBN 9310:2020 9263:PMID 9212:PMID 9131:PMID 9075:ISSN 9019:PMID 8968:PMID 8894:PMID 8852:PMID 8808:PMID 8759:PMID 8703:PMID 8660:PMID 8625:PMID 8590:PMID 8538:2022 8500:PMID 8492:ISSN 8450:PMID 8432:ISSN 8392:2022 8367:2022 8342:2022 8317:2022 8292:2022 8263:PMID 8255:ISSN 8201:2022 8176:2022 8148:2022 8123:2022 8086:PMID 8078:ISSN 8030:PMID 8022:ISSN 7951:2022 7857:PMID 7849:ISSN 7808:PMID 7800:ISSN 7762:2022 7733:PMID 7690:PMID 7659:2019 7618:2019 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