2806:
2124:
3796:, and massacres, and 1 to 1.5 million people were forced to migrate. Turkish author Nedim İpek gives the same numbers as Karpat. Another source claims 400,000 Turks were massacred and 1,000,000 Turks had to migrate during the war. The perpetrators of those massacres are also disputed, with Justin McCarthy claiming that they were carried out by Russian soldiers, Cossacks as well as Bulgarian volunteers and villagers, though there were few civilian casualties in battle. while James J. Reid claims that Circassians were significantly responsible for the refugee flow, that there were civilian casualties from battle and even that the Ottoman army was responsible for casualties among the Muslim population. The number of Muslim refugees is estimated by R.J. Crampton to be 130,000. Richard C. Frucht estimates that only half (700,000) of the prewar Muslim population remained after the war, 216,000 had died and the rest emigrated. Douglas Arthur Howard estimates that half the 1.5 million Muslims, for the most part Turks, in prewar Bulgaria had disappeared by 1879. 200,000 had died, the rest became permanently refugees in Ottoman territories.
3639:
2183:
2772:, this programme of reform gave Russia a large army that was capable of fighting a war against the Ottomans. All Russian men were to serve 6 years in the active army and 9 years in the reserves though through exemption the effective intake of conscription was considerably less (in 1874 of 724,648 eligible men only 150,000 were enlisted this having risen to 218,000 by 1877) in peacetime, though this was still sufficient to meet the Russian need for manpower. The Active portion of the army was subdivided into 2 portions, the local troops, who were garrison soldiers in Europe, regular soldiers in Asia, stationary forces and gendarmes, the other portion was the Field Army. In addition to these forces there was the militia (opolcheniye), which contained all men exempted from conscripted and men under 40 who had completed their terms of service.
2147:
3521:
2097:
3624:
827:
815:
803:
791:
779:
767:
755:
735:
723:
711:
699:
687:
675:
656:
644:
632:
620:
607:
592:
9833:
1044:
887:
294:
2927:
9889:
10175:
1800:
2805:
9841:
1012:
574:
269:
9897:
2900:
562:
550:
3140:
9849:
1001:
258:
56:
931:
865:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
454:
442:
430:
418:
406:
394:
381:
366:
220:
9881:
2008:
981:
2454:
units were below strength before entering the war due to the many rebellions affecting the empire. However, the
Ottoman army was well prepared for war, as it had increasingly called up its reserves up to the third subcategory of the Redif when Russian forces began gathering in Bessarabia. Olender gives the Ottoman battalion (tabor) of infantry at 774 men on paper and 650 in practice, the cavalry squadron containing 143 men on paper and 100 in practice, with the artillery being organised into six gun batteries.
9905:
839:
2332:
312:
2851:
2163:
2993:
3835:
10348:
2438:
four years before entering the fourth subcategory. The Redif itself was grouped into battalions and classes, with whole battalions taken out to serve as new units. The annual draft conscripted 37,500 men; following mobilisation of the Nizam and Ithiat, these two portions of the army totaled approximately 210,000 men. An additional 20,000 men of the
Gendarme were included in the Nizam. The Redif was theoretically capable of providing 190,000–200,000 troops.
538:
9873:
3404:
1954:
9865:
958:
247:
3938:
3315:
9857:
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2389:
however were refused by
European powers as too harsh. In early October, after the truce expired, the Turkish army resumed its offensive and the Serbian position quickly became desperate. On 31 October, Russia issued an ultimatum requiring the Ottoman Empire to stop the hostilities and sign a new truce with Serbia within 48 hours. This was supported by the partial mobilization of the
2414:
fighting and
Austria-Hungary would derive most of the advantage. Russia therefore made a final effort for a peaceful settlement. After reaching an agreement with its main Balkan rival and with anti-Ottoman sympathies running high throughout Europe due to the Bulgarian atrocities and the rejection of the Constantinople agreements, Russia finally felt free to declare war.
3590:'big cauldron of Liberty Stew' into which the big nations dipped their 'iron ladles' for real results, while the Armenian delegation had only a 'Paper Ladle'. 'Ah dear Armenian people,' Khrimian said, 'could I have dipped my Paper Ladle in the cauldron it would sog and remain there! Where guns talk and sabers shine, what significance do appeals and petitions have?
2965:) the Russians constructed a pontoon bridge across the Danube at Svishtov. After a short battle in which the Russians suffered 812 killed and wounded, the Russians secured the opposing bank and drove off the Ottoman infantry brigade defending Svishtov. At this point the Russian force was divided into three parts: the Eastern Detachment under the command of
6679:
2871:
that
Russians would be too lazy to march along the Danube and cross it away from the delta, and would prefer the short way along the Black Sea coast. This would be ignoring the fact that the coast had the strongest, best supplied and garrisoned Turkish fortresses. There was only one well manned fortress along the inner part of the River Danube,
3744:İslimye Sanjaks), a figure that is lower than the approx. 1.5 million Turks who had reportedly perished or been forced to migrate according to both Karpat and İpek – whose estimates would also necessarily mean that no Muslims whatsoever remained in either the Principality of Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, Serbia or Romanian Dobruja.
2051:-based Bulgarian revolutionaries into action. In 1875, a Bulgarian uprising was hastily prepared to take advantage of Ottoman preoccupation, but it fizzled before it started. In the spring of 1876, another uprising erupted in the south-central Bulgarian lands despite the fact that there were numerous regular Turkish troops in those areas.
3594:" Given the absence of tangible improvements in the plight of the Armenian community, a number of Armenian intellectuals living in Europe and Russia in the 1880s and 1890s formed political parties and revolutionary societies to secure better conditions for their compatriots in Ottoman Armenia and other parts of the Ottoman Empire.
3881:, where any Bulgarian who had ever in any way assisted the Russians was hanged. However, even villages that had not assisted the Russians were destroyed and their inhabitants massacred. As a result, as many as 100,000 civilian Bulgarians fled north to the Russian occupied territories. Later on in the campaign, the Ottoman forces
3046:
Vit. Osman Pasha was wounded in the leg by a stray bullet, which killed his horse beneath him. Making a brief stand, the
Ottomans eventually found themselves driven back into the city, losing 5,000 men to the Russians' 2,000. The next day, Osman surrendered the city, the garrison, and his sword to the Romanian colonel,
2198:. The majority of the students were Bulgarian, and many received news of the events from their families back home. Soon the Western diplomatic community in Constantinople was abuzz with rumours, which eventually found their way into newspapers in the West. While in Constantinople in 1879, Protestant missionary
3540:) of the Ottoman Empire greeted the advancing Russians as liberators. Violence and instability directed at Armenians during the war by Kurd and Circassian bands had left many Armenians looking toward the invading Russians as the ultimate guarantors of their security. Influential pro-Russian Armenian thinker
6863:
3261:
During the course of the war, the majority of Greeks wanted to enter the war on Russia's side, however the Greek government decided reluctantly to not intervene, due to
British neutrality. The British guaranteed that after the end of the war they would intervene themselves and assure equal rights for
3098:
and eventually secured it. Ottoman troops spent much effort to recapture this important route, to use it to reinforce Osman Pasha in Pleven, but failed. Eventually Gourko led a final offensive that crushed the
Ottomans around Shipka Pass. The Ottoman offensive against Shipka Pass is considered one of
3066:
was called off due to strong diplomatic pressure from
Austria-Hungary, which wanted to prevent Serbia and Montenegro from coming into contact, and which had designs to spread Austria-Hungary's influence through the area. The Ottomans, outnumbered unlike two years before, mostly confined themselves to
3008:
Osman Pasha organized a defense and repelled two
Russian attacks with colossal casualties on the Russian side. At that point, the sides were almost equal in numbers and the Russian army was very discouraged. A counter-attack might have allowed the Ottomans to control and destroy the Russians' bridge,
3000:
Responding to the Russian crossing of the Danube, the Ottoman high command in Constantinople ordered Osman Nuri Pasha to advance east from Vidin and occupy the fortress of Nikopol, just west of the Russian crossing. On his way to Nikopol, Osman Pasha learned that the Russians had already captured the
2870:
In the event, however, the Ottomans usually resorted to passive defense, leaving the strategic initiative to the Russians, who, after making some mistakes, found a winning strategy for the war. The Ottoman military command in Constantinople made poor assumptions about Russian intentions. They decided
2508:
Olender gives a breakdown of Ottoman troops in the spring of 1877 as containing 571 infantry battalions (181 of which were Nizam), 147 cavalry squadrons and 143 artillery batteries not including the fortress and garrison companies or irregulars. On paper this would amount to 441,954 infantry (140,094
2449:
during his reign to educate officers. However, the turnout of this academy was poor and only 1,600 of the 20,000 regular officers of the army were academy trained, though the artillery saw the highest concentration of academy trained officers at 20% of the total. For the entire Ottoman army, only 132
1978:
sentiments were strong and were encouraged by Russia and her agents. At the same time, a severe drought in Anatolia in 1873 and flooding in 1874 caused famine and widespread discontent in the heart of the Empire. The agricultural shortages precluded the collection of necessary taxes, which forced the
1944:
Other clauses of the Paris Peace Treaty, however, remained in force, specifically Article 8 with guarantees of Ottoman territorial integrity by Great Britain, France and Austria. Therefore, Russia was extremely cautious in its relations with the Ottoman Empire, coordinating all its actions with other
1780:
By early 1869, the insurrection was suppressed, but the Porte offered some concessions, introducing island self-rule and increasing Christian rights on the island. Although the Cretan crisis ended better for the Ottomans than almost any other diplomatic confrontation of the century, the insurrection,
3687:
According to Ottoman official records, the total number of refugees from the lands ceded in 1878 to the Principality of Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, Serbia, Romania and Austria-Hungary (from Bosnia) from 1876 to 1879 stands at 571,152 people: 276,389 in 1876, 198,000 in 1877, 76,000 in 1878 and 20,763
3678:
Many villages in the Kars region were pillaged by Russian army during the war. The war in Caucasus caused many Muslims to migrate to remaining Ottoman lands, mostly in poverty and with poor conditions. Between 1878 and 1881, 82,000 Muslims migrated to the Ottoman Empire from lands ceded to Russia in
3433:
later forced modifications of the treaty in the Congress of Berlin. The main change here was that Bulgaria would be split, according to earlier agreements among the Great Powers that precluded the creation of a large new Slavic state: the northern and eastern parts to become principalities as before
2775:
The Field Army was organised into 48 infantry divisions (3 of which were guard and 4 Grenadier). There were also 8 rifle brigades, 19 cavalry divisions, 35 horse gun batteries, 19 engineer battalions, 49 field gun brigades. The Russian divisions were organised into corps of 2 to 3 divisions, a corps
2453:
The Ottoman army was organised at the battalion level with a battalion nominally holding 800 men subdivided into companies of 100 men, for formations above the battalion level these were to be assembled ad-hoc this results in difficulty at estimating Ottoman troop strength throughout the war as many
2404:
of the Great Powers was opened in Constantinople (to which Ottoman representatives were not invited). A compromise solution was negotiated, granting autonomy to Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina under the joint control of European powers. The Ottomans, however, refused to sacrifice their independence
4037:
describes the Kurdish massacres of Armenians in the eastern Ottoman Empire at the time of the Russo-Turkish war. The novella follows the journey of a young man through the mountains of Anatolia. The historical descriptions in the novella correspond with information from British sources at the time.
3669:
describes as an eyewitness the burning of four or five Turkish villages by the Russian troops in response to the Turks firing at the Russians from the villages, instead of behind rocks or trees, which must have appeared to the Russian soldiers as guerrilla attempts by the local Muslim populace upon
3650:
In January 1878, advancing coalition forces started committing atrocities against Muslim populations in the region. British reports from that time have detailed information about atrocities and massacres. According to those reports, in the village of İssova Bâlâ, the school and 96 of the 170 houses
3581:
The Sublime Porte undertakes to carry out, without further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by Armenians, and to guarantee their security against the Circassians and Kurds. It will periodically make known the steps taken to this effect to
1961:
In 1875, a series of Balkan events brought Europe to the brink of war. The state of Ottoman administration in the Balkans continued to deteriorate throughout the 19th century, with the central government occasionally losing control over whole provinces. Reforms imposed by European powers did little
3861:
At the time, Stara Zagora was not only one of the biggest Bulgarian cities, but it also accommodated some 20,000 refugees from nearby villages, seeking shelter from Ottoman reprisals. The number of massacred Christian civilians in the course of the battle is estimated at between 14,000 and 14,500,
3755:
Thus, as of 1880, the total number of Muslims who lived in the territories ceded by the Ottoman Empire stood at 827,000 people, down from 1,388,844 Muslims counted by the pre-war Ottoman statistics, signifying a net loss of 561,844 Muslims (40.4%). While shockingly high, this figure falls short by
3561:
The Armenian Patriarch discouraged Armenian migration to Russia and encouraged Armenians to "remain faithful to the Sultan". The Patriarch held the belief that Armenian-inhabited areas could remain under Ottoman rule, but under Christian control, and that Muslims who were dissatisfied with how the
3556:
As the evacuation of the Russian troops of the territory they occupy in Armenia, and which is to be restored to Turkey, might give rise to conflicts and complications detrimental to the maintenance of good relations between the two countries, the Sublime Porte engaged to carry into effect, without
3511:
of 1875 (0.4% of the population), the 1880 Bulgarian census indicated a total of 14,342 Jews, who accounted for 0.7% of the post-war Bulgarian population. Moreover, an increase by 5,152 people, or 56%, in less than five years, cannot be explained by natural increase alone and would rather indicate
3449:
terms to release prisoners of war and to grant amnesty to Ottoman subjects, as well as providing terms for the inhabitants nationality after the annexations. Article VII allowed subjects to opt within six months of the signing of the treaty to retain Ottoman subjecthood or become Russian subjects.
3448:
was a further continuation of negotiations between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. While reaffirming provisions of the Treaty of San Stefano which had not been modified by the Berlin Treaty, it set compensation terms owed by Ottoman Empire to Russia for losses sustained during the war. It contained
3036:
took the Grivitsa redoubt after four bloody assaults and managed to keep it until the very end of the siege. The Siege of Plevna (July–December 1877) turned to victory only after Russian and Romanian forces cut off all supply routes to the fortified Ottomans. With supplies running low, Osman Pasha
2433:
The Ottoman army at this time solely conscripted Muslims with non-Muslims paying a poll tax in lieu of service, the army itself was divided into four categories: the Nizam (standing army), who served for four years (five for cavalry and engineers); the Ithiat, or first reserve, where a further two
1913:
fortifications. Russian international prestige was damaged, and for many years revenge for the Crimean War became the main goal of Russian foreign policy. This was not easy though: the Paris peace treaty included guarantees of Ottoman territorial integrity by Great Britain, France and Austria, and
1785:
Small as the amount of attention is which can be given by the people of England to the affairs of Turkey ... enough was transpiring from time to time to produce a vague but a settled and general impression that the Sultans were not fulfilling the "solemn promises" they had made to Europe; that the
1776:
became particularly well known. In November 1866, about 250 Cretan Greek combatants and around 600 women and children were besieged by about 23,000 mainly Cretan Muslims aided by Ottoman troops, and this became widely known in Europe. After a bloody battle with a large number of casualties on both
1732:
was dispatched to Syria and immediately set about trying to resolve the conflict as swiftly as possible. Mehmed sought out and executed the agitators on all sides, including the governor and other officials. Order was soon restored, and preparations made to give Lebanon new autonomy. These efforts
3743:
Thus, according to the Ottoman Empire's own population records, the total number of Muslims in the territories ceded by the Empire to the Principality of Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia, Serbia and Romania, did not exceed 1,388,844 people (1,055,650 for the Danube Vilayet and 333,194 for the Filibe and
3576:
traveled to Berlin to present the case of the Armenians but, much to its chagrin, was left out of the negotiations. Article 16 was modified and watered down, and all mention of the Russian forces remaining in the provinces was removed. In the final text of the Treaty of Berlin, it was transformed
3045:
river and crossed it, attacked on a 2-mile (3.2 km) front and broke through the first line of Russian trenches. Here they fought hand to hand and bayonet to bayonet, with little advantage to either side. Outnumbering the Ottomans almost 5 to 1, the Russians drove the Ottomans back across the
2437:
The Redif itself was divided into four categories: the first category consisted of veterans of the Nizam category, who served in the first Redif subcategory for four years before entering the second Redif sub-category; men who were not conscripted served in the third sub-category of the Redif for
1811:
in power and prestige. The financial strain on the treasury forced the Ottoman government to take a series of foreign loans at such steep interest rates that, despite all the fiscal reforms that followed, pushed it into unpayable debts and economic difficulties. This was further aggravated by the
3222:
in the final week of May, although Ottoman reinforcements lifted the siege and drove them back. Bolstered by reinforcements, in November 1877 General Lazarev launched a new attack on Kars, suppressing the southern forts leading to the city and capturing Kars itself on 18 November. On 19 February
2882:
The Russian campaign was better planned, but it relied heavily on Turkish passivity. A crucial Russian mistake was sending too few troops initially; an expeditionary force of about 185,000 crossed the Danube in June, slightly fewer than the combined Turkish forces in the Balkans (about 200,000).
2862:
At the beginning of the war, the outcome was far from obvious. The Russians could send a larger army into the Balkans: about 300,000 troops were within reach. The Ottomans had about 200,000 troops on the Balkan peninsula, of which about 100,000 were assigned to fortified garrisons, leaving about
1973:
Austria-Hungary consolidated after the turmoil of the first half of the century and sought to reinvigorate its centuries long policy of expansion at the expense of the Ottoman Empire. Meanwhile, the nominally autonomous, de facto independent principalities of Serbia and Montenegro also sought to
2388:
As the fighting in Bosnia and Herzegovina continued, Serbia suffered a string of setbacks and asked the European powers to mediate an end to the war. A joint ultimatum by the European powers forced the Porte to give Serbia a one-month truce and start peace negotiations. Turkish peace conditions
2413:
On 15 January 1877, Russia and Austria-Hungary signed a written agreement confirming the results of the earlier Reichstadt Agreement of July 1876. This assured Russia of the benevolent neutrality of Austria-Hungary in the impending war. These terms meant that in case of war Russia would do the
2409:
was adopted that declared equal rights for religious minorities within the Empire. The Ottomans attempted to use this manoeuver to get their objections and amendments to the agreement heard. When they were rejected by the Great Powers, the Ottoman Empire announced its decision to disregard the
2891:), the Russian military command realized it did not have the reserves to keep the offensive going and switched to a defensive posture. The Russians did not even have enough forces to blockade Pleven properly until late August, which effectively delayed the whole campaign for about two months.
2434:
years were served (one year for the cavalry and artillery); the Redif, which took veterans of the Nizam and Ithiat categories and men who did not serve; and the Moustafiz, where all men who had completed their service in the Redif (approximately 300,000 troops) served for a further six years.
3691:
According to the pre-war Ottoman salname of 1875, the total male Muslim population of the five vilayets to form the future Principality of Bulgaria – Rusçuk, Vidin, Sofia, Tirnova, and Varna – stood at 405,450 (total population of 810,900), however, inclusive of
3053:
At this point, Serbia, having finally secured monetary aid from Russia, declared war on the Ottoman Empire again. This time there were far fewer Russian officers in the Serbian army but this was more than offset by the experience gained from the 1876–77 war. Under nominal command of Prince
2123:
1769:. The insurgents gained control over the whole island, except for five fortified cities where the Muslims took refuge. The Greek press claimed that Muslims had massacred Greeks and the word was spread throughout Europe. Thousands of Greek volunteers were mobilized and sent to the island.
2090:, where the majority of the population was also massacred, participated in the rebellion. Many of the perpetrators of those massacres were later decorated by the Ottoman high command. Modern historians have estimated the number of murdered Bulgarians at between 30,000 and 100,000.
7547:
The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877 with a Connecting Narrative Forming a Continuous History of the War Between Russia and Turkey to the Fall of Kars Including the Letters of Mr. Archibald Forbes, Mr. J. A. MacGahan and Many Other Special Correspondents in Europe and
1892:
idea that all Slavs should be united under Russian leadership. This could be done only by destroying the two empires where most non-Russian Slavs lived, the Habsburg and the Ottoman Empires. The ambitions and the rivalries of the Russians and French in the Balkans surfaced in
3012:
Russia had no more troops to throw against Plevna, so the Russians besieged it, and subsequently asked the Romanians to cross the Danube and help them. On 9 August, Suleiman Pasha made an attempt to help Osman Pasha with 30,000 troops, but he was stopped by Bulgarians at the
3655:
too. In the village of Muflis, 127 Muslim inhabitants were kidnapped by a group of Russian and Bulgarian troops. 20 managed to escape. The rest were killed. 400 people from Muflis were killed according to Ottoman sources. 11 inhabitants were killed in Keçidere. According to
6774:
2509:
being nizam troops), 21,021 cavalry and 858 guns. However, due to other conflicts and the ongoing process of mobilisation of the Redif units at this process the Regular Ottoman army amounted to 400,000 troops with an additional 90,000 irregular troops and Egyptian troops.
3551:
approached the Russian leadership with the view of receiving assurances that the Russians would introduce provisions in the prospective peace treaty for self-administration in the Armenian provinces. Though not as explicit, Article 16 of the Treaty of San Stefano read:
3005:), which he occupied with a force of approximately 15,000 on 19 July (NS). The Russians, approximately 9,000 under the command of General Schilder-Schuldner, reached Plevna early in the morning. Thus began the Siege of Plevna, lasting for 145 days until 10 December.
2505:. 140,000 were assigned to the general task of fighting threats in the European provinces of the Empire, with 45,000 in various garrisons in Anatolia, Europe, and Crete. With the Caucasus army containing 70,000 men, the total of number of troops amounted to 378,000.
3995:, which neighbored both the Russian Empire and Ottoman Empire, considered them to be rivals, and probably considered the Red Crescent in particular to be an Ottoman symbol; except for the Red Crescent being centred and without a star, it is a colour reversal of the
3747:
At the same time, the 1880 population census of the Principality of Bulgaria gave 578,060 Muslims; the 1880 population census of Eastern Rumelia indicated 174,749 Turks and 19,254 Romani (total Muslim population of 194,003); the 1880 population census of Romanian
3764:'s estimates of some 260,000 Muslims missing/dead and 500,000 forced to emigrate and is way more off compared to the figure of more than 750,000 Muslim casualties and victims of ethnic cleansing from the Bulgarian lands alone quoted by Douglas Arthur Howard.
4059:. The main protagonist helped his Russian friend, a multi-millionaire, and made a fortune supplying the Russian Army in 1877–1878. The novel describes trading during political instability, and its ambiguous results for Russian and Polish societies.
3512:
substantial net immigration rather than emigration of Jews from the principality. Obviously, any such immigration or return of refugees would happen only after the postwar situation stabilized, offering necessary personal and economic security.
3862:
which would make it the biggest war crime in modern-era Bulgaria. In addition to the massacre carried out by the Suleiman's regular forces, Circassian bashi-bazouks engaged in numerous acts of looting, plunder and killing, among other things,
3770:
By comparison, Serbia, the only country in the region, which did indeed engage in ethnic cleansing and forced expulsion of its Muslim population, effectively reduced its Muslim population between 1877 and 1880 from 95,619 to 6,567 people (cf.
7387:
Kofos, Evangelos (1977). "Από το τέλος της Κρητικής Επαναστάσεως ως την προσάρτηση της Θεσσαλίας" [From the End of the Cretan Revolution to the Annexation of Thessaly]. In Christopoulos, Georgios A. & Bastias, Ioannis K. (eds.).
1662:
sovereignty for some years, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire. After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (1396–1878), Bulgaria emerged as an autonomous state with support and military intervention from Russia.
3783:
20th century historians have made different guesses about the total Muslim losses during the Russo-Turkish war. Dennis P. Hupchick and Justin McCarthy says that 260,000 people went missing and 500,000 became refugees. Turkish historian
3571:
of Armenia". Great Britain, however, took objection to Russia holding on to so much Ottoman territory and forced it to enter into new negotiations by convening the Congress of Berlin in June 1878. An Armenian delegation led by prelate
1786:
vices of the Turkish government were ineradicable; and that whenever another crisis might arise affecting the "independence" of the Ottoman Empire, it would be wholly impossible to afford to it again the support we had afforded in the
4391:
3460:
in 1526, elite Hungarian attitudes were becoming strongly anti-Russian. This led to active support for the Turks in the media, but only in a peaceful way, since the foreign policy of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy remained neutral.
1887:
against Russia and national aspirations in the Balkans were encouraged by France. Russia worked to regain its right to maintain a fleet on the Black Sea and vied with the French in gaining influence in the Balkans by using the new
3651:
were burned to the ground. The inhabitants of Yukarı Sofular were slaughtered and 12 of the 130 houses in village, a mosque, and a school were burned. In Kozluca, 18 Turks were killed. Massacres of Muslim inhabitants occurred in
3443:
1733:
were ultimately not enough to prevent European intervention, however, with France deploying a fleet in September 1860. Fearing that a unilateral intervention would increase French influence in the region at their expense, the
3674:
when a mosque in Turnovo was burned in 1877. Most mosques in Sofia were destroyed, seven of them in one night in December 1878 when "a thunderstorm masked the noise of the explosions arranged by Russian military engineers."
3708:
counted a total of 963,596 Muslims. The total Muslim population of the Danube Vilayet for the same year, Niš included, stood at 1,055,650. This number included not only Ottoman Turks, but also Crimean Tatars, Circassians,
2473:
rifles. The Ottoman support services were, however, less impressive, with the army often forced to resort to foraging. On the other hand, Ottoman forces were equipped with entrenching tools (which they used extensively at
2146:
3566:
that the "only thing … that could induce the Armenians to refrain from listening to the advice of Russia to emigrate, and to be content to remain under the rule of the Sultan, would be the appointment of an Armenian as
2096:
3021:, and the Turkish forces withdrew. Soon afterwards, Romanian forces crossed the Danube and joined the siege. On 16 August, at Gorni-Studen, the armies around Plevna were placed under the command of the Romanian Prince
3670:
the Russian contingencies operating against the Ottoman forces embedded in the area. During the conflict a number of Muslim buildings and cultural centres were also destroyed. A large library of old Turkish books was
3664:
accompanying this retaliation on Muslim non-combatants, it was reported that a huge group of Muslim townspeople were attacked by the Russian army. Thousands died and their goods were confiscated. The correspondent of
2791:, which called for the usage of the bayonet as the principal weapon, Russian soldiers also lacked entrenching equipment to an adequate level. Russian artillery, despite being breechloaded, were nearing obsolescence
2261:
calling upon Britain to withdraw its support for Turkey and proposing that Europe demand independence for Bulgaria and Bosnia and Herzegovina. As the details became known across Europe, many dignitaries, including
3562:
Ottomans had been governing the provinces would tolerate life under Christian leadership. In attempting to persuade the British to drive a hard bargain with the Ottoman Empire, he asserted to British Ambassador
1237:
9317:
6347:
5862:
1867:
and averse to warfare, chose not to intervene again to restore the European balance. Bismarck did not wish the breakup of the Ottoman Empire to create rivalries that might lead to war, so he took up Tsar
3919:
Russians raped Circassian girls during the 1877 Russo-Turkish war from the Circassian refugees who were settled in the Ottoman Balkans. After the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano, the 10,000-strong
2787:, which equipped the Line, Grenadier, Rifle and Guard formations and was accurate to 1,500 yards. However, the Russian army, despite possessing breechloading rifles, was still holding to the maxims of
4008:
2029:. Supported by nationalist volunteers from Serbia and Montenegro, the uprising continued as the Ottomans committed more and more troops to suppress it. With its origin in the vicinity of the town of
3099:
the major mistakes of the war, as other passes were virtually unguarded. At this time a huge number of Ottoman troops stayed fortified along the Black Sea coast and engaged in very few operations.
1552:
2285:. From autumn 1875, the movement to support the Bulgarian uprising involved all classes of Russian society. This was accompanied by sharp public discussions about Russian goals in this conflict:
1096:
3978:
2405:
by allowing international representatives to oversee the institution of reforms and sought to discredit the conference by announcing on 23 December, the day the conference was closed, that a
3227:
was taken by the Russians after a lengthy siege. Although they relinquished control of Erzurum to the Ottomans at the end the war, the Russians acquired the regions of Batum, Ardahan, Kars,
4095:
3962:
1737:. Faced with further European pressure, the Sultan agreed to appoint a Christian governor in Lebanon, whose candidacy was to be submitted by the Sultan and approved by the European powers.
4395:
4281:
6680:"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, by Justin Mccarthy. 368 pages, maps, tables, notes, appendix, bibliography, index. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1996"
11295:
3434:(Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia), though with different governors; and the Macedonian region, originally part of Bulgaria under San Stefano, would return to direct Ottoman administration.
6507:
During that war nearly 400000 Rumelian Turks were massacred. About a million of them who fled before the invading Russian armies took refuge in the Thrace, Istanbul and Western Anatolia
2373:
was made, but during the discussions, Russia agreed to support Austrian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Austria-Hungary, in exchange, agreed to support the return of Southern
2326:
3900:
and the Austro–Hungarian Vice Consul to leave Sofia prevented that from happening. After the Ottoman retreat, Positano even organized armed detachments to protect the population from
2293:, saw in the impending war the chance to unite all Orthodox nations under Russia's helm, thus fulfilling what they believed was the historic mission of Russia, while their opponents,
3438:
2066:) were directed to fight the Bulgarians (11 May – 9 June 1876). The irregulars were mostly drawn from the Muslim inhabitants of the Bulgarian region. Many were Circassians from the
11046:
10703:
3954:
11285:
7589:
Acar, Keziban (March 2004). "An examination of Russian Imperialism: Russian Military and intellectual descriptions of the Caucasians during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878".
3102:
A Russian army crossed the Stara Planina by a high snowy pass in winter, guided and helped by local Bulgarians, not expected by the Ottoman army, and defeated the Turks at the
1718:, where both Maronite and Druze peasants worked under Druze overlords, Druze peasants sided with their co-religious and against the Maronites, transforming the conflict into a
10459:
10454:
10449:
10444:
4295:
3557:
further delay, the improvements and reforms demanded by local requirements in the provinces inhabited by Armenians and to guarantee their security from Kurds and Circassians.
11220:
7212:
3803:
denialist who has been criticised severely by many of his colleagues for whitewashing Ottoman history. Moreover, McCarthy is a member of, and has received grants from, the
11320:
2281:
The strongest reaction came from Russia. Widespread sympathy for the Bulgarian cause led to a nationwide surge in patriotism on a scale comparable with the one during the
11655:
4841:
Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the 'Daily News,' J.A. MacGahan, Esq., with An Introduction & Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report
1945:
European powers. A Russian war with Turkey would require at least the tacit support of all other Great Powers, and Russian diplomacy was waiting for a convenient moment.
11572:
10663:
9812:
6031:
4683:
Reforms cost money, and the Kosovars resented new taxes and conscription. In the Russo-Turkish war of 1875–1878, Albanian and other Muslims fought against the Ottomans."
1416:
1089:
11531:
11290:
10385:
9312:
7665:
2349:
helped by Russian volunteers failed to achieve offensive objectives but did manage to repulse the Ottoman offensive into Serbia. Meanwhile, Alexander II of Russia and
1244:
4292:
Wars and the population of Europe. Human losses of the armed forces of European countries in the wars of the 17th–20th centuries (Historical and statistical research)
2952:
3724:
to form Eastern Rumelia in 1878, indicated 171,777 male Turks and 16,353 male Muslim Romani, or total Muslim population of 376,260. This figure however included the
385:
3911:
According to Bulgarian historians, 30,000 Bulgarian civilians were killed during the war, with two-thirds of the killings being committed in the Stara Zagora area.
3586:
As it turned out, the reforms were not forthcoming. Khrimian returned to Constantinople and delivered a famous speech in which he likened the peace conference to a
11582:
10577:
3799:
In this connection, it is important to note that Justin McCarthy, who is the author of the estimates above and has been requoted by both Hupchik and Howard, is an
1457:
11900:
11235:
3380:
were established. The main objectives of the temporary Russian administration were to secure peace and order and to prepare for a revival of the Bulgarian state.
2186:
The Avenger: An Allegorical War Map for 1877 by Fred. W. Rose, 1877: This map reflects the "Great Eastern Crisis" and the subsequent Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78.
8674:
3334:
As the Russo-Turkish war came to a close, a Kurdish uprising began. It was led by two brothers, Husein and Osman Pasha. The rebellion held most of the region of
12624:
11364:
10871:
6973:
4888:
3752:
showed 18,624 Turks and 29,476 Crimean Tatars (total of 48,100 Muslims), while the 1880 population census of Serbia stated only 6,567 Muslims in the Niš area.
1082:
12579:
11245:
10729:
9366:
2776:
excluding support and command staff would consist of 20,160 infantry, 2,048 cavalry, 96 field guns and 12 horse drawn guns (this is for a 2 division corps).
1761:, which began in 1866, resulted from the failure of the Ottoman Empire to apply reforms for improving the life of the population and the Cretans' desire for
11200:
2915:. The Ottoman command did not appreciate the significance of the Russians' actions. In June, a small Russian unit crossed the Danube close to the delta, at
1781:
and especially the brutality with which it was suppressed, led to greater public attention in Europe to the oppression of Christians in the Ottoman Empire.
11210:
10583:
3415:
Under pressure from the British, Russia accepted the truce offered by the Ottoman Empire on 31 January 1878, but continued to move towards Constantinople.
11369:
11335:
12634:
12589:
11835:
11310:
11250:
9415:
7430:
6401:
6360:
Bŭlgarii︠a︡ 1300-institut︠s︡ii i dŭrzhavna tradit︠s︡ii︠a︡: dokladi na tretii︠a︡ Kongres na Bŭlgarskoto istorichesko druzhestvo, 3–5 oktomvri 1981, p. 326
3282:
invaded Thessaly in January 1878, but didn't officially declare war on the Ottomans; along with Greek irregular revolutionaries, the Greek Army won the
3032:
The Turks maintained several fortresses around Pleven which the Russian and Romanian forces gradually reduced. The Romanian 4th Division led by General
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11340:
11305:
11265:
11260:
11205:
3973:, the sole emblem of protection for military medical personnel and facilities. However, during this war the cross instead reminded the Ottomans of the
1684:, obliged the Ottoman Empire to grant Christians equal rights with Muslims. Before the treaty was signed, the Ottoman government issued an edict, the
12584:
10808:
3294:. The Greek government accepted and, as a result, the rebellions were left unsupported and were crushed by the Ottomans. Three years later, with the
3638:
2863:
100,000 for the army of operation. The Ottomans had the advantage of being fortified, complete command of the Black Sea, and patrol boats along the
234:
9381:
8711:
3480:
found refuge at Constantinople and reported that many Jewish communities had fled in their entirety with the retreating Turks as their protectors.
2222:
2947:
was destroyed by a Russian artillery battery on 11 May. And on the night of 25–26 May, a Romanian torpedo boat with a mixed Romanian-Russian crew
2779:
The Russian army in 1874 contained 754,265 men and by 1 January 1878, this had risen to over 1.5 million men. The Russian army used 2 rifles, the
9500:
8101:
7957:
1620:
962:
251:
7836:
7677:
Neuburger, Mary. "The Russo‐Turkish war and the 'Eastern Jewish question': Encounters between victims and victors in Ottoman Bulgaria, 1877–8."
1646:, leading to the intervention of the Western European great powers. As a result, Russia succeeded in claiming provinces in the Caucasus, namely
10378:
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8937:
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6902:
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4262:
4120:
4090:
3365:
3359:
1883:
France responded by supporting self-determination movements, particularly if they concerned the three emperors and the Sultan. Thus revolts in
1346:
4019:
of 1979, Iran switched to the Red Crescent, but the Geneva Conventions continue to recognize the Red Lion and Sun as an emblem of protection.
3815:, of selectively using sources and of always ascribing intent to non-Ottoman troops while making excuses for Ottoman ones for similar events.
3094:
mountain, which were crucial for maneuvering. Next, both sides fought a series of battles for Shipka Pass. Gourko made several attacks on the
2345:
On 30 June 1876, Serbia, followed by Montenegro, declared war on the Ottoman Empire. In July and August, the ill-prepared and poorly equipped
1688:, which proclaimed the principle of the equality of Muslims and non-Muslims, and produced some specific reforms to this end. For example, the
9354:
5276:
3290:
asked for the Greece to recall its army, in return, they ensured that issues regarding the Greek communities would be raised in the post-war
4287:Войны и народонаселение Европы. Людские потери вооруженных сил европейских стран в войнах XVII–XX вв. (Историко-статистическое исследование)
3767:
The Principality of Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia and Romania accounted for a negative net balance of 472,792 Muslims (or a net loss of 36.5%).
12839:
11910:
9595:
8015:
6884:Княжество България в историческо, географическо и етнографическо отношение. Продължение от част ІІ. По руско-турската война през 1877-78 г.
3426:
on 3 March, by which the Ottoman Empire would recognize the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, and the autonomy of Bulgaria.
1938:
1726:
1450:
348:
7911:
7885:
2497:
At the outbreak of war, the Ottoman army was divided into several groups. The largest was the 168,000-man contingent under the command of
12533:
11457:
11452:
11437:
10798:
10755:
10739:
9706:
9307:
9302:
8562:
8010:
7859:
3736:(male Muslim population of 8,197 and 13,336, respectively, or total Muslim population for both of 43,066), which remained part of in the
3062:, the army chief of staff), the Serbian Army went on offensive in what is now eastern south Serbia. A planned offensive into the Ottoman
2314:
2182:
1304:
164:
4460:
2923:). This made the Ottomans even more confident that the big Russian force would come right through the middle of the Ottoman stronghold.
12764:
9223:
8623:
5838:
4814:
3171:. While the Russian army was better prepared for the fighting in the region, it lagged behind technologically in certain areas such as
2461:(accurate to 1,800 yards), with 300,000 of these guns having been purchased prior to the war. The remainder of the regular troops used
2346:
17:
10272:
6889:
Historical, Geographic and Ethnographic Data on the Principality of Bulgaria. Continued from Part II. On the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78
11957:
10429:
10371:
9817:
8111:
7134:
7074:
7047:
5986:, vol. II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York: St Martin's Press, pp.
3824:
3772:
2973:, assigned to capture the fortress of Ruschuk and cover the army's eastern flank; the Western Detachment, to capture the fortress of
2406:
1367:
1230:
7636:
Dennis, Brad. "Patterns of Conflict and Violence in Eastern Anatolia Leading Up to the Russo-Turkish War and the Treaty of Berlin."
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9727:
8849:
7566:
The War Correspondence of the "Daily News" 1877–1878 continued from the Fall of Kars to the Signature of the Preliminaries of Peace
7118:
3160:
2322:
2301:, denied the importance of religion and believed that Russian goals should not be defense of Orthodoxy but liberation of Bulgaria.
1863:, defeated Austria in 1866 and France in 1870, replacing Austria as the dominant power in Central Europe. Britain, diverted by the
1719:
1297:
398:
8540:
5590:
Narratives of the History of the Ottoman-Kurdish Bedirhani Family in Imperial and Post-Imperial Contexts: Continuities and Changes
3877:
Moreover, Suleiman Pasha's forces also established an entire system of police and judicial terror across the entire valley of the
3660:
the Russian troops frequently killed Muslim peasants to prevent them from disrupting their supply and troop movements. During the
3520:
3262:
the Greek subjects of the Ottoman Empire, as long as Greece didn't join the war. Nevertheless, several Greek revolts broke out in
12809:
8704:
8689:
7966:
7477:. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des östlichen Europa. Vol. 57 (illustrated ed.). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
7216:
7194:
1443:
6916:
Aghanyan, Grigor; Bazeyan, Karine (2015). Dominik Gutmeyr (ed.). "National Minorities of Armenia during the Russo-Ottoman War".
1962:
to improve the conditions of the Christian population, while managing to dissatisfy a sizable portion of the Muslim population.
12668:
10818:
9455:
9386:
8679:
8613:
7724:Глазков, В. В.; Копытов, С. Ю.; Литвин, А. А.; Митев, П.; Георгиева, Т.; Колев, В. (2018). Олег Леонов; Румяна Михнева (eds.).
6028:
2783:, which they possessed 800,000 of at the minimum and was accurate to only 600 yards (to the Turkish Peabody's 1,800), and the
1734:
10971:
10813:
10479:
10439:
10411:
8983:
8306:
7735:
7535:
7514:
7509:. Vol. 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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5125:
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4969:
4910:
4798:
4235:
2766:
6259:
Incorporated, Facts On File (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 244.
5476:
Walker, Christopher J. (2011). "Kars in the Russo-Turkish Wars of the Nineteenth Century". In Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.).
3908:
and bashi-bazouks). Circassians in the Ottoman forces also raped and murdered Bulgarians during the 1877 Russo-Turkish war.
282:
12829:
12573:
11895:
11556:
11537:
10772:
10760:
10137:
9722:
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5302:
The War in the East: An illustrated history of the Conflict between Russia and Turkey with a Review of the Eastern Question
3761:
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3164:
2078:
suppressed the revolt, massacring up to 30,000 people in the process. Five thousand out of the seven thousand villagers of
1967:
1897:, which was experiencing its own national revival and had ambitions that partly conflicted with those of the great powers.
1269:
12083:
7626:
Baleva, Martina. "The Empire Strikes Back. Image Battles and Image Frontlines during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878."
7367:
5980:
Hovannisian, Richard G (1997), "The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 1876–1914", in Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.),
1921:, depended upon alliance with Prussia and its chancellor Bismarck. Russia consistently supported Prussia in her wars with
703:
12779:
11915:
10921:
10052:
10042:
9359:
7950:
3453:
3295:
1979:
Ottoman government to declare bankruptcy in October 1875 and increase taxes on outlying provinces including the Balkans.
12650:
11215:
10506:
7755:
Virtual War, Virtual Journalism?: Russian Media Responses to 'Balkan' Entanglements in Historical Perspective, 1877–2001
7167:
7101:
7012:
4392:"Turkish prisoners of war 1877–1878: accommodation, keeping, relationships with the population of the Russian provinces"
2253:
s front pages, galvanized British public opinion against Disraeli's pro-Ottoman policy. In September, opposition leader
12834:
12799:
11510:
11016:
10981:
10057:
9664:
9573:
9405:
9292:
8771:
8387:
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3050:. He was treated honorably, but his troops perished in the snow by the thousands as they straggled off into captivity.
2942:
2931:
2016:
1848:
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1941:
of its earlier denouncement of Article 11 of the Paris Peace Treaty, thus enabling it to revive the Black Sea Fleet.
1521:
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1511:
1506:
1501:
1491:
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river. They also possessed superior arms, including new British and American-made rifles and German-made artillery.
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British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print
6116:
British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print
6100:
British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print
6084:
British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print
6068:
British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print
6051:
British documents on foreign affairs – reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print
3851:
3688:
in 1879. However, it is unclear if the numbers include refugees who emigrated after the suspension of hostilities.
3623:
3418:
The British sent a fleet of battleships to intimidate Russia from entering the city, and Russian forces stopped at
2825:
On 12 April 1877, Romania gave permission to the Russian troops to pass through its territory to attack the Turks.
1918:
12158:
11066:
6502:
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Iván Bertényi, "Enthusiasm for a Hereditary Enemy: Some Aspects of The Roots of Hungarian Turkophile Sentiments."
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After Bulgarian territories were liberated by the Russian Army during the war, they were governed initially by a
2310:
727:
12407:
9410:
7695:
Todorov, Nikolai. "The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Liberation of Bulgaria: An Interpretative Essay."
3788:
claims that 250–300,000 people, about 17% of the former Muslim population of Bulgaria, died as a consequence of
12794:
12319:
11795:
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11061:
8978:
8942:
8280:
8275:
7943:
5677:"The Definitive Treaty of Peace between Russia and the Porte: Signed at Constantinople on 8th February, 1879".
4125:
3121:(which mobilized 130,000 men, losing 10,000 of them to this war), more than 12,000 volunteer Bulgarian troops (
2377: – lost by Russia during the Crimean War – and Russian annexation of the port of
9987:
7684:
Stone, James. "Reports from the Theatre of War. Major Viktor von Lignitz and the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78."
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8694:
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6350:[The Population of Eastern Rumelia Before the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War] (in Turkish). p. 191.
5865:[The Population of Eastern Rumelia Before the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War] (in Turkish). p. 202.
4765:
3863:
3329:
3214:
on 27 April 1877. Capitalizing on Ter-Gukasov's victory there, Russian forces advanced, taking the region of
2911:
the river, thus ensuring that Russian forces could cross the Danube at any point without resistance from the
2828:
On 24 April 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottomans, and its troops entered Romania through the newly built
1808:
1758:
12274:
12041:
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7253:
The Eastern question from the Treaty of Paris 1856 to the Treaty of Berlin 1878 and to the Second Afghan War
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after Gurko had managed to overcome their resistance in the passes of Western part of the Balkan Mountains.
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passive defence of fortified positions. By the end of hostilities the Serbs had captured Ak-Palanka (today
2958:
2938:
In the first month of the war, the Ottomans suffered a pair of significant naval losses on the Danube. The
2855:
2800:
2428:
2075:
1777:
sides, the Cretan Greeks finally surrendered when their ammunition ran out but were killed upon surrender.
1701:
1339:
636:
11562:
10684:
6402:""To get rid of Turks". The South-Slavic states and Muslim Remigration in the Turn of the 1870s and 1880s"
5373:
5356:
4331:(The Romanian Army in the War of Independence 1877–1878). Bucuresti, Editura Sigma, 2002, p. 149 (Romence)
3850:
in July 1877, when Gurko's forces had to retreat back to the Shipka pass. In the aftermath of the battle,
2700:
691:
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Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic
5808:
Turkish Studies - International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic
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3568:
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446:
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was committed to supporting the Ottomans in the ongoing Balkan crisis, the Liberal opposition newspaper
715:
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encouraged Armenians to migrate to Russia in order to form a more concentrated block. In January 1878,
1628:
1423:
1016:
739:
273:
143:
12016:
11051:
7727:Освобождение Болгарии – Лики Войны и Памяти. К 140-летию окончания Русско-турецкой войны 1877–1878 гг.
7717:
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9932:
9779:
9344:
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9038:
8096:
7833:
6287:
5880:
3287:
3271:
3252:
3038:
2926:
2401:
2354:
2318:
2282:
1873:
1631:. Additional factors included the Russian goals of recovering territorial losses endured during the
1388:
1318:
1120:
3846:
The most notable massacre of Bulgarian civilians during the Russo-Turkish War took place during the
3343:
2569:
2498:
1872:'s earlier suggestion that arrangements be made in case the Ottoman Empire fell apart, creating the
759:
12704:
12507:
12497:
12193:
12153:
11978:
11744:
11280:
10986:
10961:
10946:
10876:
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10143:
9992:
9485:
9191:
8766:
8570:
8457:
8123:
8058:
6153:
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4004:
4003:). This appears to have led to their national society in the Movement being initially known as the
3483:
However, this is directly contradicted by census figures, which, instead of a decrease, indicate a
3373:
2446:
2230:
1616:
1311:
1205:
1184:
578:
129:
12056:
11635:
5282:
4839:
4450:
2478:) and had sufficient ammunition for their repeating rifles. The Ottoman artillery were armed with
12656:
12527:
12492:
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12452:
12377:
12372:
12349:
12339:
12219:
12163:
12098:
12068:
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11142:
11034:
10881:
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10351:
10090:
9956:
9398:
9127:
8746:
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8510:
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8392:
8238:
8065:
8048:
7284:
3958:
3369:
3195:
3148:
2970:
2840:
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The Russian army in the decade prior to the war underwent major modernisation spearheaded by the
2254:
2025:
in July 1875. By August almost all of Herzegovina had been seized and the revolt had spread into
1799:
1722:. Although both sides suffered, about 10,000 Maronites were massacred at the hands of the Druze.
1639:
and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire.
1597:
1409:
506:
458:
338:
11650:
10956:
7564:
7434:
7329:
6138:
6119:
6103:
6087:
5987:
5981:
4506:
4496:
2246:
MacGahan toured the stricken regions of the Bulgarian uprising, and his report, splashed across
12447:
12412:
12334:
12324:
12269:
11995:
11939:
11840:
11820:
11660:
11577:
11482:
11194:
11006:
11001:
10886:
10766:
10695:
9758:
9753:
9600:
9275:
8796:
8731:
8311:
8248:
8031:
7917:
7891:
6648:
4115:
3921:
3847:
3657:
3548:
3017:. After three days of fighting, the volunteers were relieved by a Russian force led by General
2829:
2494:
guns also being used (but less commonly) and various older guns found primarily in fortresses.
2491:
2190:
Word of the bashi-bazouks' atrocities filtered to the outside world by way of the American-run
1963:
1894:
1869:
1677:
1624:
1283:
1276:
1179:
1145:
1005:
371:
262:
139:
12442:
11860:
11734:
11374:
11240:
11056:
10931:
10332:
8988:
7865:
5464:] (in Armenian), vol. 10, Yerevan: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1984, pp. 93–94
4788:
3682:
3372:
provided for the termination of this provisional Russian administration in May 1879, when the
3009:
but Osman Pasha did not leave the fortress because he had orders to stay fortified in Plevna.
12673:
12544:
12539:
12427:
12417:
12224:
11739:
11477:
10926:
10734:
10623:
10495:
10237:
9942:
9784:
9748:
9530:
9490:
9250:
9179:
8628:
8397:
8253:
8075:
7985:
7306:
6956:
6409:
Crossroads of the Old Continent. Central and Southeastern Europe in the 19th and 20th Century
6276:
Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. "Kars oblast". St. Petersburg, Russia, 1890–1907
5296:
4043:
3855:
3854:'s forces burned down and plundered the city of Stara Zagora and subjected its population to
3423:
3394:
3267:
3248:
3187:
3014:
2879:, had just taken part in defeating the Serbs in their recent war against the Ottoman Empire.
2760:
2390:
2226:
1999:
highlanders resented new taxes and conscription, and fought against the Ottomans in the war.
1642:
The Russian-led coalition won the war, pushing the Ottomans back all the way to the gates of
1395:
1353:
1163:
434:
135:
65:
12073:
11462:
10951:
10744:
10643:
10434:
10322:
10307:
10297:
7631:
7120:
National Life and Thought of the Various Nations Throughout the World: A Series of Addresses
6071:
6054:
5844:
2054:
A special Turkish military committee was established to quell the uprising. Regular troops (
1905:
Russia ended the Crimean War with minimal territorial losses, but was forced to destroy its
679:
12123:
12118:
11962:
11805:
11765:
11724:
11147:
11114:
11011:
10675:
10560:
10527:
10032:
9927:
9789:
9680:
9063:
8736:
8633:
8603:
8402:
8321:
8316:
8036:
7591:
4056:
4029:
3740:. Without Ahi Çelebi and Sultanyeri, the Muslim population of Eastern Rumelia was 333,194.
3303:
3263:
3256:
3103:
3063:
2724:
2370:
1922:
1841:
1496:
1402:
1290:
1254:
1194:
73:
43:
12629:
12254:
11447:
10866:
10539:
7753:
3139:
2335:
Russia preparing to release the Balkan dogs of war, while Britain warns him to take care.
8:
12512:
12387:
12329:
12304:
12198:
11810:
11729:
11627:
11604:
11594:
11255:
11162:
11119:
10936:
10861:
10851:
9972:
9638:
9568:
9425:
8953:
8888:
8659:
8382:
8191:
8145:
8116:
7251:
5300:
4681:
3966:
3793:
3563:
3199:
2780:
2350:
2235:
2133:
2102:
1930:
1926:
1578:
843:
611:
182:
12644:
12502:
12482:
12392:
12249:
11776:
11640:
11359:
10718:
10277:
3981:
instead. This ultimately became the symbol of the Movement's national societies in most
3457:
2948:
2899:
2619:
1685:
1150:
771:
61:
12619:
12609:
12594:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12148:
12113:
12036:
11967:
11905:
11850:
11825:
11800:
11771:
11695:
11685:
11645:
11442:
11325:
11275:
11185:
11091:
10649:
10634:
10628:
10593:
10571:
10565:
10500:
10469:
10193:
10148:
9952:
9628:
9610:
9563:
9545:
9525:
9164:
8916:
8814:
8786:
8669:
8654:
8515:
8482:
8447:
8326:
8243:
8221:
8201:
8167:
7608:
6896:
6815:
6717:
6374:[Unrecognised censuses in Bulgarian Statistics] (in Bulgarian). pp. 10–11.
5908:
5720:
5704:
4598:
4131:
4077:
4016:
3986:
3757:
3721:
3495:
Jews in the five vilayets to form the future Principality of Bulgaria –
3408:
3398:
3291:
3203:
3191:
3168:
2907:
At the start of the war, Russia and Romania destroyed all vessels along the Danube and
2462:
2275:
2240:
2199:
1856:
1852:
1374:
1125:
838:
648:
542:
537:
482:
323:
317:
55:
12093:
12026:
11300:
11270:
10996:
10302:
10292:
7935:
7809:
6838:
Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern Question: A Study in Diplomacy and Party Politics
6779:
World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide
3487:
in Bulgaria's Jewish population before and after the war. While there were only 4,595
3338:
for 9 months. It was ended only through duplicity, after force of arms had failed. In
12382:
12309:
12264:
12244:
12229:
12188:
12143:
12108:
11989:
11815:
11718:
11505:
11467:
11330:
11315:
11109:
10941:
10907:
10803:
10750:
10588:
10554:
10521:
10163:
10017:
9947:
9922:
9732:
9535:
9475:
9282:
9208:
9186:
9085:
8963:
8776:
8756:
8751:
8741:
8576:
8502:
8487:
8363:
8331:
8285:
7731:
7612:
7531:
7525:
7510:
7488:
7478:
7457:
7416:
7397:
7373:
7352:
7270:
7173:
7172:. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. p. 107.
7080:
7053:
7028:
7018:
6925:
6842:
6782:
6770:
6750:
6721:
6709:
6699:
6551:
6465:
6309:
6260:
6204:
6011:
5991:
5912:
5900:
5803:
5749:
5724:
5712:
5696:
5593:
5568:
5258:
5248:
5225:
5215:
5192:
5182:
5154:
5131:
5121:
5098:
5088:
5050:
5040:
5017:
5007:
4975:
4965:
4794:
4602:
4510:
4371:
4256:
4231:
4211:
4174:
4145:
4110:
4055:, describes consequences of the Russo-Turkish war for merchants living in Russia and
3800:
3661:
3529:
3347:
3283:
3055:
2974:
2814:
2788:
2458:
2385:. Bulgaria was to become autonomous (independent, according to the Russian records).
2290:
2219:
1860:
1837:
1828:, which cost a great deal in money and in civil disorder to the Ottoman authorities.
1766:
1729:
1658:
region. The principalities of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, each of which had had
1536:
1381:
1360:
1211:
1174:
1140:
1130:
831:
795:
664:
624:
554:
344:
12604:
10317:
10282:
7390:Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους, Τόμος ΙΓ΄: Νεώτερος Ελληνισμός από το 1833 έως το 1881
6735:
Al-Rustom, Hakem (2015). "Rethinking the "Post-Ottoman"". In Altorki, Soraya (ed.).
6655:. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 210.
5773:
3716:
At the same time, the 1876 Ottoman population records for the Sanjaks of Filibe and
3528:
The conclusion of the Russo-Turkish war also led to the internationalization of the
3232:
12599:
12487:
12477:
12462:
12457:
12402:
12314:
12239:
12078:
12062:
12031:
12011:
11972:
11875:
11865:
11855:
11845:
11784:
11690:
11679:
11550:
11543:
11487:
11225:
11081:
10856:
10846:
10618:
10545:
10363:
10002:
9520:
9465:
9371:
9112:
8883:
8853:
8819:
8664:
8497:
8377:
8172:
8106:
8053:
7995:
7762:
7600:
7500:
6742:
6691:
6617:
6473:
6321:
6066:
David Gillard, Kenneth Bourne, Donald Cameron Watt, Great Britain. Foreign Office.
6049:
David Gillard, Kenneth Bourne, Donald Cameron Watt, Great Britain. Foreign Office.
5892:
5815:
5688:
4819:. Constantinople: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. 1880. pp. 70–72
4590:
4034:
3871:
3867:
3612:
3573:
3211:
3167:. The Russian force stood opposed by an Ottoman Army of 100,000 men led by General
3026:
2986:
2876:
2540:
2487:
2483:
2466:
2337:
1992:
1773:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1169:
819:
743:
660:
530:
494:
186:
12088:
10243:
9982:
5896:
5644:
4920:
4052:
3705:
3456:(part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire). Despite memories of the terrible defeat at
12639:
12432:
12355:
12344:
12259:
12138:
11984:
11887:
11599:
11124:
11076:
10966:
10724:
10533:
10229:
9540:
9287:
9139:
9107:
8781:
8761:
8477:
8472:
8140:
8000:
7980:
7840:
7504:
7472:
7294:
6198:
6035:
5926:
5562:
4617:
3541:
3537:
3504:
3500:
3377:
3183:
3172:
3159:, composed of approximately 50,000 men and 202 guns under the overall command of
3156:
3107:
3018:
2769:
2638:
2475:
2358:
2079:
1906:
1884:
1877:
1845:
1825:
1199:
1156:
1135:
807:
783:
518:
470:
410:
196:
172:
69:
10327:
10312:
7604:
6326:
5820:
3411:
in 1878 and the territorial and political rearrangement of the Balkan Peninsula.
3059:
3041:. On 9 December, in the middle of the night the Ottomans threw bridges over the
3025:, aided by the Russian general Pavel Dmitrievich Zotov and the Romanian general
2007:
1933:. In March 1871, using the crushing French defeat and the support of a grateful
566:
12517:
12437:
12422:
12397:
12133:
12103:
12006:
11870:
11134:
11040:
11026:
10114:
10027:
10012:
9977:
9623:
9450:
9213:
9203:
8580:
8421:
8268:
8150:
8135:
8043:
8005:
6632:
5963:
5945:
5881:"Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans"
5278:
Chronology of events from 1856 to 1997 period relating to the Romanian monarchy
4464:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 931–936 .
4285:
4100:
4000:
3957:
which continues to this day. Both Russia and the Ottoman Empire had signed the
3897:
3882:
3737:
3701:
3496:
3477:
3047:
2982:
2695:
2673:
2664:
2559:
2470:
2394:
2263:
2195:
2191:
2083:
2071:
2042:
1864:
1715:
1643:
1612:
1608:
1189:
1074:
1049:
935:
930:
892:
869:
864:
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
734:
722:
710:
698:
686:
674:
655:
643:
631:
619:
606:
597:
591:
525:
513:
501:
489:
477:
465:
453:
441:
429:
417:
405:
393:
380:
365:
299:
225:
219:
176:
168:
160:
147:
10287:
7725:
7707:
War and diplomacy: the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878 and the treaty of Berlin
6695:
5716:
4594:
3210:, commenced the first assault into Ottoman territory by capturing the town of
2457:
The Ottoman army was also well equipped; 75% of its troops were equipped with
2074:
who were expelled during the Crimean War; some were Islamized Bulgarians. The
1816:, expelled by the Russians from the Caucasus, to the Black Sea ports of north
12758:
12522:
12183:
12001:
11790:
10708:
10070:
10037:
9583:
9420:
9058:
8414:
8409:
8080:
7990:
7492:
7032:
6929:
6736:
6713:
6462:
Studies on Ottoman social and political history: selected articles and essays
5904:
5700:
5262:
5229:
5196:
5135:
5102:
5054:
5021:
4979:
4581:
Robson, Maureen M. (1960). "Lord Clarendon and the Cretan Question, 1868–9".
4455:
3893:
3749:
3643:
3318:
3118:
3091:
3087:
3033:
2298:
2215:
2033:
the uprising was also known as "Nevesinjska puška" - the rifle of Nevesinje.
1966:
suffered at least two waves of rebellion by the local Muslim population, the
1934:
1750:
7674:. Potomac Books Inc. (an imprint of the University of Nebraska Press), 2013.
7394:
History of the Greek Nation, Volume XIII: Modern Hellenism from 1833 to 1881
4195:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
12696:
12214:
12173:
11930:
10249:
10063:
9339:
8863:
8829:
8584:
7712:
Yildiz, Gültekin. "Russo-Ottoman War, 1877–1878." in Richard C. Hall, ed.,
7298:
6183:
Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East
5620:]. София (Sofia, Bulgaria): ДИ "Д-р Петър Берон". 1987. pp. 54–55.
4137:
4072:
4012:
3996:
3946:
3839:
3807:. Throughout his career, he has been accused, among other things, of being
3785:
3683:
Muslim war refugees according to census data and Ottoman official documents
3671:
3430:
3068:
2977:
and cover the army's western flank; and the Advance Detachment under Count
2912:
2888:
2784:
2211:
2063:
1651:
333:
328:
156:
10823:
10255:
10082:
9100:
6746:
6639:. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 1992, p. 284.
4534:
4345:
2836:
river, resulting in Turkish bombardments of Romanian towns on the Danube.
2331:
1821:
12719:
11756:
11670:
10915:
10402:
9445:
9174:
9095:
9028:
8858:
8529:
8492:
8462:
8426:
8357:
8342:
8186:
7788:
6651:"Denial of the Armenian Genocide in Comparison with Holocaust Denial" in
4449:
3970:
3733:
3697:
3419:
3322:
3236:
3095:
3042:
2939:
2850:
2614:
2294:
2271:
2267:
2137:
2110:
2087:
2022:
1975:
1813:
1787:
1681:
1647:
1632:
1526:
985:
422:
239:
152:
7826:
7798:
7672:
The Rocky Road to the Great War: The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914
7076:
Mobilizing Hospitality: The Ethics of Social Relations in a Mobile World
3834:
2992:
2152:
Bashi-bazouks, returning with the spoils from the Romanian shore of the
875:
Initial: 185,000 in the Army of the Danube, 75,000 in the Caucasian Army
12051:
12046:
11099:
9649:
9480:
9430:
9349:
9218:
8162:
8128:
6601:
6386:
Dobrogea (La Dobroudja). Étude de Géographie physique et ethnographique
5708:
4478:
3778:
3507:, Tirnova, and Varna – according to the pre-war Ottoman
3279:
2908:
2844:
2374:
2286:
1910:
1889:
1222:
7660:
Isci, Onur. "Russian and Ottoman Newspapers in the War of 1877–1878."
7369:
Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective
5739:
2989:, the most significant barrier between the Danube and Constantinople.
9068:
8177:
5950:
Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East: A Documentary Record 1535–1956
5245:
War in the East: a military history of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78
5179:
War in the East: a military history of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78
5118:
War in the East: a military history of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78
5085:
War in the East: a military history of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78
5037:
War in the East: a military history of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78
4962:
War in the East: a military history of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78
4554:
The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish rule from 1840 to 1860
4502:
3942:
3533:
3403:
3001:
fortress and so moved to the crossroads town of Plevna (now known as
2966:
2962:
2479:
2442:
2382:
2048:
2030:
1996:
1953:
1636:
1435:
6666:
Preserving Memory: The Struggle to Create America's Holocaust Museum
5692:
5309:
5153:. Osprey military Men-at-arms series. London: Osprey. pp. 5–6.
3932:
2916:
2362:
1974:
expand into regions inhabited by their compatriots. Nationalist and
1807:
Although on the winning side in the Crimean War, the Ottoman Empire
1069:
500,000–1.5 million Turkish, Albanian and Jewish civilians displaced
9633:
9495:
7454:
Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922
6958:
Report on the Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey in 1877–1878
4626:
4170:
3974:
3937:
3905:
3725:
3652:
3608:
3299:
3275:
2588:
2563:
2177:
2169:
2114:
2067:
1817:
1707:
192:
102:
6372:"НЕПРИЗНАТИТЕ" ПРЕБРОЯВАНИЯ В ИСТОРИЯТА НА БЪЛГАРСКАТА СТАТИСТИКА"
4284:(1960). "Войны в период домонополистического капитализма (Ч. 2)".
3314:
1710:
peasants of northern Lebanon revolted against their predominantly
12739:
12729:
12724:
7797:"Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and the Exploits of Liberators",
4318:
Büyük Larousse, cilt VII, s. 3282–3283, Milliyet Yayınları (1986)
4096:
Ottoman fleet organisation during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
3878:
3729:
3693:
3628:
3524:
Emigration of Armenians into Georgia during the Russo-Turkish war
3508:
3353:
3224:
3215:
3207:
3111:
3022:
2366:
2207:
1714:
feudal overlords and established a peasant republic. In southern
1692:
tax was abolished and non-Muslims were allowed to join the army.
98:
5968:
The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response
5423:
3985:
countries, and was ratified as an emblem of protection by later
3955:
emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
3704:
census of 1874, which covered all sanjaks in the vilayet except
3515:
3429:
Alarmed by the extension of Russian power into the Balkans, the
1745:
1671:
12709:
10669:
8572:
4942:
4916:
4719:
4717:
4715:
3982:
3901:
3789:
3717:
3710:
3632:
3335:
3127:
3080:
3037:
made an attempt to break the Russian siege in the direction of
3002:
2920:
2884:
2864:
2669:
2610:
2502:
2378:
2304:
2203:
2153:
2026:
1762:
1655:
561:
549:
7653:
The Balkans: Nationalism, War, and the Great Powers, 1804–2011
7396:] (in Greek). Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. pp. 289–365.
3076:
7052:(reprint ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 211.
6310:"Population and Demography of the Danube Vilayet (1864-1877)"
5804:"Population and Demography of the Danube Vilayet (1864–1877)"
5499:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 223–244.
5480:. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers. pp. 217–220.
5330:
Bayonets before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914
4816:
Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command, Volume 80
3886:
3176:
3072:
2872:
2660:
2535:
1711:
1689:
6608:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2003, p. 248.
6312:[Tuna Vilâyeti'nde Nüfus Ve Demografi (1864–1877)].
5806:[Tuna Vilâyeti'nde Nüfus Ve Demografi (1864–1877)].
5435:
4712:
12734:
9813:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
7474:
Crisis of the Ottoman Empire: Prelude to Collapse 1839–1878
6948:
6348:"1877–1878 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Öncesinde Şarkî Rumeli Nüfusu"
5863:"1877–1878 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi Öncesinde Şarkî Rumeli Nüfusu"
5508:
5506:
4562:
4365:
3992:
3813:"an indefensible bias toward the Turkish official position"
3339:
3228:
3219:
3175:
and was outgunned, for example, by the superior long-range
3131:
detachments fought in the war on the side of the Russians.
2833:
2810:
2327:
Attacks on Serbs during the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
1417:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
5592:. Bamberg: University of Bamberg Press. pp. 309–310.
5564:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
5337:
4790:
The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920
3464:
7723:
6808:
The Principality of Bulgaria. Part I. The Bulgarian State
6653:
Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide
6511:
2957:
on the Danube. Under the direct command of Major-General
6741:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 387.
6606:
The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide
6415:
5530:
5518:
5503:
4793:, Seattle: University of Washington Press, p. 139,
4745:
3422:. Eventually Russia entered into a settlement under the
7965:
7410:
6241:
6229:
5952:, vol. I, Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, p. 190
5398:
5315:
4912:Россия и Болгария: "Вопрос Славянский – Русский Вопрос"
4868:
4700:
4661:
3713:, Romani as well as a substantial number of Albanians.
2854:
Russian crossing of the Danube, June 1877, painting by
993:
Several thousand total military deaths (mostly disease)
7014:
Imperial Knowledge: Russian Literature and Colonialism
6527:
6290:[The Sanjak of Nish According to the Archive]
5833:
5831:
3125:) from the local Bulgarian population as well as many
2206:
brutally persecuting Christian Armenian refugees from
1851:. It came apart completely as a result of the wars of
1794:
9367:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
7017:(illustrated ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 68.
6936:
6769:
5647:[Peace of Constantinople 1879] (in Russian).
5247:. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion. pp. 144–146.
5087:. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion. pp. 167–170.
4856:
4633:
3179:
artillery that Germany had supplied to the Ottomans.
2513:
Disposition of Ottoman forces at the outbreak of war
2278:, publicly condemned the Ottoman abuses in Bulgaria.
1880:
and Russia to keep France isolated on the continent.
1602:
1583:'War of '93', named for the year 1293 in the
10393:
7811:
The Romanian Army of the Russo-Turkish War 1877–1878
6992:
6623:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999, p. 163.
6595:
5542:
4938:
History of world diplomacy 15th century BC – 1940 AD
4528:
4526:
4329:
Armata Romania in Razvoiul de Independenta 1877–1878
4210:, 1861–1914. Indiana University Press, 2000. P. 55.
3779:
Historians' estimates about Muslim population losses
2875:. It was garrisoned only because the troops, led by
1607:, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the
11836:
Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
7213:"Jalaleddin and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878"
6294:(in Turkish). Bursa Uludağ University. p. 136.
6217:
6012:"93 Harbi Sonrası Muhacir Iskanı-D.D.Pasaoglu-2013"
5828:
4361:
4359:
4357:
3582:
the powers, who will superintend their application.
3388:
3218:on 17 May; Russian units also besieged the city of
3110:. The way was now open for a quick advance through
12625:December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
7825:(image gallery) (in Bulgarian), 8M, archived from
7411:Langensiepen, Bernd & Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995).
7073:Gibson, Sarah (2016). Molz, Jennie Germann (ed.).
6738:A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East
6635:. "Ottoman Archives and the Armenian Genocide" in
4347:Войны и народонаселение Европы, Часть II, Глава II
4208:Bayonets before Bullets: the Imperial Russian Army
3602:
2210:. He was able to coordinate with British diplomat
12580:Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)
7834:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). Historical photos.
7139:. Longmans, Green and Company. 1889. p. 309.
6909:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6149:
6147:
5933:, vol. 4, London: Butterworths, p. 2686
5856:
5854:
4763:
4523:
3989:in 1929 and again in 1949 (the current version).
3933:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
1740:
12756:
9382:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
8712:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
7638:War and Diplomacy: The Russo-Turkish War of 1878
7436:The Russo-Turkish War 1877; A Strategical Sketch
6637:The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics
6288:"Arşiv belgelerine göre Niş Sancağı (1839–1878)"
5983:The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times
5741:Russian Citizenship: From Empire to Soviet Union
5495:, 1878–1918". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.).
5181:. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion. p. 144.
5120:. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion. p. 178.
5039:. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion. p. 167.
4964:. Solihull, West Midlands: Helion. p. 164.
4786:
4354:
3977:; so they elected to replace the cross with the
3090:Gourko succeeded in capturing the passes at the
2400:To resolve the crisis, on 11 December 1876, the
2178:International reaction to atrocities in Bulgaria
1104:
27:Conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empires
12635:July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes
12590:April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
9501:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
9416:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
7772:Military History: Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
7506:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
7195:"Povestea dramatică a cerchezilor din Dobrogea"
6915:
6804:Княжество България. Част I. Българската държава
5361:, Harper & Brothers, 1899, pp. 274–275
5070:The Russo-Turkish war 1877 A strategical sketch
3775:), i.e., a net loss of 89,052 Muslims, or 93%.
2809:Nizhegorodsky Dragoons pursuing the Turks near
2140:held captive by the Bulgarian and Russian army.
1900:
10008:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
7290:Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East
7103:The Strange Lives of One Man: An Autobiography
6486:Turkish Migration from the Balkans to Anatolia
6334:
6144:
5851:
4121:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
3360:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
3354:Civilian government in Bulgaria during the war
2259:Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East
2243:to report on the massacre stories first-hand.
1347:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
12585:Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)
10379:
10098:
9665:
9355:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
8556:
7951:
7784:Twenty Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History
7349:The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism
7241:Allen, William E. D.; Muratoff, Paul (1953).
7240:
5441:
5429:
5281:, Ohio: Kent State University, archived from
4787:Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara (1977),
4339:
4337:
4164:
3516:Internationalization of the Armenian Question
2626:30 squadrons (mostly irregular) 15 batteries
2047:The revolt of Bosnia and Herzegovina spurred
1948:
1812:need to accommodate more than 600,000 Muslim
1672:Treatment of Christians in the Ottoman Empire
1451:
1238:
1090:
11911:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
7857:
7312:The Russian Army and its Campaigns in Turkey
6834:
6642:
6499:The Middle East, abstracts and index, Part 1
6303:
6301:
6070:(1984), University Publications of America,
6053:(1984), University Publications of America,
5672:
5670:
4736:Eversley, Baron George Shaw-Lefevre (1924),
2305:Serbo-Turkish War and diplomatic maneuvering
2214:to bring the matter to the attention of the
1840:established in 1814 was shaken in 1859 when
1635:of 1853–1856, re-establishing itself in the
12695:
12534:NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
10112:
9308:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
9303:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
7327:
6773:; Oktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015).
6550:, Cambridge University Press, p. 426,
6279:
5979:
5797:
5795:
5789:, 1979, pp. 94–95, Yeshiva University Press
5404:
5343:
5072:. Swan Sonnenshcein and Co. pp. 16–17.
3368:, which was established in April 1877. The
3182:The Caucasus Corps was led by a quartet of
3058:(effective command was in hands of general
2490:types for field usage, with 12 cm and
1831:
1058:60,000–90,000 died from wounds and diseases
10386:
10372:
10105:
10091:
9672:
9658:
8624:Military history of the Russian Federation
8563:
8549:
7958:
7944:
7705:Yavuz, M. Hakan, and Peter Sluglett, eds.
7523:
7099:
6901:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6868:Васил Левски—документи, история и настояще
6820:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
6658:
6497:Library Information and Research Service.
5787:Bulgaria and Her Jews: A dubious symbiosis
5567:. Syracuse University Press. p. 117.
5378:, Harper & Brothers, 1899, p. 275
4494:
4422:. Northumberland Press. 1999. p. 493.
4334:
4314:
4312:
4261:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4091:Battles of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)
4075:uses the war as the setting for the novel
4015:, a traditional Iranian symbol. After the
2397:accepted the conditions of the ultimatum.
2021:An uprising against Ottoman rule began in
1914:only Prussia remained friendly to Russia.
1695:
1458:
1444:
1245:
1231:
1097:
1083:
11958:June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina
9993:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
8874:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
7883:
7365:
7283:
7116:
6734:
6520:The Ottoman Peoples and the end of Empire
6395:
6393:
6325:
6298:
6196:
5819:
5687:(4 Supplemental): 424–426. October 1908.
5667:
5614:Българските държавни институции 1879–1986
5490:
4874:
4862:
4751:
4723:
4616:Stillman, William James (15 March 2004),
4550:
4276:
4274:
4272:
2981:, which was assigned to quickly move via
2969:Alexander Alexandrovich, the future Tsar
2450:academy-trained generals were available.
2109:, a painting depicting the atrocities of
665:
9679:
7499:
7451:
7346:
7260:
7250:Argyll, George Douglas Campbell (1879).
7245:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7165:
7149:
7010:
6880:
6795:
6545:
6517:
6433:
6421:
6247:
6235:
6130:
6128:
5944:
5925:
5792:
5389:
4837:
4735:
4706:
4667:
4615:
4568:
4246:
3936:
3842:(ethnic cleansing by the Ottoman Empire)
3833:
3637:
3622:
3519:
3402:
3313:
3138:
2991:
2925:
2898:
2849:
2804:
2330:
2181:
2006:
1952:
1917:The newly appointed Russian chancellor,
1798:
1744:
1252:
8835:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
8705:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
7909:
7852:130 years Liberation of Pleven (Plevna)
7429:
7328:von Herbert, Frederick William (1895).
6861:
6801:
6345:
6307:
5970:. New York: HarperCollins, 2003, p. 44.
5860:
5801:
5587:
5560:
5327:
5209:
5067:
5001:
4893:, US: Bulgarian embassy, archived from
4625:, vol. II, The Project Gutenberg,
4309:
4280:
3892:Only the refusal of the Italian Consul
3465:Effects on Bulgaria's Jewish population
3143:The Russo-Turkish War in Caucasia, 1877
2417:
2002:
1666:
308:
14:
12757:
12669:Dubrava Prison bombings and executions
10819:Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
10640:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)
10615:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)
9456:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
9387:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
9246:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
9224:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
8938:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
8614:Military history of the Russian Empire
7751:
7650:
7305:
7249:
7072:
6971:
6954:
6942:
6677:
6586:
6570:
6390:
6363:
6285:
6180:
5878:
5618:Bulgarian State Institutions 1879–1986
5475:
5454:"Ռուս-Թուրքական Պատերազմ, 1877–1878",
5447:
5332:, Indiana University Press, p. 57
4651:
4639:
4580:
4366:Мерников А. Г.; Спектор А. А. (2005).
4269:
3914:
3597:
1706:In 1858, stirred by their clergy, the
1465:
10814:Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde
10765:Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by
10367:
10086:
9818:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
9653:
9606:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
8984:Russian colonization of North America
8544:
7939:
7858:Zelenogorsky, Najden (3 March 2007),
7752:Seegel, Steven J (20 February 2024),
7386:
7293:. London: William Clowes & Sons.
7045:
6965:
6835:Seton-Watson, Robert William (1971).
6522:, Oxford University Press, p. 48
6399:
6378:
6369:
6165:
6154:Russian Atrocities in Asia and Europe
6125:
6109:
6093:
6077:
6060:
6043:
5874:
5872:
5680:American Journal of International Law
5655:from the original on 19 February 2022
5548:
5536:
5524:
5512:
5375:Reminiscences of the King of Roumania
5358:Reminiscences of the King of Roumania
5295:
5242:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5148:
5115:
5082:
5034:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4959:
4955:
4953:
4908:
4764:(Editorial staff) (4 December 1915).
4447:
4022:
3829:
3825:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
3773:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
3223:1878, the strategic fortress town of
2919:, and marched towards Ruschuk (today
2820:
2036:
1439:
1368:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
1226:
1078:
185:from Romania, Romanian annexation of
8619:Military history of the Soviet Union
7588:
7470:
7192:
6998:
6976:(in Bulgarian). Sega. Archived from
6862:Ivanova, Kameliya (6 January 2015).
6728:
6533:
6223:
5737:
4934:
4738:The Turkish empire from 1288 to 1914
4656:, New York: Basic Books, p. 467
4419:The Middle East, Abstracts and Index
4249:Спектор А. А. Всемирная история войн
4033:, published in 1878 by the novelist
3818:
3809:"an apologist for the Turkish state"
3546:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople
3242:
3134:
2932:Finnish Guard sharpshooter battalion
2794:
2323:Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878
1735:British joined the French expedition
12840:Modern history of Georgia (country)
11916:Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)
11458:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
11453:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)
11438:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)
10799:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
10756:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
10740:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)
10053:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
9707:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
9360:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
7967:International relations (1814–1919)
7780:
6961:. D Appleton & Co. p. 204.
5606:
5491:Melkonyan, Ashot (2011). "The Kars
4448:Crowe, John Henry Verinder (1911).
4343:
4197:. 2 Volumes. ABC-CLIO, 2014. p. 748
3309:
2961:, on the night of 27/28 June 1877 (
2754:
2422:
2315:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
1987:
1982:
1795:Changing balance of power in Europe
1725:Fearing European intervention, the
1305:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
24:
10655:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456
10612:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438
10604:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437
10601:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427
10598:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425
10173:
9406:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
8772:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
7884:Stanishev, Sergej (3 March 2007),
7582:
7334:. London: Longmans, Green & Co
7315:. New York: D.Appleton and Company
6972:Ivanov, Dmitri (8 November 2005).
6445:
6346:Koyuncu, Aşkın (1 December 2013).
6197:Medlicott, William Norton (2013).
6190:
6022:
5885:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
5869:
5861:Koyuncu, Aşkın (1 December 2013).
5581:
5167:
4986:
4950:
4432:
3953:This war caused a division in the
3927:
3366:provisional Russian administration
3114:and Adrianople to Constantinople.
2843:, which was under nominal Turkish
25:
12856:
12235:1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
10828:Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)
10668:Ottoman invasion and conquest of
10430:Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
9271:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
7745:
7730:. Moscow: Фонд «Русские Витязи».
7686:Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift
7415:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
7193:Tița, Diana (16 September 2018).
6866:[The Terror in Karlovo].
6841:. Psychology Press. p. 283.
5212:Russo-Turkish Naval War 1877–1878
5004:Russo-Turkish Naval War 1877–1878
4654:The History of the Ottoman Empire
4619:The Autobiography of a Journalist
4557:, London: B Quaritch, p. 219
4228:Russo-Turkish Naval War 1877–1878
3838:Bones of massacred Bulgarians at
3452:A surprising consequence came in
3350:were supporters of the Russians.
3278:demanding union with Greece. The
2894:
12651:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
12285:Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
11557:Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)
11538:Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
10842:Serbian nobility conflict (1369)
10773:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
10761:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
10395:Wars and battles involving Serbs
10347:
10346:
9903:
9895:
9887:
9879:
9871:
9863:
9855:
9847:
9839:
9831:
9728:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
9723:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
9702:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
9325:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
9118:Russian conquest of Central Asia
9054:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
8850:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
8792:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
7913:Ambassador of Russia in Bulgaria
7569:. London: Macmillan and Co. 1878
7551:. London: Macmillan and Co. 1878
7413:The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923
7205:
7186:
7159:
7143:
7127:
7110:
7093:
7066:
7039:
7004:
6874:
6855:
6828:
6763:
6671:
6626:
6621:Encyclopedia of Genocide, Vol. 2
6611:
6580:
6564:
6539:
6491:
6478:
6454:
6439:
6427:
6354:
6270:
6253:
6168:The Congress of Berlin and after
5462:The Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878
4679:
4251:(in Russian), Minsk, p. 376
3618:
3389:Intervention by the Great Powers
3235:and reconstituted them into the
3165:Governor General of the Caucasus
2202:reported Turkish authorities in
2161:
2145:
2122:
2095:
2011:Herzegovinian insurgents in 1875
1298:Serbian–Ottoman Wars (1876–1878)
1270:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
1042:
1010:
999:
979:
956:
929:
885:
863:
837:
825:
813:
801:
789:
777:
765:
753:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
654:
642:
630:
618:
605:
590:
572:
560:
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
476:
464:
452:
440:
428:
416:
404:
392:
379:
364:
310:
292:
267:
256:
245:
218:
89:(10 months and 1 week)
54:
10977:Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)
10922:Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
10435:Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt
10043:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
9611:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
9256:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
9197:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
7530:. NYU Press. pp. 393–412.
7256:. Vol. 2. London: Strahan.
7234:
7079:(reprint ed.). Routledge.
7011:Thompson, Ewa Majewska (2000).
6955:Greene, Francis Vinton (1879).
6678:Hickok, Michael Robert (1996).
6587:Howard, Douglas Arthur (2001),
6308:Koyuncu, Aşkın (January 2014).
6174:
6159:
6004:
5973:
5957:
5938:
5919:
5802:Koyuncu, Aşkın (January 2014).
5779:
5762:
5731:
5645:"КОНСТАНТИНО́ПОЛЬСКИЙ МИР 1879"
5637:
5624:
5554:
5484:
5469:
5410:
5383:
5366:
5349:
5321:
5289:
5269:
5236:
5203:
5142:
5109:
5076:
5061:
5028:
4928:
4902:
4880:
4844:. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co
4838:MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876).
4831:
4807:
4780:
4757:
4729:
4673:
4645:
4609:
4574:
4544:
4539:, US: Library of Congress, 1994
4488:
4471:
4441:
4426:
4410:
4384:
3720:, which were detached from the
3603:Atrocities and ethnic cleansing
1957:Europe before the Balkan crisis
898:Initial: 70,000 in the Caucasus
113:Russian coalition victory, see
12810:Wars involving the Circassians
12320:Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
11796:Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)
11511:Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
11017:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
10982:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
9293:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
8943:War of the Austrian Succession
7846:
7647:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
6891:] (in Bulgarian). Plovdiv.
6664:Edward Tabor Linenthal (2001)
6501:(1999), Northumberland Press,
5843:, 3 March 2017, archived from
4887:"The liberation of Bulgaria",
4321:
4240:
4220:
4200:
4187:
4158:
4126:Monument to the Tsar Liberator
3922:Circassian minority in Dobruja
3627:Turkish refugees fleeing from
3473:Alliance Israélite Universelle
3298:, most of Thessaly (excluding
3194:(Ter-Ghukasov/Ter-Ghukasyan),
3161:Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich
2017:Herzegovina Uprising (1875–78)
1741:The revolt in Crete, 1866–1869
1680:, concluded at the end of the
114:
60:Clockwise, from top left: the
13:
1:
12765:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
12159:Operation Rösselsprung (1944)
12084:Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive
11953:Uprising in Montenegro (1941)
11568:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
11158:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
11067:Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion
10992:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
10972:Rákóczi's War of Independence
10789:Hungarian invasions of Europe
10215:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
9803:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
9516:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
9394:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
9145:Russian invasion of Manchuria
9135:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
9081:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
9076:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
9019:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
9009:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
8974:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
8969:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
8959:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
8949:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
8927:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
8922:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
8899:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
8894:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
8869:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
8845:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
8840:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
8825:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
8700:List of wars involving Russia
8695:Sino-Russian border conflicts
8337:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
8291:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
8281:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
7577:– via Internet Archive.
7559:– via Internet Archive.
7447:– via Internet Archive.
7342:– via Internet Archive.
7323:– via Internet Archive.
7263:A Concise History of Bulgaria
7152:Russian-Turkish war 1877–1878
6684:Review of Middle East Studies
6548:A Concise History of Bulgaria
6286:Osmani, Mead (19 June 2018).
5897:10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186
4152:
4068:depicted the war in Romania.
3577:into Article 61, which read:
3439:1879 Treaty of Constantinople
3330:Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah
2996:Fighting near Ivanovo-Chiflik
2934:during Battle of Gorni Dubnik
2847:, declared its independence.
2393:(up to 20 divisions). Sultan
2168:Bashi-bazouks' atrocities in
1333:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
11527:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
11473:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
11153:War of the Polish Succession
10465:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)
10460:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)
10455:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)
10450:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)
10445:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)
10154:Yıldız assassination attempt
10133:Senate of the Ottoman Empire
10129:Ottoman constitution of 1876
10023:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
9808:Romanian War of Independence
9471:Eritrean War of Independence
9441:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
9436:East German uprising of 1953
9377:Eastern Front (World War II)
9266:Red Army invasion of Georgia
9261:Red Army invasion of Armenia
9229:Estonian War of Independence
9170:Russian occupation of Tabriz
9091:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
9049:War of the Seventh Coalition
8932:War of the Polish Succession
8879:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
8197:Second Industrial Revolution
8071:League of the Three Emperors
7679:East European Jewish Affairs
6810:]. Plovdiv. p. 382.
6802:Jireček, Konstantin (1899).
6200:Congress of Berlin and After
5879:Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019).
5744:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
5457:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
4483:(full text), Turkey: Anayasa
4305:. pp. 104–105, 129 § 4.
4106:Romanian War of Independence
3805:Institute of Turkish Studies
3756:more than 200,000 people of
3383:
3296:Convention of Constantinople
3206:Ter-Gukasov, stationed near
2959:Mikhail Ivanovich Dragomirov
2856:Nikolai Dmitriev-Orenburgsky
2801:Romanian War of Independence
1901:Russia after the Crimean War
1702:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
1340:Romanian War of Independence
877:Total: 260,000 in four corps
87:24 April 1877 – 3 March 1878
7:
12830:1870s in the Ottoman Empire
12179:Stratsin-Kumanovo operation
12129:Operation Southeast Croatia
10714:Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje
10058:British Occupation of Egypt
9938:Budapest Convention of 1877
9511:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
9461:Sino-Soviet border conflict
9330:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
9298:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
9234:Latvian War of Independence
9123:Russian conquest of Bukhara
9014:War of the Fourth Coalition
8999:War of the Second Coalition
8227:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
7605:10.1080/0090599042000186151
7503:; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1977).
7150:Dimitrov, Bozhidar (2002),
6327:10.7827/TurkishStudies.7023
6166:Medlicott, William Norton,
5931:The Map of Europe by Treaty
5821:10.7827/TurkishStudies.7023
5316:Langensiepen & Güleryüz
5068:Maurice, Frederick (1905).
4084:
4051:), written in 1887–1889 by
3965:, a colour reversal of the
3476:reported that thousands of
2979:Joseph Vladimirovich Gourko
2883:After setbacks in July (at
2467:Winchester repeating rifles
2410:results of the conference.
2311:Serbo-Turkish War (1876–78)
1611:and a coalition led by the
1603:
1326:Budapest Convention of 1877
10:
12861:
12780:Modern history of Bulgaria
12663:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
12555:Operation Maritime Monitor
12550:Operation Deliberate Force
12280:Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
12275:Siege of Varaždin Barracks
12169:Operation Spring Awakening
12042:Capture of Banja Koviljača
11711:Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)
11072:Battle of Martinići (1796)
11062:Serb uprising of 1737–1739
11047:Serb Uprising of 1596–1597
10704:Serb Uprising of 1038–1042
10516:Fall of the Serbian Empire
10048:French conquest of Tunisia
9506:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
9044:War of the Sixth Coalition
9034:War of the Fifth Coalition
9004:War of the Third Coalition
8609:Military history of Russia
8571:Armed conflicts involving
8276:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
7645:The Russo-Turkish War 1877
7524:Stavrianos, L. S. (1958).
7439:. London: Swan Sonneschein
7372:. Transaction Publishers.
7331:The Defence of Plevna 1877
7267:Cambridge University Press
7154:(in Bulgarian), p. 75
7117:Magnússon, Eiríkr (1891).
6974:"Позитано. "Души в окови""
6571:Frucht, Richard C (2005),
6203:. Routledge. p. 157.
5649:Great Russian Encyclopedia
5151:The Russo-turkish war 1877
4451:"Russo-Turkish Wars"
3822:
3536:in the eastern provinces (
3392:
3357:
3327:
3246:
2798:
2758:
2547:10 squadrons 15 batteries
2426:
2308:
2239:hired American journalist
2218:, and then to the British
2040:
2014:
1968:most recent ending in 1862
1949:Balkan crisis of 1875–1876
1699:
18:Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78
12835:Modern history of Armenia
12800:Wars involving Montenegro
12688:
12565:
12365:
12207:
12194:Battle of Sarajevo (1945)
12022:1942 Montenegro offensive
11947:Uprising in Serbia (1941)
11929:
11886:
11755:
11669:
11626:
11619:
11588:Battle of Sarajevo (1878)
11563:Krivošije uprising (1869)
11521:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
11498:
11430:
11184:
11177:
11133:
11090:
11025:
10906:
10899:
10837:Serbian civil war of 1331
10781:
10694:
10478:
10420:Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)
10410:
10401:
10341:
10265:
10228:
10207:
10186:
10170:
10159:Second Constitutional Era
10121:
9965:
9933:Constantinople Conference
9913:
9828:
9798:
9780:1878 Macedonian rebellion
9772:
9741:
9715:
9694:
9687:
9619:
9554:
9345:Soviet invasion of Poland
9155:
9039:French invasion of Russia
8907:
8805:
8724:
8650:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
8642:
8599:
8592:
8435:
8299:
8212:
8097:European balance of power
8089:
8024:
7973:
7452:McCarthy, Justin (1995).
7261:Crampton, R. J. (2006) .
7166:Richmond, Walter (2013).
7123:. T. F. Unwin. p. 8.
6881:Dimitrov, Georgi (1900).
6781:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
6696:10.1017/S0026318400034337
6668:. New York: Viking, 1995.
6400:Popek, Krzysztof (2017).
6156:(1877), İstanbul, No. 51.
5588:Henning, Barbara (2018).
5442:Allen & Muratoff 1953
5430:Allen & Muratoff 1953
5390:Furneaux, Rupert (1958),
4652:Finkel, Caroline (2005),
4595:10.1017/S0018246X00023001
3896:, the French Vice Consul
3253:1878 Macedonian rebellion
2903:Map of the Balkan Theater
2683:12 squadrons 8 batteries
2576:4 squadrons 5 batteries
2469:, and the Egyptians used
2402:Constantinople Conference
2381:on the east coast of the
2341:cartoon from 17 June 1876
2319:Constantinople Conference
2107:The Bulgarian Martyresses
1939:international recognition
1592:
1550:
1477:
1389:1878 Macedonian rebellion
1319:Constantinople Conference
1264:
1116:
1068:
910:
852:
354:
208:
79:
53:
41:
36:
12705:Central African Republic
12615:Battle of Belaćevac Mine
12498:Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
12408:Siege of Bihać (1992–95)
12154:Siege of Rogatica (1941)
11979:Battle of Loznica (1941)
10987:Siege of Belgrade (1717)
10962:Siege of Belgrade (1690)
10947:Siege of Belgrade (1688)
10877:Siege of Belgrade (1440)
10440:Bulgarian-Serb War (998)
10220:Greco-Turkish War (1897)
10144:First Constitutional Era
9988:1876 Ottoman coup d'état
9486:South African Border War
9411:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
9313:Chechen uprising of 1932
8994:Russo-Persian War (1796)
8388:Venezuela Naval Blockade
8059:Anglo-Russian Convention
7916:(speech), archived from
7910:Potapov (3 March 2007),
7890:(speech), archived from
7887:Bulgarian Prime Minister
7864:(speech), archived from
7726:
7692:contains primary sources
7366:Jonassohn, Kurt (1999).
7347:Hupchick, D. P. (2002).
7285:Gladstone, William Ewart
7136:The New Review, Volume 1
7100:Culbertson, Ely (1940).
5746:Harvard University Press
4919:: Lib FL, archived from
4911:
4327:Scafes, Cornel, et al.,
4294:] (in Russian). М.:
4248:
4230:. 2017. Stratus. p. 88.
4169:(in Finnish). Helsinki:
4005:Red Lion and Sun Society
3856:indiscriminate slaughter
3374:Principality of Bulgaria
3342:, Kurdish notables like
2648:2 squadrons 2 batteries
2598:3 squadrons 3 batteries
2429:Ottoman Army (1861–1922)
2082:were put to death. Both
1832:The New European Concert
1820:and the Balkan ports of
1727:Ottoman foreign minister
1312:First Constitutional Era
990:2,456 killed and wounded
967:4,302 killed and missing
904:Olender: 490,000–530,000
130:Principality of Bulgaria
12805:Wars involving Bulgaria
12785:Wars involving Chechnya
12657:Prizren incident (1999)
12528:Operation Southern Move
12373:Battle of Bosanski Brod
12220:Plitvice Lakes incident
12164:Kosovo Operation (1944)
12099:Capture of Olovo (1941)
12069:Battle of Kupres (1942)
12017:Battle of Lijevče Field
11831:Kosovo offensive (1915)
11656:Fight on Čelopek (1906)
11354:Second Serbian Uprising
11143:Serbian Hussar Regiment
11052:Battle of Mohács (1687)
11035:Long War (Ottoman wars)
10882:Battle of Kosovo (1448)
10608:Battle of Trnava (1430)
10352:Category:Abdul Hamid II
9957:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
9128:Khivan campaign of 1873
8979:Russo-Polish War (1792)
8393:Alaska boundary dispute
8066:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
8049:Franco-Russian Alliance
7839:14 October 2018 at the
7709:(U of Utah Press, 2011)
7697:East European Quarterly
7471:Reid, James J. (2000).
7169:The Circassian Genocide
7049:Derrida and Hospitality
6649:Hovannisian, Richard G.
5632:The Balkans Since 1453
5561:Jwaideh, Wadie (2006).
5418:Bayonets before Bullets
5328:Menning, Bruce (2000),
5243:Barry, Quintin (2012).
5210:Olender, Piotr (2017).
5177:Barry, Quintin (2012).
5116:Barry, Quintin (2012).
5083:Barry, Quintin (2012).
5035:Barry, Quintin (2012).
5002:Olender, Piotr (2017).
4960:Barry, Quintin (2012).
4495:Vatikiotis, PJ (1997),
4461:Encyclopædia Britannica
4167:Suomen kaarti 1812–1905
3961:(1864), which made the
3959:First Geneva Convention
3615:policy during the war.
3607:Both sides carried out
3370:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
3149:1st Caucasus Army Corps
2971:Alexander III of Russia
2841:Principality of Romania
2255:William Ewart Gladstone
1696:Crisis in Lebanon, 1860
1678:1856 Paris Peace Treaty
1654:, and also annexed the
1604:Russko-turetskaya voyna
1410:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
12845:Alexander II of Russia
12790:Wars involving Romania
12335:Operation Medak Pocket
12270:Battle of the Barracks
11996:Battle of the Sutjeska
11940:Invasion of Yugoslavia
11921:Drenica-Junik Uprising
11841:Battle of Malka Nidzhe
11821:Battle of Kaymakchalan
11661:Battle of Pirot (1913)
11583:Battle of Vitez (1878)
11578:Battle of Jajce (1878)
11532:Battle of Vršac (1849)
11286:Liberation of Belgrade
11195:First Serbian Uprising
11105:Cretan War (1645–1669)
11007:Battle of Petrovaradin
10887:Fall of Constantinople
10832:War of Hum (1326–1329)
10767:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
10578:Battle of Vitosha Pass
10507:Battle of Sırp Sındığı
10199:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
10179:
9764:Kresna–Razlog uprising
9759:Razlovtsi insurrection
9754:April Uprising of 1876
9601:Western Libya campaign
9276:East Karelian uprising
8797:Wagner Group rebellion
8732:Uprising of Bolotnikov
8312:Unification of Germany
8259:Taft–Katsura agreement
7803:(in Russian), Kulichki
7688:71.2 (2012): 287–307.
7664:41.2 (2014): 181–196.
7651:Glenny, Misha (2012),
7527:The Balkans Since 1453
7243:Caucasian Battlefields
7106:. Winston. p. 55.
7046:Still, Judith (2012).
6034:6 January 2010 at the
5297:Schem, Alexander Jacob
4583:The Historical Journal
4368:Всемирная история войн
4247:Мерников, АГ (2005),
4165:Torsten Ekman (2006).
4116:History of the Balkans
3950:
3904:(regular Ottoman Army
3848:Battle of Stara Zagora
3843:
3647:
3635:
3584:
3559:
3549:Nerses II Varzhapetian
3525:
3412:
3344:Abdürrezzak Bedir Khan
3325:
3306:were ceded to Greece.
3144:
2997:
2935:
2904:
2859:
2817:
2553:(40,130 men, 90 guns)
2499:Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha
2465:; the irregulars used
2459:Peabody-Martini rifles
2353:met Austria-Hungary's
2342:
2187:
2012:
1964:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1958:
1874:Three Emperors' League
1870:Alexander II of Russia
1804:
1803:Ottoman Empire in 1862
1792:
1754:
1573:
1424:Kresna–Razlog uprising
1284:Razlovtsi insurrection
1277:April Uprising of 1876
1021:2,400 dead and wounded
950:1,713 died from wounds
944:81,166 died of disease
355:Commanders and leaders
181:Russian annexation of
12795:Wars involving Serbia
12674:1999 F-117A shootdown
12545:Operation Deny Flight
12540:1995 Pale air strikes
12418:Operation Corridor 92
12225:Battle of Borovo Selo
12057:Operation Draufgänger
11740:Siege of Vidin (1913)
11636:Fight on Šuplji Kamen
11346:Hadži Prodan's Revolt
11216:Batočina and Jagodina
10735:Battle of Tara (1150)
10624:Battle of Nish (1443)
10496:Battle of Stephaniana
10425:Bulgar–Serb War (853)
10177:
9943:Treaty of San Stefano
9785:Epirus Revolt of 1878
9749:Stara Zagora Uprising
9596:Intervention in Syria
9531:Tajikistani Civil War
9239:Lithuanian–Soviet War
9180:Battle of Robat Karim
8629:Post-Soviet conflicts
8398:First Moroccan Crisis
8112:Spread of nationalism
8076:Eight-Nation Alliance
7787:, MSU, archived from
7621:The Balkan Volunteers
6864:"Страшното в Карлово"
6747:10.1002/9781118475683
6589:The history of Turkey
6546:Crampton, RJ (1997),
6518:McCarthy, J. (2001),
6181:Joseph, John (1983),
5772:27.2 (2013): 209–218
5497:Armenian Kars and Ani
5478:Armenian Kars and Ani
4551:Churchill, C (1862),
4065:Independența României
4062:The 1912 silent film
3940:
3837:
3642:The execution of the
3641:
3626:
3579:
3554:
3523:
3424:Treaty of San Stefano
3406:
3395:Treaty of San Stefano
3317:
3249:Epirus Revolt of 1878
3247:Further information:
3188:Mikhail Loris-Melikov
3186:commanders: Generals
3142:
3015:Battle of Shipka Pass
2995:
2929:
2902:
2853:
2832:near Ungheni, on the
2808:
2761:Imperial Russian Army
2570:Kaisserli Ahmed Pasha
2391:Imperial Russian Army
2334:
2283:Patriotic War of 1812
2241:Januarius A. MacGahan
2231:Disraeli's government
2229:). In Britain, where
2227:Marquess of Salisbury
2223:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil
2185:
2010:
1956:
1802:
1783:
1748:
1593:Русско-турецкая война
1396:Epirus Revolt of 1878
1354:Treaty of San Stefano
911:Casualties and losses
435:Mikhail Loris-Melikov
334:Circassian volunteers
128:Establishment of the
66:Battle of Shipka Pass
12574:Insurgency in Kosovo
12493:Operation Summer '95
12468:Operation Winter '94
12350:Operation Summer '95
12340:Operation Winter '94
12124:Operation Mihailovic
12119:Operation Kugelblitz
11963:Battle of Novi Pazar
11806:Battle of Dobro Pole
11766:Montenegrin campaign
11745:Ohrid–Debar uprising
11725:Battle of Bregalnica
11651:Fight in Velika Hoča
11296:Malajnica and Štubik
11148:Pruth River Campaign
11115:Battle on Vrtijeljka
11012:Battle of Banja Luka
10957:Battle of Niš (1689)
10872:Battle of Despotovac
10794:Magyar–Serb conflict
10683:Ottoman conquest of
10676:Battle of Breadfield
10561:Battle of Karanovasa
10528:Battle of Dubravnica
10187:Associated buildings
10033:Dual Alliance (1879)
9928:Reichstadt Agreement
9790:Cretan revolt (1878)
9681:Great Eastern Crisis
9579:Annexation of Crimea
9283:Central Asian Revolt
9192:Ukrainian–Soviet War
9064:Russo-Circassian War
8747:Pugachev's Rebellion
8690:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
8634:Russian Armed Forces
8604:Early modern warfare
8403:Algeciras Conference
8383:Annexation of Hawaii
8322:Great Eastern Crisis
8317:Unification of Italy
8307:Formation of Romania
8124:French–German enmity
7775:, Digital book index
7630:16 (2012): 273–294.
7628:Ethnologia Balkanica
7592:Nationalities Papers
6484:İpek, Nedim (1994),
6370:Balev, Ivan (2017).
4668:Shaw & Shaw 1977
4569:Shaw & Shaw 1977
4193:Timothy C. Dowling.
3485:substantial increase
3257:Cretan revolt (1878)
3104:Battle of Tashkessen
3064:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
2951:the Ottoman monitor
2839:On 10 May 1877, the
2813:, 1877, painting by
2445:had reorganised the
2418:Status of combatants
2371:No written agreement
2003:Herzegovina Uprising
1859:, led by Chancellor
1809:continued to decline
1667:Conflict pre-history
1403:Cretan revolt (1878)
1291:Reichstadt Agreement
1256:Great Eastern Crisis
941:15,567–30,000 killed
191:Greek annexation of
74:Battle of Tashkessen
44:Great Eastern Crisis
12513:Operation Mistral 2
12443:Operation Bøllebank
12413:Operation Vrbas '92
12388:Siege of Srebrenica
12330:Operation Maslenica
12305:Operation Whirlwind
12199:Battle of Zelengora
11901:Uprising in Drenica
11861:Ovče Pole Offensive
11811:Battle of the Drina
11735:Battle of Knjaževac
11730:Battle of Kalimanci
11706:Siege of Adrianople
11628:Macedonian Struggle
11605:Battle of Slivnitsa
11595:Serbo-Bulgarian War
11525:Several battles of
11120:Battle of Slankamen
11057:Uprising in Vučitrn
10937:Battle of Keresztes
10932:Battle of Sződfalva
10862:Battle of Kosmidion
10852:Battle of Nicopolis
10730:Siege of Ras (1127)
10491:Battle of Gallipoli
10138:Chamber of Deputies
9973:Bulgarian Exarchate
9639:Sphere of influence
9569:Russo-Ukrainian War
9426:First Indochina War
9399:Soviet–Japanese War
9335:Xinjiang War (1937)
9204:Kazakhstan Campaign
8989:Kościuszko Uprising
8889:Second Northern War
8767:Coup attempt (1991)
8660:Soviet-Finnish wars
8468:Philippine–American
8453:First Sino-Japanese
8286:Racconigi agreement
8232:Treaty of Frankfurt
8192:Great Rapprochement
8146:Scramble for Africa
7781:Sowards, Steven W,
7681:26.2 (1996): 53–66.
7655:, New York: Penguin
7623:(Hutchinson, 1968).
7619:Anderson, Dorothy.
5840:statlib.nsi.bg:8181
5738:Lohr, Eric (2012).
5634:(1958) pp. 408–412.
5432:, pp. 113–114.
5392:The Siege of Pleven
5285:on 30 December 2007
5149:Drury, Ian (1994).
4890:History of Bulgaria
4726:, pp. 209–210.
4571:, pp. 142–143.
4139:Serbo-Russian March
3915:Against Circassians
3598:Civilian casualties
3564:Austen Henry Layard
3200:Beybut Shelkovnikov
2738:Crete and European
2514:
2134:Vasily Vereshchagin
2103:Konstantin Makovsky
1919:Alexander Gorchakov
1035:90,000–120,000 dead
922:96,733–111,166 dead
844:Hassan Ismail Pasha
612:Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
329:Albanian volunteers
183:Southern Bessarabia
159:become part of the
12815:Russo-Turkish wars
12620:Battle of Podujevo
12610:Battle of Oraovica
12595:Attack on Orahovac
12300:Operation Orkan 91
12295:Operation Otkos 10
12290:Siege of Dubrovnik
12149:Operation Prijedor
12114:Operation Kopaonik
12074:Battle of Višegrad
12037:Belgrade Offensive
11968:Battle of Pljevlja
11906:Christmas Uprising
11851:Monastir offensive
11826:Battle of Kolubara
11801:Battle of Bazargic
11772:Battle of Mojkovac
11696:Battle of Monastir
11686:Battle of Kumanovo
11646:Fight in Tabanovce
11516:Jančić's rebellion
11463:Battle of Vučji Do
11443:Battle of Grahovac
11186:Serbian Revolution
10952:Battle of Batočina
10745:Siege of Braničevo
10664:Siege of Smederevo
10650:Battle of Leskovac
10644:Battle of Kruševac
10635:Battle of Kunovica
10629:Battle of Zlatitsa
10594:Second Scutari War
10584:Battle of Carmorlu
10572:Siege of Novo Brdo
10566:Battle of Tripolje
10501:Battle of Demotika
10470:Battle of Velbazhd
10180:
10149:Hamidian massacres
9953:Congress of Berlin
9688:Wars and conflicts
9629:Russian Revolution
9564:Russo-Georgian War
9546:Second Chechen War
9526:Georgian Civil War
9165:Russo-Japanese War
8917:Great Northern War
8815:Russo-Crimean Wars
8787:Second Chechen War
8685:Russo-Turkish wars
8680:Russo-Swedish wars
8670:Russo-Persian Wars
8655:Russo-Crimean Wars
8327:Congress of Berlin
8244:Reinsurance Treaty
8222:Congress of Vienna
8202:Industrial warfare
8168:Scramble for China
7923:on 24 October 2007
7897:on 25 October 2007
7871:on 25 October 2007
7829:on 13 October 2006
7791:on 15 October 2007
7714:War in the Balkans
7670:Murray, Nicholas.
6771:Kieser, Hans-Lukas
6460:Karpat, Kemal H.,
5946:Hurewitz, Jacob C.
5748:. pp. 39–40.
5539:, p. 332-333.
5527:, p. 330-331.
5515:, p. 326-328.
5214:. pp. 28–35.
5006:. pp. 38–42.
4923:on 28 October 2007
4897:on 11 October 2010
4466:The War of 1877–78
4435:Ottoman Population
4344:Urlanis, Boris C.
4132:The Turkish Gambit
4078:The Turkish Gambit
4057:partitioned Poland
4023:In popular culture
4017:Iranian Revolution
3987:Geneva Conventions
3951:
3844:
3830:Against Bulgarians
3758:Dennis P. Hupchick
3722:Adrianople Vilayet
3662:Battle of Harmanli
3648:
3646:in Bulgaria, 1878.
3636:
3526:
3413:
3409:Congress of Berlin
3399:Congress of Berlin
3326:
3321:near the walls of
3204:Lieutenant-General
3192:Arshak Ter-Gukasov
3169:Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
3145:
2998:
2985:and penetrate the
2936:
2905:
2860:
2821:Opening manoeuvres
2818:
2689:(36,546, 48 guns)
2632:(54,600, 90 guns)
2582:(12,182, 30 guns)
2512:
2343:
2276:Giuseppe Garibaldi
2200:George Warren Wood
2188:
2058:) and irregulars (
2037:Bulgarian Uprising
2013:
1959:
1937:, Russia achieved
1857:Kingdom of Prussia
1853:German Unification
1805:
1755:
1553:Turco-Mongol raids
1469:Russo-Turkish Wars
1375:Congress of Berlin
680:Mehmed Şakir Pasha
483:Mikhail Dragomirov
324:Kurdish volunteers
48:Russo-Turkish wars
12775:Conflicts in 1878
12770:Conflicts in 1877
12752:
12751:
12748:
12747:
12684:
12683:
12630:Battle of Glođane
12508:Operation Miracle
12383:Siege of Sarajevo
12310:Operation Baranja
12265:Battle of Kusonje
12255:Battle of Šibenik
12245:Battle of Vukovar
12230:Operation Stinger
12189:Battle of Zvornik
12144:Battle of Poljana
12109:Operation Delphin
11990:Battle of Neretva
11816:Battle of Florina
11719:Second Balkan War
11615:
11614:
11506:Kumanovo uprising
11483:Battle of Novšiće
11468:Battle of Fundina
11448:Battle of Kolašin
11173:
11172:
11110:Great Turkish War
11002:Battle of Trenčín
10942:Great Turkish War
10895:
10894:
10867:Battle of Çamurlu
10804:Battle of Sirmium
10751:Battle of Pantina
10696:Serbian–Byzantine
10659:Siege of Belgrade
10589:First Scutari War
10555:Serbian Despotate
10540:Battle of Pločnik
10522:Battle of Maritsa
10487:Early skirmishes
10412:Serbian–Bulgarian
10361:
10360:
10246:(adoptive mother)
10164:31 March Incident
10080:
10079:
10018:League of Prizren
9948:Cyprus Convention
9923:Berlin Memorandum
9826:
9825:
9733:Kumanovo uprising
9647:
9646:
9536:First Chechen War
9491:Soviet–Afghan War
9476:Angolan Civil War
9251:Polish–Soviet War
9209:Finnish Civil War
9187:Russian Civil War
9086:November Uprising
9024:Anglo-Russian War
8964:Bar Confederation
8777:First Chechen War
8757:Russian Civil War
8752:Decembrist revolt
8742:Bulavin Rebellion
8737:Razin's Rebellion
8720:
8719:
8675:Russo-Polish Wars
8643:Lists by opponent
8538:
8537:
8507:Albanian Revolts
8364:German Naval Laws
8348:Naval arms races
8332:Berlin Conference
8264:Hague Conventions
7737:978-5-6040157-4-2
7537:978-0-8147-9766-2
7516:978-0-521-29163-7
7501:Shaw, Stanford J.
7484:978-3-515-07687-6
7463:978-0-87850-094-9
7431:Maurice, Major F.
7422:978-0-85177-610-1
7403:978-960-213-109-1
7379:978-1-4128-2445-3
7179:978-0-8135-6069-4
7086:978-1-317-09495-1
7059:978-0-7486-8727-5
6918:Balkanistic Forum
6848:978-0-7146-1513-4
6788:978-0-85772-744-2
6756:978-1-118-47568-3
6633:Dadrian, Vahakn N
6618:Charny, Israel W.
6536:, pp. 42–43.
6470:978-90-04-12101-0
6450:. pp. 72–75.
6448:Ouoman Population
6265:978-1-4381-2676-0
6210:978-1-136-24317-2
5770:Hungarian Studies
5755:978-0-674-06634-2
5630:L.S. Stavrianos,
5599:978-3-86309-551-2
5574:978-0-8156-3093-7
5254:978-1-907677-11-3
5221:978-83-65281-66-1
5188:978-1-907677-11-3
5160:978-1-85532-371-1
5127:978-1-907677-11-3
5094:978-1-907677-11-3
5046:978-1-907677-11-3
5013:978-83-65281-66-1
4971:978-1-907677-11-3
4800:978-0-295-80360-9
4437:. pp. 72–75.
4282:Urlanis, Boris C.
4236:978-83-65281-36-4
4111:Harmanli massacre
3819:Against Albanians
3801:Armenian Genocide
3530:Armenian Question
3407:Europe after the
3348:Sheikh Ubeydullah
3284:Battle of Mouzaki
3243:Greek involvement
3151:was stationed in
3135:Caucasian theatre
2975:Nikopol, Bulgaria
2949:attacked and sank
2815:Aleksey Kivshenko
2795:Course of the war
2752:
2751:
2654:(9,288, 12 guns)
2604:(9,717, 18 guns)
2291:Fyodor Dostoevsky
2220:Foreign Secretary
2156:. 1877 engraving.
1861:Otto von Bismarck
1849:fought over Italy
1838:Concert of Europe
1730:Mehmed Fuad Pasha
1676:Article 9 of the
1601:
1582:
1566:Russo-Turkish War
1559:
1558:
1433:
1432:
1382:Kumanovo uprising
1361:Cyprus Convention
1220:
1219:
1107:Russo-Turkish War
1073:
1072:
832:Sheikh Ubeydullah
796:Mehmed Riza Pasha
704:Hasan Hüsnü Pasha
637:Kurt İsmail Pasha
625:Ahmed Hamdi Pasha
204:
203:
37:Russo-Turkish War
16:(Redirected from
12852:
12825:1878 in Bulgaria
12820:1877 in Bulgaria
12693:
12692:
12645:Battle of Košare
12600:Attack on Prekaz
12503:Battle of Vozuća
12488:Operation Leap 2
12483:Battle of Orašje
12478:Operation Leap 1
12473:Battle of Vlašić
12463:Operation Spider
12458:Operation Amanda
12453:Battle of Kupres
12403:Operation Jackal
12393:Siege of Goražde
12378:Battle of Kupres
12315:Operation Jackal
12250:Battle of Gospić
12240:Battle of Osijek
12079:Mostar operation
12063:Kozara Offensive
12032:Battle of Batina
12012:Battle of Mostar
11973:Battle of Kozara
11876:Toplica Uprising
11866:Vardar offensive
11856:Morava Offensive
11846:Macedonian front
11785:Serbian campaign
11777:Battle of Lovćen
11701:Siege of Scutari
11691:Battle of Prilep
11680:First Balkan War
11641:Fight on Čelopek
11624:
11623:
11551:Siege of Cattaro
11544:Battle of Vranje
11488:Battle of Murino
11182:
11181:
11163:Seven Years' War
11082:Battle of Lopate
10927:Battle of Szőlős
10904:
10903:
10857:Battle of Ankara
10847:Battle of Rovine
10719:Battle of Zvečan
10619:Crusade of Varna
10546:Battle of Kosovo
10408:
10407:
10388:
10381:
10374:
10365:
10364:
10350:
10349:
10238:Tirimüjgan Kadın
10181:
10107:
10100:
10093:
10084:
10083:
10003:Eastern Question
9908:
9907:
9906:
9900:
9899:
9898:
9892:
9891:
9890:
9884:
9883:
9882:
9876:
9875:
9874:
9868:
9867:
9866:
9860:
9859:
9858:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9842:
9836:
9835:
9834:
9692:
9691:
9674:
9667:
9660:
9651:
9650:
9521:Transnistria War
9466:War of Attrition
9372:Continuation War
9321:
9113:January Uprising
8954:Seven Years' War
8854:Time of Troubles
8820:Russo-Kazan Wars
8665:Russo-Kazan Wars
8597:
8596:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8542:
8541:
8458:Spanish–American
8378:Fashoda Incident
8254:Treaty of Björkö
8239:Treaty of Berlin
8173:Open Door Policy
8107:Eastern question
8054:Entente Cordiale
7960:
7953:
7946:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7922:
7905:
7904:
7902:
7896:
7879:
7878:
7876:
7870:
7830:
7815:
7804:
7792:
7776:
7765:
7763:Brown University
7761:, Rhode Island:
7760:
7741:
7716:(2014): 256–258
7699:14.1 (1980): 9+
7656:
7640:(1877): 273–301.
7616:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7541:
7520:
7496:
7467:
7456:. Darwin Press.
7448:
7446:
7444:
7426:
7407:
7383:
7362:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7302:
7280:
7257:
7246:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7224:
7215:. Archived from
7209:
7203:
7202:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7163:
7157:
7155:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7131:
7125:
7124:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7008:
7002:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6952:
6946:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6913:
6907:
6906:
6900:
6892:
6878:
6872:
6871:
6859:
6853:
6852:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6819:
6811:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6767:
6761:
6760:
6732:
6726:
6725:
6675:
6669:
6662:
6656:
6646:
6640:
6630:
6624:
6615:
6609:
6599:
6593:
6592:
6584:
6578:
6576:
6568:
6562:
6560:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6525:
6523:
6515:
6509:
6495:
6489:
6482:
6476:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6443:
6437:
6436:, pp. 90–91
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6397:
6388:
6382:
6376:
6375:
6367:
6361:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6343:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6305:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6283:
6277:
6274:
6268:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6194:
6188:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6142:
6132:
6123:
6113:
6107:
6097:
6091:
6081:
6075:
6064:
6058:
6047:
6041:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6008:
6002:
6000:
5977:
5971:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5942:
5936:
5934:
5927:Hertslet, Edward
5923:
5917:
5916:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5858:
5849:
5848:
5835:
5826:
5825:
5823:
5799:
5790:
5783:
5777:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5641:
5635:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5558:
5552:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5488:
5482:
5481:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5405:von Herbert 1895
5402:
5396:
5394:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5362:
5353:
5347:
5344:von Herbert 1895
5341:
5335:
5333:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5174:
5165:
5164:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5032:
5026:
5025:
4999:
4984:
4983:
4957:
4948:
4946:
4932:
4926:
4924:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4776:(139): 201–202 .
4761:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4741:
4733:
4727:
4721:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4558:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4530:
4521:
4519:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4398:on 14 April 2021
4394:. Archived from
4388:
4382:
4381:
4370:. Мн.: Харвест.
4363:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4278:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4238:
4224:
4218:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4162:
3999:(and the modern
3872:Kavarna uprising
3868:Kalofer massacre
3866:in Karlovo, the
3613:ethnic cleansing
3593:
3589:
3574:Mkrtich Khrimian
3447:
3310:Kurdish uprising
3292:Peace Conference
3027:Alexandru Cernat
2987:Balkan Mountains
2877:Osman Nuri Pasha
2755:The Russian Army
2620:Ahmed Eyüb Pasha
2529:(Paper Olender)
2515:
2511:
2423:The Ottoman Army
2351:Prince Gorchakov
2252:
2165:
2149:
2126:
2099:
1995:states that the
1988:Albanian revolts
1983:Balkan uprisings
1774:Arkadi Monastery
1686:Edict of Gülhane
1606:
1596:
1594:
1585:Islamic calendar
1577:
1472:
1470:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1259:
1257:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1224:
1223:
1111:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1076:
1075:
1061:110,000 captured
1048:
1046:
1045:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1004:
1003:
1002:
986:Bulgarian Legion
984:
983:
982:
961:
960:
959:
934:
933:
891:
889:
888:
868:
867:
842:
841:
830:
829:
818:
817:
806:
805:
794:
793:
782:
781:
772:Ahmed Eyüb Pasha
770:
769:
760:AbdülKerim Pasha
758:
757:
748:
738:
737:
726:
725:
714:
713:
702:
701:
690:
689:
678:
677:
667:
659:
658:
647:
646:
635:
634:
623:
622:
614:
610:
609:
595:
594:
577:
576:
575:
565:
564:
553:
552:
541:
540:
531:Nikolai Stoletov
529:
528:
517:
516:
505:
504:
495:Mikhail Skobelev
493:
492:
481:
480:
469:
468:
459:Prince Alexander
457:
456:
445:
444:
433:
432:
421:
420:
409:
408:
397:
396:
388:
384:
383:
369:
368:
349:Abkhazian rebels
320:
316:
314:
313:
298:
296:
295:
272:
271:
270:
261:
260:
259:
250:
249:
248:
240:Bulgarian Legion
235:Guard of Finland
223:
222:
187:Northern Dobruja
134:Independence of
81:
80:
62:Action off Măcin
58:
34:
33:
21:
12860:
12859:
12855:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12850:
12849:
12755:
12754:
12753:
12744:
12680:
12640:Battle of Junik
12561:
12448:Operation Tiger
12433:Siege of Mostar
12361:
12356:Operation Storm
12345:Operation Flash
12325:Operation Tiger
12260:Battle of Zadar
12203:
12139:Operation Uzice
12094:Battle of Odžak
12027:Bihać Operation
11985:Battle of Livno
11925:
11882:
11751:
11665:
11611:
11600:Battle of Pirot
11494:
11426:
11281:Belgrade (1806)
11169:
11129:
11125:Battle of Senta
11086:
11077:Battle of Krusi
11021:
10997:Battle of Zsibó
10967:Battle of Lugos
10891:
10809:Battle of Gacko
10777:
10725:Battle of Haram
10690:
10534:Battle of Savra
10480:Serbian–Ottoman
10474:
10397:
10392:
10362:
10357:
10337:
10261:
10224:
10203:
10182:
10172:
10168:
10117:
10111:
10081:
10076:
9961:
9915:
9909:
9904:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9894:
9893:
9888:
9886:
9885:
9880:
9878:
9877:
9872:
9870:
9869:
9864:
9862:
9861:
9856:
9854:
9853:
9848:
9846:
9845:
9840:
9838:
9837:
9832:
9830:
9822:
9794:
9768:
9737:
9711:
9683:
9678:
9648:
9643:
9615:
9556:
9550:
9541:War of Dagestan
9315:
9288:August Uprising
9157:
9151:
9140:Boxer Rebellion
9108:Amur Annexation
8909:
8903:
8807:
8801:
8782:War of Dagestan
8762:August Uprising
8716:
8638:
8588:
8569:
8539:
8534:
8473:Boxer Rebellion
8431:
8295:
8249:Treaty of Paris
8214:
8208:
8141:New Imperialism
8102:Ottoman decline
8085:
8032:Triple Alliance
8020:
7981:Austria-Hungary
7969:
7964:
7926:
7924:
7920:
7900:
7898:
7894:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7861:Mayor of Pleven
7849:
7841:Wayback Machine
7819:
7808:
7796:
7769:
7758:
7748:
7738:
7728:
7662:Russian History
7585:
7583:Further reading
7572:
7570:
7563:
7554:
7552:
7544:
7538:
7517:
7485:
7464:
7442:
7440:
7423:
7404:
7380:
7359:
7337:
7335:
7318:
7316:
7277:
7237:
7232:
7222:
7220:
7219:on 24 July 2020
7211:
7210:
7206:
7191:
7187:
7180:
7164:
7160:
7148:
7144:
7133:
7132:
7128:
7115:
7111:
7098:
7094:
7087:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7044:
7040:
7025:
7009:
7005:
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6980:on 19 July 2011
6970:
6966:
6953:
6949:
6941:
6937:
6914:
6910:
6894:
6893:
6879:
6875:
6860:
6856:
6849:
6833:
6829:
6813:
6812:
6800:
6796:
6789:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6733:
6729:
6706:
6676:
6672:
6663:
6659:
6647:
6643:
6631:
6627:
6616:
6612:
6600:
6596:
6585:
6581:
6569:
6565:
6558:
6544:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6516:
6512:
6496:
6492:
6483:
6479:
6464:, Brill, 2004,
6459:
6455:
6446:Karpat, Kemal.
6444:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6404:
6398:
6391:
6383:
6379:
6368:
6364:
6359:
6355:
6344:
6335:
6306:
6299:
6291:
6284:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6258:
6254:
6246:
6242:
6234:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6195:
6191:
6179:
6175:
6164:
6160:
6152:
6145:
6133:
6126:
6114:
6110:
6098:
6094:
6082:
6078:
6065:
6061:
6048:
6044:
6036:Wayback Machine
6027:
6023:
6010:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5978:
5974:
5962:
5958:
5943:
5939:
5924:
5920:
5877:
5870:
5859:
5852:
5847:on 3 March 2017
5837:
5836:
5829:
5800:
5793:
5784:
5780:
5767:
5763:
5756:
5736:
5732:
5693:10.2307/2212671
5676:
5675:
5668:
5658:
5656:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5629:
5625:
5612:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5586:
5582:
5575:
5559:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5511:
5504:
5489:
5485:
5474:
5470:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5440:
5436:
5428:
5424:
5415:
5411:
5403:
5399:
5388:
5384:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5355:
5354:
5350:
5342:
5338:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5294:
5290:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5255:
5241:
5237:
5222:
5208:
5204:
5189:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5147:
5143:
5128:
5114:
5110:
5095:
5081:
5077:
5066:
5062:
5047:
5033:
5029:
5014:
5000:
4987:
4972:
4958:
4951:
4933:
4929:
4913:
4909:Хевролина, ВМ,
4907:
4903:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4801:
4785:
4781:
4762:
4758:
4750:
4746:
4734:
4730:
4722:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4662:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4622:
4614:
4610:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4563:
4549:
4545:
4536:Country Studies
4532:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4498:The Middle East
4493:
4489:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4446:
4442:
4433:Karpat, Kemal.
4431:
4427:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4364:
4355:
4342:
4335:
4326:
4322:
4317:
4310:
4298:
4279:
4270:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4225:
4221:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4087:
4071:Russian writer
4047:(Polish title:
4025:
3935:
3930:
3928:Lasting effects
3917:
3883:planned to burn
3832:
3827:
3821:
3781:
3762:Justin McCarthy
3685:
3621:
3605:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3542:Grigor Artsruni
3538:Turkish Armenia
3518:
3493:male and female
3471:Bulletins de l'
3467:
3441:
3401:
3393:Main articles:
3391:
3386:
3378:Eastern Rumelia
3362:
3356:
3332:
3312:
3286:. However, the
3259:
3245:
3202:. Forces under
3173:heavy artillery
3137:
3086:Russians under
3056:Milan Obrenović
3019:Fyodor Radetsky
2897:
2823:
2803:
2797:
2770:Dmitry Milyutin
2767:Minister of War
2763:
2757:
2501:, based out of
2447:military school
2431:
2425:
2420:
2329:
2309:Main articles:
2307:
2250:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2150:
2141:
2127:
2118:
2100:
2045:
2039:
2019:
2005:
1990:
1985:
1951:
1907:Black Sea Fleet
1903:
1878:Austria-Hungary
1834:
1797:
1743:
1704:
1698:
1674:
1669:
1615:which included
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1546:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1221:
1216:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1064:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1026:
1011:
1009:
1000:
998:
980:
978:
957:
955:
928:
924:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
886:
884:
880:
876:
874:
862:
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
784:Deli Fuad Pasha
776:
764:
752:
744:
732:
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
653:
641:
629:
617:
604:
603:
589:
583:
573:
571:
559:
547:
535:
523:
519:Eduard Totleben
511:
499:
487:
475:
471:Pyotr Vannovsky
463:
451:
439:
427:
415:
411:Dmitry Milyutin
403:
391:
378:
377:
363:
347:
343:
311:
309:
305:
293:
291:
281:
277:
276:
268:
266:
265:
257:
255:
254:
246:
244:
231:
217:
173:Austria-Hungary
122:
105:
88:
70:Siege of Plevna
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12858:
12848:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12822:
12817:
12812:
12807:
12802:
12797:
12792:
12787:
12782:
12777:
12772:
12767:
12750:
12749:
12746:
12745:
12743:
12742:
12737:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12701:
12699:
12690:
12686:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12678:
12677:
12676:
12671:
12659:
12654:
12647:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12612:
12607:
12605:Battle of Lođa
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12569:
12567:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12559:
12558:
12557:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12530:
12525:
12520:
12518:Operation Sana
12515:
12510:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12438:Operation Irma
12435:
12430:
12428:Kravica attack
12425:
12423:Operation Bura
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12398:Siege of Doboj
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12369:
12367:
12363:
12362:
12360:
12359:
12352:
12347:
12342:
12337:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12292:
12287:
12282:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12257:
12252:
12247:
12242:
12237:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12217:
12211:
12209:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12201:
12196:
12191:
12186:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12134:Operation Trio
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12104:Operation Alfa
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12066:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12007:Battle of Knin
12004:
11999:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11943:
11935:
11933:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11908:
11903:
11898:
11892:
11890:
11884:
11883:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11878:
11873:
11871:Srem Offensive
11868:
11863:
11858:
11853:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11833:
11828:
11823:
11818:
11813:
11808:
11803:
11798:
11793:
11781:
11780:
11779:
11774:
11761:
11759:
11753:
11752:
11750:
11749:
11748:
11747:
11742:
11737:
11732:
11727:
11715:
11714:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11675:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11632:
11630:
11621:
11617:
11616:
11613:
11612:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11607:
11602:
11592:
11591:
11590:
11585:
11580:
11570:
11565:
11560:
11553:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11534:
11529:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11508:
11502:
11500:
11496:
11495:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11490:
11485:
11480:
11478:Velika attacks
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11450:
11445:
11440:
11434:
11432:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11424:
11423:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11350:
11349:
11348:
11343:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11303:
11298:
11293:
11288:
11283:
11278:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11218:
11213:
11208:
11203:
11190:
11188:
11179:
11175:
11174:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11167:
11166:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11150:
11139:
11137:
11131:
11130:
11128:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11107:
11102:
11096:
11094:
11088:
11087:
11085:
11084:
11079:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11059:
11054:
11049:
11044:
11041:Banat Uprising
11038:
11031:
11029:
11023:
11022:
11020:
11019:
11014:
11009:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10969:
10964:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10939:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10912:
10910:
10901:
10897:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10874:
10869:
10864:
10859:
10854:
10849:
10844:
10839:
10834:
10829:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10791:
10785:
10783:
10779:
10778:
10776:
10775:
10770:
10763:
10758:
10753:
10748:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10727:
10722:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10700:
10698:
10692:
10691:
10689:
10688:
10681:
10680:
10679:
10673:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10653:
10647:
10641:
10638:
10632:
10626:
10621:
10616:
10613:
10610:
10605:
10602:
10599:
10596:
10591:
10586:
10581:
10575:
10569:
10563:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10543:
10537:
10531:
10525:
10512:
10511:
10510:
10504:
10498:
10493:
10484:
10482:
10476:
10475:
10473:
10472:
10467:
10462:
10457:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10416:
10414:
10405:
10399:
10398:
10391:
10390:
10383:
10376:
10368:
10359:
10358:
10356:
10355:
10342:
10339:
10338:
10336:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10320:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10269:
10267:
10263:
10262:
10260:
10259:
10253:
10247:
10241:
10234:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10223:
10222:
10217:
10211:
10209:
10205:
10204:
10202:
10201:
10196:
10190:
10188:
10184:
10183:
10178:Abdul Hamid II
10171:
10169:
10167:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10135:
10125:
10123:
10119:
10118:
10115:Abdul Hamid II
10110:
10109:
10102:
10095:
10087:
10078:
10077:
10075:
10074:
10067:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10028:Pact of Halepa
10025:
10020:
10015:
10013:British Cyprus
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9978:Deligrad Event
9975:
9969:
9967:
9963:
9962:
9960:
9959:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9930:
9925:
9919:
9917:
9911:
9910:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9799:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9776:
9774:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9745:
9743:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9735:
9730:
9725:
9719:
9717:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9704:
9698:
9696:
9689:
9685:
9684:
9677:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9654:
9645:
9644:
9642:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9624:Russian Winter
9620:
9617:
9616:
9614:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9566:
9560:
9558:
9552:
9551:
9549:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9451:Vlora incident
9448:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9402:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9364:
9363:
9362:
9352:
9347:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9242:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9221:
9216:
9214:Sochi conflict
9211:
9206:
9201:
9200:
9199:
9184:
9183:
9182:
9172:
9167:
9161:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9137:
9132:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8940:
8935:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8913:
8911:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8811:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8728:
8726:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8714:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8646:
8644:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8590:
8589:
8568:
8567:
8560:
8553:
8545:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8518:
8513:
8505:
8500:
8490:
8485:
8483:Russo-Japanese
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8448:Anglo-Egyptian
8445:
8439:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8430:
8429:
8424:
8422:Bosnian Crisis
8419:
8418:
8417:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8374:
8373:
8371:Austro-Italian
8368:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8346:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8303:
8301:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8269:Martens Clause
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8224:
8218:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8155:
8154:
8153:
8151:Egyptian Lever
8138:
8136:Pax Britannica
8133:
8132:
8131:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8117:Sovereign debt
8114:
8109:
8099:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8044:Triple Entente
8041:
8040:
8039:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8011:United Kingdom
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7963:
7962:
7955:
7948:
7940:
7934:
7933:
7907:
7881:
7848:
7845:
7844:
7843:
7831:
7817:
7806:
7794:
7778:
7767:
7747:
7746:External links
7744:
7743:
7742:
7736:
7721:
7710:
7703:
7693:
7682:
7675:
7668:
7658:
7648:
7641:
7634:
7624:
7617:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7579:
7561:
7542:
7536:
7521:
7515:
7497:
7483:
7468:
7462:
7449:
7427:
7421:
7408:
7402:
7384:
7378:
7363:
7357:
7344:
7325:
7303:
7281:
7275:
7258:
7247:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7230:
7204:
7201:(in Romanian).
7185:
7178:
7158:
7142:
7126:
7109:
7092:
7085:
7065:
7058:
7038:
7023:
7003:
7001:, p. 148.
6991:
6964:
6947:
6935:
6908:
6873:
6854:
6847:
6827:
6794:
6787:
6775:"Introduction"
6762:
6755:
6727:
6704:
6670:
6657:
6641:
6625:
6610:
6594:
6579:
6573:Eastern Europe
6563:
6556:
6538:
6526:
6510:
6490:
6477:
6453:
6438:
6426:
6424:, p. 265.
6414:
6389:
6377:
6362:
6353:
6333:
6316:(in Turkish).
6297:
6278:
6269:
6252:
6250:, p. 114.
6240:
6238:, p. 111.
6228:
6226:, p. 324.
6216:
6209:
6189:
6173:
6158:
6143:
6124:
6108:
6092:
6076:
6059:
6042:
6021:
6003:
5996:
5972:
5964:Balkian, Peter
5956:
5937:
5918:
5891:(3): 411–431.
5868:
5850:
5827:
5810:(in Turkish).
5791:
5778:
5761:
5754:
5730:
5666:
5636:
5623:
5605:
5598:
5580:
5573:
5553:
5551:, p. 365.
5541:
5529:
5517:
5502:
5483:
5468:
5446:
5444:, p. 546.
5434:
5422:
5409:
5397:
5382:
5365:
5348:
5346:, p. 131.
5336:
5320:
5308:
5288:
5268:
5253:
5235:
5220:
5202:
5187:
5166:
5159:
5141:
5126:
5108:
5093:
5075:
5060:
5045:
5027:
5012:
4985:
4970:
4949:
4935:Potemkin, VP,
4927:
4915:(in Russian),
4901:
4879:
4875:Gladstone 1876
4867:
4863:Gladstone 1876
4855:
4830:
4806:
4799:
4779:
4756:
4754:, p. 210.
4752:Jonassohn 1999
4744:
4728:
4724:Jonassohn 1999
4711:
4709:, p. 264.
4699:
4680:Deák, István.
4672:
4670:, p. 146.
4660:
4644:
4642:, p. 122.
4632:
4608:
4573:
4561:
4543:
4522:
4515:
4487:
4480:Hatt-ı Hümayun
4470:
4456:Chisholm, Hugh
4440:
4425:
4409:
4383:
4376:
4353:
4333:
4320:
4308:
4268:
4239:
4219:
4206:Menning B. W.
4199:
4186:
4179:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Batak massacre
4098:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4024:
4021:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:was expelled.
3916:
3913:
3898:Leandre le Gay
3852:Suleiman Pasha
3831:
3828:
3823:Main article:
3820:
3817:
3780:
3777:
3738:Ottoman Empire
3702:Danube vilayet
3684:
3681:
3667:The Daily News
3620:
3617:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3517:
3514:
3478:Bulgarian Jews
3466:
3463:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3358:Main article:
3355:
3352:
3328:Main article:
3311:
3308:
3244:
3241:
3136:
3133:
3048:Mihail Cerchez
2983:Veliko Tarnovo
2896:
2895:Balkan theatre
2893:
2822:
2819:
2796:
2793:
2759:Main article:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2740:Ottoman lands
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2701:Suleiman Pasha
2698:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2681:45 battalions
2679:
2677:
2674:Constantinople
2657:
2656:
2650:
2646:12 battalions
2644:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2628:
2624:65 battalions
2622:
2617:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2596:12 battalions
2594:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2574:15 battalions
2572:
2567:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2545:50 battalions
2543:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2427:Main article:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2395:Abdul Hamid II
2359:Count Andrássy
2355:Franz Joseph I
2306:
2303:
2297:, inspired by
2264:Charles Darwin
2257:published his
2248:The Daily News
2236:The Daily News
2196:Constantinople
2192:Robert College
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2158:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2136:, showing two
2128:
2121:
2119:
2101:
2094:
2072:Crimean Tatars
2043:April Uprising
2041:Main article:
2038:
2035:
2015:Main article:
2004:
2001:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1950:
1947:
1927:Austria (1866)
1923:Denmark (1864)
1902:
1899:
1865:Irish question
1833:
1830:
1796:
1793:
1742:
1739:
1716:Beirut vilayet
1700:Main article:
1697:
1694:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1644:Constantinople
1613:Russian Empire
1609:Ottoman Empire
1557:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:Ottoman Empire
1029:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
996:
995:
994:
991:
976:
975:
974:
971:
968:
953:
952:
951:
948:
947:56,652 wounded
945:
942:
916:
913:
912:
908:
907:
906:Barry: 378,000
902:Spring of 1877
900:Total: 281,000
893:Ottoman Empire
881:
879:
878:
858:
855:
854:
850:
849:
847:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
786:
774:
762:
750:
730:
718:
706:
694:
692:Suleiman Pasha
682:
670:
651:
639:
627:
615:
601:
598:Abdul Hamid II
586:
584:
582:
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
521:
509:
497:
485:
473:
461:
449:
447:Grigol Dadiani
437:
425:
413:
401:
389:
375:
360:
357:
356:
352:
351:
345:Imamate rebels
342:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
304:
303:
300:Ottoman Empire
287:
285:
279:Serbian rebels
243:
242:
237:
230:
229:
226:Russian Empire
214:
211:
210:
206:
205:
202:
201:
200:
199:
189:
179:
161:Russian Empire
150:
148:Ottoman Empire
132:
124:
118:
117:
111:
107:
106:
97:
95:
91:
90:
85:
77:
76:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12857:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12811:
12808:
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12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12791:
12788:
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12776:
12773:
12771:
12768:
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12763:
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12760:
12741:
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12700:
12698:
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12672:
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12608:
12606:
12603:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
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12581:
12578:
12576:
12575:
12571:
12570:
12568:
12564:
12556:
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12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12537:
12536:
12535:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12524:
12523:Operation Una
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
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12476:
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12471:
12469:
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12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
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12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12364:
12358:
12357:
12353:
12351:
12348:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12336:
12333:
12331:
12328:
12326:
12323:
12321:
12318:
12316:
12313:
12311:
12308:
12306:
12303:
12301:
12298:
12296:
12293:
12291:
12288:
12286:
12283:
12281:
12278:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12251:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12241:
12238:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12216:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12206:
12200:
12197:
12195:
12192:
12190:
12187:
12185:
12184:Syrmian Front
12182:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
12090:
12089:Niš operation
12087:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12065:
12064:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12002:Raid on Drvar
12000:
11998:
11997:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11980:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11948:
11944:
11942:
11941:
11937:
11936:
11934:
11932:
11928:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11912:
11909:
11907:
11904:
11902:
11899:
11897:
11896:Carinthia War
11894:
11893:
11891:
11889:
11885:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11837:
11834:
11832:
11829:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11791:Battle of Cer
11789:
11788:
11787:
11786:
11782:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11769:
11768:
11767:
11763:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11754:
11746:
11743:
11741:
11738:
11736:
11733:
11731:
11728:
11726:
11723:
11722:
11721:
11720:
11716:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11683:
11682:
11681:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11625:
11622:
11618:
11606:
11603:
11601:
11598:
11597:
11596:
11593:
11589:
11586:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11575:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
11558:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11545:
11542:
11541:
11540:
11539:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11528:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11507:
11504:
11503:
11501:
11497:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11475:
11474:
11471:
11469:
11466:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11449:
11446:
11444:
11441:
11439:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11429:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11317:
11314:
11312:
11309:
11307:
11304:
11302:
11299:
11297:
11294:
11292:
11289:
11287:
11284:
11282:
11279:
11277:
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11272:
11269:
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11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
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11244:
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11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11217:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11207:
11204:
11202:
11199:
11198:
11197:
11196:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11183:
11180:
11176:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11144:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11132:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11097:
11095:
11093:
11089:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11075:
11073:
11070:
11068:
11065:
11063:
11060:
11058:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11048:
11045:
11042:
11039:
11036:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11024:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10968:
10965:
10963:
10960:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10940:
10938:
10935:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10917:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10909:
10905:
10902:
10898:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10873:
10870:
10868:
10865:
10863:
10860:
10858:
10855:
10853:
10850:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10833:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10780:
10774:
10771:
10768:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10757:
10754:
10752:
10749:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10709:Battle of Bar
10707:
10705:
10702:
10701:
10699:
10697:
10693:
10686:
10682:
10677:
10674:
10671:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10654:
10651:
10648:
10645:
10642:
10639:
10636:
10633:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10620:
10617:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10603:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10590:
10587:
10585:
10582:
10579:
10576:
10573:
10570:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10552:
10547:
10544:
10541:
10538:
10535:
10532:
10529:
10526:
10523:
10520:
10519:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10508:
10505:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10485:
10483:
10481:
10477:
10471:
10468:
10466:
10463:
10461:
10458:
10456:
10453:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10413:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10389:
10384:
10382:
10377:
10375:
10370:
10369:
10366:
10354:
10353:
10344:
10343:
10340:
10334:
10333:Saliha Naciye
10331:
10329:
10326:
10324:
10321:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10270:
10268:
10264:
10257:
10254:
10251:
10248:
10245:
10244:Perestu Kadın
10242:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10227:
10221:
10218:
10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10206:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10194:Yıldız Palace
10192:
10191:
10189:
10185:
10176:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10139:
10136:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10120:
10116:
10108:
10103:
10101:
10096:
10094:
10089:
10088:
10085:
10073:
10072:
10071:Anna Karenina
10068:
10066:
10065:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10038:Brsjak revolt
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
10021:
10019:
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9983:Niš Committee
9981:
9979:
9976:
9974:
9971:
9970:
9968:
9964:
9958:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9936:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9924:
9921:
9920:
9918:
9914:International
9912:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9800:
9797:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9775:
9771:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9740:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9714:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9699:
9697:
9693:
9690:
9686:
9682:
9675:
9670:
9668:
9663:
9661:
9656:
9655:
9652:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9621:
9618:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9590:
9589:2022 invasion
9587:
9585:
9584:War in Donbas
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9559:
9553:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9452:
9449:
9447:
9444:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9421:Ili Rebellion
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9384:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9370:
9368:
9365:
9361:
9358:
9357:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9342:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9319:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9194:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9181:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9154:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9059:Caucasian War
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8906:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8723:
8713:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8641:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8598:
8595:
8591:
8586:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8566:
8561:
8559:
8554:
8552:
8547:
8546:
8543:
8531:
8528:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8488:Italo-Turkish
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8443:Russo-Turkish
8441:
8440:
8438:
8434:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8416:
8415:Treaty of Fes
8413:
8412:
8411:
8410:Agadir Crisis
8408:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8349:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8270:
8267:
8266:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8233:
8230:
8229:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8217:
8211:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8125:
8122:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8081:Balkan League
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8046:
8045:
8042:
8038:
8037:Dual Alliance
8035:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8016:United States
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7972:
7968:
7961:
7956:
7954:
7949:
7947:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7908:
7893:
7889:
7888:
7882:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7853:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7801:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7779:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7764:
7757:
7756:
7750:
7749:
7739:
7733:
7729:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7676:
7673:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7593:
7587:
7586:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7550:
7549:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7529:
7528:
7522:
7518:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7490:
7486:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7450:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7418:
7414:
7409:
7405:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7371:
7370:
7364:
7360:
7358:1-4039-6417-3
7354:
7350:
7345:
7333:
7332:
7326:
7314:
7313:
7308:
7307:Greene, F. V.
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7276:0-521-85085-1
7272:
7268:
7265:. Cambridge:
7264:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7248:
7244:
7239:
7238:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7181:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7162:
7153:
7146:
7138:
7137:
7130:
7122:
7121:
7113:
7105:
7104:
7096:
7088:
7082:
7078:
7077:
7069:
7061:
7055:
7051:
7050:
7042:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7024:0-313-31311-3
7020:
7016:
7015:
7007:
7000:
6995:
6979:
6975:
6968:
6960:
6959:
6951:
6945:, p. 49.
6944:
6939:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6912:
6904:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6877:
6869:
6865:
6858:
6850:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6831:
6823:
6817:
6809:
6805:
6798:
6790:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6766:
6758:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6739:
6731:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6705:0-87850-094-4
6701:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6661:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6622:
6619:
6614:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6590:
6583:
6575:, p. 641
6574:
6567:
6559:
6557:0-521-56719-X
6553:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6530:
6521:
6514:
6508:
6504:
6500:
6494:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6457:
6449:
6442:
6435:
6434:McCarthy 1995
6430:
6423:
6422:Hupchick 2002
6418:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6394:
6387:
6381:
6373:
6366:
6357:
6349:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6328:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6304:
6302:
6289:
6282:
6273:
6266:
6262:
6256:
6249:
6248:Crampton 2006
6244:
6237:
6236:Crampton 2006
6232:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6193:
6184:
6177:
6170:, p. 157
6169:
6162:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6140:
6136:
6131:
6129:
6121:
6117:
6112:
6105:
6101:
6096:
6089:
6085:
6080:
6073:
6069:
6063:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6029:Balkan tarihi
6025:
6017:
6013:
6007:
5999:
5997:0-312-10168-6
5993:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5976:
5969:
5965:
5960:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5875:
5873:
5864:
5857:
5855:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5832:
5822:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5798:
5796:
5788:
5782:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5757:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5683:(in French).
5682:
5681:
5673:
5671:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5633:
5627:
5619:
5615:
5609:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5584:
5576:
5570:
5566:
5565:
5557:
5550:
5545:
5538:
5533:
5526:
5521:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5479:
5472:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5443:
5438:
5431:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5401:
5393:
5386:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5340:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5171:
5162:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5071:
5064:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4954:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4905:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4883:
4877:, p. 64.
4876:
4871:
4864:
4859:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4818:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4770:New Statesman
4767:
4760:
4753:
4748:
4740:, p. 319
4739:
4732:
4725:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4707:Hupchick 2002
4703:
4685:
4684:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4527:
4518:
4516:0-415-15849-4
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4499:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4436:
4429:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4379:
4377:985-13-2607-0
4373:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4302:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4264:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4216:0-253-21380-0
4213:
4209:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4182:
4180:951-50-1534-0
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4157:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:Bolesław Prus
4050:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3944:
3939:
3925:
3923:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3894:Vito Positano
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3776:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3751:
3750:North Dobruja
3745:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3645:
3644:Bashi-bazouks
3640:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3619:Against Turks
3616:
3614:
3610:
3595:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3351:
3349:
3346:and a son of
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3324:
3320:
3319:Plevna Chapel
3316:
3307:
3305:
3302:) as well as
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3119:Romanian Army
3115:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3092:Stara Planina
3089:
3088:Field Marshal
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3034:Gheorghe Manu
3030:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:Eiffel Bridge
2826:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2643:Reshid Pasha
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2593:Sulami Pasha
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:Snider rifles
2460:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2299:Ivan Turgenev
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:Sublime Porte
2213:
2209:
2208:Soukoum Kaleh
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:France (1870)
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1772:The siege of
1770:
1768:
1765:– union with
1764:
1760:
1759:Cretan Revolt
1752:
1751:Moni Arkadiou
1747:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1055:30,000 killed
1054:
1052:
1051:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1007:
997:
992:
989:
988:
987:
977:
972:
970:3,316 wounded
969:
966:
965:
964:
954:
949:
946:
943:
940:
939:
938:
937:
932:
926:
925:
923:
919:
915:
914:
909:
895:
894:
882:
872:
871:
866:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
845:
840:
835:
833:
828:
823:
821:
816:
811:
809:
804:
799:
797:
792:
787:
785:
780:
775:
773:
768:
763:
761:
756:
751:
749:
747:
741:
736:
731:
729:
724:
719:
717:
716:Hüseyin Pasha
712:
707:
705:
700:
695:
693:
688:
683:
681:
676:
671:
668:
662:
657:
652:
650:
645:
640:
638:
633:
628:
626:
621:
616:
613:
608:
602:
600:
599:
593:
588:
587:
585:
580:
570:
568:
563:
558:
556:
551:
546:
544:
539:
534:
532:
527:
522:
520:
515:
510:
508:
503:
498:
496:
491:
486:
484:
479:
474:
472:
467:
462:
460:
455:
450:
448:
443:
438:
436:
431:
426:
424:
419:
414:
412:
407:
402:
400:
395:
390:
387:
382:
376:
374:
373:
367:
362:
361:
359:
358:
353:
350:
346:
340:
339:Polish Legion
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
319:
307:
306:
302:
301:
289:
288:
286:
284:
280:
275:
264:
253:
241:
238:
236:
233:
232:
228:
227:
221:
216:
215:
213:
212:
207:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:Batum Oblasts
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
126:
125:
120:
119:
116:
112:
109:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
92:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
12697:Peacekeeping
12689:21st century
12661:
12649:
12572:
12532:
12354:
12215:Pakrac clash
12208:Croatian War
12174:Srb uprising
12061:
11994:
11977:
11945:
11938:
11931:World War II
11783:
11764:
11717:
11678:
11620:20th century
11567:
11555:
11536:
11352:
11193:
11178:19th century
10900:Foreign rule
10553:
10514:
10345:
10323:Fatma Pesend
10298:Mezidimestan
10250:Abdulmejid I
10214:
10122:Major events
10069:
10064:Marche slave
10062:
9802:
9340:World War II
9134:
8864:Smolensk War
8830:Livonian War
8442:
8356:
8352:Anglo-German
8341:
8213:Treaties and
7974:Great powers
7925:, retrieved
7918:the original
7912:
7899:, retrieved
7892:the original
7886:
7873:, retrieved
7866:the original
7860:
7851:
7850:
7827:the original
7821:
7810:
7799:
7789:the original
7783:
7771:
7754:
7713:
7706:
7696:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7661:
7652:
7644:
7643:Drury, Ian.
7637:
7627:
7620:
7596:
7590:
7571:. Retrieved
7565:
7553:. Retrieved
7546:
7526:
7505:
7473:
7453:
7441:. Retrieved
7435:
7412:
7393:
7389:
7368:
7351:. Palgrave.
7348:
7336:. Retrieved
7330:
7317:. Retrieved
7311:
7289:
7262:
7252:
7242:
7235:Bibliography
7221:. Retrieved
7217:the original
7207:
7198:
7188:
7168:
7161:
7151:
7145:
7135:
7129:
7119:
7112:
7102:
7095:
7075:
7068:
7048:
7041:
7013:
7006:
6994:
6982:. Retrieved
6978:the original
6967:
6957:
6950:
6938:
6921:
6917:
6911:
6888:
6883:
6876:
6867:
6857:
6837:
6830:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6778:
6765:
6737:
6730:
6687:
6683:
6673:
6665:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6628:
6620:
6613:
6605:
6597:
6591:, p. 67
6588:
6582:
6572:
6566:
6547:
6541:
6529:
6519:
6513:
6506:
6498:
6493:
6485:
6480:
6461:
6456:
6447:
6441:
6429:
6417:
6408:
6385:
6384:G. Dănescu,
6380:
6365:
6356:
6317:
6313:
6281:
6272:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6199:
6192:
6185:, p. 84
6182:
6176:
6167:
6161:
6134:
6115:
6111:
6099:
6095:
6083:
6079:
6067:
6062:
6050:
6045:
6038:
6024:
6015:
6006:
5982:
5975:
5967:
5959:
5949:
5940:
5930:
5921:
5888:
5884:
5845:the original
5839:
5811:
5807:
5786:
5781:
5769:
5764:
5740:
5733:
5684:
5678:
5657:. Retrieved
5639:
5631:
5626:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5589:
5583:
5563:
5556:
5544:
5532:
5520:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5477:
5471:
5461:
5456:
5449:
5437:
5425:
5417:
5412:
5400:
5391:
5385:
5374:
5368:
5357:
5351:
5339:
5329:
5323:
5318:, p. 6.
5311:
5301:
5291:
5283:the original
5277:
5271:
5244:
5238:
5211:
5205:
5178:
5150:
5144:
5117:
5111:
5084:
5078:
5069:
5063:
5036:
5030:
5003:
4961:
4937:
4930:
4921:the original
4904:
4895:the original
4889:
4882:
4870:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4840:
4833:
4821:. Retrieved
4815:
4809:
4789:
4782:
4773:
4769:
4759:
4747:
4737:
4731:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4682:
4675:
4663:
4653:
4647:
4635:
4618:
4611:
4589:(1): 38–55.
4586:
4582:
4576:
4564:
4553:
4546:
4535:
4497:
4490:
4479:
4473:
4465:
4459:
4443:
4434:
4428:
4418:
4412:
4400:. Retrieved
4396:the original
4386:
4367:
4346:
4328:
4323:
4291:
4286:
4242:
4227:
4222:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4166:
4160:
4144:
4138:
4130:
4076:
4073:Boris Akunin
4070:
4063:
4061:
4048:
4042:
4040:
4028:
4027:The novella
4026:
4013:Lion and Sun
4001:Turkish flag
3997:Ottoman flag
3991:
3979:Red Crescent
3952:
3947:Red Crescent
3918:
3910:
3891:
3885:the town of
3876:
3860:
3845:
3840:Stara Zagora
3812:
3811:, of having
3808:
3798:
3786:Kemal Karpat
3782:
3769:
3766:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3715:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3666:
3649:
3606:
3585:
3580:
3560:
3555:
3527:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3470:
3468:
3451:
3436:
3431:Great Powers
3428:
3417:
3414:
3363:
3333:
3288:Great Powers
3260:
3196:Ivan Lazarev
3181:
3147:The Russian
3146:
3126:
3122:
3117:Besides the
3116:
3101:
3085:
3069:Bela Palanka
3060:Kosta Protić
3052:
3031:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2953:
2944:Lütf-ü Celil
2943:
2937:
2930:Soldiers of
2913:Ottoman Navy
2906:
2889:Stara Zagora
2881:
2869:
2861:
2838:
2827:
2824:
2785:Berdan rifle
2778:
2774:
2764:
2739:
2688:
2682:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2631:
2625:
2603:
2597:
2581:
2575:
2562:
2552:
2546:
2528:
2507:
2496:
2456:
2452:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2412:
2407:constitution
2399:
2387:
2347:Serbian army
2344:
2336:
2295:westernizers
2289:, including
2280:
2258:
2247:
2245:
2234:
2212:Edward Malet
2189:
2138:Bashibazouks
2129:
2111:bashibazouks
2106:
2076:Ottoman army
2064:Bashi-bazouk
2059:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2020:
1991:
1972:
1960:
1943:
1916:
1904:
1882:
1835:
1806:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1756:
1724:
1705:
1675:
1659:
1641:
1565:
1563:
1531:
1332:
1204:
1180:Gorni-Dubnik
1162:
1155:
1146:Stara Zagora
1106:
1040:
1034:
1030:
927:
921:
917:
883:
861:
820:Giranduk Bey
745:
740:Mehmed Pasha
728:Hobart Pasha
596:
567:Kosta Protić
507:Ivan Lazarev
372:Alexander II
370:
290:
283:Greek rebels
224:
209:Belligerents
42:Part of the
29:
12720:Ivory Coast
12366:Bosnian War
11757:World War I
11671:Balkan Wars
11037:(1593–1606)
10918:'s uprising
10916:Jovan Nenad
9998:Opalchentsi
9695:Montenegrin
9446:Vietnam War
9316: [
9175:World War I
9096:Crimean War
9029:Finnish War
8945:(1740–1748)
8934:(1733–1738)
8859:Ingrian War
8575:(including
8530:World War I
8493:Balkan Wars
8478:Second Boer
8463:Banana Wars
8427:July Crisis
8358:Dreadnought
8343:Weltpolitik
8187:Pan-Slavism
7847:Video links
7599:(1): 7–21.
6943:Argyll 1879
6924:: 115–116.
6602:Auron, Yair
6488:, sf. 40–41
6039:(İngilizce)
6016:calameo.com
5785:Tamir, V.,
5659:19 February
4640:Argyll 1879
4627:eBook#11594
4533:"Lebanon",
4402:13 December
4299: [
4226:Olender P.
4009:red version
3971:Switzerland
3969:of neutral
3696:and Muslim
3692:Circassian
3658:John Joseph
3442: [
3420:San Stefano
3323:Kitay-gorod
3237:Kars Oblast
2940:turret ship
2781:Krnka rifle
2615:Targovishte
2541:Osman Pasha
2524:Formations
2287:Slavophiles
2272:Victor Hugo
2268:Oscar Wilde
2194:located in
2088:Perushtitsa
2023:Herzegovina
1993:István Deák
1976:irredentist
1855:, when the
1814:Circassians
1788:Crimean war
1682:Crimean War
1633:Crimean War
1164:Shipka Pass
1109:(1877–1878)
973:19,904 sick
661:Osman Pasha
649:Ahmed Pasha
423:Iosif Gurko
399:GD. Mikhail
386:GD. Nikolai
121:Territorial
12759:Categories
12566:Kosovo War
12052:Case White
12047:Case Black
11573:AU-BiH War
11390:Kragujevac
11221:Kragujevac
11100:Morean War
10278:Bedrifelek
9916:agreements
9481:Ogaden War
9431:Korean War
9350:Winter War
9219:Heimosodat
8806:Tsardom of
8215:agreements
8163:Great Game
8129:Revanchism
7223:17 January
6690:(2): 214.
6320:(4): 676.
5814:(4): 718.
5717:5545378434
5549:Kofos 1977
5537:Kofos 1977
5525:Kofos 1977
5513:Kofos 1977
4848:26 January
4766:"Massacre"
4505:, p.
4501:, London:
4153:References
4041:The novel
4030:Jalaleddin
4007:, using a
3874:etc. etc.
3864:The Terror
3734:Sultanyeri
3730:Ahi Çelebi
3679:Caucasus.
3280:Greek Army
3233:Sarikamish
3123:Opalchenie
3108:took Sofia
2845:suzerainty
2799:See also:
2725:Novi Pazar
2670:Adrianople
2527:Personnel
2521:Commander
2480:Krupp guns
2375:Bessarabia
2365:castle in
2363:Reichstadt
1911:Sevastopol
1890:Pan-Slavic
1629:Montenegro
1195:Tashkessen
1121:Kızıl Tepe
1017:Montenegro
808:Said Pasha
274:Montenegro
144:Montenegro
11400:Karanovac
11375:Požarevac
11256:Ivankovac
11246:Karanovac
11241:Požarevac
10908:Habsburgs
10824:Mačva War
10303:Emsalinur
10293:Dilpesend
10256:Abdülaziz
10113:Reign of
9742:Bulgarian
9101:Åland War
9069:Murid War
8908:18th–19th
8178:Meiji era
8025:Alliances
7822:Erastimes
7800:Grand war
7613:153769239
7493:0170-3595
7033:0738-9345
6999:Reid 2000
6930:1310-3970
6897:cite book
6816:cite book
6722:164893463
6714:0026-3184
6534:Reid 2000
6224:Reid 2000
5913:202282745
5905:1360-2004
5725:246006401
5701:0002-9300
5416:Menning.
5263:751804914
5230:992804901
5197:751804914
5136:751804914
5103:751804914
5055:751804914
5022:992804901
4980:751804914
4823:3 January
4603:159657337
4503:Routledge
3963:Red Cross
3943:Red Cross
3906:deserters
3902:marauders
3728:kazas of
3726:Rhodopian
3672:destroyed
3609:massacres
3534:Armenians
3491:or 9,190
3384:Aftermath
3272:Macedonia
2967:Tsarevich
2518:Location
2471:Remington
2443:Abdulaziz
2383:Black Sea
2130:Two Hawks
2049:Bucharest
2031:Nevesinje
1822:Constanța
1753:monastery
1720:civil war
1637:Black Sea
1598:romanized
1542:1916–1917
1537:1914–1918
1492:1686–1700
175:occupies
167:occupies
146:from the
115:aftermath
12715:DR Congo
11888:Interwar
11420:Batočina
11405:Batočina
11395:Jagodina
11385:Družetić
11326:Varvarin
11276:Deligrad
11231:Čokešina
11211:Svileuva
11027:Ottomans
10403:Medieval
10318:Peyveste
10283:Nurefsun
10273:Nazikeda
10252:(father)
10240:(mother)
9966:See also
9634:Cold War
9496:Gulf War
8852:and the
8725:Internal
8581:Imperial
7927:30 April
7901:30 April
7875:30 April
7837:Archived
7443:8 August
7433:(1905).
7309:(1879).
7299:7083313M
7287:(1876).
7199:Historia
6984:30 April
6032:Archived
5948:(1956),
5929:(1891),
5653:Archived
5420:, p. 78.
5299:(1878),
4945:: Diphis
4296:Соцэкгиз
4257:citation
4171:Schildts
4085:See also
4081:(1998).
4044:The Doll
3975:Crusades
3945:and the
3653:Kazanlak
3631:towards
3300:Elassona
3276:Thessaly
3184:Armenian
2712:Albania
2589:Silistra
2560:Rushchuk
2170:Bulgaria
2115:Bulgaria
2068:Caucasus
1997:Albanian
1818:Anatolia
1708:Maronite
1660:de facto
1617:Bulgaria
1574:93 Harbi
1212:Harmanli
1126:Simnitza
853:Strength
579:Nikola I
193:Thessaly
103:Caucasus
94:Location
46:and the
12740:Somalia
12730:Liberia
12725:Lebanon
11431:Ottoman
11415:Valjevo
11331:Loznica
11316:Suvodol
11311:Prahovo
11291:Loznica
11251:Adakale
10687:in 1499
10678:in 1479
10672:in 1459
10652:in 1454
10646:in 1454
10637:in 1444
10631:in 1443
10580:in 1413
10574:in 1412
10568:in 1402
10548:in 1389
10542:in 1386
10536:in 1385
10530:in 1381
10524:in 1371
10509:in 1364
10503:in 1352
10308:Müşfika
10258:(uncle)
9574:Outline
9557:century
9158:century
8910:century
8593:Related
8577:Tsarist
8158:In Asia
7991:Germany
7921:(video)
7895:(video)
7869:(video)
7573:26 July
7555:26 July
7338:26 July
7319:19 July
6503:sf. 493
6474:p. 764.
6139:sf. 268
6120:sf. 176
6104:sf. 163
6088:sf. 152
6072:sf. 197
6055:sf. 150
5988:206–212
5709:2212671
4692:9 April
4623:(ebook)
4458:(ed.).
4011:of the
3949:emblems
3879:Maritsa
3794:disease
3718:İslimye
3694:Muhacir
3629:Tarnovo
3611:and an
3532:. Many
3509:salname
3454:Hungary
3225:Erzurum
3216:Ardahan
3212:Bayazid
3208:Yerevan
3157:Armenia
3153:Georgia
3112:Plovdiv
3039:Opanets
3023:Carol I
2789:Suvorov
2748:45,000
2733:10,000
2719:20,000
2707:15,000
2687:25,000
2665:Tirnovo
2630:55,000
2580:15,000
2564:Sistova
2551:30,000
2482:of the
2441:Sultan
2367:Bohemia
2361:in the
1935:Germany
1846:Austria
1621:Romania
1600::
1589:Russian
1581:
1570:Turkish
1532:1877–78
1527:1853–56
1522:1828–29
1517:1806–12
1512:1787–92
1507:1768–74
1502:1735–39
1497:1710–11
1487:1676–81
1482:1568–70
1206:Plovdiv
1185:Erzurum
1175:Aladzha
1141:Nikopol
1131:Svistov
963:Romania
746:†
663: (
555:Milan I
543:Carol I
252:Romania
165:Britain
136:Romania
123:changes
99:Balkans
12710:Cyprus
11380:Rudnik
11360:Ljubić
11341:Ravnje
11306:Jasika
11266:Vrbica
11261:Rudnik
11226:Drlupa
11206:Rudnik
11201:Vračar
11135:Russia
11092:Venice
11043:(1594)
10769:(1334)
10747:(1154)
10721:(1094)
10670:Serbia
10328:Behice
10313:Sazkar
10230:Family
8884:Deluge
8808:Russia
8587:times)
8585:Soviet
8573:Russia
8516:Second
8503:Second
8300:Events
8090:Trends
8006:Russia
7986:France
7734:
7718:online
7701:online
7690:online
7666:online
7632:online
7611:
7534:
7513:
7491:
7481:
7460:
7419:
7400:
7376:
7355:
7297:
7273:
7176:
7083:
7056:
7031:
7021:
6928:
6845:
6785:
6753:
6720:
6712:
6702:
6554:
6468:
6263:
6207:
5994:
5911:
5903:
5774:online
5752:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5596:
5571:
5493:Oblast
5261:
5251:
5228:
5218:
5195:
5185:
5157:
5134:
5124:
5101:
5091:
5053:
5043:
5020:
5010:
4978:
4968:
4797:
4601:
4513:
4374:
4234:
4214:
4177:
4146:To war
3983:Muslim
3870:, the
3790:famine
3711:Pomaks
3700:. The
3698:Romani
3633:Shumen
3497:Rusçuk
3458:Mohács
3336:Bohtan
3268:Epirus
3255:, and
3231:, and
3128:hajduk
3081:Vranje
3003:Pleven
2917:Galați
2885:Pleven
2865:Danube
2858:, 1883
2696:Bosnia
2652:8,000
2611:Shumla
2602:9,000
2503:Shumla
2476:Plevna
2325:, and
2204:Amasia
2154:Danube
2027:Bosnia
1895:Serbia
1885:Poland
1842:France
1767:Greece
1763:enosis
1656:Budjak
1627:, and
1625:Serbia
1170:Lovcha
1157:Plevna
1047:
1006:Serbia
936:Russia
890:
870:Russia
742:
315:
297:
263:Serbia
177:Bosnia
169:Cyprus
140:Serbia
110:Result
72:, the
68:, the
64:, the
11499:Other
11410:Užice
11370:Palež
11365:Čačak
11336:Mačva
11321:Drina
11301:Čegar
11271:Mišar
11236:Šabac
10782:Other
10288:Bidar
10266:Wives
9773:Greek
9320:]
8521:Third
8511:First
8498:First
8001:Japan
7996:Italy
7814:, AOL
7759:(PDF)
7609:S2CID
7392:[
6887:[
6806:[
6718:S2CID
6411:: 80.
6405:(PDF)
6292:(PDF)
5909:S2CID
5721:S2CID
5705:JSTOR
5616:[
5460:[
4687:(PDF)
4599:S2CID
4454:. In
4303:]
4290:[
4049:Lalka
4035:Raffi
3887:Sofia
3505:Sofia
3501:Vidin
3489:males
3446:]
3264:Crete
3177:Krupp
3073:Pirot
2954:Seyfî
2909:mined
2873:Vidin
2661:Sofia
2639:Varna
2536:Vidin
2379:Batum
2338:Punch
2251:'
2225:(the
2084:Batak
2080:Batak
2060:Redif
2056:Nizam
1876:with
1826:Varna
1712:Druze
1690:jizya
1652:Batum
1200:Sofia
1151:Măcin
1136:Elena
1031:Total
918:Total
318:Egypt
12735:Mali
10685:Zeta
10208:Wars
9955:and
9716:Serb
9555:21st
9156:20th
8583:and
8436:Wars
7929:2007
7903:2007
7877:2007
7732:ISBN
7575:2018
7557:2018
7548:Asia
7532:ISBN
7511:ISBN
7489:ISSN
7479:ISBN
7458:ISBN
7445:2018
7417:ISBN
7398:ISBN
7374:ISBN
7353:ISBN
7340:2018
7321:2018
7271:ISBN
7225:2019
7174:ISBN
7081:ISBN
7054:ISBN
7029:ISSN
7019:ISBN
6986:2009
6926:ISSN
6903:link
6843:ISBN
6822:link
6783:ISBN
6751:ISBN
6710:ISSN
6700:ISBN
6552:ISBN
6466:ISBN
6261:ISBN
6205:ISBN
5992:ISBN
5901:ISSN
5750:ISBN
5713:OCLC
5697:ISSN
5661:2022
5594:ISBN
5569:ISBN
5259:OCLC
5249:ISBN
5226:OCLC
5216:ISBN
5193:OCLC
5183:ISBN
5155:ISBN
5132:OCLC
5122:ISBN
5099:OCLC
5089:ISBN
5051:OCLC
5041:ISBN
5018:OCLC
5008:ISBN
4976:OCLC
4966:ISBN
4850:2016
4825:2017
4795:ISBN
4694:2020
4511:ISBN
4404:2020
4372:ISBN
4263:link
4232:ISBN
4212:ISBN
4175:ISBN
3993:Iran
3967:flag
3941:The
3760:and
3732:and
3569:Vali
3469:The
3437:The
3397:and
3376:and
3340:Kars
3304:Arta
3274:and
3229:Olti
3220:Kars
3198:and
3155:and
3106:and
3096:Pass
3079:and
2921:Ruse
2887:and
2834:Prut
2811:Kars
2492:15cm
2486:and
2357:and
2274:and
2086:and
1929:and
1909:and
1844:and
1836:The
1824:and
1757:The
1749:The
1650:and
1648:Kars
1579:lit.
1564:The
1190:Kars
1008:and
197:Arta
195:and
155:and
153:Kars
142:and
84:Date
7601:doi
6743:doi
6692:doi
6322:doi
5893:doi
5816:doi
5689:doi
4591:doi
4507:217
3706:Niš
3077:Niš
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