Hoodoo (spirituality)

3660:. In West Africa, the Yoruba people leave offerings for Eshu-Elegba at the crossroads. In Hoodoo, the crossroads has spiritual power, and rituals are performed at the crossroads, where there is a spirit that resides to receive offerings. However, the spirit that resides at the crossroads in Hoodoo is not named Eshu-Elegba. Folklorist Newbell Niles Puckett recorded a number of crossroads rituals in Hoodoo practiced among African Americans in the South and explained their meaning. Puckett wrote, "Possibly this custom of sacrificing at the crossroads is due to the idea that spirits, like men, travel the highways and would be more likely to hit upon the offering at the crossroads than elsewhere." In addition to leaving offerings and performing rituals at the crossroads, sometimes spiritual work or "spells" are left there to remove unwanted energies. The belief in an entity that lords over the crossroads is present not only in African Diasporic traditions but also in Indigenous traditions around the world. However, Black Hoodoo practitioners in the Chesapeake region have pushed back on the misinterpretation of that finding, knowing the crossroads artifact to invoke what would later be known as The Man at the Crossroads. As entities shifted, reformed, and were reborn, they married with North American land to emerge as new deities. 4271:. By identifying as Christian, African American conjurers were able to hide their Hoodoo practices in the Christian religion. The beginnings of the African American church have its roots in African traditions. When Africans were enslaved in America, they brought their religious worldviews with them that synchronized with Christianity. These African worldviews in Black churches include ancestral spirits that can be petitioned through prayer for assistance in life, spirit possession, laying on of hands to heal, ecstatic forms of worship using drums with singing and clapping, and respecting and living in harmony with nature and the spirits of nature. For example, in Hoodoo, the divine can be commanded to act through the use of mojo bags, prayers, spiritual works or "spells" and laying tricks. One does not have to wait on God but can command the divine to act at will through the use of Hoodoo rituals. This is what makes African American Christianity in Hoodoo different from other forms of Christianity. By seeing God in this way, Hoodoo practices are preserved in and outside the 4963:

Black cemeteries and at grave sites in the Kongo region. The T-shaped headstone peculiar to Black cemeteries in North Florida during the 1920s through the 1950s corresponds to the lower half of the Kongo cosmogram that symbolizes the realm of the ancestors and spiritual power. In Bantu-Kongo spirituality, the spirit realm is in the color white. African Americans decorated the graves of their family members with white items such as white conch seashells, representing the watery divide located on the horizontal line of the Kongo cosmogram that is a boundary between the realm of the living and the realm of the dead. By placing seashells on graves, African Americans were creating a boundary (barrier) between the recently deceased and them, keeping the spirit in the realm of the dead below the Kongo cosmogram. Another reason was to guide the recently deceased into the ancestral realm or return their spirit back to Africa.

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deceased. Former slave Reverend Irving E. Lowrey recorded this practice in his slave narrative when he attended the funeral of Mary, an enslaved woman who died of poisoning. Her infant child was passed over her coffin so that her spirit would not return to visit the baby, scaring it. Lowrey wrote in his narrative: "Mary's baby was taken to the graveyard by its grandmother, and before the corpse was deposited in the earth, the baby was passed from one person to another across the coffin. The slaves believed that if this was not done, it would be impossible to raise the infant. The mother's spirit would come back for her baby and take it to herself. This belief is held by many of the descendants of these slaves, who practice the same thing at the present day." The practice of passing babies and small children over coffins continues in Gullah Geechee communities in the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia.

4065: 3837: 2394:, a former slave, abolitionist, and author, wrote in his autobiography that he sought spiritual assistance from an enslaved conjurer named Sandy Jenkins. Sandy told Douglass to follow him into the woods where they found a root that Sandy told Douglass to carry in his right pocket to prevent any white man from whipping him. Douglass carried the root on his right side as instructed by Sandy and hoped the root would work when he returned to the plantation. The cruel slave-breaker Mr. Covey told Douglass to do some work, but as Mr. Covey approached Douglass, Douglass had the strength and courage to resist Mr. Covey and defeated him after they fought. Covey never bothered Douglass again. In his autobiography, Douglass believed the root given to him by Sandy prevented him from being whipped by Mr. Covey. 4008:

while some simply did not care. Laws passed preventing enslaved African Americans from providing medical care for themselves further exacerbated this problem. Slaveholders passed preventative medical laws on their slaves because they feared slaves would poison them with their herbal knowledge. In 1748, Virginia passed a law to prevent African Americans from administering medicines, because white Americans feared Black folk practitioners would poison them. However, some white Americans in Virginia continued to rely on African American herbal doctors because their cures were better than the white doctors'. In addition, in 1749 in South Carolina the General Assembly passed a law prohibiting slaves from practicing medicine or dispensing medication, punishable by death. Slaveholders feared a possible

5590:, provided jobs for unemployed writers to write and collect the experiences of former slaves. Writers, both Black and white, documented the experiences of the last generation of African Americans born into slavery. Former African American slaves told writers about their slave experience, providing readers a glimpse into the lives of the enslaved. Slave narratives revealed the culture of African Americans during slavery. African American former slaves talked about conjure, rootwork, Hoodoo, healing with herbs, removing curses, talking to spirits, using graveyard dirt to curse people, divination with cards and a walking boy, Hoodoo in Black churches, hiding conjure practices from their enslavers, cursing their enslavers, animal sacrifice, and other conjure practices. "Hoodoo, as used in the 4704:(conjure bags) to carry a spirit or spirits with you. Dirt from graveyards provides a means to have connections to spirits of the dead. To calm the spirits of ancestors, African Americans leave the last objects they used in life on top of their graves, believing them to contain the last essence of the person before they died, as a way of acknowledging them. The cemetery is seen as a final resting place for the dead and as a doorway to the realm of the spirits. In Hoodoo, the spirits of the dead can be petitioned or conjured to carry out certain tasks for the conjurer, either positive or negative. This practice of ancestral reverence, using graveyard dirt, working with spirits of the dead, and decorating graves of family members and giving food offerings to dead relatives so they will not 4996: 2372:

prevented whites from catching runaway slaves. In other narratives, slaves made a jack ball to know if a slave would be whipped or not. Slaves chewed and spit the juices of roots near their enslavers secretly to calm the emotions of the slaveholders, which prevented whippings. Slaves relied on conjurers to prevent whippings and being sold further South. A story from a former slave, Mary Middleton, a Gullah woman from the South Carolina Sea Islands, tells of an incident where a slaveholder was physically weakened from conjure. A slaveholder beat one of his slaves badly. The slave he beat went to a conjurer, and the conjurer made the slaveholder weak by sunset. Middleton said, "As soon as the sun was down, he was down too, he down yet. De witch done dat."

5856:, Bible conjure, and conjuring in the African American tradition. By the twentieth century, white drugstore owners and mail-order companies owned by white Americans changed the culture of hoodoo. The hoodoo that is practiced outside the African American community is not the hoodoo created by African Americans. It is called "marketeered" hoodoo. Other words for marketeered hoodoo are commercialized or tourist hoodoo. Hoodoo was modified by white merchants and replaced with fabricated practices and tools while some of the hoodoo practices by African Americans in the twentieth century into the present day went underground. Marketeered hoodoo spread further outside the African American community into other communities when hoodoo was marketed on the 4524: 3300: 4515:

European American Christianity as enslaved African Americans reinterpreted Christianity to fit their situation in America as slaves. For example, God was seen as powerful and his power could help free slaves. This created an "invisible institution" on slave plantations as enslaved Africans practiced the ring shout, spirit possession, and healing rituals to receive messages from spirit about freedom. These practices were done in secret away from slaveholders. This was done in the Hoodoo church among the enslaved. Nat Turner had visions and omens which he interpreted as coming from spirit, and that spirit told him to start a rebellion to free slaves through armed resistance. Turner combined African spirituality with Christianity.

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oneself from evil spirits, broken lines and fragmented shapes are sewn into fabrics and quilts. Some of the meanings of the African symbols sewn into quilts were kept secret. Scholars suggest some of the African American women who made quilts might have been in a secret society that retained the true spiritual meanings of the symbols seen in their quilts. Only initiates trained in quilt making received the spiritual meanings of the African symbols. Some of the symbols mention the crossroads, the Kongo cosmogram, and the ancestors. Certain colors are used in quilts to protect from evil and invoke ancestral spirits. Scholars interviewed an African American quilt maker in Oregon and have found

17822: 2155: 3679:, associated with lightning and thunder. This fear and respect toward thunder and lightning survived in African American communities. Folklorist Puckett wrote, "and thunder denotes an angry creator." Puckett recorded several beliefs surrounding the fear and respect for thunder and lightning in the African American community. In Hoodoo, objects struck by lightning hold great power. However, the name Shango and other African deity names were lost during slavery. Therefore, the name Shango does not exist in Hoodoo, but simply the name "the thunder god." Enslaved and free Black people in New York were known among whites in the area to take an oath to thunder and lightning. During the 3900: 5913: 5449:, which tells the story of African Americans after the Civil War and how they used conjure to fix their everyday problems. Additionally, Chesnutt does not portray the African American characters in the book as racially inferior to whites. The African Americans in the book use their wit and intelligence, combining Hoodoo practices to solve their problems. The style of writing is phonetic, with Chesnutt using dialogue with language as spoken by African Americans in the South during his time. This provides readers with an example of African American Vernacular and culture. The book also discusses the North's economic opportunist exploitation of the South during the 4503: 4909:, a spirit that owns the sea. Shells are associated with water and help the soul transition in the afterlife because seashells help the soul move from the realm of the living into the realm of the dead (ancestors), which is associated with water. Other artifacts found at the African Burial Ground were shiny objects and reflective materials. These were used by Africans to communicate with spirits because shiny and reflective materials were thought to be able to capture the "flash of the spirit". Between 1626 and the 1660s, the majority of Africans imported to colonial New York were from the Kongo-Angolan region, because New York had been colonized by the 4598:

because "it was haunted by the spirits of Black people who were beaten to death." This location was so feared by the Black people in the area that they placed a fence around it. Wearing a silver dime around the ankle or neck can protect someone from evil spirits and conjure. Another method to protect from evil spirits was to carry a small bag filled with salt and charcoal. In Indiana, African Americans sprinkled chamber lye on the front and back steps to prevent evil spirits from entering the home. Curses can come from malevolent spirits not conjured by a conjurer, and evil spirits are more active at night. Another spirit feared in Gullah culture is the

2250: 4658:, a wealthy slaveholder from Virginia who traveled to South Carolina "to keep the slave economic system viable through agricultural reform". In Ruffin's records, he spelled Simbi as "Cymbee", because he did not know the original spelling of the word. In Ruffin's records, he recorded a few conversations he had with some of the slaves. One enslaved boy said he saw a Cymbee spirit running around a fountain one night when he was trying to get a drink of water. An enslaved man said he saw a Cymbee sitting on a plank when he was a boy before it glided into the water. The Simbi (Cymbee) spirits can bring healing, fertility, and prosperity. 5860:. There are a plethora of videos on the internet of people fabricating spells calling them hoodoo and others claiming to be experts on hoodoo and offering paid classes and writing books. As a result, people outside of the African American community think marketeered hoodoo is authentic Hoodoo. Scholars are concerned about the number of people who are not from the African American community writing books on Hoodoo, because they have reduced Hoodoo to just spells and tricks. That Hoodoo is all about how to hex people and cast candle spells for love and money. This portrays hoodoo negatively, and turned it materialistic. For example, 4254: 3196: 4171: 3971:; however, the spiritual use of herbs and the practice of Hoodoo (conjuring) remained African in origin as enslaved African Americans incorporated African religious rituals in the preparation of North American herbs and roots. Spiritual ritual preparations of herbs and roots were important to slaves as they believed combining ceremonies and prayers with medicinal preparations would imbue the medicines with spiritual power and invoke healing spirits that would make the herbal remedies more effective in healing. Enslaved African Americans also used their knowledge of herbs to poison their enslavers. 3756: 5558:

Hoodoo in a way that is fully expressed by Black practitioners. It is often described as "...terms that respect the syncretism of Voudon-based religious systems". It can be seen as a way of doing things that provides "the Black Artist with a vehicle to merge art with politics without compromising either". Neo-Hoodoo is a behavior that gives "'...non-Western voices which express life and creativity' intrude on or break the 'controlling patterns' of the 'dominant culture'". This is a radical form of Black writing that inspires resistance to suppression in the literary world.

2281:), churches, and other places. Slaves created methods to decrease their noise when they practiced their spirituality. In a slave narrative from Arkansas, slaves prayed under pots to prevent nearby white people from hearing them at such times. A former slave in Arkansas named John Hunter said the slaves went to a secret house only they knew and turned the iron pots face up so their slaveholder could not hear them. They would place sticks under wash pots about a foot from the ground, because "f they'd put it flat on the ground the ground would carry the sound." 3776:. In West-Central Africa and in African American communities, only initiates trained in the secrets of the serpent and spirits were allowed to have a conjure stick. These sticks conjured illness and healing, and the spirit of a conjure stick can warn the conjurer of impending danger. Cowrie shells were found on the site and were used by enslaved African Americans to connect with the spiritual element of water "to ensure spiritual guidance over bodies of water." In West Africa, cowrie shells were used for money and corresponded to African water spirits. 3251:. Other charms found in several slave cabins included silver coins, beads, polished stones, and bones, which were made into necklaces or carried in pockets for protection. These artifacts provide examples of African rituals at Ashland Plantation. Slaveholders tried to stop African practices among their slaves, but enslaved African Americans disguised their rituals by using American materials, applying African interpretations to them, and hiding the charms in their pockets or making them into necklaces to conceal these practices from their slaveholders. 4107:. Gullah people gather roots from their backyards and gardens and make medicines to heal diseases and treat illnesses. In northeast Missouri, historians and anthropologists interviewed African Americans and found continued West African herbal traditions of using roots and herbs to treat illnesses. The knowledge of how to find herbs in nature and make them into teas and tonics continued in African American communities. The remedy most commonly used in Black communities in northeast Missouri to ward off a cold was carrying a small bag of 4495:

Christian faith among enslaved and free African Americans. After Nat Turner's Rebellion, laws were passed in Virginia to end the education of free and enslaved Black people and only allow white ministers to be present at all church services for slaves. White ministers preached obedience to slavery, while enslaved and free Black ministers preached resistance to slavery using the stories of the Hebrews and Moses in the Old Testament of the Bible. There was a blend of African spiritual practices in both slave revolts of Vesey and Turner.

3772:. Stagville Plantation was owned by a wealthy slaveholding family called the Bennehan family; they enslaved 900 African American people. Stagville was one of many large slave plantations in the American South. Inside the Bennehan house, a walking stick was found placed between the walls to curse the Bennehan family. An enslaved person secretly placed the walking stick to put evil spirits on their enslavers, cursing the family for enslaving them. The walking stick was carved into an image of a West African snake spirit (deity) called 2503: 116: 5231: 4323: 2499:

to support their families, and for their protection against the law. As Black people traveled to northern areas, Hoodoo rituals were modified because there were not a lot of rural country areas to perform rituals in woods or near rivers. Therefore, African Americans improvised their rituals inside their homes or secluded areas in the city. Herbs and roots needed were not gathered in nature but bought in spiritual shops. These spiritual shops near Black neighborhoods sold botanicals and books used in modern Hoodoo.

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come the war took place? They think they knows, but they don't. John de Conqueror had done put it into the white folks to give us our freedom." Anne Sutton said High John de Conqueror taught Black people about freedom and to prepare for their freedom in an upcoming war. The High John the Conqueror root was used to prevent whippings from slaveholders and to win freedom from chattel slavery. The root was given to Frederick Douglass to prevent him from being whipped and beaten by a slave-breaker. Former slave

4575: 4275:. Also, ghosts and haunts can be controlled in Hoodoo because they emanate from God. Rootworkers control spirits through the use of Hoodoo rituals by capturing spirits using the spiritual tools used in Hoodoo. The difference between Afro-Christianity and European American Christianity is that spirits can be controlled by using the herbal ingredients in nature, because the herbs and nature have a spirit, and if the spirits of nature and the divine can be influenced, so can other spirits such as ghosts. 3396: 19900: 1853: 4768: 4339:, in which she calls Moses, "the finest Hoodoo man in the world". Obvious parallels between Moses and intentional paranormal influence (such as magic) occur in the biblical accounts of his confrontation with Pharaoh. Moses conjures, or performs magic "miracles" such as turning his staff into a snake. However, his greatest feat of conjure was using his powers to help free the Hebrews from slavery. This emphasis on Moses-as-conjurer led to the introduction of the pseudonymous work the 4823:. During the ring shout, African Americans shuffle their feet on the floor or ground without lifting their feet, in the belief that thus creating static electricity from the earth connects them with its spiritual energy. Shuffling like this with singing and clapping is also done to connect with ancestral spirits. The spiritual energy intensifies until someone is pulled into the center of the ring shout by the spirit. This is done to allow the spirit to enter and govern the ring. 20646: 2597: 5667:. Mobile, Alabama became the home for these diverse Africans, where their religious and spiritual practices blended with Christianity. After the Civil War, a group of 32 Africans founded their own community, calling it Africatown. In their community, they practiced African burial practices for their dead. African names were given to their children so they would know what region in Africa their ancestry was from. Zora Neale Hurston wrote a book about Africatown called, 5384: 5302: 3080: 3072:, however, is not a unitary symbol like a Christian cross or a national flag. The physical world resides at the top of the cosmogram and the spiritual (ancestral) world resides at the bottom of the cosmogram. At the horizontal line is a watery divide that separates the two worlds from the physical and spiritual, and thus the "element" of water has a role in African American spirituality. The Kongo cosmogram cross symbol has a physical form in Hoodoo called the 4313:

counter-clockwise sacred circle dancing, blood sacrifice, divination, supernatural source of malady, water immersion, and spirit possession. These traits allowed culturally diverse Africans to find common culturo-spiritual ground. According to the author, Hoodoo developed under the influence of that complex, with African divinities moving back into their natural forces, unlike in the Caribbean and Latin America, where the divinities moved into Catholic saints.

3825: 21484: 20949: 20564: 17869: 2955: 20210: 4901:; over 500 artifacts were excavated, showing continued African traditions in New York City's Black community. Of 146 beads recovered, nine of them had come from West Africa. The other beads were manufactured in Europe; these had also been used by enslaved and free people for their burial practices, incorporating an African spiritual interpretation of European beads. For example, many of the Africans buried, including women, men, and children, had beads, 4637: 5893:. African American folk magic changed in urban northern areas as African Americans did not have access to fresh herbs and roots from their backyards or neighborhoods as some bought their supplies from stores that profited from African American folk practices. White merchants profited from African American folk magic and placed stereotypical images of Indians onto hoodoo product labels to sell merchandise that appeared mystical, exotic, and powerful. 2311:(W. E. B. Du Bois) studied African American churches in the early twentieth century. Du Bois asserts the early years of the Black church during slavery on plantations were influenced by Voodooism. Black church records from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth century in the South recorded that a number of church members practiced conjure and combined Christian and African spiritual concepts to harm or heal members in their community. 21695: 3158: 4716: 4456: 4684:

bad deeds. Ancestors are important spirits in Hoodoo that intercede in people's lives, providing guidance and protection, and are revered. The practice in Hoodoo of ancestral veneration through prayers and offerings had its origins in Africa. In Hoodoo, ancestors can appear in people's dreams to provide information and guidance. However, they are offended when they are not venerated and may cause trouble in the lives of a family's members.

3747:. In 1800, Gabriel Prosser planned a slave revolt in Virginia. Historians assert that Prosser became the leader of the planned rebellion because he was a blacksmith, and slaves respected and feared blacksmiths because of their ability to forge weapons and their connection to the spirit of iron. Prosser and other enslaved blacksmiths made weapons for the rebellion, but the revolt never happened because two slaves informed the authorities. 4240:"Een hoodoo, anyting dat oona da do is de plan ob God ondastan?, God hab sompin fa do wid ebryting oona da do weda ee good ar bad, E got sompin fa do wid um ... jes wa fa oona, oona gwine git um." A translation of this is, "In hoodoo, anything that you do is the plan of God, understand? God has something to do with everything that you do whether it's good or bad, he's got something to do with it... what is for you, will come to you." 5026:

are mixed graveyard dirt from a murdered victim's grave. The cursed items are buried under a person's porch steps to cause misfortune. To prevent being "fixed" (cursed), it is considered a good idea to burn loose hairs, combed or fallen from the head, so a conjurer cannot make a cursing powder from a person's hair. Placing personal concerns in containers and burying them to cause harm was practiced in West African countries such as

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Throughout the American South in African American neighborhoods, some houses have bottle trees and baskets placed at entrances to doorways for spiritual protection. Additionally, nkisi culture influenced jar container magic. An African American man in North Carolina buried a jar under the steps with water and string in it for protection. If someone conjured him, the string would turn into a snake. The man interviewed called it

4401: 5571: 2299:. Brown recorded a secret Voudoo ceremony at midnight in the city of St. Louis. Slaves circled around a cauldron, and a Voudoo queen had a magic wand. Snakes, lizards, frogs, and other animal parts were thrown into the cauldron. During the ceremony, spirit possession took place. Brown also recorded other conjure (Hoodoo) practices among the enslaved population. Enslaved Africans in America held on to their African culture. 3368:. Another Bantu-Kongo practice in Hoodoo is making a cross mark (Kongo cosmogram) and standing on it to take an oath. This practice is done in Central Africa and in the United States in African American communities. The Kongo cosmogram is also used as a powerful charm of protection when drawn on the ground. The solar emblems or circles at the ends and the arrows are not drawn, just the cross marks, which look like an X. 3543: 2491:. Benjamin Rucker was born in Virginia in 1892. Rucker learned stage magic and conjure from an African American named Prince Herman (Alonzo Moore). After Prince Herman's death, Rucker changed his name in honor of his teacher to Black Herman. Black Herman traveled between the North and South and provided conjure services in Black communities, such as card readings, crafting health tonics, and other services. However, 4886: 20216: 3141:

protection. Sacrificed animals and other charms were found where the crossroads symbols were drawn by enslaved African Americans and four holes drilled into charms to symbolize the Bakongo cosmogram. Other West-Central African traditions found on plantations by historians include the use of six-pointed stars as spiritual symbols. A six-pointed star is a symbol in West Africa and in African American spirituality.

5077: 5695: 2315: 2277:. It regulated the lives of enslaved and free people and prohibited and made it illegal for enslaved Africans to practice their traditional religions. Article III in the Code Noir states: "We forbid any public exercise of any religion other than Catholic." The Code Noir and other slave laws resulted in enslaved and free African Americans conducting their spiritual practices in secluded areas such as woods ( 5064:

oils containing herbs such as cinnamon, wintergreen, lavender, and so forth. Colors are also important in Hoodoo to conjure different results the person is looking for. For example, "Red, for victory. Pink, for love (some say for drawing success). Green, to drive off (some say for success), Blue, for success and protection (for causing death also), Yellow for money, Brown for drawing money and people."

3975: 4037:. Enslaved African Americans only trusted their own doctors and not white doctors because enslaved doctors' cures were sometimes considered better than those of white doctors. Enslaved African Americans and freemen learned the local flora and knew what plants to use for treating illnesses. Enslaved herb doctors were the primary doctors on slave plantations, and some of them also practiced conjure. 3263:

Americans put eyelets on shoes and boots to trap spirits. Archaeologists also found small carved wooden faces. The wooden carvings had two faces carved into them on both sides, which were interpreted to represent an African American conjurer who was a two-headed doctor. In Hoodoo, a two-headed doctor is a conjurer who can see into the future and has knowledge about spirits and things unknown.

52: 4905:, and wristlets. In some African societies, beads are believed to bring protection, wealth, fertility, and health to the wearer, while in West Africa, African women wear beads around their waist as markers of beauty. Also found were beads still wrapped around the waist of the remains of enslaved women, and about 200 shells. Beads, shells, and iron bars are associated with the Yoruba deity 3392:, that he sought the help of several conjurers during his enslavement. Bibb went to these conjurers (Hoodoo doctors) in hopes that the charms they provided would prevent slaveholders from whipping and beating him. The conjurers gave Bibb conjure powders to sprinkle around the bed of the slaveholder, put in the slaveholder's shoes, and carry a bitter root and other charms for protection. 3572:, and the men wore traditional wide-leg pants. Some enslaved West African Muslims practiced Hoodoo. Instead of using Christian prayers in the creation of charms, Islamic prayers were used. Enslaved Black Muslim conjure doctors' Islamic attire was different from that of other slaves, making them easy to identify and ask for conjure services regarding protection from slaveholders. The 3012:" For example, Kail recorded at former slave plantations in the American South: "The beliefs and practices of African traditional religions survived the Middle Passage (the Transatlantic slave trade) and were preserved among the many rootworkers and healers throughout the South. Many of them served as healers, counselors, and pharmacists to slaves enduring the hardships of slavery." 3354:. The nkisi (singular) and minkisi (plural) are objects created by hand and inhabited by a spirit or spirits. These objects can be bags (mojo bags or conjure bags), gourds, shells, or other containers. Various items are placed inside a bag to give it a particular spirit or job to do. Mojo bags and minkisi are filled with graveyard dirt, herbs, roots, and other materials by the 5258:

healed a church member by sacrificing a live chicken, slitting its throat, and tying it to a person's leg for two days. This is a continued African tradition of using chickens to heal and conjure protection. Hurston noted that Mother Seals incorporated other African Diaspora practices into her Spiritual church, and observed her reverence for a Haitian Vodou snake loa spirit,

3967:, and cultivated for white American slaveholders for their economic gain. African Americans mixed their knowledge of herbs from Africa with European and regional Native American herbal knowledge. In Hoodoo, African Americans used herbs in different ways. For example, when it came to the medicinal use of herbs, African Americans learned some medicinal knowledge of herbs from 4724:

whereas sinners are buried the opposite way avoid their being harmed by the light. Another tale is that ghosts cannot cross water. If a hoodoo doctor wants to conjure a ghost across water, a mirror ceremony is held. Spirits who have died from sickness in bed can walk among the living any night other than Friday night, which is reserved for those who have died in the dark.

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on another plantation whom Epsey was romantically interested in. According to Lowery's written account, it was rumored that Epsey received a poison from an enslaved conjurer and secretly administered it to Mary, who died six months later. Lowery wrote that many of the conjure practices of enslaved Black people in Sumter County were influenced by Vodun from West Africa.

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stereotypical representation without collapsing completely into stereotype". The postcolonial theory of Hoodoo and the fact that Hoodoo is neo-African still leads to assumptions that it is uncivilized. Reed's Hoodoo aesthetic celebrates syncretism as a religious cultural practice, countering Western Civilization's desire to universalize itself through Christianity.

3784:, a country in West Africa. Some African Americans in South Carolina and Georgia continue to give their children African names for spiritual and cultural reasons. The spiritual reason is for their ancestors to provide their children with spiritual power and protection. The cultural reason is so their children will know which region in Africa their ancestry is from. 5270:, which African Americans attended to practice Hoodoo secretly inside the church. New Orleans and Memphis have several Spiritual churches where Hoodoo and Voudoo are practiced. Rituals of healing, communing with ancestral spirits, worship services, shouting, eclectic belief systems, Hoodoo, and elaborate Voodoo rituals were performed inside the churches. 2527:

liberate Black people from oppression. African Americans in various African diaspora religions spiritually heal their communities by establishing healing centers that provide emotional and spiritual healing from police brutality. In addition, altars with white candles and offerings are placed in areas where an African American was murdered by police, and

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herbalists, or divine healers to distinguish themselves from members in their community who practiced conjure to harm people. This tradition of faith healing has its roots in the slave community. When enslaved people needed healing, they searched for members in the slave community who had knowledge of herbalism and knew how to perform spiritual healing.

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Hoodoo to the West African practice of creating gris-gris charms and the Central African practice of creating minkisi containers. As white spiritual merchants exploited Hoodoo and turned it into just tricks and spells, African Americans moved more of the traditional Hoodoo practices—such as animal sacrifice, incorporating animal parts in spiritual work,

5283:. African American Hoodoo religious and spiritual leaders in Spiritual churches did not refer to themselves as rootworkers or hoodoo doctors, but as "spiritual advisors" to avoid negative attention from their community and the local authorities. Hiding Hoodoo practices inside Black churches was necessary for African Americans because some people were 5897:

appropriate Black culture and claim it as their own for profit. With the advent of the internet, African American music and culture has become consumed more rapidly around the world on a daily basis. The internet resulted in the mass consumption and appropriation and sometimes mocking of Black culture by whites and non-Black people in social media.

3811:. A person's foot track is used to send someone away by mixing their foot track with herbs, roots, and insects, specific ingredients used in Hoodoo to send someone away, and grinding into a powder and placing the powder in a container and throwing it into a flowing river that leaves town, and in a few days the person will leave town. Among the 4877:

There are other ways people become a Hoodoo doctor, such as being born into a family of practitioners or through a mentor under an apprenticeship. Initiations are not required to become a Hoodoo doctor or rootworker. Other Hoodoo initiations include ritual isolations, learning about charms, herbs, roots, and dream lore from a community elder.

2401:. African American conjurers were seen as a threat by white Americans because slaves went to free and enslaved conjurers to receive charms for protection and revenge against their slaveholders. Enslaved Black people used Hoodoo to bring about justice on American plantations by poisoning slaveholders and conjuring death onto their oppressors. 3231:

harm to slaveholders. "In their physical manifestations, minkisi (nkisi) are sacred objects that embody spiritual beings and generally take the form of a container such as a gourd, pot, bag, or snail shell. Medicines that provide the minkisi with power, such as chalk, nuts, plants, soil, stones, and charcoal, are placed in the container."

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and carry crab claws for their protection. The plan was to free those enslaved through armed resistance and the use of conjure. Denmark Vesey and Gullah Jack were not successful because their plan was revealed and stopped. From other historical research and records, Gullah Jack performed a ceremony and made the enslaved eat a half-cooked

5594:, is used to describe attempts to control the actions and health of other people (or prevent others from controlling you) through the use of potions, charms, and incantations." Some of the African American former slaves told writers what region of Africa their family was from. These regions were the Kongo or regions in West Africa. The 3667:, archaeologists uncovered evidence of West African and Central African practices. A Hoodoo spiritual bundle containing nails, a stone axe, and other items was found embedded four feet below the streets near the capital. The axe inside the Hoodoo bundle showed what archaeologists believe is a cultural link to the Yoruba people's deity 2343:

minkisi conjuring bags to activate it with ancestral spirits, and during the slave trade, Bakongo people were brought to colonial New York. The New York slave revolt of 1712 and others in the United States showed a blending of West and Central African spiritual practices among enslaved and free Black people. Conjure bags, also called

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ancestors and the Holy Spirit resided. The ring shout tradition continues in Georgia with the McIntosh County Shouters. At Cathead Creek in Georgia, archeologists found artifacts made by enslaved African Americans that linked to spiritual practices in West-Central Africa. Enslaved African Americans and their descendants, after the

17686: 4086:(wetlands). Whether a Hoodoo practitioner is a swamper or not, collecting certain roots and herbs in nature requires a prayer before taking the root or herb, an offering to the spirit of the plants, and a ceremony. If there are snakes that guard herbs and roots, the snakes should not be killed by the Hoodoo practitioner. 4487:. One of the slaves said that he could not talk about the conspiracy as Jack bound his speech with conjure. According to records, Jack "charmed" enslaved men to join the revolt. Gullah Jack used the spiritual knowledge he had from Angola and made protective charms for other slaves for their spiritual protection. 2472: 5095:

changes in their life from an elder or a skilled diviner. Conjure doctors diagnose illnesses and determine treatments using divination. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade and was later influenced by other systems of divination. There are several forms of

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According to some scholars, the research and understanding of African American Hoodoo should be examined from the Black American experience, and not from the interpretation of marketeers and exploiters found in books and online published by people who are not African American. White Americans want to

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identified as Christian, attended Spiritual churches, and healed church members by laying on of hands, using herbal medicines, and sometimes combining conjure to remove curses and heal physical ailments. Some were also astrologers. Black Americans who practiced Hoodoo called themselves faith healers,

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practices. Zora Neale Hurston documented Spiritual churches that incorporated Hoodoo practices. A Spiritual church in New Orleans called The Eternal Life Christian Spiritualist Church, was led by an African American woman, Mother Catherine Seals, who performed Hoodoo to heal her clients. Mother Seals

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In the Kongo region, Bakongo people placed broken objects on top of graves so the recently deceased could travel to the land of the dead. The broken items symbolized that the person's connection to the living was broken by death and that they needed to return to the realm of the dead. The practice of

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look similar to African spirit possession. In Hoodoo, African Americans perform the ring shout to become touched or possessed by the Holy Spirit and to communicate with the spirits of dead ancestors. African Americans replaced African spirits with the Christian God (Holy Spirit) during possession. In

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In a process known as "seeking", a hoodoo practitioner will ask for the salvation of a person's soul in order for a Gullah church to accept them. A spiritual leader will assist in the process and after believing the follower is ready, they will announce it to the church. A ceremony will commence with

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from South Carolina mentioned a pastor who spoke to spirits to help him find some hidden money. This record from a slave narrative revealed how Hoodoo and the Black church were intertwined. Another slave narrative from Indiana mentioned a location that the African American population refused to enter

4542:, before High John the Conqueror returned to Africa, he told the newly freed slaves that if they ever needed his spirit for freedom his spirit would reside in a root they could use. According to some scholars, the origin of High John the Conqueror may have originated from African male deities such as 4007:

Enslaved African Americans most often treated their own medical problems themselves using the herbal knowledge they brought with them from Africa, as well as some herbal knowledge learned from regional Native Americans. Many slaveholders lacked the knowledge to treat their slaves' medical conditions,

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During slavery, some enslaved African Americans served as community doctors for Black people and whites, despite many white Americans being cautious of Black doctors because some enslaved Africans poisoned their masters. Enslaved Africans found herbal cures for animal poisons and diseases that helped

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honoring in West Africa's Vodun tradition. It was documented by a former slave in Missouri that conjurers took dried snakes and frogs and ground them into powders to "Hoodoo people." A conjurer made a powder from a dried snake and a frog, put it in a jar, and buried it under the steps of the target's

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among Gullah people, a male conjurer is called Nganga. Some Kikongo words have an "N" or "M" at the beginning of the word. However, when Bantu-Kongo people were enslaved in South Carolina, the letters N and M were dropped from some of the title names. For example, in Central Africa, the word to refer

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was enslaved in his youth, Kongo-related artifacts were found. Enslaved African Americans created items to ward off evil spirits by creating a Hoodoo bundle near the entrances to chimneys, believed to be where spirits enter. The Hoodoo bundle contained pieces of iron and a horseshoe. Enslaved African

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bundles were found on other plantations in Virginia and Maryland. For example, nkisi bundles were found for the purpose of healing or misfortune. Archeologists found objects believed by the enslaved African American population in Virginia and Maryland to have spiritual power, such as coins, crystals,

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in Hoodoo has its origins in the Kongo region from the Kongo cosmogram (Yowa Cross). Ring shouters dance in a counterclockwise direction that follows the pattern of the rising of the sun in the east and the setting of the sun in the west. The ring shout follows the cyclical nature of life represented

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For some African Americans that practiced rootwork, providing conjure services in the Black community for African Americans to obtain love, money, employment, and protection from the police was a way to help Black people during the Jim Crow era in the United States so Black people can gain employment

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people from Ghana. Historians suggest the powder made by Peter the Doctor probably included some cemetery dirt to conjure the ancestors to provide spiritual militaristic support from ancestral spirits as help during the slave revolt. The Bakongo people in Central Africa incorporate cemetery dirt into

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According to Yvonne Chireau, "Hoodoo is an African American-based tradition that makes use of natural and supernatural elements in order to create and effect change in the human experience." Hoodoo was created by African Americans, who were among over 12 million enslaved Africans from various Central

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and a writer. She documented African American folklore and spiritual practices in Black communities in the United States and the Caribbean. Hurston traveled to Eatonville, Florida, and New Orleans, Louisiana, writing about the spiritual practices of Black people, and publishing her findings in books

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about the spiritual beliefs and conjure practices of the Black congregation in Sanctified Churches. African Americans talked about nailing a horseshoe over the door to ward off evil and making conjure balls to remove diseases. British historians traced the origins of the creation of conjure balls in

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bundles for removing curses from people using Hoodoo. Doc Harris built his church in a secluded area in the Black community so he and his family could practice their traditions in private. African Americans in Spiritual churches blended African spiritual traditions with Christian practices, creating

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In Hoodoo, personal concerns such as hair, nail clippings, bones, blood, and other bodily fluids are mixed with ingredients for either a positive or a negative effect. The items are placed inside conjure bags or jars and mixed with roots, herbs, animal parts, sometimes ground into a powder, or they

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Researchers found burial practices by African Americans in Florida that were similar to those of Bantu-Kongo peoples. Researchers noticed the similarities between the grave sites of African Americans in Florida and those of the Bakongo people in Central Africa. Headstones with a T shape were seen in

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was discovered with the remains of an African American woman. Also excavated at the site were conjure bags (mojo bags)—these conjuring bundles had crystals, roots, beads, feathers, animal parts, and other items for protection from malign forces and to communicate with spirits. Other artifacts found

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interviewed African Americans and recorded the ring shout tradition practiced by the Gullah Geechee in Georgia. The songs sung during the ring shout and in shouting originated among their ancestors who were transported from Africa into slavery in America, where they replaced African songs and chants

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Those people on the west coast of Africa, the Ewe-speaking natives, make offerings such as food or drinks, usually pouring palm wine and banana beer, over an ancestor's grave. Church members are commonly known to be buried with their feet facing east so they can rise on the last day towards the sun,

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These practices among the enslaved population created a Hoodoo Christian Church or "Hoodoonized" version of Christianity on slave plantations, where enslaved Africans covertly went into the woods at night to practice their religion, a blend of African spirituality with Christianity. Hoodoo countered

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was tied around the head and ears. To treat measles, mullein leaves were boiled into a tea. To treat the common cold, pine straw was made into a tea. Salt was used to prevent a troublesome person from returning to your home by throwing salt behind the person as they walked out of the house, ensuring

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Among slaves, there was a spiritual belief to refuse to plow a field in a straight path. Some slaves believed in the West African Mande concept that evil spirits travel in a straight path, and to protect from evil spirits, enslaved African Americans refused to plow fields in a straight path to break

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Bakongo spiritual protections influenced African American yard decorations. In Central Africa, Bantu-Kongo people decorated their yards and entrances to doorways with baskets and broken shiny items to protect against evil spirits and thieves. This practice is the origin of the bottle tree in Hoodoo.

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to resist a cruel overseer on a plantation in St. Louis. Unlike other enslaved people, Dinkie never worked in the same way. He was feared and respected by both Black and white people. Dinkie was known to carry a dried snakeskin, frog, and lizard, and sprinkled goofer dust on himself, speaking to the

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A man named William Webb helped enslaved people on a plantation in Kentucky resist their oppressors using mojo bags. Webb told the enslaved people to gather some roots and put them in bags, then "march around the cabins several times and point the bags toward the master's house every morning." After

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culture in the United States brought over by enslaved Africans. For example, archeologists found artifacts used by enslaved African Americans to control spirits by housing spirits inside caches or nkisi bundles. These spirits inside objects were placed in secret locations to protect an area or bring

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In an African American church on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, Kongo cosmograms were designed into the window frames of the church. The church was built facing an axis of an east–west direction so the sun rises directly over the church steeple in the east. The burial grounds of the church also show

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in the early twentieth century, a Hoodoo practitioner Buzzard, placed a curse on a developing company that continued to build properties in Gullah cemeteries where Buzzard's ancestors are buried. According to locals, because of the curse the company and others following have never been able to build

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and racism in the Black community. Black American keynote speakers that are practitioners of Hoodoo spoke at an event at The Department of Arts and Humanities at California State University about the importance of Hoodoo and other African spiritual traditions practiced in social justice movements to

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Another slave story talks about an enslaved woman named Old Julie who was a conjure woman known among the slaves on the plantation for conjuring death. Old Julie conjured so much death that her slaveholder sold her away to stop her from killing people on the plantation with conjure. Her enslaver put

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Some scholars assert that Christianity did not have much influence on some of the enslaved Africans as they continued to practice their traditional spiritual practices. Hoodoo was a form of resistance against slavery whereby enslaved Africans hid their traditions using the Christian religion against

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Scholars estimate that about 250,000 enslaved Africans were brought to the United States illegally between 1808 and 1859. This resulted in the further Africanization of African American spirituality in the coastal regions of the Southeast, because many of the slave ships landed in the coastal areas

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said her father came from Africa on the slave ship the Wanderer. She thinks her father was Igbo, and he talked about his life in Africa and the culture there and how it survived in her family. Other African Americans interviewed talked about the origins of their conjure practices that came from the

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from Africa. However, this act did not stop the illegal smuggling of enslaved Africans to the United States. The illegal slave trade continued into the 1860s, and sometimes resulted in a re-Africanization of African American culture with the importation of new Africans to the United States. Some of

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stereotypical images of African Americans were drawn in comics to vilify Black people and their folk religions. Black American comic book creators portrayed Hoodoo and Voodoo in their comics as tools against white supremacy. Black creators had story scenes in their comics of Black superheroes using

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Enslaved African Americans held diviners in high respect, believing that they had knowledge about unknown events, and that using divination, conjurers could tell if a slave would be whipped, sold, or escape to freedom. Autobiographies of former slaves tell about slaves seeking counsel from enslaved

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in Hoodoo originated from African practices. In West-Central Africa, divination was (and is) used to determine what an individual or a community should know that is important for survival and spiritual balance. In Africa and in American Hoodoo, people turn to divination seeking guidance about major

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decorated trees with bottles, plates, pieces of broken pots, and other items to drive away evil. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade. The purpose of bottle trees is to protect a home or a location from evil spirits by trapping them inside the bottles.

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in New York City. The African Burial Ground reserved a location called the Ancestral Libation Chamber for people to perform spiritual ceremonies to pay their respects to the enslaved and free Africans buried at the monument. African Americans and other African-descended people continue to travel to

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In the Kongo culture, people "become" Simbi spirits after death. Therefore, ancestors in the Kongo culture are called by that name. It is believed one's soul returns to God after death, however, the spirit may remain on Earth. Spirits can interact with the world by providing good fortune or causing

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are performed by rivers to invoke the blessings of the Simbi spirits to bring healing, fertility, and prosperity to people. West Africans and African Americans wear white clothing to invoke the water spirits during such water ceremonies. Simbi spirits reside in forests, mountains, and the water and

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The Bible was used in slave religion as a magical formula that provided information on how to use herbs in conjure and how to use the Bible to conjure specific results and spirits to bring about change in the lives of people, which is a continued practice today. Rootworkers remove curses by reading

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in September 1850, recalled an incident where an enslaved woman named Mary on the Frierson plantation was believed to have died from conjure. A rumor circulated that an enslaved woman named Epsey from another plantation poisoned Mary because she was jealous of the attention Mary received from a man

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and other African American ministers founded the Church of God in Christ, which has a predominantly African American membership. Bishop Mason was known among his congregation to heal members using roots, herbs, and anointing oil. Bishop Mason and other Pentecostal pastors were rootworkers and used

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Conjure can be made using many things or nothing at all. There are certain items commonly used in Hoodoo if needed. "Fast Luck" and "Red Fast Luck" are herbal scrubs used to bring luck into stores or a person's life. "Essence of Van Van" and "Fast Scrubbing Essence" are mixtures of one to thirteen

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and interviewed African Americans in the Gullah Geechee Nation and recorded some of their spiritual traditions and cultural practices. Their recordings showed African cultural and spiritual practices that have survived in the Gullah Nation of South Carolina. The video showed a ring shout, singing,

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Researchers noticed the African American ring shout looks similar to counterclockwise circle dances in West Africa. In West Africa, a counterclockwise circle dance is performed during a funeral to send the soul to the ancestral realm (land of the dead), because energy and souls travel in a circle.

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Nat Turner's mother came on a slave ship from Africa. Research has not determined what part of Africa she was from. She had a profound spiritual influence on his life, and taught him about African spirituality, a fact evident in his life as he used visions and celestial interpretation of planetary

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with him at all times for his spiritual protection. For the slaves' spiritual protection, Gullah Jack gave them rootwork instructions for a possible slave revolt planned by his co-conspirator Denmark Vesey. Gullah Jack instructed the enslaved to eat a peanut butter-like mash, eat parched cornmeal,

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The origins of Afro-Christianity began with Bantu-Kongo people in Central Africa. Prior to the Bakongo people coming to the United States and being enslaved on plantations, the Bakongo (Bantu-Kongo) people were introduced to Christianity by European missionaries and some converted to the Christian

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placed around a baby's neck to relieve pain. The inside of the beech tree bark was boiled in water to treat cold and pneumonia. Bay leaf was used by African Americans to attract money by placing a bay leaf next to a dollar bill inside a wallet or a purse, and the person would always attract money.

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to colonial Boston" which helped reduce the spread of smallpox in the colony. Onesimus told Mather that when he was in Africa, Africans performed inoculations to reduce the spread of diseases in their societies. An enslaved man was given his freedom when he discovered a cure for a snake bite using

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that linked to the Yoruba people's spiritual belief and practice in the reverence of Ogun. This is why African Americans incorporate horseshoes and metal tools in Hoodoo: because there is a spirit that corresponds to metal that can be invoked for protection from physical and spiritual harm. Yoruba

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engravings drawn as crossroads (an X) inside the house. This was done to ward a place from a harsh slaveholder. Also, the Kongo cosmogram is evident in Hoodoo practice among Black Americans. Archeologists unearthed on a former slave plantation in South Carolina clay bowls made by enslaved Africans

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in Brooklyn, New York, at the Lott Farmstead, Kongo-related artifacts were found on the site. The Kongo-related artifacts included a Kongo cosmogram engraved onto ceramics and nkisi bundles that had cemetery dirt and iron nails left by enslaved African Americans. Researchers suggest the iron nails

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and other African-derived traditions are opening and owning spiritual stores online and in Black neighborhoods to provide spiritual services to their community and educate African-descended people about Black spirituality and how to heal themselves physically and spiritually. The culture of Hoodoo

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and mysticism may be seen in the colored wax candles in glass jars that are often labeled for specific purposes such as "Fast Luck" or "Love Drawing." Some African Americans sold hoodoo products in the Black community. An African American woman, Mattie Sampson, worked as a salesperson in an active

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The culture of Hoodoo was created by African Americans. There are regional styles to this tradition, and as African Americans traveled the tradition of Hoodoo changes according to African Americans' environment. Hoodoo includes reverence to ancestral spirits, African American quilt making, animal

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and African American spirituality. The series documents Hurston's life and her experience in collecting information on Hoodoo in Black communities in the South, showing photos and interviews with Hurston and her thoughts about African American folk magic, her Hoodoo initiation experience, and her

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Washington "Doc" Harris, an African American from Memphis, Tennessee, founded the Saint Paul Spiritual Holy Temple. The Spiritual church was nicknamed by the Black people in the area as "Voodoo Village." Although no actual Voodoo took place inside his Spiritual church, Hoodoo was practiced in the

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The practice of Augury is deciphering phenomena (omens) that are believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. Before his rebellion, Nat Turner had visions and omens from spirits to free the enslaved through armed resistance. In African American communities, a child born

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The spirits are said to be attracted to the sunlight that flickers inside the bottle. As the sunlight passes through it, the spirit is trapped in the bottle and banished with the sunlight. Sometimes items such as stones or graveyard dirt are placed inside the bottle to further attract the spirit.

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around her body, and lying on a couch (sofa) for three days nude so she could have a vision and acceptance from the spirits. In addition to lying on a couch nude wrapped in snakeskins for her initiation, Hurston had to drink the blood of the Hoodoo doctors who initiated her from a wine glass cup.

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Those who have died because of their capturers can get justice in the afterlife by using Hoodoo. For example, "If a murder victim is buried in a sitting position, the murderer will be speedily brought to justice." The victim who is sitting in front of the heavenly throne can request justice to be

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and the Civil War did not bring freedom for Black people. According to one woman interviewed by Hurston, Aunt Shady Anne Sutton, "These young Negroes reads they books and talk about the war freeing the Negroes, by Aye Lord! A heap sees, but a few knows. 'Course, the war was a lot of help, but how

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was known among the slaves to have dreams and visions that came true. In the Hoodoo tradition, dreams and visions come from spirits, such as the ancestors or the Holy Spirit in the Christian faith. Relying on dreams and visions for inspiration and knowledge is an African practice blended with the

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Enslaved and free Black people also used the Bible as a tool against slavery. Free and enslaved people who could read found the stories of the Hebrews in the Bible in Egypt similar to their situation in the United States as slaves. The Hebrews in the Old Testament were freed from slavery in Egypt

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was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade and developed into Afro-Christianity among African Americans that is seen in Hoodoo and in some Black churches. As a result, African American Hoodoo and Afro-Christianity developed differently and was not influenced by European

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Not only is Yahweh's providence a factor in Hoodoo practice, but Hoodoo thought understands the deity as the archetypal Hoodoo doctor. From this perspective, biblical figures are often recast as Hoodoo doctors and the Bible becomes a source of spells and is, itself, used as a protective talisman.

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Zora Neale Hurston conducted research in African American communities and documented the herbal practices of Black people. African American rootworkers sometimes served two roles, as herbal doctors or conjure doctors. African American herbal doctors used their knowledge of herbs to treat diseases

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sacred circle dances in Hoodoo are performed to communicate with ancestral spirits using the sign of the Yowa cross. Communication with the ancestors is a traditional practice in Hoodoo that was brought to the United States during the slave trade originating among Bantu-Kongo people. In Savannah,

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used Hoodoo to make money, and changed the tradition as a form of selfish magic that is all about spells for love, money, and hexes in order to sale candles, oils, and trinkets. This kind of Hoodoo presented by charlatans not from the Black community is the hoodoo most people know. The Spiritual

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The ideas expressed in "A Portrait of the Artist as a Shadow of His Former Self" by Kerry James Marshall are compared to Ishmael Reed's Neo-Hoodoo concept of balancing invisibility as visual. The painter describes his work ethic for the painting as being to "...bring that figure close to being a

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published in 1977, tells the story of the character Milkman, an African American in search of his African ancestors. Milkman lived in the North but returned to the South in search of his ancestry. By the end of the book, Milkman learns he comes from a family of African medicine people, gains his

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into Hoodoo. African Americans in the Sea Islands (Gullah Geechee people) performed initiations of community members by combining West African initiation practices with Christian practices called "Seeking Jesus." Young people spent time in nature "seeking Jesus," and received guidance from Black

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dirt is sometimes used. Dirt from the grave of an ancestor provides protection, while dirt taken from the grave of a person who is not an ancestor is used to harm an enemy, or also for protection. Before taking graveyard dirt, one must pay for it with three pennies or some other form of payment.

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dates to the mid-19th century. White Americans marketed hoodoo to African Americans for their own personal profit, which was not planned to maintain the African traditions in hoodoo. The incorporation of European grimoires ("books of spells") into hoodoo began in the twentieth century during the

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Many African American midwives practiced Hoodoo. Hoodoo and midwifery practices were combined in African American communities. During childbirth, midwives spiritually protected the house because it was believed that evil spirits might harm a newborn's spirit being born into the world. Protective

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22.198 Cane / This cane is from the Arts of Africa collection. Bantu-Kongo people in Central Africa and African Americans in the United States crafted similar canes. Historians noted similar meanings and religious uses of canes between African and African American people, who carved animals and

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is a simple cross (+) with one line. The Kongo cosmogram symbolizes the rising of the sun in the east and the setting of the sun in the west and represents cosmic energies. The horizontal line in the Kongo cosmogram represents the boundary between the physical world (realm of the living) and the

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Bishop Jamison, born enslaved in Georgia in 1848, wrote an autobiographical account of his life. On a plantation in Georgia, there was an enslaved Hoodoo man named Uncle Charles Hall who prescribed herbs and charms for slaves to protect themselves from white people. Hall instructed the slaves to

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Recent scholarly publications spell the word with a capital letter. The word has different meanings depending on how it is spelled. Some authors spell Hoodoo with a capital letter to distinguish it from commercialized hoodoo, which is spelled with a lowercase letter. Other authors have different

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in African American folk stories is a Black man from Africa enslaved in the United States whose spirit resides in a root conjured in Hoodoo. White American drugstore owners replaced conjure doctors in African American communities, and began putting an image of a white man on their High John the

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in 1970, the term "Neo-Hoodoo" celebrates the practices of rituals, folklore, and spirituality in the Americas beyond Christianity and traditional religion. "Neo-Hoodoo believes that every man is an artist and a priest. You can bring your own creative ideas to Neo-Hoodoo." Neo-Hoodoo celebrates

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The walking boy was a traditional form of divination practiced by African Americans on slave plantations, and the practice continued after chattel slavery. A conjurer would take a bottle, tie a string to it, and place a bug inside the bottle. The conjurer pulled the bottle as the bug moved. The

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Parents who died suddenly or by accidental death are believed to return in spirit and visit their children. The spirit of a dead parent might haunt their children, causing spiritual harm to them. To prevent this, small children and babies of the deceased parent are passed over the coffin of the

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the ARC or African Religion Complex, which was a collection of eight traits that all the enslaved Africans had in common and were somewhat familiar to all held in the agricultural slave labor camps known as plantation communities. These traits included naturopathic medicine, ancestor reverence,

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adaptation for the religion. By blending the ideas laid out by the Christian Bible, the faith is made more acceptable. This combines the teachings of Christianity that Africans brought to America were given and the traditional beliefs they brought with them. This practice in Hoodoo of combining

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Other Bantu-Kongo practices present in Hoodoo include the use of conjure canes. In the United States, these canes are decorated with specific objects to conjure spirits and achieve specific results. This practice was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade from Central

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by the Holy Spirit or ancestral spirits. Enslaved African Americans performed the counterclockwise circle dance until someone was pulled into the center of the ring by the spiritual vortex at the center. The spiritual vortex at the center of the ring shout was a sacred spiritual realm where the

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On another plantation in Maryland, archeologists unearthed artifacts that showed a blend of Central African and Christian spiritual practices among slaves. This was Ezekiel's Wheel in the Bible that blended with the Central African Kongo cosmogram. This may explain the connection enslaved Black

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dogs from tracking their scent. Former slave Ruby Pickens Tartt from Alabama told of a man who could fool the dogs, saying he "done lef' dere and had dem dogs treein' a nekked tree. Dey calls hit hoodooin' de dogs". An enslaved conjurer could conjure confusion in the slave catchers' dogs, which

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has become a part of modern Hoodoo because African Americans connected with the story of Moses freeing the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt and his use of magical powers against the Egyptians. Also, African Americans practiced Hoodoo centuries before the introduction of European grimoires. Hoodoo

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and came to the United States in the 1860s. Her quilts incorporate West African features of "a red striped pattern, patchwork, and two broad asymmetrical panels." This pattern design is similar to the Mande people's religious concepts that evil spirits travel in a straight path, and to protect

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was a cross with four suns showing Bakongo influence, quilting the Kongo cosmogram onto her quilts. Other African symbols were seen in Powers' quilts. However, scholars suggest Harriet Powers' cross symbols may also be a West African cross, as West Africans also had crosses as symbols, but the

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in Louisiana. Historians call the locations where crossroad symbols were possibly found inside slave cabins and African American living quarters 'Crossroads Deposits.' Crossroads deposits were found underneath floorboards and in the northeast sections of cabins to conjure ancestral spirits for

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preached prosperity to his congregation. African American faith movements emphasize having faith in God's power through fasting, prayer, and sometimes using conjure. Some Black church members believed the power to heal, prophecy, conjure, and curse came from God. However, other church members

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in the Sea Islands. The region of Africa these ethnic groups were taken from was called the "Rice Coast," made up of what is now Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. These areas in Africa were suitable for rice cultivation because of their moist semitropical climate; the European slave traders

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As one scholar explained, "The cultural marketplace of items and ideas has handled the faith and practice of hoodoo roughly. Instead of being viewed as a legitimate religion, it is perceived as a system of magic rife with effeminate witchdoctors, pin cushioned voodoo dolls, and miscellaneous

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In the 1930s, a local chapter of the Federal Writers' Project in Savannah, Georgia called the Georgia Writers' Project interviewed former slaves and descendants of former slaves who either came directly from Africa on the slave ship the Wanderer or had a family member come from Africa on the

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are responsible for the life and growth of nature. These beings, considered the guardians of the lands and the people who live on them, are feared and respected. If someone disrespects a Simbi by destroying its natural habitat, the Simbi might drown them. To obtain the powers of the Bisimbi,

3112:. The holes in the floor provided breathable air for escaped slaves hiding in the basement of the church. The Kongo cosmogram sun cycle also influenced how African Americans in Georgia prayed. It was recorded that some African Americans in Georgia prayed at the rising and setting of the sun. 4546:

who is a trickster spirit in West Africa. By the twentieth century, white drugstore owners began selling High John the Conqueror products with the image of a white King on their labels, commercializing hoodoo. Zora Neale Hurston documented some history about High John the Conqueror from her

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that showed the culture of Hoodoo portrayed as an altar with a collection of bottled tinctures and a chalkboard with Hoodoo herbal knowledge. The artist grew up in the Hill District of Pittsburgh and saw practitioners of Hoodoo who were mostly Black women. Black women played a role in their

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to more urban areas in the North is characterized by the items used in Hoodoo. White pharmacists opened their shops in African American communities and began to offer items both asked for by their customers, as well as things they themselves felt would be of use. Examples of the adoption of

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Henry Clay Bruce, a Black abolitionist and writer, recorded his experience of enslaved people on a plantation in Virginia who hired a conjurer to prevent slaveholders from selling them to plantations in the Deep South. Louis Hughes, an enslaved man who lived on plantations in Tennessee and

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by Gloria Naylor, Mama Day is a conjure woman with an encyclopedic knowledge of plants and the ability to contact her ancestors. The book focuses on the benevolent aspects of Hoodoo as a means for elders to help the community and carry on tradition, with her saving Bernice's fertility.

4538:" and myth as well as the "nature sack." In African American folk stories, High John the Conqueror was an African prince who was kidnapped from Africa and enslaved in the United States. He was a trickster, and used his wit and charm to deceive and outsmart his slaveholders. After the 4744:. A skilled conjurer can alter a person's destiny through divinities or evil forces. This means a conjurer can shorten someone's life by conjuring death onto them. A conjurer can protect a person's destiny from another conjurer who is trying to change it. To know a person's destiny, 4499:

bodies to understand messages from spirit. Turner believed the eclipse of the sun was a message from God to start a slave rebellion. Academic research from Virginia records on the Nat Turner slave revolt suggests that an occult religious ritual was performed to anoint Turner's raid.

3877:

and other African symbols are sewn into fabrics for spiritual purposes. Quilt makers in the African American community also sewed mojo bags and placed roots, bones, and other items inside bags for protection. Another example was Louiza Francis Combs. Louiza Francis Combs was born in

3290:

which enslaved African Americans created using materials from white porcelain to create a doll figure. In the western section of the cabin, they found iron kettles and iron chain fragments, suggesting that the western section of the cabin was an altar to the Kongo spirit Zarabanda.

3145:

Americans had with the Christian cross as it resembled their African symbol. The cosmogram represents the universe and how human souls travel in the spiritual realm after death, entering into the ancestral realm and reincarnating back into the family. The artifacts uncovered at the

2307:." Invisible churches were secret churches where enslaved African Americans combined Hoodoo with Christianity. Enslaved and free Black ministers preached resistance to slavery and the power of God through praise and worship, and Hoodoo rituals would free slaves from bondage. 13099:

Three years ago, Aunt Katie was called away on her last journey, although she had always emmerced (sic) the back and front steps of her cottage with chamber lye daily to keep away evil spirits death crept in and demanded the price each of us must pay, and Katie answered the

4012:

and being poisoned by their slaves, so much so that white Americans refused to allow enslaved African Americans medical knowledge. Many of the medicines used by white Americans were chemical, while African Americans used the natural herbs and roots and made them into teas.

3236:

roots, fingernail clippings, crab claws, beads, iron, bones, and other items assembled together inside a bundle to conjure a specific result for either protection or healing. These items were hidden inside slaves' dwellings. These practices were concealed from slaveholders.

5339:

continue to incorporate Hoodoo. African American religious institutions are not just places of worship and spirituality but also places to discuss injustices in their communities and how to unite to bring about political and spiritual transformations for African Americans.

2531:

ceremonies and other spiritual practices are performed to heal the soul that died from racial violence. African Americans also use Hoodoo to protect their properties from gentrification in their neighborhoods and on sites that are considered sacred to their communities. On

5732:'s song "Red Mountain Blues" tells of a fortune teller who recommends that a woman get some snakeroot and a High John the Conqueror root, chew them, place them in her boot and pocket to make her man love her. Several other Bessie Smith songs also mention Hoodoo. The song " 2441:

In 1874, Randolph organized a spiritual organization called Brotherhood of Eulis in Tennessee. Through his travels, Randolph documented the continued African traditions in Hoodoo practiced by African Americans in the South. Randolph documented two African American men of

4796:

African American churches, this is called "catching the spirit." African Americans use music, clapping, and singing during the ring shout and in modern-day shouting in Black churches to bring down the spirit. The singing during the ring shout has Christian meaning using

3428:

at the University of Florida collaborated with other world museums to compare African American conjure canes with ritual staffs from Central Africa and found similarities between them and other aspects of African American culture that originated from Bantu-Kongo people.

5627:

The Georgia Writers' Project documented Hoodoo and conjure practices among African Americans in Georgia and traced the practices to West Africa and the Kongo region, as some African Americans knew what region in Africa a family member was from. One woman interviewed in

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they would never return. To cleanse the soul and spirit, salt baths are taken. To prevent evil spirits from entering the home, sulfur was sprinkled around the outside of the house. The bark from a red oak tree was boiled into a tea to reduce a fever or chills. The term

3702:

corresponds to iron, and Ogun is called the "god of iron." West African people enslaved in the United States maintained the respect for enslaved blacksmiths on the plantation, and recognition for iron. Horseshoes, made from metal, are used for protection in Hoodoo. In

4089:

It was documented in an Ohio slave narrative that enslaved African Americans combined conjure with herbal healing. Spiritual charms imbued with power through prayer were combined with herbal teas to treat chronic illness. In South Carolina, slaves treated worms using

3451:

made by enslaved African Americans that had the Kongo cosmogram engraved onto coins and beads. Blue beads were found among the artifacts; in African spirituality, blue beads attract protection to the wearer. In slave cabins in Kentucky and on other plantations in the

3058:

origins in Hoodoo practice are evident. According to academic research, about 40 percent of Africans shipped to the United States during the slave trade came from Central Africa's Kongo region. Emory University created an online database that shows the voyages of the

2223:

After their contact with European slave traders and missionaries, some Africans converted to Christianity willingly, while other enslaved Africans were forced to become Christian, which resulted in a syncretization of African spiritual practices and beliefs with the

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Hoodoo is linked to a popular tradition of bottle trees in the United States. According to gardener and glass bottle researcher Felder Rushing, the use of bottle trees came to the Old South from Africa with the slave trade. The use of blue bottles is linked to the

4434:

by praying "In the name of Father, Son, and Holy Ghost what you want," to the "witch," and after the prayer, placed the Bible in the corner of the slave cabin to protect from a boo hag, believing that by placing a Bible in the corner, the boo hag would not return.

2541:

believe the Hurricane of 1915 that wiped out the town was predicted by a Hoodoo lady named Julia Brown who sang a song on her front porch that she would take the town with her when she die because she was mistreated by the people in the area after she helped them.

14456: 4803:

During slavery, enslaved Africans were forced to become Christian, which resulted in a blend of African and Christian spiritual practices that shaped Hoodoo. As a result, Hoodoo was and continues to be practiced in some Black churches in the United States. In the

5721:, Big Lucky Carter, and Al Williams. African American blues performers were influenced by the culture of Hoodoo and wrote songs about mojo bags, love workings, and spirits. Their songs brought awareness of Hoodoo practices to the American mainstream population. 5348:

Hoodoo functioned more as a tool of spiritual healing within Black Protestantism. African American pastors combined Pentecostalism and African-derived traditions of Hoodoo, Voodoo, conjure, and rootwork to heal church members of physical and spiritual ailments.

4827:

This practice continued in the Gullah Geechee Nation where African Americans perform a ring shout over a person's grave to send their soul to the ancestral realm. In addition, the ring shout is performed for other special occasions not associated with death.

4936:, and other ethnic groups. These diverse African ethnic groups brought their traditional cultures with them and adorned their dead with adornments made from American materials but with an African design and meaning. The excavations revealed an indication of 3638:

holds a snake in one hand. This reverence for snakes came to the United States during the slave trade, and in Hoodoo, snakeskins are used in the preparation of conjure powders. Puckett explained that the origin of snake reverence in Hoodoo originates from

3187:, housed spirits inside reflective materials and used reflective materials to transport the recently deceased to the spiritual realm. Broken glass on tombs reflects the other world. It is believed that reflective materials are portals to the spirit world. 14210: 4413:

in hoodoo culture. This book provides instruction for using psalms for things such as safe travel, headache, and marital relations. The Bible, however, is not just a source of spiritual works but is itself a conjuring talisman. It can be taken "to the

5253:. African Americans started independent Spiritual churches as a way for them to hide their African practices from whites by synchronizing African traditions with the Christian faith. Some Black Spiritual churches incorporated elements of Hoodoo and 2245:

prohibited large gatherings of enslaved and free Black people. Slaveholders experienced how slave religion ignited slave revolts among enslaved and free Black people, and some leaders of slave insurrections were Black ministers or conjure doctors.

5601:

In slave narratives, African Americans revealed that some of them were kidnapped directly from Africa and brought to America. These slave narratives coincide with the illegal slave trade. In 1807, the 9th United States Congress passed an act that

5176:

Cleromancy is the practice of casting small objects such as shells, bones, stalks, coins, nuts, stones, dice, and sticks for an answer from spirits. The use of such items is a form of divination used in Africa and in Hoodoo in the United States.

4244:

Several African spiritual traditions recognized a genderless supreme being who created the world, was neither good nor evil, and did not concern itself with the affairs of mankind. Lesser spirits were invoked to gain aid for humanity's problems.

4048:, books, and their study of plants. Europeans also brought their own plants from Europe to the United States for herbal cures in America, and African Americans incorporated these European herbs into their herbal practice. Agricultural scientist 4447:

in Virginia in 1831. Vesey and Turner were ministers and utilized the Christian faith to galvanize slaves to resist slavery through armed resistance. In Denmark Vesey's slave revolt, Vesey's co-conspirator was an enslaved Gullah conjurer named

5472:

has been considered as representing the relationship between the westernized African American narrative and the demands of the western literary canon, and the African tradition at the heart of Hoodoo that has defied assimilation. In his book

3108:, the Kongo cosmogram symbol was found in the basement of the church. African Americans punctured holes in the basement floor of the church to make a diamond-shaped Kongo cosmogram for prayer and meditation. The church was also a stop on the 10423: 4028:

Enslaved African American women used their knowledge of herbs to induce miscarriages during pregnancy to prevent slaveholders from owning their children and to prevent their children from being born into slavery. In the nineteenth century,

4102:

tea. Some illnesses were believed to be caused by sorcery (conjure) and the only remedy was to reverse the curse back onto the person who conjured it or clear it with conjure. Traditional herbal healing remains a continued practice in the

4206:

were burned or buried. Proper handling of the umbilical cord and placenta ensured the mother would have another child. If these items were not properly handled by the midwives, it was believed the woman would not have any more children.

3956:. Captains of slaving vessels used native roots to treat fevers that decimated their human cargo. The ships' hellish holds were lined with straw that held the seeds of African grasses and other plants that took root in New World soil." 2351:

woman in Jamaica. This account shows how Black Americans and Jamaicans shared their conjure culture and had similar practices. Free Blacks in northern states had white and Black clients regarding fortune-telling and conjure services.

12052: 4629:(fountains). Academic research on the Pooshee Plantation and Woodboo Plantation in South Carolina showed a continuing belief in water spirits among enslaved African Americans. Both plantations have been submerged under the waters of 4408:

In Hoodoo, "All hold that the Bible is the greatest conjure book in the world." It has many functions for the practitioner, not the least of which is a source of spells. This is particularly evident given the importance of the book

2468:, Hoodoo practitioners purchase their spiritual supplies of novena candles, incense, herbs, conjure oils, and other items from spiritual shops that service practitioners of Vodou, Santeria, and other African Traditional Religions. 5050:

empowers the spirits, and honors them by acknowledging their existence. These offerings of food, liquids, or poured libations are left at gravesites or at a tree. This custom is still practiced in the Central African country of

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Since the 19th century, there has been a Christian influence in Hoodoo thought. African American Christian conjurers believe their powers to heal, hex, trick, and divine come from God. This is particularly evident in relation to

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is known for his song about going "down to the crossroads" to sell his soul to the devil to become a better musician. Some authors suggest that the song invokes a Hoodoo belief in crossroads spirits, a belief that originated in

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cultural influences survived in Hoodoo, but the names and symbols of Orisha spirits are not present because that information was lost during slavery; therefore, only the natural elements that correspond to each Orisha remain.

3529:, traced the origins of Hoodoo (conjure, rootwork) practices in the United States to West and Central Africa. These origins developed a slave culture in the United States that was social, spiritual, and religious. Professor 2236:

people of the coastal Southeast experienced an isolation and relative freedom that allowed the retention of various traditional West African cultural practices. Among the Gullah people and enslaved African Americans in the

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Coffee grounds were used to predict the future. To cause misfortune in a family's home, cayenne pepper was mixed with sulfur and crossing incense and sprinkled around the home of the target. To bring relief from corns and

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in the United States occurred between 1808 and 1860. Between 1619 and 1860 approximately 500,000 enslaved Africans were transported to the United States. From Central Africa, Hoodoo has Bakongo magical influence from the

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against her to establish dominance. Delia learns Voodoo and Hoodoo and manages to hex Sykes. Another book by Hurston features Hoodoo hexes and spells, as well as a Hoodoo doctor. Hurston's professional career was as an

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in Durham County, North Carolina, archaeologists found artifacts made by enslaved African Americans that linked to spiritual practices found in West Africa. The artifacts included a divining stick, a walking stick, and

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placing seashells on top of graves in African American cemeteries continued beyond the 1950s and was noted by researchers in Archer, Florida, and in other African American cemeteries in the state, as well as among the

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ancestral powers, and his soul flies back to Africa after he dies. Morrison's idea of Milkman flying back to Africa was inspired by a historical event in Georgia that has become a part of African American folklore of

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people in Ghana, spirit possession is not limited to people, but objects, inanimate and animate, can become possessed by spirits. This same belief among Black people in the South was documented by folklorist Puckett.

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was a means to remember one's ancestors and look to the future while not forgetting the past. West African spiritual beliefs were mixed with the Christian faith, and free and enslaved West Africans started their own

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were enslaved in the United States. Prior to their arrival in the American South, West African Muslims blended Islamic beliefs with traditional West African spiritual practices. On plantations in the American South,

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spiritual world (realm of the ancestors). The vertical line of the cosmogram is the path of spiritual power from God at the top traveling to the realm of the dead below where the ancestors reside. The cosmogram, or

4675:

bundles. Simbi spirits can appear as male or female. Some have long black hair and resemble mermaids, while others look like albinos. In West-Central Africa, there are folk stories of people meeting mermaids. In

3533:

at Princeton University defines Hoodoo as part of African American religious life with practices influenced from Africa that fused with Christianity, creating an African American religious culture for liberation.

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with captive Africans from Nigeria, including a cargo of Igbo people. Some of the Igbo people chose suicide rather than a lifetime of slavery by walking into the swamp and drowning. This location became known as

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were the primary caregivers for pregnant Black women and nursing mothers during and after slavery. By the mid-twentieth century, licenses were required for all women to become midwives. Prior to certification,

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Other African cultural survivals among the Gullah people include giving their children African names. Linguists have noted identical or similar-sounding names in the Gullah Geechee Nation that can be traced to

4283:

was created in Central Africa. Bantu-Kongo people combined Kongo spiritual beliefs with the Christian faith that were nature spirits and spirits of dead ancestors. The concepts of Kongo Christianity among the

5464:. He explores the role of Hoodoo in forging a uniquely African American culture, and writes about the Neo-HooDoo aesthetic in aspects of African American culture such as dance, poetry, and quilting. His book 3384:

Mississippi, carried a mojo bag to prevent slaveholders from whipping him. The mojo bag Hughes carried was called a "voodoo bag" by the enslaved community in the area. Former enslaved person and abolitionist

4861:

religious leaders. The spiritual mothers of the African American community provided prophetic guidance to those "seeking." After their initiation, initiates were accepted into the religious Black community.

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Spiritual Meeting at Father Treadwells Church NOLA. Hoodoo practitioners incorporate Christian imagery on their Hoodoo altars, and some practice Hoodoo in group church settings or are solitary practitioners.

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African Americans had their own herbal knowledge that was brought from West and Central Africa to the United States. European slave traders selected certain West African ethnic groups for their knowledge of

3178:

in the Kongo cosmogram of birth, life, death, and rebirth. Through counterclockwise circle dancing, ring shouters build up spiritual energy that results in communication with ancestral spirits and leads to

7164:"Conjure, Hoodoo, and the Cross: African Spirituality and the Slave Experience in Pre-Antebellum America, African Spirituality Had More of an Influence on the Slave Experience in America Than Christianity" 4077:

and used herbs to remove curses, and evil spirits, and bring good luck. Sometimes there were a few African American rootworkers who did both. Hurston documented a traditional Hoodoo herb gatherer called a

4060:

was the son of former slaves born in North Carolina and learned Hoodoo and conjuring from his family. He healed his clients using rootwork, operated a conjure Hoodoo store, and became a multi-millionaire.

3512:

was a professor at Yale University who conducted academic research in Africa and the United States and traced Hoodoo's (African American conjure) origins to Central Africa's Bantu-Kongo people in his book

12695:"Conjure, Hoodoo, and the Cross: African Spirituality and the Slave Experience in Pre-Antebellum America African Spirituality Had More of an Influence on the Slave Experience in America Than Christianity" 3135:

Archeologists also found the Kongo cosmogram on several plantations in the American South, including Richmond Hill Plantation in Georgia, Frogmore Plantation in South Carolina, a plantation in Texas, and

2416:

began studying the occult and traveled and learned spiritual practices in Africa and Europe. Randolph was a mixed-race free Black man who wrote several books on the occult. In addition, Randolph was an

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done. Leaving an egg in a murdered victim's hand can prevent whoever took their life from wandering too far from the scene. The egg representing the life of the murderer is being held by the victim.

2253:

During the slave trade, the majority of Central Africans imported to New Orleans, Louisiana, were Bakongo people. This image was painted in 1886 and shows African Americans in New Orleans performing

4897:. Along with historians involved in the project, they noted that about 15,000 Africans were buried in a section of Lower Manhattan called the "Negroes Burial Ground". Only 419 Africans buried were 3132:(runaway slaves). The Kongo cosmogram artifacts were used as a form of spiritual protection against slavery and for slaves' protection during their escape from slavery on the Underground Railroad. 3063:. This database shows many slave ships primarily leaving Central Africa. Ancient Kongolese spiritual beliefs and practices are present in Hoodoo, such as the Kongo cosmogram. The basic form of the 5197:

Oneiromancy is a form of divination based on dreams. Former slaves talked about receiving messages from ancestors and spirits concerning imminent danger or receiving advice on how to save money.

3727:, historians found in a slave cabin a wrought-iron figure made by an enslaved blacksmith in the eighteenth century, which looked similar to Ogun statues made by blacksmiths in West Africa by the 3502:

In the South Carolina Lowcountry in African American communities, the word for a spiritual mother is Mama Bondo. Additionally, during slavery, it was documented that there was a Kikongo-speaking

4167:

meant someone had the ability to detect spirits by scent; smelling cinnamon, nutmeg, and ginger meant spirits were present. To ease frequent coughs and colds, liquid tar was added to hot water.

3076:, where Hoodoo rituals are performed to communicate with spirits and to leave ritual remains to remove a curse. The Kongo cosmogram is also spelled the "Bakongo" cosmogram and the "Yowa" cross. 19279: 5728:

sang about a Hoodoo work to keep a man faithful: "Take some of you hair, boil it in a pot, Take some of your clothes, tie them in a knot, Put them in a snuff can, bury them under the step...."

3486:. These title words indicate continued African traditions in Hoodoo and conjure. The title words are spiritual in meaning. In Central Africa, spiritual priests and spiritual healers are called 3350:, which means that natural ingredients have their own indwelling spirit that can be utilized in mojo bags to bring luck and protection. The mojo bag or conjure bag derived from the Bantu-Kongo 3247:, historians and archeologists unearthed Kongo and Central African practices inside slave cabins. Enslaved Africans in Louisiana conjured the spirits of Kongo ancestors and water spirits using 1660: 5881:

church, the Sanctified church, and praise houses in Black communities is where traditional Hoodoo continues to be practiced by African Americans. One scholar traced manufactured hoodoo to the

5293:

newspaper reported two people were lynched for practicing hoodooism. Despite these circumstances, African American Spiritual churches provided food and other services for the Black community.

4267:

African traditional beliefs with the Christian faith is defined as Afro-Christianity. During slavery, free and enslaved Black Hoodoo doctors identified as Christian, and some rootworkers were

2514:

into the present day with the Black Lives Matter movement, Hoodoo practices in the African American community also focus on spiritual protection from police brutality. Today, Hoodoo and other

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prevented Black women from entering hospitals that provided medical care for white people. Also, many African Americans did not trust white medical doctors because some were known to conduct

2977: 2131:, "Roots" is the Southern Negro's term for folk doctoring by herbs and prescriptions, and by extension, and because all hoodoo doctors cure by roots, it may be used as a synonym for hoodoo. 20593: 4787:(African American churches) originates from African styles of dance. Counterclockwise circle dancing is practiced in West and Central Africa to invoke the spirits of the ancestors and for 1592: 23142: 5362:

was preached by Black ministers to wage warfare against demons, which was also a part of Hoodoo culture—believing that praying to God and ancestral spirits could remove demonic curses.

2347:, were used as a form of resistance against slavery. In the 1830s, Black sailors from the United States utilized conjure for safe sea travel. A Black sailor received a talisman from an 1670: 5460:. Reed criticizes the erasure of African Americans from the American frontier narrative, as well as exposing the racist context of the American dream and the cultural evolution of the 19284: 1655: 13371: 8042: 8015: 7658: 5119:, Voodoo, and Hoodoo, to create a new spiritual divination practice and system of magic unique to African Americans. Rootworkers there trained under African American astrologers in 5008:" spirit specifically. Glass bottle trees have become a popular garden decoration throughout the South and Southwest. According to academic research, bottle trees originated in the 3735:, and Yoruba people. West African blacksmiths enslaved in the United States were highly respected and feared by enslaved Black people because they had the ability to forge weapons. 3644:

house to "Hoodoo the person." When the targeted individual walked over the jar, they had pain in their legs. Snakes in Hoodoo are used for healing, protection, and to curse people.

3099:

The crossroads is a spiritual supernatural crossroads that symbolizes communication between the worlds of the living and the world of the ancestors, divided at the horizontal line.

2338:

conjurer named Peter the Doctor, who made a magical powder for the slaves to be rubbed on the body and clothes for their protection and empowerment. The Africans that revolted were

5148:(Dahomey). After the baby is born, the caul is removed, preserved, and used to drive away or banish ghosts. It is believed that a child born at midnight will have second sight or 4068:

Edisto Island National Scenic Byway - Sweetgrass Baskets - A Gullah Tradition - NARA - 7718281 - Sweetgrass baskets designs and styles are similar to the ones made in West Africa.

6257: 5876:, and the tradition does have its own theology that is missing which was taken out by the spiritual merchants who wanted to profit from an African American spiritual tradition. 5767:

as a child, where she became known for soothsaying and divination with playing cards. She is mentioned by name in the Memphis Jug Band's "Aunt Caroline Dye Blues" (1930) and in

4913:, whose merchants carried on trade with the west-central coast of West Africa. Historians and archaeologists found Kongo-related artifacts at the African Burial Ground, such as 308: 18955: 5545:, about an African American youth named Moth whose grandmother is a Hoodoo practitioner. In the book, Moth searches for her cultural roots after several deaths in her family. 4004:

was emancipated because of her medical expertise during an 1825 fever epidemic in Virginia and eventually ran her own hospital, using her earnings to free at least 16 slaves.

3803:(rum). It is believed that conjure bags and luck balls have a spirit, and to keep its spirit alive, conjurers feed them whiskey once a week. The practice has its roots in the 954: 3952:. "West African slaves brought not only herbal knowledge with them across the Atlantic; they also imported the actual seeds. Some wore necklaces of wild liquorice seeds as a 3865:

influence and artistic style was seen in Powers' quilts as well. Harriet Powers was born enslaved in Georgia in 1837, and scholars suggest Powers may have been of Bakongo or

2241:, where the concentration of slaves was dense, Hoodoo was practiced under a large cover of secrecy. The reason for secrecy among enslaved and free African Americans was that 11140: 5218:

direction the bug moved inside the bottle revealed to the conjurer where a spell bottle was buried that caused misfortune or where the person who buried the bottle lived.

5042:

The West-Central African practice of leaving food offerings for deceased relatives and to feed and petition other spirits by giving them offerings of food, water, or rum (

3960: 2483:. As African Americans left the South during the Great Migration, they took the practice of Hoodoo to other Black communities in the North. Benjamin Rucker, also known as 367: 319: 14063: 9506: 9137: 5477:, the protagonist, the Loop Garoo Kid, acts as an American frontier traveler with the Hoodoo church and curses 'Drag Gibson', the monocultural white American landowner. 3614:

heading to the Americas, bringing the practice to the United States. Slaves went to enslaved Black Muslims for conjure services, requesting them to make gris-gris bags (

3091:, a spirit container. Locals call face jugs "voodoo pots" and "ugly jugs." African American face jugs are similar in appearance to face jugs made by Bantu people in the 1665: 1617: 4959:

the African Burial Ground from across the country and around the world and perform libation ceremonies to honor the 15,000-plus African people buried in New York City.

4708:

the family, originated in Central Africa's Kongo region. It was brought to the United States during the transatlantic slave trade. The West African practice of pouring

4893:

Archaeologists discovered evidence of continued West-Central African burial practices in a section of Lower Manhattan, New York City, which is now the location of the

1627: 1622: 7810: 5901:

artifacts that can be bought and sold." The appropriation of hoodoo is based on ignorance about African American cultural history and hoodoo's ties to Black people.

5245:

in the United States began in the mid-nineteenth century. The African American community became a part of this movement in the early twentieth century, and numerous

2388:

after the Civil War, Old Julie used her conjure powers to turn the steamboat back to where it was docked, forcing her slaveholder who tried to sell her to keep her.

1893: 1637: 4422:

Whenevah ah'm afraid of someone doin' me harm ah read the 37 Psalms an' co'se ah leaves the Bible open with the head of it turned to the east as many as three days.

3218:

practices. Enslaved African Americans prayed to Simbi water spirits during their baptismal services. In 1998, in a historic house in Annapolis, Maryland called the

16778: 4194:

charms were placed inside and outside the house, and Black midwives prayed for spiritual protection for the mother and newborn baby. After the baby was born, the

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after they arrived in the United States. The extent to which Hoodoo could be practiced varied by region and the temperament of the slaveholders. For example, the

8142: 2515: 1607: 4602:

The plat eye is a one-eyed ghost that can morph into various forms. It is conjured when a person buries the head of a murdered man inside a hole with treasure.

3576:

were the first Muslim ethnic group imported from Sierra Leone in West Africa to the Americas. Mandingo people were known for their powerful conjure bags called

3128:

for spiritual rituals by the enslaved African American population in Kings County. Historians suggest Lott Farmstead was a stop on the Underground Railroad for

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there is a story about a girl named Sukey meeting a mermaid named Mama Jo, who helps and protects Sukey and financially supports her by giving her gold coins.

510: 17178: 14679: 19612: 19484: 18069: 5669: 3460:

found blue beads used by enslaved people for spiritual protection. Enslaved African Americans combined Christian practices with traditional African beliefs.

1991:, an estimated 52% of all enslaved Africans transported to the Americas came from Central African countries that existed within the boundaries of modern day 1542: 1532: 351: 9840: 5637:. The West African practice of using graveyard dirt continues in the United States in Black communities today in the African American tradition of Hoodoo. 2323: 1612: 289: 11758: 10946: 4605:

Communication with spirits and the dead (ancestors) is a continued practice in Hoodoo that originated from West and Central Africa. Nature spirits called

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people, an ethnic group of the Mandinka people, influenced the making of charm bags and amulets. Words in Hoodoo in reference to charm bags come from the

20654: 17331:"Rutgers-Camden Scholar Clears up Misconceptions about Hoodoo: In her new book, Katrina Hazzard-Donald says it's more than hex-breaking oils and candles" 15160: 12664: 9936: 5643:, north of Mobile, Alabama, is another legacy of the illegal slave trade and African culture in the United States. In 2012, Africatown was placed on the 4920:

After 1679, the majority of Africans imported to colonial New York were from West Africa because colonial rule of New York shifted from the Dutch to the

3521:

who found through his study of African Art the origins of African Americans' spiritual practices in certain regions in Africa. Former academic historian

2636: 1602: 1597: 16667: 5353:

was taught to church members, as they believed God wants his children to be prosperous, and prosperity came to those who had faith in God. For example,

4142:

Placing an egg in the hand of a murder victim when they are in their coffin is believed to cause the murderer to surrender to the police in three days.

3787:

The practice of carving snakes onto "conjure sticks" to remove curses, evil spirits, and bring healing was found in African American communities in the

3723:, enslaved blacksmiths created spoons that historians suggest have West African symbols carved onto them that have a spiritual cosmological meaning. In 3656:

influences in Hoodoo. The crossroads spirit in Hoodoo, called the Man of the Crossroads, may have its origins in the Yoruba people's crossroads spirit,

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scriptures from the Bible. At the same time that root workers can remove a curse using the Bible, they can also place curses on people with the Bible.

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is snakeskins. Snakes (serpents) are revered in West African spiritual practices because they represent divinity. The West African Vodun water spirit

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human figures onto canes to conjure illness. The difference with African American canes is the North American animals and historical events, such as

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spiritual healer. The spiritual priests in Central Africa became the rootworkers and Hoodoo doctors in African American communities. In the American

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spiritual tools to remove demons and curses from church members. The removal of evil spirits in Black Pentecostal churches involves prayer, playing

4190:. African American midwives provided medical care for nursing and pregnant Black women in their communities by treating them with herbal medicines. 4131:

baking soda, castor oil, and lard were made into a paste and wrapped around the affected area using a cloth. To cure cuts, African Americans placed

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pushed Black Herman to Harlem, New York's Black community where he operated his own Hoodoo business and provided rootwork services to his clients.

2446:

origin that used Kongo conjure practices against each other. The two conjure men came from a slave ship that docked in Mobile Bay in 1860 or 1861.

2318:

Honey jars or sweetening jars are a tradition in Hoodoo to sweeten a person or a situation in a person's favor. Traditionally, sugar water is used.

12694: 7163: 5655:

in Alabama with 110 Africans. The Africans imported to Alabama illegally came from West Africa, and the ethnic groups coming from the region were

4418:", carried for protection, or even left open at specific pages while facing specific directions. This informant provides an example of both uses: 23203: 23198: 20600: 19810: 19050: 11435: 4748:

is used. Divination is also used to know what rituals should be performed and what charms should be worn to protect or alter a person's destiny.

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developed on slave plantations in the United States, and enslaved and free Black Americans used conjure as a form of resistance against slavery.

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Both Central and West African symbolism has been observed in African American quilt-making. African American women made quilts incorporating the

828: 17671: 3995:, a Puritan minister in the colony. Boston had been plagued by several smallpox outbreaks since the 1690s. Onesimus "introduced the practice of 23188: 19879: 19854: 5488:

also explores the deep connection between community empowerment and Hoodoo. In the story, Indigo has healing abilities and makes Hoodoo dolls.

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with iron wedges driven into the figure to activate its spirit in one of the cabins called the "curer's cabin." Researchers also found a Kongo

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on his altar. Snake reverence among African Americans in Voodoo and Hoodoo originates from West Africa. This Spiritual church had a branch in

22752: 22665: 19977: 19864: 19859: 18791: 18239: 11714: 10892: 4279:

faith. The Bantu-Kongo people's sacred symbol is a cross called the Kongo cosmogram (+) that looks similar to the Christian Cross. A form of

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regalia patterns of the Yoruba people in West Africa, where she incorporated "striped-piecing techniques that pay tribute to her ancestors."

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means a spiritual teacher. During the slave trade, some Mandingo people were able to carry their gris-gris bags with them when they boarded

19580: 19416: 19125: 19115: 18773: 18763: 16015: 13454: 11223: 6699: 4975:

of Georgia. The conjure practices of the Gullah Geechee were influenced by Bakongo and other West African ethnic groups when a slave ship,

1822: 1802: 1562: 1054: 1039: 526: 5115:

is also used in Hoodoo and combined with astrology for spiritual works. African Americans in Indiana have combined numerology, astrology,

4910: 19622: 19394: 13758: 10501: 5310: 1567: 1547: 15652: 4056:(practitioner of Hoodoo who can treat illnesses with plants) by Black people because of his knowledge of using plants to heal the body. 3836: 23178: 19842: 18786: 18781: 6921: 5144:

gifts to see spirits and see into the future. This belief in the caul bringing psychic gifts was found in West Africa, particularly in

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Conqueror product labels. As a result, some people do not know the African American folk hero High John the Conqueror is a Black man.

3964: 3503: 20154: 19501: 19005: 18114: 17478: 15598: 14068:

Lowcountry Digital History Initiative A Digital History Project hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston

9511:

Lowcountry Digital History Initiative A Digital History Project hosted by the Lowcountry Digital Library at the College of Charleston

9339: 8195: 5410:, the protagonist Delia is a washwoman with a fear of snakes. Her cruel husband, Sykes, is a devotee of Li Grande Zombi and uses her 5262:. A snake design was painted on a wall at Mother Seals' church, while another African American Spiritual church leader had a plastic 4805: 3792: 1497: 1374: 408: 156: 7783: 7739: 21709: 19849: 19479: 19000: 18222: 18054: 15826: 12665:"African Spirituality's Influence on the Slave Experience in America Introduction: Nat Turner and the Fear of African Spirituality" 12560: 1879: 1817: 1582: 1537: 15205: 15018: 5872:

Hoodoo." Traditional hoodoo of African American people went into hiding by the twentieth century into the present day. There is a

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healers in Central Africa became the conjure doctors and herbal healers in African American communities in the United States. The

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blacksmiths are respected in Black communities because of their knowledge of the mysteries of metal and its spiritual properties.

1783: 1527: 1522: 1507: 10694: 8115: 5083:

wrote in his autobiography that he spoke with an enslaved fortune-teller named Frank to learn if his escape from slavery on the

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that had the Kongo cosmogram engraved onto the clay bowls. These clay bowls were used by African Americans for ritual purposes.

23071: 19874: 19869: 19837: 19607: 19511: 19474: 19421: 19255: 3137: 2242: 1502: 1487: 1394: 17250: 13481: 8540: 7445:"The Gold Diggers of 1833: African American Dreams, Fortune-Telling, Treasure-Seeking, and Policy in Antebellum New York City" 5127:

took the sign of an eclipse of the sun as a sign from God to start his slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.

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Historians from Southern Illinois University in the Africana Studies Department documented that about 20 title words from the

23040: 22977: 21513: 19832: 19790: 19602: 18150: 18016: 18011: 17896: 16900: 15863: 15574: 13234: 12940: 12913: 12759: 12597: 12506: 12395: 12187: 11372: 10875: 10821: 10189: 10081: 9779: 9644: 9210: 9180: 8760: 8716: 8258: 7820: 7642: 7615: 7571: 7098: 6652: 5980: 5953: 5603: 4430:

Jacob Stroyer explained in his autobiographical slave narrative that slaves in South Carolina used a Bible to protect from a

3420:

ritual healers use ritual staffs, which are called conjure canes in Hoodoo. These canes conjure spirits and heal people. The

3214:

spiritual practices. When Africans were enslaved in the United States, they blended African spiritual beliefs with Christian

2523: 2192: 2162:

during and after slavery for African Americans to protect themselves. Scholars call the practice of Hoodoo in Black churches

1454: 531: 520: 382: 336: 331: 304: 11741: 4178: 3375:

Another enslaved African named Dinkie, known by the enslaved community as Dinkie King of Voudoos and the Goopher King, used

3008:. In Memphis, Kail interviewed Black rootworkers and wrote about African American Hoodoo practices and history in his book " 21968: 20349: 20327: 19780: 19765: 19629: 19538: 19533: 19467: 17928: 16970: 12067: 10044: 9811: 6044: 5644: 3968: 3282:

in Cuba, and researchers excavated Kongo-related artifacts at the site. For example, archeologists found the remains of an

2364: 1557: 1517: 1459: 1414: 274: 14045: 13029:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 3, Florida, Anderson-Wilson (with combined interviews of others)" 12268: 11897:

Long, Carolyn Morrow. "Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic and Commerce." University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville: 2001.

9118: 4236:, cursing someone to cause their death might not be considered a malignant act. One practitioner explained it as follows: 3024:

in America developed into a unique African American spiritual and religious practice that was the foundation for conjure,

3016:, a professor of American history who specialized in the study of American slavery and African American slave culture and 23213: 19755: 19592: 19562: 19344: 18923: 18135: 17330: 16232: 15528: 13508: 10980: 5917: 5821: 5745: 5168:

to receive messages from spirits. This form of divination was added later in Hoodoo. Some Hoodoo practitioners use both.

4809: 4527:

Zora Neale Hurston documented stories about High John the Conqueror from African Americans in the Southern United States.

1444: 1424: 1269: 838: 684: 17681: 17143: 5538:

in Georgia. According to African American folklore, the Igbos who committed suicide had their souls fly back to Africa.

4843:

of some of their communities. The ring shout continues today in Georgia with the McIntosh County Shouters. In 2017, the

4593:. Spirits are conjured to cure or kill people, and to predict the future. Spirits can also help people find things. One 4439:

under the leadership of Moses. Examples of enslaved and free Black people using the Bible as a tool for liberation were

4154:

and leave their body at will and attack people in their sleep) from draining their life force. To treat heart ailments,

3274:, near the Gulf Coast, researchers suggest that plantation owner Levi Jordan may have transported captive Africans from 23137: 22947: 22712: 22086: 19745: 19639: 19555: 19399: 19180: 18980: 18131: 18109: 16786: 16205: 16128:"Zora Neale Hurston: In a controversial letter, the versatile author expressed frustration with critics of segregation" 15745: 14183: 11691: 11481: 10098: 10071: 5882: 5852:

nature spirits, graveyard conjure, the crossroads spirit, making conjure canes, incorporating animal parts, pouring of

5335:, the ring shout, and other practices—underground and synchronized them with Christianity. Some Sanctified Churches in 4381: 4045: 3909: 2480: 2015: 1572: 1552: 1106: 971: 403: 17696: 13011: 11390:"Expelling frogs and binding babies: conception, gestation and birth in nineteenth-century African-American midwifery" 8777: 5633:

Ewe and Kongo people. For example, in West Africa graveyard dirt is placed inside conjure bags for protection against

2334:, with enslaved Africans revolting and setting fire to buildings in the downtown area. The leader of the revolt was a 22081: 20028: 19892: 18282: 17933: 17615: 17588: 17561: 17488: 17404: 17287: 17260: 17153: 17126: 17058: 17048: 16927: 16873: 16846: 16761: 16734: 16707: 16333: 16242: 16025: 15998: 15971: 15944: 15917: 15890: 15836: 15809: 15782: 15755: 15689: 15635: 15608: 15512: 15485: 15458: 15431: 15404: 15377: 15350: 15323: 15296: 15269: 15242: 15215: 15143: 15116: 15055: 15028: 15001: 14957: 14860: 14833: 14806: 14742: 14715: 14663: 14636: 14609: 14580: 14527: 14439: 14270: 14243: 14127: 14100: 13947: 13911: 13768: 13741: 13714: 13684: 13619: 13592: 13545: 13518: 13491: 13464: 13261: 13150: 13123: 12994: 12967: 12883: 12856: 12734: 12570: 12543: 12516: 12489: 12300: 12221: 12197: 12170: 12160: 12104: 12077: 11977: 11918: 11822: 11795: 11768: 11724: 11674: 11644: 11571: 11491: 11464: 11328: 11301: 11274: 11247: 11207: 11180: 11123: 11096: 11044: 11017: 10902: 10848: 10704: 10593: 10564: 10511: 10484: 10341: 10307: 10233: 10162: 10135: 10108: 10054: 10027: 10000: 9973: 9946: 9823: 9705: 9617: 9542: 9067: 9030: 9013: 8977: 8661: 8631: 8604: 8577: 8523: 8374: 8347: 8231: 7998: 7937: 7910: 7864: 7793: 7749: 7722: 7695: 7519: 7377: 7311: 7284: 7005: 6961: 6904: 6763: 6736: 6682: 6563: 6419: 6392: 6128: 6054: 4995: 4835: 3219: 3146: 452: 284: 10760: 10358: 10324: 10206: 10125: 8364: 8276:"The Sacred Arts of the Black Atlantic: Showcasing the art and ritual of the African and African-diaspora religions" 7146: 3983:

both Black and white Americans during slavery. For example, African traditional medicine proved beneficial during a

21506: 20133: 19820: 19785: 19770: 19528: 19130: 18374: 18344: 18160: 17889: 17851: 17738: 17676: 16070:"Writing Vodou into Literature: Exploring Diasporic Religious Symbols and Lore in Zora Neale Hurston's "Sweat" and 13991: 9634: 9590: 9461: 9313: 7766: 6436: 5869: 5055:

and other parts of Africa and was brought to the United States during the period of the transatlantic slave trade.

4341: 1996: 1862: 1798: 1409: 1059: 472: 372: 14683: 14398: 12846: 12290: 10375: 9919: 8750: 4788: 22855: 22479: 21773: 21553: 21426: 21079: 20985: 20872: 20093: 20073: 19827: 19750: 19545: 19389: 19120: 18985: 18690: 18329: 17796: 15853: 10677: 10406: 9661: 8805:"The Archaeology of Spatial Patterning: A Test Case From the Magnolia Quarters in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana" 7395:"Conjure, Magic, and Power: The Influence of Afro-Atlantic Religious Practices on Slave Resistance and Rebellion" 5461: 4780:. The word "shout" derived from the West African Muslim word saut, meaning "dancing or moving around the Kaaba". 4701: 4479: 3917:

selected people belonging to ethnic groups from these regions to be enslaved and transported to the Sea Islands.

3615: 3573: 3335: 2970: 2876: 2172: 2034:

appeared in 1870. Its origins are obscure, but some linguists believe it originated as an alteration of the word

1364: 1231: 1049: 976: 16917: 16484: 15907: 14779: 13785: 13582: 11534: 10919: 10630: 10528: 6978: 6615: 5787:. However, the devil figure in Johnson's song, a black man with a cane who haunts crossroads, closely resembles 5068:

is commonly used in Hoodoo to remove and protect from evil by placing red brick dust at the entrance of a home.

4736:

In West African religions, people are given a destiny from God. It is believed someone can alter parts of their

3799:. Another practice in Hoodoo that has its origins in West Africa is to moisten conjure bags and luck balls with 23173: 22835: 22696: 22061: 20586: 19597: 19491: 19406: 19010: 17821: 17021: 16724: 14947: 13177: 13062: 8864: 2274: 1773: 1449: 1399: 17578: 17453:"Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System A bold new reconsideration of Hoodoo belief and practice" 16994: 15045: 11113: 7605: 5124: 4839:

and other traditions. African Americans in South Carolina are fighting to keep their traditions alive despite

4667:

people in Central Africa and African Americans in the Georgia and South Carolina Lowcountry collect rocks and

4523: 3565: 2166:

because enslaved Black people concealed their culture and practices from whites within the Christian religion.

23208: 22921: 22098: 22029: 21619: 19634: 19567: 19550: 19496: 19445: 19384: 19289: 19250: 19190: 18990: 18379: 18359: 18166: 18145: 16154: 15502: 13848:"The Illusion of Isolation: The Gullah/Geechees and the Political Economy of African Culture in the Americas" 13083: 11088:

Closer to Freedom Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South: Easyread Large Bold Edition

10838: 5583: 5336: 5250: 5120: 4353: 4073:

such as heart disease, arthritis, cold, flu, and other illnesses. African American conjure doctors performed

4017: 3899: 3695: 3001: 2538: 2327: 1918: 1464: 1434: 1419: 1404: 1379: 1359: 981: 615: 482: 16971:"Bakongo Afterlife and Cosmological Direction: Translation of African Culture into North Florida Cemeteries" 16809: 15772: 15625: 13167: 12724: 12094: 10225:

Missouri Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves

9408: 8302:

Religion and American Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Traditions, Diversity, and Popular Expressions · Volume 1

7927: 7588: 7367: 5541:

An African American pre-med student at James Madison University wrote a teen novel published in 2021 titled

3698:

are respected because they are connected to the spirit of metal (iron). Among the Yoruba, the Orisha spirit

3299: 22736: 21838: 20789: 20779: 20412: 20407: 19457: 19433: 19428: 19411: 19379: 19322: 18435: 18384: 18217: 17452: 15934: 15133: 14487:"Bakongo Afterlife and Cosmological Direction:Translation of African Culture into North Florida Cemeteries" 13801: 11956:. In the appendix she lists the "paraphernalia of conjure," the last on the list being the Christian Bible. 9963: 8804: 5912: 4644: 3841: 3425: 2772: 2762: 1910: 1492: 1384: 1369: 1354: 1321: 620: 299: 16892:

Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America

16511: 14090: 10442: 8834: 8752:

Signs of Diaspora / Diaspora of Signs Literacies, Creolization, and Vernacular Practice in African America

8479: 8399: 7988: 6118: 5305:

African American conjurers and rootworkers identified as Christian and incorporated the Bible into Hoodoo.

2063:, meaning "spirit work," which comes from the Ewe language spoken in the West African countries of Ghana, 22322: 22093: 20475: 20164: 19930: 19722: 19714: 19657: 19572: 19060: 18965: 18821: 18803: 18705: 18364: 18334: 18059: 17979: 17958: 17711: 17701: 17691: 16630:"Magic and Empowerment on the Plantation: An Archaeological Consideration of African-American World View" 15340: 15259: 13074: 11664: 11561: 8043:"Discussing the role of spirituality in the Black Lives Matter movement and the fight for racial justice" 8016:"Discussing the role of spirituality in the Black Lives Matter movement and the fight for racial justice" 7714:

Paschal Beverly Randolph: A Nineteenth-century Black American Spiritualist, Rosicrucian, and Sex Magician

6951: 6806: 5922: 5817: 5760: 5740:

throughout his career, addresses a woman who is able to resist the power of the singer's Hoodoo amulets.

5579: 5421: 5280: 4812:

are places where African Americans gather to have church and perform healing rituals and the ring shout.

4712:

continues in Hoodoo practice. Libations are given as an offering to honor and acknowledge the ancestors.

4384:

as African Americans left the South to live and work in Northern cities living near European immigrants.

4158:

was ground into a powder and mixed with water and drunk once a week. To bring the body temperature down,

4057: 3680: 2359:

slave narratives, it was documented that former slaves used graveyard dirt to escape from slavery on the

2229: 1922: 1715: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1439: 911: 702: 672: 610: 559: 487: 377: 16863: 14544: 13537:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

13224: 12535:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

11812: 8651: 8339:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

7509: 6672: 5972:

Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

5201:

believed her dreams were given to her by God to inform her how to rescue her family from slavery on the

4917:

bundles buried with African remains. These Nkisi and minkisi bundles became the conjure bags in Hoodoo.

4885: 4289:

American Christianity, as some African Americans continued to believe in the African concepts of nature

3416:

Africa. Several African American families still use conjure canes today. In Central Africa, Bantu-Kongo

3364:, conjure doctors create mojo bags similar to the Ngangas' minkisi bags, as both are fed offerings with 3087:

from the Edgefield District of South Carolina. Historians suggest face jugs may have functioned like an

22760: 21529: 21381: 19740: 19677: 19667: 19217: 18975: 18935: 18292: 17986: 17846: 17836: 15394: 14117: 13079: 12096:

Rituals of Resistance African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

12069:

Rituals of Resistance African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery

10811: 10581: 8594: 7929:

Occult America: White House Seances, Ouija Circles, Masons, and the Secret Mystic History of Our Nation

6753: 5970: 5436: 5392: 5332: 4792: 4677: 4594: 4335: 3444: 3029: 2303:

their slaveholders. This branch of Christianity among the enslaved was concealed from slaveholders in "

2249: 1730: 1710: 1213: 1148: 921: 823: 790: 577: 462: 130: 86: 17116: 13535: 9990: 6642: 6553: 5659:, Ewe, Fon, and Yoruba. Each group brought their religions and languages. Some in the group practiced 4452:

who gave the slaves rootwork instructions for their spiritual protection for a possible slave revolt.

3555:

A major West African influence in Hoodoo is Islam. As a result of the transatlantic slave trade, some

3124:

were used to prevent whippings from slaveholders. Also, the Kongo cosmogram engravings were used as a

23096: 22792: 21933: 21093: 20306: 19649: 19462: 19294: 18855: 18354: 18192: 17999: 17105:

The Memphis Jug Band song was released with Dye's last name misspelled as "Aunt Caroline Dyer Blues."

17090: 16751: 16450: 16042: 15421: 14732: 12873: 5833: 5424:

created a series of documentaries about Zora Neale Hurston and her research on Black folklore in the

5246: 4552: 4444: 4253: 3924:

a variety of African plants were brought from Africa to the United States for cultivation, including

3494: 3184: 2109: 1961: 1685: 1429: 1389: 678: 17506:"The Hindu in Hoodoo: Fake Yogis, Pseudo-Swamis, and the Manufacture of African American Folk Magic" 17303: 15880: 15774:

The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion

15627:

The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion

15504:

The Spiritual Churches of New Orleans: Origins, Beliefs, and Rituals of an African-American Religion

14705: 14314: 13704: 13080:

Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States, From Interviews with Former Slaves

11197: 9057: 8621: 8497: 8337: 7712: 6616:"In the shadows of the invisible institution: Southern Black folk religion and the Great Migrations" 5358:

believed the power to curse came from Satan and that only God's power could remove a demonic curse.

4415: 3372:

following Webb's instructions, according to their beliefs, the slaveholder would treat them better.

3125: 3073: 23122: 22900: 22890: 22800: 22672: 21961: 21644: 20635: 20378: 20359: 20322: 20268: 20190: 19339: 18903: 18816: 18460: 18249: 18064: 18004: 17994: 17920: 17394: 17277: 16593:

Tietchen, Todd F. (2002). ""Cowboy Tricksters and Devilish Wangols: Ishmael Reed's Hoodoo West."".

12533: 11007: 9084: 8943: 8567: 8275: 6145: 5768: 5209:

over fields which let her know where to go and where the safe places were to hide freedom seekers.

4049: 3861:

meaning and use of crosses in West Africa was different from the Bakongo people in Central Africa.

3017: 2623: 2413: 2367:

rubbed graveyard dirt on the bottom of their feet or put graveyard dirt in their tracks to prevent

2068: 2004: 1264: 1044: 891: 775: 549: 430: 258: 17: 15566: 15448: 15313: 14991: 13731: 12587: 11840:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic" 10179: 7632: 6382: 5998:"Conjure and Christianity in the Nineteenth Century: Religious Elements in African American Magic" 4889:

A Sankofa Symbol was etched onto the memorial wall at the African Burial Ground National Monument.

4560:

used the High John root to protect himself by chewing and spitting the root towards his enslaver.

2487:, provided Hoodoo services for African Americans in the North and the South when he traveled as a 2220:

from the Fon and Ewe people in Benin and Togo, following some elements from the Yoruba religion.

2154: 2078:

The origin of the word Hoodoo and other words associated with the practice could be traced to the

23193: 22967: 22962: 22957: 22952: 22916: 22728: 22680: 22467: 22349: 22141: 21083: 20395: 20288: 19672: 19222: 18876: 18845: 18625: 18565: 18430: 18173: 14823: 14796: 14341: 13609: 11170: 9591:"From the Old World to the New World: The Transformation of Kongo Minksi in African American Art" 7274: 6867: 5520: 5420:

and articles that provided readers with knowledge of African American spirituality. In 2023, the

5149: 4844: 4535: 4502: 1778: 1720: 1183: 1143: 866: 765: 643: 457: 78: 39: 32: 16890: 16836: 14850: 14653: 13964: 12453: 12212:

One observer at the time called The Sixth and Seventh Books "the hoodoo Bible". Yvonne Chireau.

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Yale Macmillan Center: Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition

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these illegal slave trades were documented in American history. For example, the slave ship the

5013: 4139:

on wounds. Devil's shoestring placed in the pocket brings good luck and will trip up the devil.

22998: 22982: 22972: 22931: 22926: 22784: 22776: 21488: 20759: 20751: 20068: 19923: 19587: 19317: 18555: 18349: 18339: 18277: 18087: 18026: 15963:

Spiritual and Social Transformation in African American Spiritual Churches: More Than Conjurers

15961: 15799: 15185: 14759: 14486: 14233: 13674: 13562: 13442:. Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 85–86. 13304: 13279: 13140: 13113: 12984: 12957: 12479: 11967: 11350:. Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. pp. 81–85. 11034: 10657: 10635:

Yale Macmillan Center Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition

10610: 10017: 9695: 7561: 7301: 6894: 6409: 5890: 5886: 5724:

Several blues songs describe love charms or other folk magic. In her "Louisiana Hoodoo Blues",

5612: 5318: 5123:. Blacks in the United states have historically looked to astrology for guidance. For example, 4119: 3984: 3720: 3509: 3453: 3361: 3195: 3120: 2742: 2735: 2376:

anoint roots three times daily and chew and spit roots towards their enslavers for protection.

2254: 1972:

between two or more cultural religions, in this case being African indigenous spirituality and

1914: 477: 467: 447: 62: 16697: 15988: 15679: 15367: 14626: 12930: 11454: 10297: 10223: 10152: 9769: 9200: 8704: 7685: 3755: 3310:

Liverpool - Minkisi cloth bundles were found on slave plantations in the United States in the

2464:

mail-order business selling hoodoo products to her neighbors in Georgia. Since the opening of

23013: 23008: 22885: 22407: 22163: 22076: 21624: 21612: 20673: 20388: 20247: 20001: 19662: 19175: 19040: 18995: 18811: 18530: 18495: 18297: 18104: 18021: 15286: 15232: 15106: 15080: 14517: 14018: 13251: 12385: 11362: 10777: 9170: 9003: 7962: 7088: 5943: 5651:

was the last slave ship to transport Africans to the United States. The Clotilda entered the

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was treated by massaging eelskin onto affected areas or ingesting a decoction of oak bark or

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continued African American burial practices of placing mirror-like objects on top of graves.

2997: 2654: 2430: 1101: 1091: 1023: 986: 770: 660: 341: 16260:"Charles W. Chesnutt and the Anti-Imperialist Matrix of African-American Writing, 1898-1905" 16179: 14287: 14260: 13820: 12121: 12013: 11763:. Greenwood Press. pp. 2–4, 11, 13–14, 17, 22, 24, 28, 36, 41–44, 47, 49, 50, 181–182. 11634: 11291: 11264: 11237: 10554: 10472: 9532: 9369: 7193: 6330: 23132: 23127: 22850: 22845: 22642: 22002: 21977: 21818: 21016: 20334: 20299: 20283: 20009: 19985: 19904: 19312: 19075: 18886: 18838: 18710: 18600: 18505: 18272: 18262: 18234: 18099: 17953: 16574:

Tietchen, Todd F. ""Cowboy Tricksters and Devilish Wangols: Ishmael Reed's Hoodoo West."".

13194: 8169:"How Black women entrepreneurs are finding their niche in spirituality-inspired businesses" 8085: 8065: 5359: 5202: 5084: 4618: 4099: 3988: 3921: 3759:

A Hoodoo stick was found between the walls of the Bennehan House to curse (hex) the family.

3724: 3577: 3109: 2556: 2360: 2331: 2184: 1988: 1857: 1309: 554: 346: 279: 16097: 16069: 15187:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

14761:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

14342:"The New York African Burial Ground: Unearthing the African Presence in Colonial New York" 13564:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

10659:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

10612:

Low Country Gullah Culture Special Resource Study and Final Environmental Impact Statement

10443:"Frederick Douglass and Wye House: Archaeology & African American Culture in Maryland" 7536: 7116:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 2, Arkansas, Part 3, Gadson-Isom" 6228: 6204: 6095: 6071: 4797: 3025: 2479:

Hoodoo spread throughout the United States as African Americans left the delta during the

2127:) in the Caribbean. In the Bahamas, Hoodoo is referred to as "obeah." According to author 8: 23018: 23003: 22744: 22704: 22359: 22344: 22146: 22041: 22036: 22012: 21954: 21860: 21580: 20978: 20149: 20088: 19687: 19045: 18960: 18440: 18229: 18119: 18049: 17747: 17661: 17355:"MOJO WORKIN': The Old African American Hoodoo System by Katrina Hazzard-Donald (review)" 16451:"Obeah to Rastafari: Jamaica as a Colony of Ridicule, Oppression and Violence, 1865-1939" 15531:. Xavier University of Louisiana's Center for the Advancement of Teaching. Archived from 13094: 9862: 9680:

Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave, Written by Himself

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Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom

7511:

Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom

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their Hoodoo conjure powers to save their people and defeat white supremacists. In 1973,

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Another spiritual institution where African Americans hid their Hoodoo practices was the

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Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, An American Slave, Written by Himself

2296: 2288: 1973: 1725: 1203: 1165: 582: 413: 148: 74: 21548: 19692: 17580:

Soul Thieves The Appropriation and Misrepresentation of African American Popular Culture

17521: 14457:"The Ancestral Libation Chamber Memorial on the African Burial Ground National Monument" 12412: 12233: 10376:"Historical Perspectives of the African Burial Ground: New York Blacks and the Diaspora" 8889:"The Kongo cosmogram in Historical Archaeology and the Moral Compass of Dave the Potter" 8424:"The Kongo Cosmogram in Historical Archaeology and the Moral Compass of Dave the Potter" 7881: 4617:

and in Hoodoo. This belief in water spirits was brought to the United States during the

4016:

In a 1911 autobiographical account, Reverend Irving E. Lowery, who was born enslaved in

3978:

African American root doctors developed a variety of herbal cures in the American South.

3475:

at the four corners of Congo Square at midnight during a dark moon for a Hoodoo ritual.

1208: 22895: 22827: 22071: 21880: 21674: 21462: 20383: 20369: 20364: 20118: 19760: 19697: 19440: 18898: 18665: 18645: 18550: 18475: 18302: 18207: 18197: 18185: 18076: 17973: 17948: 17841: 17525: 17433: 17375: 17231: 17223: 16641: 16610: 16393: 16389: 16385: 16365: 16339: 16296: 16292:

Failed Frontiersmen, White Men and Myth in the Post-Sixties American Historical Romance

16271: 16127: 16101: 16093: 15726: 14928: 14893: 14399:"Historical Perspectives of the African Burial Ground New York Blacks and the Diaspora" 14164: 13939:

Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia

13885: 13877: 13418: 13410: 13346: 13308: 13300: 12819: 12788: 12642: 12634: 12141: 12033: 11867: 11859: 11608: 11417: 11409: 10741: 10278: 10270: 9893: 9885: 9750: 9742: 9571: 9389: 9294: 9286: 9247: 9005:

Shout Because You're Free: The African American Ring Shout Tradition in Coastal Georgia

8917: 8909: 8460: 8452: 8089: 8081: 8066:"The Spirit in Black Lives Matter: new spiritual community in black radical organizing" 7456: 7425: 7417: 7348: 7248: 7240: 7120:

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938 (603)

7069: 6596: 6534: 6465: 6232: 6224: 6099: 6091: 6025: 6017: 5873: 5861: 5660: 5656: 5518:

makes references to African American spirituality in her literature. Morrison's novel,

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Some African Americans believed High John the Conqueror freed the slaves, and that the

4539: 4304:

A work published in 2013 on Hoodoo lays out a model of Hoodoo origins and development.

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The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America

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Yvonne Chireau from Swarthmore College studied the depictions of Hoodoo and Voodoo in

5326:, anointing oils, and other Hoodoo tools. Author Zora Neale Hurston wrote in her book 5274:

church. Doc Harris was known to make mojo bags that looked similar to the Kongo-based

3222:, archaeologists unearthed Hoodoo artifacts inside the house that linked to the Kongo 2901: 2841: 23117: 22524: 22354: 22158: 22007: 21892: 21664: 21563: 21410: 21303: 20547: 20520: 20430: 20339: 20195: 20174: 20035: 19993: 19207: 18928: 18590: 18560: 18155: 17912: 17611: 17584: 17557: 17529: 17484: 17400: 17379: 17283: 17256: 17235: 17149: 17122: 17054: 16995:"A map of illegal slave-trade routes to the United States used between 1808 and 1860" 16923: 16896: 16869: 16842: 16757: 16730: 16703: 16614: 16397: 16329: 16238: 16105: 16021: 15994: 15967: 15940: 15913: 15886: 15859: 15832: 15805: 15778: 15751: 15685: 15631: 15604: 15570: 15508: 15481: 15454: 15427: 15400: 15373: 15346: 15319: 15292: 15265: 15238: 15211: 15139: 15112: 15051: 15024: 14997: 14953: 14856: 14829: 14802: 14738: 14711: 14659: 14632: 14605: 14576: 14523: 14435: 14266: 14239: 14184:"Conjure/Doctors: An Exploration of a Black Discourse in America, Antebellum to 1940" 14123: 14096: 13943: 13889: 13764: 13737: 13710: 13680: 13615: 13588: 13541: 13514: 13487: 13460: 13422: 13312: 13257: 13230: 13173: 13146: 13119: 12990: 12963: 12936: 12909: 12879: 12852: 12827: 12755: 12730: 12646: 12593: 12566: 12539: 12512: 12485: 12481:

The River Flows On Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America

12391: 12296: 12217: 12193: 12166: 12145: 12100: 12073: 12037: 11973: 11914: 11908: 11871: 11818: 11791: 11764: 11720: 11670: 11640: 11567: 11487: 11460: 11421: 11368: 11324: 11297: 11270: 11243: 11203: 11176: 11119: 11092: 11040: 11013: 10898: 10871: 10844: 10817: 10700: 10589: 10560: 10507: 10480: 10303: 10282: 10229: 10185: 10158: 10131: 10104: 10077: 10050: 10023: 9996: 9969: 9942: 9819: 9775: 9701: 9640: 9538: 9393: 9206: 9176: 9063: 9009: 8921: 8835:"Frederick Douglass Wye House Archaeology & African American Culture in Maryland" 8756: 8712: 8657: 8627: 8600: 8573: 8464: 8444: 8370: 8343: 8254: 8227: 8093: 7994: 7933: 7906: 7860: 7816: 7789: 7745: 7718: 7691: 7638: 7611: 7567: 7515: 7429: 7373: 7307: 7280: 7252: 7094: 7001: 6957: 6922:"Enslaved African conjure and ritual deposits on the Hume Plantation, South Carolina" 6900: 6759: 6732: 6678: 6648: 6600: 6579:

Leone, Mark P. (1 October 2020). "The Problem: Religion within the World of Slaves".

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kept some of their traditional Islamic culture. They practiced Islamic prayers, wore

3240: 3179: 2860: 2238: 2019: 901: 742: 249: 209: 187: 21602: 21585: 14974: 13296: 12053:"500 Years of African Presence in Florida and European Presence in the Kongo Region" 9897: 9754: 9298: 6983:. www.archive.org: Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press. p. 181. 6281: 6178: 6072:"Theorizing Africana Religions: A Journal of Africana Religions Inaugural Symposium" 5263: 4873: 4375:' ability to work wonders. Though its authorship is attributed to Moses, the oldest 4044:, African Americans adjusted to their environments and learned the local flora from 3856:

made quilts using Bakongo and other West African symbols. On one of Harriet Powers'

3796: 3640: 3169:, including musical instruments, headdresses, dance steps, and spiritual traditions. 2537:

properties in the area and the owner of the company had a heart attack. Locals from

2502: 1281: 23091: 22607: 22327: 22208: 22198: 22131: 22024: 21634: 20354: 20344: 20278: 20273: 20123: 19363: 19334: 19329: 19227: 19195: 19168: 18893: 18510: 18480: 18470: 18465: 18032: 17856: 17801: 17687:

Ginseng, Hoodoo, and the Magic of Upholding African American Earth-Based Traditions

17517: 17367: 17215: 17022:"Conjuring Moments and Other Such Hoodoo: African American Women & Spirit Work" 16668:"Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938" 16602: 16377: 16321: 16085: 15718: 15562: 14920: 14885: 14156: 13867: 13859: 13402: 13334: 13292: 12626: 12133: 12025: 11851: 11600: 11401: 10733: 10262: 9877: 9734: 9381: 9278: 9239: 8901: 8709:

Aesthetics Equals Politics: New Discourses across Art, Architecture, and Philosophy

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The Souls of Womenfolk: The Religious Cultures of Enslaved Women in the Lower South

7232: 7061: 6588: 6526: 6216: 6083: 6009: 5792: 5587: 5456:

Another writer who focused on African American spirituality in their literature is

5425: 5399:, a book about the practice of Obeah in Jamaica and the practice of Vodou in Haiti. 5254: 5230: 4945:

at the site that linked to West Africa, researchers suggest, was the finding of an

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Freebooters and Smugglers: The Foreign Slave Trade in the United States After 1808

14019:"The McIntosh County Shouters - Spirituals and Shout Songs from the Georgia Coast" 13437: 11855: 11508: 11345: 10778:"Reinterpretations of African Cultural Traditions in African American Fabric Arts" 10582:"Sacred Places and Holy Ground: West African Spiritualism at Stagville Plantation" 10473:"Sacred Places and Holy Ground: West African Spiritualism at Stagville Plantation" 7483:"Federal Writers' Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 1, Alabama, Aarons-Young" 6013: 5647:

for its significance in African American history. On July 8, 1860, the slave ship

3732: 2437:

and Hoodoo in African American communities, documenting his findings in his book,

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

18871: 18826: 18680: 18670: 18650: 18635: 18535: 18410: 18400: 18039: 17872: 17791: 17781: 17724: 17605: 14597: 14429: 13937: 13142:

Talking to the Dead: Religion, Music, and Lived Memory among Gullah/Geechee Women

13036:

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

12903: 11743:

Low Country Gullah Culture, Special Resource Study Environmental Impact Statement

11405: 10865: 10665:. Atlanta, Georgia: National Park Service Southeast Regional Office. p. D44. 8733: 8248: 8221: 7900: 7837: 7487:

Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938

6454:"The Haiti-New Orleans Vodou Connection: Zora Neale Hurston as Initiate Observer" 5845: 5664: 5591: 5526: 5289: 5206: 4950: 4820: 4368: 4298: 4290: 4009: 3933: 3874: 3849: 3804: 3736: 3597: 3483: 3399: 3271: 3150: 3129: 3064: 3048: 2917: 2866: 2845: 2752: 2706: 2550: 2398: 2225: 2201: 2180: 2087: 1304: 1111: 861: 780: 22602: 21639: 21231: 15084: 14979:. Boston: Published at the Anti-Slavery Office, No. 25 Cornhill. pp. 91–93. 13406: 8077: 7966: 5443:

to reference the culture of Hoodoo in his writings. In 1899, Chesnutt published

3686: 3546:

A West African gris-gris bag, the origin of the mojo bag (conjure bag) in Hoodoo

22647: 22103: 21870: 21758: 21741: 21669: 21386: 21308: 21139: 21129: 21064: 21044: 20971: 20953: 20847: 20630: 20609: 20098: 19795: 19200: 19163: 19153: 18913: 18908: 18850: 18685: 18615: 18545: 18540: 18044: 17968: 17761: 16089: 12428: 11320:

Working the roots : over 400 years of traditional African American healing

9462:"UH Anthropologist Ken Brown Uncovers West African Customs at Texas Plantation" 7413: 7394: 6997:

The American Law of Slavery, 1810-1860: Considerations of Humanity and Interest

6220: 6087: 5837: 5809: 5780: 5775: 5718: 5679: 5509: 5416: 5198: 4981:, illegally imported 409 enslaved Africans to Jekyll Island, Georgia, in 1858. 4784: 4614: 4574: 4475: 4294: 4195: 3945: 3853: 3829: 3581: 3327: 3279: 3211: 3005: 2959: 2836: 2618: 2585: 2577: 2197: 2102: 2079: 1984: 1763: 1188: 1158: 916: 906: 737: 140: 20963: 17657:

Reviving history: The appropriation of Voodoo and Hoodoo in the French Quarter

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W. E. B. Du Bois and the Sociology of the Black Church and Religion, 1897–1914

4740:

through rituals and conjure. The belief in destiny in Hoodoo has its roots in

4621:

and continues in the African American community in the practice of Hoodoo and

3395: 1909:

is a set of spiritual practices, traditions, and beliefs that were created by

23167: 23147: 22637: 22597: 22562: 22442: 22017: 21921: 21848: 21729: 21714: 21607: 21498: 21349: 21313: 21006: 20822: 20804: 20470: 20293: 18753: 18735: 18725: 18695: 18640: 18595: 18580: 18525: 18515: 18500: 18450: 18445: 18415: 18212: 18140: 17963: 17219: 15072: 11935: 8448: 7954: 7065: 5796: 5678:, one of the founders of Africatown and one of the few who survived the last 5598:

has 2,300 first-person accounts from former slaves in their digital archive.

5515: 5505: 5496: 5411: 5371: 5235: 4933: 4866: 4655: 4630: 4626: 4440: 4233: 4183: 3992: 3884: 3653: 3518: 3457: 3404: 2807: 2790: 2492: 2368: 1965: 1832: 1827: 144: 17651: 16381: 15882:

Feeling the Spirit: Faith and Hope in an Evangelical Black Storefront Church

15747:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers, & Spirituals

14949:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers, & Spirituals

14238:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 17–19, 24, 43, 130, 140–142, 167–171. 12508:

Coastal Nature, Coastal Culture Environmental Histories of the Georgia Coast

11060: 9812:"Bighearted Power: Kongo Presence in the Landscape and Art of Black America" 5709:

singers and musicians composed songs about the culture of Hoodoo, including

4767: 3472: 2059:

Another possible etymological origin of the word Hoodoo comes from the word

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A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

17118:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

16325: 15600:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

12831: 11141:"Onesimus (fl. 1706 - 1717), slave and medical pioneer, was born in the..." 7812:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers & Spirituals

7369:

The African Burial Ground in New York City: Memory, Spirituality, and Space

6807:"Nickels in the Nation Sack: Continuity in Africana Spiritual Technologies" 6305: 5825: 5784: 5737: 5729: 5714: 5698: 5675: 5554: 5535: 5457: 5354: 5165: 5009: 4816: 4664: 4610: 4285: 4272: 4146:

sprinkled around the bed before going to sleep will protect someone from a

4143: 3781: 3530: 3464: 3307: 3223: 3055: 3033: 2936: 2747: 2484: 2443: 2418: 2285: 2258: 2045: 2041: 1980: 1316: 1128: 856: 719: 21570: 20893: 20645: 17371: 16606: 16366:"Black Feminist Hoodoo: Ntozake Shange's Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo" 14431:

The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space

14262:

The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space

14235:

The African Burial Ground in New York City Memory, Spirituality, and Space

9085:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout" 8944:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout" 6146:"Hoodoo Religion and American Dance Traditions: Rethinking the Ring Shout" 5047: 4898: 4856:

This seeking process in Hoodoo accompanied with the ring shout is also an

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Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations / Florida State University

15477:

African-American Holiness Pentecostal Movement: An Annotated Bibliography

15450:

Antebellum Slave Narratives: Cultural and Political Expressions of Africa

15396:

Bound for the Promised Land: Harriet Tubman: Portrait of an American Hero

12875:

Trip of the Tongue Cross-Country Travels in Search of America's Languages

11969:

Down in the Valley: An Introduction to African American Religious History

9738: 9282: 8223:

A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo: Rootworkers, Conjurers and Spirituals

6354: 5868:

The Hoodoo practiced by African Americans is defined by scholars as "Old

5710: 5616: 5383: 4972: 4925: 4902: 4697: 4507: 4467: 4449: 4030: 3996: 3788: 3683:

in New York, African American men took an oath to thunder and lightning.

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Life on the Old Plantation in Ante-Bellum Days OR A Story Based on Facts

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Life on the Old Plantation in Ante-Bellum Days OR A Story Based on Facts

11318: 9889: 9746: 9722: 9575: 9559: 9290: 9266: 8913: 8888: 8456: 8423: 7460: 7444: 7073: 7049: 6700:"Voyage of the Echo: The Trials of an Illegal Trans-Atlantic Slave Ship" 6469: 6453: 5301: 4940:

burial practice when a funerary clay pipe with a Ghanaian design called

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Digital Loa and Faith You Can Taste: Hoodoo in the American Imagination

15073:"A Look at Hoodoo in Three Urban Areas of Indiana: Folklore and Change" 13414: 13390: 13350: 12638: 12614: 11863: 11839: 11364:

Creating Their Own Image: The History of African-American Women Artists

10274: 10250: 9881: 9488: 9340:"Beyond the Great House Archaeology at Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation" 9251: 9227: 8905: 8541:"Georgia Museum of Art to show 19th-century African-American face jugs" 8440: 7955:"A LOOK AT HOODOO IN THREE URBAN AREAS OF INDIANA: FOLKLORE AND CHANGE" 7421: 7244: 7220: 6780: 6021: 5997: 5841: 5788: 5741: 5640: 5625:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes."

5492: 5453:

and how African Americans navigated this process in their communities.

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spirits in the United States was recorded in the nineteenth century by

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and West African crosses. For example, an African American woman named

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Another Yoruba influence in Hoodoo is the use of iron. In West Africa,

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communities as midwives, healers, and conjure women for their clients.

2455: 2381: 2335: 2086:. For example, in West Africa, the word gris-gris (a conjure bag) is a 2083: 587: 326: 172: 160: 18956:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

17607:

Are You Entertained? Black Popular Culture in the Twenty-First Century

17354: 15730: 15706: 14932: 14897: 14168: 14144: 13965:"McIntosh County Shouters African-American Spiritual/Shout Performers" 13872: 11612: 11588: 10867:

Creating Their Own Image The History of African-American Women Artists

10745: 10721: 7352: 7328: 6755:

Central Africans and Cultural Transformations in the American Diaspora

6538: 6355:"voodoo | Origin and meaning of voodoo by Online Etymology Dictionary" 6331:"hoodoo | Origin and meaning of hoodoo by Online Etymology Dictionary" 5076: 5046:) continues in the practice of Hoodoo. Providing spirits offerings of 4715: 3515:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy.

3157: 2421:

and spoke out against the practice of slavery in the South. After the

2187:. The transatlantic slave trade to the United States occurred between 22552: 22334: 22312: 22262: 22257: 22235: 21911: 21855: 21654: 21195: 20699: 19234: 19080: 18585: 18369: 18307: 18202: 16865:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

16838:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

16536:

Rushdy, Ashraf H. A. ""Ishmael Reed's Neo-HooDoo Slave Narrative."".

14798:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

14707:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

14655:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

14519:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

13584:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

13226:

Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America

12562:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

10920:"The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection" 10813:

Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America

10631:"The Gullah: Rice, Slavery, and the Sierra Leone-American Connection" 9771:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

9534:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

8735:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

8653:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

8596:

Flash of the Spirit: African & Afro-American Art & Philosophy

8250:

Slave Culture Nationalist Theory and the Foundations of Black America

7839:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

6953:

Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

5877: 5725: 5615:

in 1858 with a cargo of 409 Africans. The Wanderer departed near the

5500: 4831: 4622: 4455: 4263: 3764: 3708: 3635: 3607: 3408: 3255: 3166: 3100: 3004:

in Memphis, Tennessee, and traced the origins of Hoodoo practices to

2680: 2314: 2270: 1956:. As a syncretic spiritual system, it also incorporates beliefs from 1812: 1153: 886: 665: 492: 126: 22108: 21543: 17881: 14339: 12630: 12317: 10696:

Drums and Shadows Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes

10586:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

10477:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

10266: 9816:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

9243: 9138:"Cathead Creek Historic District and African American Burial Ground" 8872: 8366:

Keep Your Head to the Sky: Interpreting African American Home Ground

7236: 7115: 7050:"The "Code Noir": North American Slavery in Comparative Perspective" 3807:. The practice of foot-track magic in Hoodoo has its origins in the 3278:

back to his plantation in Texas. These captive Africans practiced a

3044: 23143:

Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period

23066: 22809:

Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants

22627: 22509: 22427: 22267: 22230: 22046: 21597: 21169: 20922: 20730: 20617: 19707: 19702: 19212: 17716: 17505: 17282:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 8–12, 15–16, 93, 104–105. 16919:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America

16555:

Rushdy, Ashraf H.A. ""Ishmael Reed's Neo-HooDoo Slave Narrative"".

15722: 14976:

Narrative of William W. Brown, A Fugitive Slave. Written by Himself

14924: 14889: 14160: 13169:

Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular

12137: 12029: 11910:

African Cosmology of the Bantu-Kongo: Principles of Life and Living

11604: 10894:

The SAGE Encyclopedia of African Cultural Heritage in North America

10737: 10329:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 320. 9992:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

9385: 9172:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

7482: 7344: 7090:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

6644:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

6592: 6530: 5945:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

5857: 5853: 5574:

Photo of an ex-slave William Watkins from the WPA slave narratives.

5284: 5259: 5186: 4709: 4692: 4668: 4506:

Enslaved and free people held secret Hoodoo and church meetings in

4364: 4360:

that was made popular by European immigrants. Purportedly based on

4357: 4034: 3949: 3773: 3704: 3602: 3527:

Slave Religion: The "Invisible Institution" in the Antebellum South

3248: 3084: 2926: 2711: 2606: 2554:

has inspired the creations of art for some Black artists. In 2017,

2426: 2385: 2213: 2176: 2120: 1992: 1198: 1123: 1116: 22066: 18971:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

15990:

Blessed Bodies: Healing within the African American Faith Movement

15653:"Judge Lynch and His Victims," Richmond Planet (January 18, 1902)" 15234:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

12615:"African Religious Survivals as Factors in American Slave Revolts" 12214:

Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

11814:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

11760:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

11692:"Broken spell: Medicinal remedies still a part of Lowcountry life" 10556:

A Dictionary and Catalog of African American Folklife of the South

9228:"The Archaeology of African-American Slavery and Material Culture" 8045:. The Runner. The Student News Site of California State University 7634:

Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

7538:

Autobiography and Work of Bishop M. F. Jamison, D.D. ("Uncle Joe")

7221:"African Religious Survivals as Factors in American Slave Revolts" 6674:

Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition

6070:

Byron; Bryant; Chireau; Khabeer; Lovejoy; Lofton; Johnson (2014).

5570: 5225: 4999:

Bottle Tree in Central Holmes Cemetery (Yazoo County, Mississippi)

4400: 22612: 22542: 22432: 22193: 22168: 21831: 21768: 21763: 21724: 21679: 21447: 21421: 21298: 21210: 21119: 20867: 20578: 20435: 20159: 20078: 19969: 18324: 17766: 17399:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 4–5, 16, 112, 118, 183. 16978: 16017:

African American Religion: Varieties of Protest and Accommodation

13513:. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press. pp. 57–60. 12905:

Lowcountry Voodoo: Beginner's Guide to Tales, Spells and Boo Hags

11483:

African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments

11239:

African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments

11172:

African American Slave Medicine: Herbal and non-Herbal Treatments

9965:

Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy

9700:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 20–28, 29–39, 40–42. 8705:"Cosmographic Design: A Cultural Model of the Aesthetic Response" 5813: 5440: 5141: 5027: 4946: 4737: 4659: 4590: 4569: 4459:

Enslaved and free conjurers were leaders of slave revolts in the

4431: 4361: 4222: 4147: 3929: 3888: 3866: 3569: 3542: 3365: 3215: 2871: 2356: 1286: 592: 199: 20215: 17556:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 109–118, 123, 183–185. 11658: 11656: 11266:

African American Slave Medicine Herbal and Non-Herbal Treatments

10999: 22622: 22577: 22547: 22499: 22494: 22489: 22402: 22385: 22380: 22307: 21899: 21808: 21629: 21467: 21354: 21344: 21261: 21251: 21246: 21205: 21159: 21134: 21124: 21109: 21049: 20926: 20817: 20784: 20774: 20741: 19946: 19158: 16420:"Looking for Black Religions in 20th Century Comics, 1931–1993" 15801:

Bishop C. H. Mason and the Roots of the Church of God in Christ

14852:

Hidden History: African American Cemeteries in Central Virginia

13709:. Boston, Massachusetts: Beacon Press Books. pp. 145–175. 10840:

Crafted Lives: Stories and Studies of African American Quilters

5694: 5406:

often employs Hoodoo imagery and references in her writing. In

5043: 4968: 4906: 4872:

Hurston explained her initiation into Hoodoo included wrapping

4578: 4543: 4471: 4155: 4128: 4104: 3937: 3879: 3800: 3769: 3672: 3668: 3488: 3380:

spirit of the snake to wake up its power against the overseer.

3356: 3283: 3200: 2930: 2802: 2767: 2757: 2722: 2460: 2233: 2000: 1193: 21865: 13827:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies 8116:"Author Roger Pinckney is the high priest of Daufuskie Island" 7590:

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave

7200:. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies 6376: 6374: 6258:"NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography" 5736:", written by Preston "Red" Foster in 1956 and popularized by 5701:

wrote and performed several blues songs that reference Hoodoo.

4741: 4395: 3974: 2397:

Conjure for African Americans is a form of resistance against

2040:– a word that has its origin in the Gbe languages such as the 23152: 22592: 22587: 22567: 22557: 22484: 22395: 22390: 22339: 22247: 22225: 22220: 22151: 21916: 21875: 21826: 21788: 21719: 21684: 21592: 21334: 21256: 21241: 21215: 21200: 21190: 21174: 21149: 21144: 21114: 20903: 20812: 20794: 20662: 20374: 18970: 17811: 17121:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. pp. 84–85. 12592:. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–45, 159–160, 190–191. 11653: 11039:. University Press of Mississippi. pp. 67, 70, 141–142. 5849: 5829: 5706: 5495:

from 1931 to 1993. White comic book creators portrayed Black

5275: 5161: 5145: 5065: 5052: 5031: 4937: 4914: 4705: 4672: 4651: 4609:("Simbi" singular, and "Bisimbi" plural), believed in by the 4606: 4547:

discussions with African Americans in the South in her book,

4372: 4083: 3887:

inspirations in her quilts. Her quilts looked similar to the

3870: 3795:. Snake reverence in African American Hoodoo originated from 3560: 3351: 3338:

in Hoodoo has Bantu-Kongo origins. Mojo bags are also called

3303: 3287: 3232: 3227: 3207: 3088: 3036:, and the continued cultural practices of African Americans. 3028:, and liberation movements. Stuckey provides examples in the 2907: 2797: 2777: 2643: 2404: 2380:

her on a steamboat to take her to her new slaveholder in the

2348: 2209: 2205: 2124: 2053: 2049: 2008: 1957: 966: 16861: 16834: 16779:"Georgia Writers' Project, Savannah Unit Research Materials" 16776: 14794: 14651: 14628:

Blue Roots: African-American Folk Magic of the Gullah People

13912:"The Perfect Circle: Gullah/Geechee NAation's Divine Secret" 13483:

Blue Roots: African American Folk Magic of the Gullah People

13026: 12982: 12955: 11716:

Stories from the Heart: Missouri's African American Heritage

11632: 10692: 10411:. The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 315, 571. 10221: 9349:. Louisiana Archaeological Survey and Antiquities Commission 8978:"The Perfect Circle: Gullah/Geechee NAation's Divine Secret" 8731: 7835: 7480: 7306:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 9, 184, 212. 7113: 6949: 5512:

who stands and fights for justice using his conjure powers.

3226:. These artifacts are the continued practice of the Kongo's 22582: 22514: 22282: 22240: 21928: 21798: 21778: 21069: 20918: 19015: 17422:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product" 17203:"Yorùbá Influences on Haitian Vodou and New Orleans Voodoo" 17168: 15555:"Rituals of Healing in African American Spiritual Churches" 13253:

African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry

12777:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product" 11144:

Hutchins Center for African & African American Research

10228:. North American Book Distributors, LLC. pp. 45, 251. 10154:

Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas

10100:

Servants of Allah: African Muslims Enslaved in the Americas

9938:

African-Atlantic Cultures and the South Carolina Lowcountry

9560:"John the Conqueror: From Root-Charm to Commercial Product" 6371: 5634: 5623:

Wanderer. They published their findings in a book called, "

5137: 4719:

In Hoodoo, the pouring of libations is an African practice.

4625:. The Bisimbi reside in gullies, streams, fresh water, and 4484: 4308:

by Katrina Hazzard-Donald discusses what the author calls:

4025:

lines for spiritual protection against malevolent spirits.

3953: 3925: 3832:

sewed biblical imagery and African symbols into her quilts.

3812: 3699: 3657: 3448: 3275: 2922: 2324:

era of slavery in the colonial history of the United States

2135:

reasons why they capitalize or lowercase the first letter.

2064: 996: 229: 191: 11844:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

10947:"Black influences have shaped American food for centuries" 8865:"THE JAMES BRICE HOUSE We had never seen anything like it" 8196:"Playing Hoodoo: Renee Stout and "The Rootworker's Table"" 6002:

Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation

5529:. In 1803, a slave ship landed on the coast of Georgia in 5296: 4691:

To have a strong connection with the ancestors in Hoodoo,

3903:

James Hopkinsons plantation slaves planting sweet potatoes

21887: 14016: 12658: 12656: 11509:"George Washington Carver: Advocate for Southern Farmers" 11175:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group. p. 43. 6205:"Sacred Healing and Wholeness in Africa and the Americas" 6069: 5343: 3959:

African plants brought from Africa to North America were

3819: 17692:

Haints Of Hoodoo: The Black Ghosts Of The Gullah Geechee

17662:

Hoodoo Heritage Month: Conjuring, Culture, And Community

17450: 12932:

When Roots Die: Endangered Traditions on the Sea Islands

11242:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 43. 10803: 10022:. Oxford University Press. pp. 8–12, 22–27, 28–30. 7902:

Black Herman's Secrets of Magic, Mystery and Legerdemain

7717:. State University of New York Press. pp. 163–166. 7029:. Louisiana Department of Culture Recreation and Tourism 6411:

Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life Africa

5802: 3985:

smallpox outbreak in the colony of Boston, Massachusetts

2119:

s definition of Hoodoo as a word from different African

16020:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. pp. 236–238, 241–244. 15650: 15183: 14801:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 220, 226, 238. 14757: 14658:. University of Georgia Press. pp. XLII, 183–184. 14312: 14285: 13280:"Breaking the Surface: Mermaids and the Middle Passage" 12589:

Conjuring Culture: Biblical Formations of Black America

12318:"The James Brice House: Never Seen Anything Like It..." 11666:

Down by the Riverside: A South Carolina Slave Community

9861:

Stine, Linda F.; Cabak, Melanie; Groover, Mark (1996).

9347:

Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism

6728:

Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations

4924:

in 1664. West Africans imported to the colony included

2067:, and Benin. Hudu is one of its dialects. According to 17088: 16237:. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. 15885:. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 89–90. 15855:

America Bewitched: The Story of Witchcraft After Salem

15077:

ProQuest Dissertations Publishing / Indiana University

13706:

Working the Spirit: Ceremonies of the African Diaspora

13698: 13696: 12653: 10211:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 321. 9924:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 219. 9767: 8022:. The Student News Site of California State University 7959:

ProQuest Dissertations Publishing / Indiana University

7637:. University of California Press. pp. 60, 74–75. 5748:

alludes to hoodoo, and the title is a pun on the word

4478:

spiritual practices. Gullah Jack was known to carry a

3346:. The word mojo also originated from the Kikongo word 3210:

water spirits are revered in Hoodoo, originating from

3104:

Georgia, in a historic African American church called

17672:

Memphis Hoodoo & St. Paul's Spiritual Holy Temple

16868:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 93, 202–203. 16665: 14996:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 22, 27, 92. 14598:"Seeing Kongo: A Lens on African American Landscapes" 12808:"The Elusive History of High John the Conqueror Root" 11146:. African American National Biography. Archived from 10917: 10655: 9941:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180, 225–230. 9059:

Working the Spirit Ceremonies of the African Diaspora

7859:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 4, 75, 166. 5499:

as evil, showing demonic possessions in comic books.

4696:

Graveyard dirt is another primary ingredient used in

4367:, it contains numerous signs, seals, and passages in 4352:

was cheaply printed and sold in spiritual shops near

3630:

influence. For example, a primary ingredient used in

2261:. Congo Square was where African Americans practiced 17682:

Uncovering the Power of Hoodoo: An Ancestral Journey

15936:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15423:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15342:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15315:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15291:. Georgetown University Press. pp. 5, 24, 200. 15261:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

15047:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

14993:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

14825:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

14734:

Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South

13510:

Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South

12292:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

11012:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 86–104. 10816:. Oxford University Press. pp. 36–37, 102–103. 10299:

The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion

10046:

The Voodoo Encyclopedia: Magic, Ritual, and Religion

9841:"Uncovering the Lives of Kentucky's Enslaved People" 9409:"Kongo and the Archaeology of Early African America" 8684:. Department of Interior - The National Park Service 8300:

Hucks (2003). "African-Derived American Religions".

7990:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

7856:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

7785:

Stories of Rootworkers & Hoodoo in the Mid-South

7607:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

6274: 4532:

Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System

4518: 4333:

Zora Neale Hurston developed this idea in her novel

2823: 2030:

The first documentation of the word "Hoodoo" in the

1979:

Many Hoodoo traditions draw from the beliefs of the

17279:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

16699:

Voices from Slavery: 100 Authentic Slave Narratives

15369:

Voices from Slavery: 100 Authentic Slave Narratives

14372:"New York: African Burial Ground National Monument" 13693: 13611:

Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System

13335:"African Influence on the Art of the United States" 13195:"The "Cymbee" Water Spirits of St. John's Berkeley" 12752:

Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System

12162:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

11787:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

10019:

African American Religion A Very Short Introduction

9202:

Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure: A Handbook: A Handbook

9198: 9008:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 19–20. 8702: 8572:. The University of Georgia Press. pp. 82–86. 7932:. Bantam Books Trade Paperbacks. pp. 128–132. 7882:"BLACK HERMAN'S AFRICAN AMERICAN MAGICAL SYNTHESIS" 6555:

Mojo Workin' The Old African American Hoodoo System

6046:

The Voodoo Encyclopedia Magic, Ritual, and Religion

5435:was a mixed-race African American author who wrote 5012:of Central Africa. African-descended people in the 4865:wrote about her initiation into Hoodoo in her book 4306:

Mojo Workin: The Old African American Hoodoo System

3869:descent. African American quilts are influenced by 3580:(later called mojo bags in the United States). The 3165:depicts several examples of Africanisms brought to 1960:brought over by enslaved West African Muslims, and 1789:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

17553:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 17396:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 17353: 17201: 15681:Spiritual Merchants: Religion, Magic, and Commerce 15264:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 56, 162. 13278: 12295:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 111–112. 11669:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 148–149. 11226:", Richmond Times Dispatch, February 23, 1999, D-1 10974: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10127:Encyclopedia of African American History, Volume 1 9797:"Connecting African American Art to Kongo Culture" 9168: 8887: 8623:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 8422: 7741:Stories of Rootworkers and Hoodoo in the Mid-South 7093:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 215–220. 7020: 6677:. University of California Press. pp. 15–16. 6120:Mojo Workin The Old African American Hoodoo System 5107:Practitioners sometimes incorporate planetary and 4033:used herbs such as pennyroyal and senna to induce 16841:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 182–183. 16210:Public Broadcasting Service / American Experience 15831:. Louisiana State University Press. p. 158. 15399:. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 43–44. 15345:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 56, 92. 15161:"Nat Turner and the Fear of African Spirituality" 14828:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 23, 26. 13560: 12122:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves" 12014:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves" 10608: 9863:"Blue Beads as African-American Cultural Symbols" 9860: 9774:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 107. 9370:"The Problem Religion within the World of Slaves" 8626:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 35, 37. 8502:African Burial Ground - The National Park Service 8273: 2295:, published in 1880, about the life of slaves in 23165: 19006:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 17667:West Tennessee Museum of Southern Hoodoo History 17050:Black Bodies and the Black Church: A Blues Slant 15993:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85, 91–103. 14710:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 143–145. 13760:Terror and Triumph: The Nature of Black Religion 13138: 12390:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 209, 32. 11535:"Conjure doctor well remembered in Murfreesboro" 10843:. University Press of Mississippi. p. 120. 10124:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). 9194: 9192: 9175:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 54–57. 9164: 9162: 8645: 8643: 8599:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 108–110. 7299: 6123:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 38–41. 4815:The ring shout in Hoodoo has its origins in the 4589:A spirit that torments the living is known as a 4345:into the corpus of Hoodoo reference literature. 4232:. For example, though there are strong ideas of 4082:This person gathered their herbs and roots from 2123:with practices similar to the mysteries of Obi ( 20993: 19051:Black players in professional American football 19001:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 16756:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 14–22. 15912:. Berkeley: Turtle Island. pp. 20–21, 29. 14265:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 141–142. 12935:. The University of Georgia Press. p. 25. 11036:Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia 10985:Thomas Jefferson Monticello / Jefferson Library 10965: 10123: 8871:. Historic Annapolis Foundation. Archived from 8389: 5365: 5226:Relationship with the Spiritual church movement 22666:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament 21528: 17603: 17549: 17392: 17275: 17145:Listen to the Blues! Exploring a Musical Genre 16722: 16691: 16689: 15932: 15507:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 150. 15419: 15372:. Dover Publications. pp. 110, 139, 162. 15338: 15311: 15257: 15043: 14989: 14821: 13607: 13172:. Indiana University Press. pp. 141–142. 13082:(Vol. 5 (Indiana — Arnold–Woodson) ed.). 12897: 12895: 12749: 12288: 12158: 12050: 11783: 9794: 9697:The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts 9663:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People 9082: 8941: 8619: 8569:The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts 7852: 7603: 7593:. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office. pp. 70–71. 7148:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People 6892: 6706:. Digital Library of the College of Charleston 6551: 6414:. Pennsylvania State University. p. 217. 6143: 6116: 5670:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo" 5287:for practicing Hoodoo. In September 1901, the 4848:with Christian songs and biblical references. 4174:African American midwife with a newborn infant 2293:My Southern Home, or, The South and Its People 2228:. Enslaved and free Africans learned regional 2022:, Hoodoo spread throughout the United States. 516:Education of freed people during the Civil War 22753:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts 21962: 21514: 20979: 20594: 19931: 17897: 17732: 17697:Folklore In Video Episode 1: Haints of Hoodoo 17345: 16424:Religions in African American Popular Culture 16320:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 95–126. 15750:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. 15684:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 53. 15630:. University of Tennessee Press. p. 85. 15138:. Oxford University Press. pp. 138–151. 14572:Materialities of Ritual in the Black Atlantic 14340:U.S. General Services Administration (2009). 14043: 12928: 12504: 12417:. PRINTED AT THE SALEM PRESS. pp. 43–44. 10424:"Under Maryland Street, Ties to African Past" 9838: 9761: 9189: 9159: 9116: 8656:. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 108–111. 8640: 7541:. Publishing House of the M. E. Church, South 7372:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 42–46. 6517:Hurston, Zora (1931). ""Hoodoo In America"". 4356:and purchased by African Americans. It was a 2978: 1887: 85:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 18764:Historically black colleges and universities 17333:. Rutgers the State University of New Jersey 17328: 16314:Brooks, Kinitra (2018). "Folkloric Horror". 13992:"A Vanishing History: Gullah Geechee Nation" 13679:. University of Georgia Press. p. 138. 13676:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 13614:. University of Illinois Press. p. 30. 13204:. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 13118:. University of Georgia Press. p. 147. 13115:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 12511:. University of Georgia Press. p. 131. 11719:. University of Missouri Press. p. 47. 11202:. University of Georgia Press. p. 100. 11199:The Gullah People and Their African Heritage 11009:The Gullah People and their African Heritage 10890: 10699:. University of Georgia Press. p. 200. 9135: 8414: 8383: 8369:. University Press of Virginia. p. 41. 7993:. University of Illinois Press. p. 95. 7566:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 71. 6558:. University of Illinois Press. p. 18. 5205:. Tubman told biographers she had dreams of 3840:An example of one of Ms. Hunter's quilts on 3707:, archaeologists unearthed artifacts at the 2568: 2433:in New Orleans, Louisiana, where he studied 527:Historically black colleges and universities 17677:Zora and The Hunt for Hoodoo in New Orleans 17576: 16686: 16125: 16043:"Voodoo and the Work of Zora Neale Hurston" 15288:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 15207:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 15108:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 15020:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 14911:Hurston, Zora (1931). "Hoodoo in America". 14876:Hurston, Zora (1931). "Hoodoo in America". 14522:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 109. 14319:The African Burial Ground National Monument 14292:The African Burial Ground National Monument 14046:""Jubilee" by the McIntosh County Shouters" 13802:"Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor" 13736:. Oxford University Press. pp. 68–74. 13054: 12892: 10870:. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. 9632: 9537:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 105. 9119:""Jubilee" by the McIntosh County Shouters" 9062:. Beacon Press. pp. 147–155, 171–175. 7514:. Oxford University Press. pp. 71–73. 6758:. Cambridge University Press. p. 361. 4396:Bible as a talisman and tool for revolution 511:Education during the slave period in the US 27:Spiritual practices, traditions and beliefs 21969: 21955: 21521: 21507: 20986: 20972: 20601: 20587: 19978:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion 19938: 19924: 17904: 17890: 17739: 17725: 17637:. University of Kansas. pp. 3–4, 106. 17304:"African-American Hoodoo: More Than Magic" 16013: 15878: 15480:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 385–390. 15023:. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–2. 14434:. Syracuse University Press. p. 229. 13852:Comparative Studies in Society and History 13333:Thompson, Robert Farris (September 1981). 11810: 11756: 11689: 11527: 11360: 10863: 10552: 9337: 8738:. University of Georgia Press. p. 73. 8498:"Nisi Sarabanda - Signature of the Spirit" 7842:. University of Georgia Press. p. 52. 7000:. Princeton University Press. p. 33. 6804: 2985: 2971: 1894: 1880: 834:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 20155:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 18981:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 16992: 15567:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195167962.003.0021 14848: 14672: 14575:. Indiana University Press. p. 302. 14466:. African Burial Ground National Monument 13989: 13935: 13871: 13672: 13165: 13111: 12216:. University of California Press, (2006) 11739: 11712: 11195: 11005: 10248: 10103:. New York University Press. p. 78. 9666:. Boston: A.G. Brown. pp. 10, 68–82. 9338:Yarkubik, Jill-Karen; Méndez, Rosalinda. 9001: 7687:A Companion to American Religious History 6872:African American Heritage and Ethnography 6868:"Performing Culture in Music & Dance" 6838: 6697: 6407: 5317:. In the early twentieth century, Bishop 4956:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Churches 4806:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor 4613:, are associated with water and magic in 3537: 3342:, which is derived from the Kikongo word 3190: 2216:practices. The West African influence is 290:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 21976: 19945: 17712:Haints & Gullah Ghost Palmetto Scene 17503: 17351: 17248: 17199: 17171:"Stories of the Crossroads: Blues Myths" 16962: 16592: 15959: 15824: 15797: 14703: 14624: 14595: 14515: 13729: 13580: 13479: 13391:"Dreaming Ancestors in Eastern Carolina" 13332: 13276: 13202:The African Diaspora Archaeology Network 12565:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 105. 12558: 11452: 11289: 11111: 11032: 10339: 10295: 10177: 10042: 9988: 9961: 9809: 9639:. Oxford University Press. p. 110. 9615: 9588: 9530: 8885: 8748: 8696: 8649: 8592: 8521: 8420: 8362: 8113: 8013: 7925: 7586: 7086: 6640: 6489: 6434: 6380: 6042: 5941: 5693: 5569: 5382: 5300: 5229: 5075: 4994: 4884: 4766: 4714: 4635: 4573: 4522: 4501: 4454: 4399: 4321: 4252: 4169: 4063: 3973: 3963:for medicinal and spiritual use for the 3961:cultivated by enslaved African Americans 3898: 3835: 3823: 3754: 3685: 3541: 3394: 3298: 3203:inside a slave cabin in Brazoria, Texas. 3194: 3156: 3078: 3043: 2522:movement as one of many methods against 2501: 2470: 2403: 2313: 2248: 2153: 17707:Black women embrace the spiritual realm 17604:Drake, Simone; Henderson, Dwan (2020). 16922:. SAGE Publications. pp. 207–210. 16672:Library of Congress Digital Collections 16417: 16363: 16288: 16257: 16230: 16067: 15905: 15858:. Oxford University Press. p. 82. 15770: 15704: 15131: 14910: 14875: 14777: 14568: 14396: 14142: 14115: 14088: 14064:"Spiritual Practices in the Lowcountry" 13388: 13345:(3). College Art Association: 367–376. 13222: 13060: 13009: 12844: 12722: 12612: 12410: 12185: 11972:. Fortress Press. pp. 31–34, 176. 11906: 11837: 11757:Pyatt, Sherman E.; Johns, Alan (1999). 11586: 11566:. Perennial Library. pp. 223–224. 11559: 11486:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 11456:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies 11367:. Oxford University Press. p. 29. 11293:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies 11115:Hoodoo Medicine: Gullah Herbal Remedies 10918:Yale University Staff (10 March 2015). 10897:. SAGE Publications. pp. 707–713. 10891:Shujaa, Kenya; Shujaa, Mwalimu (2015). 10809: 10775: 10758: 10719: 10675: 10422:Wilford, John Noble (20 October 2008). 10421: 10404: 10373: 10356: 10322: 10251:"Eshu-Elegba: The Yoruba Trickster God" 10204: 9917: 9720: 9595:Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass 9507:"Spiritual Practices in the Lowcountry" 9436: 9406: 9311: 9264: 9225: 8682:African Burial Ground National Monument 8246: 8166: 7879: 7710: 7630: 7534: 7326: 7272: 7218: 6993: 6976: 6751: 6670: 6516: 5995: 5918:Traditional African religion portal 5395:and Hoodoo. In 1938, Hurston published 5297:Relationship with the Sanctified Church 5097:divination traditionally used in Hoodoo 4895:African Burial Ground National Monument 3894: 1948:. Regional synonyms for Hoodoo include 14: 23204:Religion in the Southern United States 23199:Folklore of the Southern United States 23166: 23072:List of people executed for witchcraft 19880:Topics related to the African diaspora 18986:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 17577:Brown, Tamara; Kopano, Baruti (2014). 17141: 17019: 16915: 16695: 16627: 16448: 16313: 16206:"Zora Neale Hurston: Claiming a Space" 15986: 15851: 15623: 15552: 15473: 15446: 15392: 15365: 14682:. Hometalk. 2014-05-26. Archived from 14631:. Llewellyn Publications. p. 75. 14427: 14258: 14231: 13845: 13702: 13486:. Llewellyn Publications. p. 64. 13435: 13139:Manigault-Bryant, LeRhonda S. (2014). 12871: 12477: 11965: 11662: 11459:. Summer House Press. pp. 27–32. 11387: 11343: 10836: 10559:. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 8–9. 10499: 10069: 10015: 9768:Robert Farris Thompson (26 May 2010). 9055: 8775: 8143:"Who Dare the Hoodoo Lady Julia Brown" 8063: 7986: 7898: 7559: 7507: 7392: 7365: 7047: 7021:State Museum Staff (27 January 2014). 6724: 6613: 6451: 5387:In 1935, Zora Neale Hurston published 5344:In the African American Faith movement 5058: 4581:people in the Sea Islands paint their 4317: 3820:Symbolism in African American quilting 3039: 2454:The mobility of Black people from the 23189:Christianity and religious syncretism 23041:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire 21950: 21502: 20967: 20582: 19919: 19860:Landmark African-American legislation 17911: 17885: 17720: 17630: 17046: 16888: 16749: 16040: 15500: 15230: 15070: 14972: 14095:. J.B. Lippincott, Inc. p. 199. 13962: 13910:Booth, Ebony Isis (6 February 2017). 13909: 13783: 13533: 13452: 13364: 13249: 12989:. Applewood Books. pp. 126–127. 12901: 12805: 12702:Ohio State University Graduate School 12672:Ohio State University Graduate School 12585: 12531: 12383: 12092: 12065: 12011: 11479: 11296:. Summerhouse Press. pp. 27–33. 11262: 11235: 11168: 10628: 10579: 10470: 10150: 10096: 9934: 9693: 9659: 9622:. University of Florida. p. 130. 9466:University of Houston News and Events 9367: 9169:Albert J. Raboteau (7 October 2004). 9028: 8975: 8755:. Oxford University. pp. 71–73. 8565: 8335: 8316:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database" 8299: 8193: 7952: 7683: 7442: 7171:Ohio State University Graduate School 7151:. Boston: A.G. Brown. pp. 68–72. 7144: 6919: 6865: 6704:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative 6666: 6664: 6578: 5968: 5803:Concerns about cultural appropriation 3447:, archeologists and historians found 3326:has Kongo origins and comes from the 2545:Black women practitioners of Hoodoo, 2412:During the era of slavery, occultist 2322:Known Hoodoo spells date back to the 2158:Many Hoodoo practices were hidden in 1928:. Practitioners of Hoodoo are called 1032:Athletic associations and conferences 521:History of African-American education 20328:Timeline of African-American history 18991:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 17746: 17476: 17419: 17310:. Rutgers University. 4 January 2013 17169:National Blues Museum Staff (2020). 17114: 16573: 16014:Baer, Hans; Singer, Merrill (2002). 15743: 15677: 15596: 15284: 15203: 15104: 15016: 14945: 14730: 13756: 13654:Hurtson, Zora. "Hoodoo in America". 13635:Hurtson, Zora. "Hoodoo in America". 13540:. Louisiana State University Press. 13506: 12774: 12538:. Louisiana State University Press. 12484:. Louisiana State University Press. 12269:"Mystical Hoodoo with Mother Mystic" 12119: 12072:. Louisiana State University Press. 11992: 11817:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 51. 11515:. UNC Chapel Hill University Library 11506: 11084: 10944: 10526: 10506:. Louisiana State University Press. 9676: 9557: 9145:Georgia Department of Transportation 8812:University of Houston / Dissertation 8802: 8538: 8477: 8219: 8040: 8014:Anderson, Chase (22 November 2020). 7808: 7781: 7764: 7737: 6202: 5975:. Louisiana State University Press. 5645:National Register of Historic Places 5604:prohibited the importation of slaves 5429:travels to Haiti documenting Vodou. 5234:Universal Hagar's Spiritual Church, 5180: 5160:Cartomancy is the practice of using 5140:over their face is believed to have 5020: 4880: 4350:The Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4248: 3750: 3739:was an African American enslaved in 3652:Archaeologists believe there may be 3647: 3020:in the United States, asserted that 2449: 2429:in schools for former slaves called 955:Association for the Study of African 165:Tidewater region (Maryland/Virginia) 45: 19345:African-American Vernacular English 17583:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 254. 17550:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 17522:10.17953/amer.40.1.a21442914234450w 16152: 15828:Conjure in African American Society 15603:. History Press. pp. 144–145. 15237:. Greenwood Publishing. p. 4. 14122:. HarperCollins. pp. 200–201. 13942:. The University of Georgia Press. 13653: 13634: 13587:. Vintage Books. pp. 132–135. 13065:A Tradition from Pre-Civil War Days 12370:. vol. 1. p. 417. Quoted in Smith. 12315: 12159:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 11907:Fu-Kiau, Kimbwandende K.B. (2001). 11784:Hazzard-Donald (30 December 2012). 11316: 11269:. Lexington Books. pp. 5, 43. 10978: 10656:National Park Service (July 2005). 10343:Conjure in African-American Society 10073:Muslims in America: A Short History 9619:Conjure in African-American Society 8976:Booth, Ebony I. (6 February 2017). 8862: 8525:Conjure in African-American Society 8140: 6956:. The University of Georgia Press. 5565: 4776:much singing and the practice of a 4293:as well as cosmology attributed to 4188:medical experiments on Black people 3254:In Talbot County, Maryland, at the 3010:A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo. 1769:Race and ethnicity in the US census 1270:African-American Vernacular English 839:National Conference of Black Mayors 24: 23138:Left-hand path and right-hand path 22713:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus 20608: 19263:U.S. cities with large populations 18966:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 17076:A Secret History of Memphis Hoodoo 17053:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 26. 16968: 16807: 16777:Georgia Historical Society Staff. 16554: 16535: 16482: 16184:Zora Neale Hurston Digital Archive 15158: 14781:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 14542: 14484: 14346:The New York African Burial Ground 13787:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 13013:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 12692: 12662: 10785:The Journal of Pan African Studies 10762:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10679:Folk beliefs of the southern Negro 10408:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10360:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10326:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 10208:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 9921:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 9486: 9443:The Journal for MultiMedia History 9314:"Slave Artifacts Under the Hearth" 7161: 6980:Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro 6778: 6661: 5111:in their spiritual work (spells). 4115:, a plant from the fennel family. 3618:) for protection against slavery. 3471:Puckett. African Americans poured 3294: 3083:An example of an African American 2560:is an art piece created by artist 1919:traditional African spiritualities 972:National Black Chamber of Commerce 25: 23225: 23179:African-American cultural history 20029:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl 18136:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 18132:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 17939:African American founding fathers 17645: 16999:Digital Public Library of America 16942: 16862:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 16835:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 16509: 15777:. University of Tennessee Press. 14795:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 14680:"Hometalk Discusses Bottle Trees" 14652:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 14208: 14181: 13818: 13192: 13145:. Durham: Duke University Press. 13027:Federal Writers' Project (1941). 12983:Federal Writers' Project (2006). 12956:Federal Writers' Project (2006). 12192:. Harper Perennial. p. 114. 11633:Federal Writers' Project (2006). 11138: 10693:Georgia Writers' Project (1986). 10527:Reed, Wilson (12 February 2007). 10440: 10222:Federal Writers' Project (1938). 10151:Diouf, Sylviane (November 1998). 9489:"Nkisi west-central African lore" 9459: 8832: 8732:Georgia Writers' Project (1940). 8678:"YOWA - Continuity of Human Life" 7836:Georgia Writers' Project (1940). 7744:. History Press. pp. 94–97. 7481:Federal Writers' Project (1936). 7393:Rucker, Walter (September 2001). 7300:Wells-Oghoghomeh, Alexis (2021). 7191: 7114:Federal Writers' Project (1941). 6950:Georgia Writers' Project (1940). 6387:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 41–43, 132. 5989: 5689: 4836:St. Helena Island, South Carolina 4519:Conjuring the spirit of High John 3873:making and West African designs. 2506:Protesters with signs in Ferguson 2179:from the 16th to 19th centuries ( 2143: 1676:Places by plurality of population 342:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 332:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 285:Abolitionism in the United States 21693: 21483: 21482: 20948: 20947: 20644: 20563: 20562: 20214: 20208: 20134:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 19898: 19016:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 18161:Nadir of American race relations 17868: 17867: 17852:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 17820: 17624: 17597: 17570: 17543: 17497: 17470: 17444: 17413: 17386: 17322: 17296: 17269: 17242: 17193: 17162: 17135: 17108: 17082: 17073: 17067: 17040: 17013: 16986: 16936: 16909: 16882: 16855: 16828: 16801: 16770: 16743: 16729:. University of Arkansas Press. 16716: 16659: 16621: 16586: 16567: 16548: 16529: 16503: 16476: 16442: 16411: 16357: 16307: 16295:. University of Virginia Press. 16282: 16258:Wegener, Frederick (Fall 1999). 16251: 16224: 16198: 16172: 16146: 16119: 16061: 16034: 16007: 15980: 15953: 15939:. University of Illinois Press. 15926: 15899: 15872: 15845: 15818: 15791: 15764: 15737: 15711:The Journal of American Folklore 15698: 15671: 15644: 15617: 15590: 15546: 15521: 15494: 15467: 15440: 15426:. University of Illinois Press. 15413: 15386: 15359: 15339:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 15332: 15318:. University of Illinois Press. 15305: 15278: 15258:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 15251: 15224: 15197: 15177: 15152: 15125: 15098: 15064: 15050:. University of Illinois Press. 15044:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 15037: 15010: 14983: 14966: 14939: 14913:The Journal of American Folklore 14904: 14878:The Journal of American Folklore 14869: 14855:. University of Virginia Press. 14842: 14815: 14788: 14771: 14751: 14724: 14697: 14645: 14618: 14589: 14562: 14545:"The Sea Shall Take Slaves Home" 14536: 14509: 14478: 14454: 14448: 14421: 14403:William & Mary Scholar Works 14390: 14364: 14333: 14306: 14279: 14252: 14225: 14202: 14175: 14149:The Journal of American Folklore 14136: 14109: 14082: 14056: 14037: 14010: 13983: 13956: 13929: 13903: 13839: 13812: 13794: 13777: 13750: 13723: 13666: 13656:The Journal of American Folklore 13647: 13637:The Journal of American Folklore 13628: 13601: 13574: 13554: 13527: 13500: 13473: 13446: 13429: 13382: 13326: 13270: 13243: 13216: 13186: 13159: 13132: 13105: 13020: 13003: 12976: 12949: 12929:Jones-Jackson, Patricia (1987). 12922: 12865: 12838: 12799: 12768: 12754:. University of Illinois Press. 12743: 12716: 12686: 12606: 12579: 12559:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 12552: 12525: 12498: 12471: 12446: 12421: 12414:Sketches of My Life in the South 12404: 12377: 12360: 12348: 12335: 12309: 12289:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 12282: 12261: 12248: 12234:"Owen Davies's top 10 grimoires" 12226: 12206: 12179: 12165:. University of Illinois Press. 12152: 12113: 12086: 12059: 12044: 12005: 11986: 11959: 11942: 11927: 11900: 11891: 11878: 11831: 11804: 11790:. University of Illinois Press. 11777: 11750: 11746:. Southeast Region. p. 207. 11733: 11713:Coggswell, Gladys Caine (2009). 11706: 11683: 11626: 11593:The Journal of American Folklore 11580: 11553: 11500: 11473: 11446: 11428: 11381: 11354: 11337: 11310: 11283: 11256: 11229: 11216: 11189: 11162: 11132: 11105: 11091:. Create Space. pp. 61–63. 11078: 11053: 11026: 10938: 10911: 10884: 10857: 10830: 10769: 10752: 10726:The Journal of American Folklore 10713: 10686: 10669: 10649: 10622: 10602: 10573: 10546: 10520: 10493: 10464: 10434: 10415: 10398: 10380:William & Mary Scholar Works 10367: 10350: 10333: 10316: 10289: 10242: 10215: 10198: 10171: 10144: 10117: 10090: 10063: 10036: 10009: 9982: 9962:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 9955: 9928: 9911: 9854: 9850:. Kentucky Archeological Survey. 9839:Stottman, Jay; Stahlgren, Lori. 9832: 9803: 9788: 9714: 9687: 9670: 9653: 9626: 9609: 9582: 9551: 9524: 9499: 9480: 9453: 9430: 9400: 9361: 9331: 9305: 9258: 9219: 9129: 9110: 9076: 9049: 9022: 8995: 8969: 8935: 8879: 8856: 8826: 8796: 8769: 8742: 8650:Thompson, Robert Farris (1983). 7604:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 7333:The Journal of American Folklore 7279:. Lexington Books. p. 153. 6899:. University of Illinois Press. 6731:. Scarecrow Press. p. 128. 6622:(Eastern Michigan University): 2 6620:Senior Honors Thesis and Project 6519:The Journal of American Folklore 6117:Hazzard-Donald, Katrina (2013). 5911: 5486:Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo 5378: 4650:The earliest known reference to 4389:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4342:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 4328:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses 3000:Tony Kail conducted research in 2954: 2953: 2595: 2534:Daufuskie Island, South Carolina 2309:William Edward Burghardt Du Bois 1987:. Over the first century of the 1851: 373:Black Belt in the American South 167:, Arkansas, Alabama, Tennessee, 114: 65:to read and navigate comfortably 50: 38:For other uses of "Hoodoo", see 18022:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 18012:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 17091:"The Hoo Doo Woman of Arkansas" 16723:Obadele-Starks, Ernest (2007). 16186:. University of Central Florida 16159:National Women's History Museum 16126:JSTOR Staff (28 January 2021). 15960:Guillory, Margarita S. (2017). 15559:Religion and Healing in America 15210:. Georgetown University Press. 15111:. Georgetown University Press. 14288:"SANKOFA - Learn from the past" 14050:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 14023:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 14017:Smithsonian Institution Staff. 13969:National Endowment for the Arts 13763:. Fortress Press. p. 221. 13305:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079 13297:10.13110/marvelstales.35.1.0079 12959:South Carolina Slave Narratives 12323:. Historic Annapolis Foundation 11639:. Applewood Books. p. 90. 10629:Opala, Joseph (10 March 2015). 10323:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 10205:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 9918:Puckett, Newbell Niles (1926). 9848:Kentucky Transportation Cabinet 9123:Smithsonian Folkways Recordings 8725: 8711:. MIT Press. pp. 153–154. 8670: 8613: 8586: 8559: 8532: 8515: 8490: 8471: 8356: 8329: 8308: 8293: 8267: 8240: 8213: 8187: 8160: 8134: 8107: 8057: 8034: 8007: 7987:Donald, Hazzard-Donald (2013). 7980: 7946: 7919: 7892: 7880:Chireau, Yvonne (Summer 2007). 7873: 7846: 7829: 7802: 7775: 7758: 7731: 7704: 7677: 7651: 7624: 7597: 7580: 7553: 7528: 7501: 7474: 7436: 7386: 7359: 7320: 7293: 7266: 7212: 7185: 7155: 7138: 7107: 7080: 7041: 7014: 6987: 6970: 6943: 6913: 6886: 6859: 6832: 6798: 6772: 6745: 6718: 6691: 6634: 6607: 6572: 6545: 6510: 6483: 6445: 6428: 6401: 6347: 6323: 6298: 6250: 5468:has many references to Hoodoo. 3671:. Shango was (and is) a feared 3506:in Charleston, South Carolina. 3245:Ashland-Belle Helene Plantation 977:National Council of Negro Women 67:. When this tag was added, its 23184:African Americans and religion 22836:Jamyi Witch hiring controversy 22697:Summis desiderantes affectibus 19011:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 18017:Civil right movement 1896–1954 17451:University of Illinois Staff. 16458:Journal of Pan African Studies 16041:Brown, Lynn (7 January 2017). 14849:Rainville (12 February 2014). 13971:. NEA National Heritage Fellow 13256:. Cambridge University Press. 13061:Creel, Lauana; Sutton, Katie. 12962:. Applewood Books. p. 3. 11513:Documenting the American South 11033:Chambers, Douglass B. (2005). 11006:Pollitzer, William S. (1999). 10346:. University of Florida Press. 9232:The William and Mary Quarterly 9092:Journal of Pan African Studies 8951:Journal of Pan African Studies 8342:. Louisiana State University. 6874:. NPS Park Ethnography Program 6814:Journal of Pan African Studies 6196: 6171: 6153:Journal of Pan African Studies 6137: 6110: 6063: 6036: 5962: 5935: 5885:of African Americans from the 5874:spiritual philosophy in Hoodoo 5212: 5192: 4984: 4949:on a coffin. The Akan Sankofa 4851: 4443:in South Carolina in 1822 and 3199:Archeologists found an intact 2439:Seership, The Magnetic Mirror. 2384:. According to the stories of 2230:indigenous botanical knowledge 1964:. Scholars define Hoodoo as a 1774:Racism against Black Americans 13: 1: 19191:Cherokee freedmen controversy 18167:The Negro Motorist Green Book 17702:Hoodoo, Conjure, and Rootwork 17483:. Arcadia. pp. 135–149. 16816:. University of Georgia Press 16491:. University of Georgia Press 16078:Journal of Africana Religions 15651:Encyclopedia Virginia Staff. 15184:National Park Service Staff. 14973:Brown, William Wells (1847). 14758:National Park Service Staff. 14737:. Arcadia. pp. 131–133. 14313:National Park Service Staff. 14286:National Park Service Staff. 13084:Works Progress Administration 12775:Long, Carolyn Morrow (1997). 11952:. p. 6. See also, Hurston's, 11856:10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00030 10529:"GABRIEL PROSSER (1775-1800)" 9037:. University of Georgia Press 8707:. In Mark Foster Gage (ed.). 8539:Loop, Maria (13 March 2013). 8522:Anderson, Jeffrey E. (2002). 8226:. History Press. p. 57. 7768:Seership, the Magnetic Mirror 7145:Brown, William Wells (1880). 7023:"Religion, Race, and Slavery" 6438:Seership, the Magnetic Mirror 6435:Randolph, Paschal B. (1870). 6209:Journal of Africana Religions 6179:"African Religion in America" 6076:Journal of Africana Religions 6014:10.1525/rac.1997.7.2.03a00030 5928: 5584:Works Progress Administration 5548: 5185:Rootworkers also divine with 5171: 5155: 5071: 4018:Sumter County, South Carolina 3566:enslaved West African Muslims 2516:African Traditional Religions 982:National Pan-Hellenic Council 159:, Louisiana, North Carolina, 22841:accusations against children 22737:The Discoverie of Witchcraft 21861:European witchcraft folklore 20413:Slavery in the United States 20408:History of the United States 17457:University of Illinois Press 17089:Arkansas State Parks Staff. 16231:Waddell, Charles W. (1900). 15906:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981). 15879:Kostarelos, Francis (1995). 15705:Hurston, Zora Neale (1931). 15079:: 4–11, 23, 36–40, 298–299. 14089:Hurston, Zora Neale (1935). 13990:Vice News (6 January 2016). 12851:. Berkeley. pp. 69–78. 12845:Hurston, Zora Neale (1981). 12723:Hurston, Zora Neale (1943). 12619:The Journal of Negro History 12186:Hurston, Zora Neale (1991). 12012:Leone, Mark (October 2020). 11995:"African-American Religions" 11587:Hurston, Zora Neale (1931). 11541:. WRAL News. 2 February 2015 11406:10.1080/00438243.2013.799043 11388:Wilkie, Laurie (June 2013). 10184:. Weiser Books. p. 12. 9989:Raboteau, Albert J. (2004). 9810:Thompson, Robert F. (1998). 9439:"The Levi Jordan Plantation" 9368:Leone, Mark (October 2020). 9199:Jeffrey E. Anderson (2008). 8703:Nettrice R. Gaskins (2019). 8167:Jackson (19 February 2022). 7587:Douglass, Frederick (1849). 7225:The Journal of Negro History 6929:North American Archaeologist 6847:. Cambridge University Press 5771:song "Hoodoo Woman" (1937). 5475:Yellow Back Radio Broke-Down 5366:Black American faith healers 5337:African American communities 5251:African American communities 5102: 5037: 4751: 4441:Denmark Vesey's slave revolt 4262:This can be understood as a 4210: 3987:. An enslaved African named 3388:wrote in his autobiography, 3334:, which means "to die." The 3106:First African Baptist Church 3002:African American communities 2075:is from an African dialect. 2025: 1784:School segregation in the US 1322:Black American Sign Language 1296:Languages and other dialects 7: 20994:Bantu religion and folklore 20165:Michael Row the Boat Ashore 19061:Black players in ice hockey 18996:National Urban League (NUL) 18822:American Society of Muslims 18060:Selma to Montgomery marches 17980:Brown v. Board of Education 17252:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure 16949:The Encyclopedia of Alabama 16895:. Oxford University Press. 16666:Library of Congress Staff. 16595:Western American Literature 16576:Western American Literature 16512:"Verse with Virginia Roots" 14315:"Adinkra Symbols Explained" 13825:South Carolina Encyclopedia 13407:10.1177/0021934703033005001 13389:Fairley, Nancy (May 2003). 13250:Brown, Ras Michael (2012). 13112:Pollitzer (November 2005). 12878:. Bloomsbury. p. 138. 12586:Smith, Theophus H. (1994). 12271:. Patheos.com. 23 July 2011 11196:Pollitzer (November 2005). 10076:. Oxford University Press. 9995:. Oxford University Press. 9968:. New York: Vintage Books. 9935:Brown, Ras Michael (2012). 9683:. New York. pp. 25–30. 8545:University of Georgia Today 8253:. Oxford University Press. 8086:10.2979/transition.125.1.11 8078:10.2979/transition.125.1.11 7905:. Literary Licensing, LLC. 7631:Chireau, Yvonne P. (2006). 7198:South Carolina Encyclopedia 6647:. Oxford University Press. 6384:Hoodoo, Voodoo, and Conjure 5948:. Oxford University Press. 5923:Religion of Black Americans 5904: 5808:sacrifice, herbal healing, 5791:, a spirit associated with 5761:Spartanburg, South Carolina 5508:created a character called 5462:military-industrial complex 5422:Public Broadcasting Service 4000:herbal medicines. Enslaved 3032:, African American quilts, 2273:was implemented in 1724 in 611:African-American businesses 77:content into sub-articles, 10: 23230: 23214:Congolese-American history 22761:Daemonolatreiae libri tres 21530:African diaspora religions 21382:African diaspora religions 19218:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 18976:Nashville Student Movement 17987:Children of the plantation 17847:Moses, Man of the Mountain 17837:African American folktales 17352:McCarthy, John P. (2015). 16783:Georgia Historical Society 16098:10.5325/jafrireli.4.2.0215 16090:10.5325/jafrireli.4.2.0215 15804:. Christian Living Books. 14428:Frohne, Andrea E. (2015). 14352:: 5, 7, 11, 57, 96, 99–100 14052:. Smithsonian Institution. 13846:Matory, J. Lorand (2008). 13703:Murphy, Joseph M. (1994). 13534:Young (11 February 2011). 13480:Pinckney, Charles (2003). 13436:Lowery, Irving E. (1911). 13376:Georgia Historical Society 12613:Suttles, Williams (1971). 12189:Moses, man of the mountain 11690:Lauderdale, David (2016). 11480:Covey, Herbert C. (2007). 11440:Lowcountry Digital Library 11344:Lowery, Irving E. (1911). 11236:Covey, Herbert C. (2008). 11169:Covey, Herbert C. (2007). 10810:Stuckey, Sterling (2013). 10296:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015). 10157:. NYU Press. p. 130. 10043:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015). 9660:Brown, William W. (1880). 9633:Blassingame, John (1980). 9616:Anderson, Jeffrey (2002). 9125:. Smithsonian Institution. 9031:"McIntosh County Shouters" 8247:Stuckey, Sterling (2013). 7663:Georgia Historical Society 7610:. University of Illinois. 7414:10.1177/002193470103200105 6725:Waters, Robert A. (2009). 6458:Journal of Haitian Studies 6229:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0376 6221:10.5325/jafrireli.1.3.0376 6096:10.5325/jafrireli.2.1.0125 6088:10.5325/jafrireli.2.1.0125 6043:Anderson, Jeffrey (2015). 4988: 4760: 4756: 4731: 4567: 4563: 4348:In the twentieth century, 4336:Moses, Man of the Mountain 3596:means a power amulet. The 3463:Other Kongo influences at 3445:Jefferson County, Kentucky 3161:The 18th-century painting 2147: 2138: 1989:trans-Atlantic slave trade 1911:enslaved African Americans 1149:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 824:Congressional Black Caucus 791:African Diaspora Religions 578:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 131:African diaspora religions 29: 23105: 23084: 23049: 23033: 22991: 22940: 22909: 22878: 22869: 22826: 22819: 22793:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men 22656: 22533: 22373: 22186: 22119: 21995: 21988: 21934:Native American religions 21817: 21702: 21691: 21536: 21480: 21440: 21374: 21367: 21322: 21281: 21274: 21224: 21183: 21102: 21037: 21030: 20999: 20945: 20886: 20838: 20831: 20803: 20750: 20653: 20642: 20616: 20560: 20423: 20315: 20307:South Carolina Lowcountry 20261: 20230: 20223: 20206: 20183: 20142: 20061: 20045: 20020: 19961: 19954: 19888: 19855:Index of related articles 19733: 19648: 19372: 19305: 19243: 19143: 19104: 19036: 19029: 18944: 18864: 18856:Doctrine of Father Divine 18802: 18744: 18393: 18248: 18240:Women's suffrage movement 18193:Reconstruction Amendments 18000:Voting Rights Act of 1965 17919: 17865: 17829: 17818: 17754: 17610:. Duke University Press. 17175:The National Blues Museum 17148:. ABC-CLIO. p. 185. 17001:. New York Public Library 15678:Long, Carolyn M. (2001). 15193:. pp. D21, D33, F19. 14376:The National Park Service 14025:. Smithsonian Institution 13864:10.1017/S0010417508000406 13808:. Department of Interior. 13806:The National Park Service 13757:Pinn, Anthony B. (2003). 13456:Gullah Culture in America 13166:MacGaffey, Wyatt (2000). 12458:The National Park Service 12433:The National Park Service 12384:Smith (9 November 1995). 11560:Hurston, Zora N. (1990). 10864:Farrington, Lisa (2005). 10837:Turner, Patricia (2009). 10357:Puckett, Newbell (1926). 10302:. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. 10178:Alvarado, Denise (2011). 10130:. ABC-CLIO. p. 130. 10049:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. 9723:"Kongo Across the Waters" 9312:Wilford, John N. (1996). 9267:"Kongo across the Waters" 9205:. ABC-CLIO. p. 114. 8484:The National Park Service 7711:Deveney, John P. (1997). 7508:Levine, Lawrence (2007). 7449:Journal of Social Science 7219:Suttles, William (1971). 6977:Puckett, Newbell (1926). 6498:. Oxford University Press 6496:Oxford English Dictionary 6049:. ABC-CLIO. p. 125. 5942:Raboteau, Albert (2004). 5826:African American churches 5705:Several African American 5437:African American folklore 5393:African American folklore 5281:African American religion 5243:Spiritual church movement 5130: 4771:Coffin Point Praise House 4678:African American folklore 4619:transatlantic slave trade 4585:to ward off evil spirits. 4553:President Abraham Lincoln 4534:also discusses the "High 4179:African American midwives 4122:, African Americans made 3922:transatlantic slave trade 3495:South Carolina Lowcountry 3061:transatlantic slave trade 2890: 2827: 2569:Central African influence 2431:Freedmen's Bureau Schools 2275:French colonial Louisiana 2185:transatlantic slave trade 2164:the invisible institution 2110:Oxford English Dictionary 2101:(mojo bag) come from the 2056:– referring to divinity. 1656:US states and territories 957:American Life and History 679:Lift Every Voice and Sing 388:Treatment of the enslaved 215: 205: 179: 136: 122: 113: 108: 23123:Christian views on magic 22801:The Discovery of Witches 22673:Directorium Inquisitorum 20360:History of Guinea-Bissau 20323:African-American history 20269:Beaufort, South Carolina 20191:African-American culture 19905:United States portal 19340:African-American English 18769:Inventors and scientists 18461:George Washington Carver 18065:Chicago Freedom Movement 17220:10.1177/0021934705280410 17208:Journal of Black Studies 17047:Brown, Kelly B. (2012). 16889:Diouf, Sylviane (2009). 16814:New Georgia Encyclopedia 16696:Yetman (15 March 2012). 16634:Southeastern Archaeology 16516:James Madison University 16489:New Georgia Encyclopedia 16068:Jenkins, Tammie (2016). 15966:. Taylor & Francis. 15771:Francis, Claude (1991). 15529:"Mother Catherine Seals" 15453:. Taylor & Francis. 15017:Peek, Philip M. (1991). 14704:Thompson (26 May 2010). 14625:Pinckney, Roger (1998). 14378:. Department of Interior 14321:. Department of Interior 14294:. Department of Interior 13395:Journal of Black Studies 13075:Federal Writers' Project 12986:Indiana Slave Narratives 12902:Zepke, Terrance (2009). 12505:Pressly; Sutter (2018). 12258:. vol. I. pp. 1758–1759. 12055:. University of Florida. 11838:Chireau, Yvonne (1997). 11453:Mitchell, Faith (1999). 11442:. College of Charleston. 11436:"Culture and Resistance" 11323:. Wadastick Publishers. 11317:Lee, Michele E. (2014). 11290:Mitchell, Faith (1999). 11112:Mitchell, Faith (1999). 10580:Jones, Alice E. (1998). 10471:Jones, Alice E. (1998). 10452:. University of Maryland 10249:Pemberton, John (1975). 10097:Diouf, Sylviane (1998). 9799:. University of Florida. 9531:Thompson (26 May 2010). 8844:. University of Maryland 8593:Thompson (26 May 2010). 8528:. University of Florida. 8390:Leland Ferguson (1999). 7926:Horowitz, Mitch (2010). 7402:Journal of Black Studies 7273:Wortham, Robert (2017). 6671:Chireau, Yvonne (2003). 5996:Chireau, Yvonne (1997). 5834:Black Spiritual churches 5580:Federal Writers' Project 5433:Charles Waddell Chesnutt 4404:The Christian Holy Bible 4118:In other regions of the 4050:George Washington Carver 3621: 3588:. For example, the word 3550: 3498:to spiritual mothers is 2414:Paschal Beverly Randolph 2408:Paschal Beverly Randolph 2069:Paschal Beverly Randolph 2005:Central African Republic 1858:United States portal 1265:African-American English 776:African-American Muslims 337:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 31:Not to be confused with 22729:De praestigiis daemonum 22681:De maleficis mulieribus 20396:History of Sierra Leone 20289:Golden Isles of Georgia 19828:African-American firsts 18877:Back-to-Africa movement 18846:Black Hebrew Israelites 18626:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 18174:Partus sequitur ventrem 17393:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 17276:Hazzard-Donald (2013). 16753:The Slave Ship Wanderer 16702:. Courier Corporation. 16390:10.34042/claj.62.2.0178 16382:10.34042/claj.62.2.0178 16289:Donahue, James (2015). 15933:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 15420:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 15366:Yetman, Norman (2012). 15312:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 14990:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 14946:Kail (13 August 2010). 14822:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 14602:Kongo Across the Waters 14596:Gundaker, Grey (2013). 14232:Frohne, Andrea (2015). 14070:. College of Charleston 13608:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 13561:National Park Service. 13459:. Praeger. p. 96. 13229:. OUP USA. p. 36. 12750:Hazzard-Donald (2013). 12704:. Ohio State University 12674:. Ohio State University 12478:Rucker, Walter (2008). 12411:Stroyer, Jacob (1879). 12321:Archeology in Annapolis 11966:Bailey, Julius (2016). 11263:Covey, Herbert (2008). 10609:National Park Service. 10500:Rucker, Walter (2008). 10181:Voodoo Hoodoo Spellbook 10070:Curtis, Edward (2009). 9721:Cooksey, Susan (2013). 9589:McCurnin, Mary (2010). 9493:Encyclopedia Britannica 9468:. University of Houston 9437:McDavid, Carol (1999). 9416:Kongo Across the Waters 9265:Cooksey, Susan (2013). 9083:Hazzard-Donald (2011). 8942:Hazzard-Donald (2011). 8886:Gundaker, Grey (2011). 8869:Archeology in Annapolis 8778:"Kongo to Kings County" 8776:Watson, Marcus (2016). 8749:Gundaker, Grey (1998). 8620:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 8547:. University of Georgia 8421:Gundaker, Grey (2011). 8363:Gundaker, Grey (1998). 8274:Duke University Staff. 8122:. Charleston City Paper 7853:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 7173:. Ohio State University 7054:OAH Magazine of History 6893:Hazzard-Donald (2012). 6785:Encyclopedia Britannica 6614:Hughes, Sakina (2005). 6552:Hazzard-Donald (2013). 6286:www.merriam-webster.com 6144:Hazzard-Donald (2011). 5862:High John the Conqueror 5832:and minkisi practices, 5391:, her first book about 5150:extrasensory perception 4845:Smithsonian Institution 4536:John the Conqueror root 4371:related to the prophet 3991:was held in bondage by 3441:Locust Grove plantation 2998:Cultural anthropologist 1779:Reparations for slavery 867:Back-to-Africa movement 766:Black Hebrew Israelites 644:African-American beauty 157:Gullah Geechee Corridor 40:Hoodoo (disambiguation) 33:Voodoo (disambiguation) 22785:Compendium Maleficarum 22777:Magical Investigations 22668:(8th–2nd centuries BC) 21703:Practices and concepts 20069:Afro-American religion 19796:Spingarn Medal winners 19285:States and territories 19056:Black NFL quarterbacks 18556:Martin Luther King Jr. 18088:Dred Scott v. Sandford 18027:Montgomery bus boycott 17200:Fandrich, Ina (2007). 17142:Perone, James (2019). 16750:Wells, Tom H. (1967). 16364:Murphey, Dana (2019). 16326:10.2307/j.ctt1trkkq5.9 16132:JSTOR Daily Newsletter 16047:JSTOR Daily Newsletter 15501:Jacob, Claude (1991). 14397:Medford, Edna (2009). 14116:Hurston, Zora (1935). 13453:Cross, Wilbur (2008). 12729:. Wildside Press LLC. 11913:. African Tree Press. 11694:. The Beaufort Gazette 11222:Stacy Hawkins Adams. " 10374:Medford, Edna (2009). 10016:Glaude, Eddie (2014). 9870:Historical Archaeology 9558:Long, Carolyn (1997). 8894:Historical Archaeology 8784:(Dissertation, Thesis) 8429:Historical Archaeology 8064:Farrag, Hebah (2018). 7899:Herman, Black (2013). 7815:. Arcadia Publishing. 7788:. Arcadia Publishing. 7535:Jamison, M.F. (1912). 7066:10.1093/maghis/17.3.37 7048:Arlyck, Kevin (2003). 7027:Louisiana State Museum 6994:Tushnet, Mark (2019). 6920:Moses, Sharon (2018). 6282:"Definition of HOODOO" 6203:Wood, Funlayo (2013). 5702: 5682:to the United States. 5613:Jekyll Island, Georgia 5575: 5400: 5319:Charles Harrison Mason 5306: 5238: 5088: 5000: 4890: 4772: 4742:West African religions 4720: 4700:. It is placed inside 4647: 4627:outdoor water features 4586: 4549:The Sanctified Church. 4528: 4511: 4464: 4445:Nat Turner's Rebellion 4424: 4405: 4330: 4315: 4258: 4215: 4175: 4069: 3979: 3904: 3845: 3833: 3805:Guinea Coast of Africa 3797:West African societies 3760: 3721:Williamsburg, Virginia 3691: 3547: 3538:West African influence 3510:Robert Farris Thompson 3412: 3315: 3268:Levi Jordan Plantation 3204: 3191:Other Kongo influences 3170: 3096: 3051: 2557:The Rootworker's Table 2507: 2476: 2409: 2319: 2266: 2167: 1915:Southern United States 1249:Dialects and languages 409:Second Great Migration 23174:Hoodoo (spirituality) 22408:Cloak of invisibility 22164:Solitary practitioner 22077:Witch-cult hypothesis 20424:Related ethnic groups 20389:History of the Gambia 20248:Port Royal Experiment 20062:Religion and folklore 20002:Daughters of the Dust 19106:Athletic associations 19041:Negro league baseball 18812:African-American Jews 18531:Ketanji Brown Jackson 18496:Henry Highland Garnet 18355:Negro National Anthem 18105:George Floyd protests 18070:Post–civil rights era 17857:Sukey and The Mermaid 17372:10.1353/ams.2015.0009 16808:Rohrer, Katherine E. 16674:. Library of Congress 16607:10.1353/wal.2002.0027 16317:Searching for Sycorax 15909:The Sanctified Church 15852:Davies, Owen (2013). 15659:. Virginia Humanities 15657:Encyclopedia Virginia 14464:National Park Service 14213:. The Washington Post 12848:The Sanctified Church 12806:Tyler, Varro (1991). 12532:Young, Jason (2011). 12356:Secrets of the Psalms 12120:Leon (October 2020). 12066:Young, Jason (2011). 11811:Pyatt; Jones (1999). 11636:Ohio Slave Narratives 11118:. Summerhouse Press. 10951:Savannah Morning News 10553:Johns; Pyatt (1999). 8194:Felix (27 May 2017). 7765:Randolph, Paschal B. 7690:. Wiley. p. 50. 7443:White, Shane (2014). 6752:Vansina, Jan (2002). 5969:Young, Jason (2007). 5828:, spirit possession, 5759:was born enslaved in 5697: 5573: 5386: 5328:The Sanctified Church 5304: 5233: 5079: 4998: 4888: 4791:. The ring shout and 4770: 4718: 4639: 4577: 4526: 4505: 4458: 4420: 4411:Secrets of the Psalms 4403: 4325: 4310: 4256: 4202:by midwives, and the 4173: 4105:Gullah Geechee Nation 4067: 4040:Before and after the 3977: 3902: 3839: 3827: 3793:Gullah Geechee people 3758: 3689: 3681:1741 slave conspiracy 3626:Hoodoo also has some 3545: 3519:African Art historian 3398: 3302: 3198: 3160: 3082: 3047: 2505: 2474: 2407: 2330:broke out in 1712 in 2317: 2252: 2157: 1661:US metropolitan areas 1488:List of neighborhoods 1102:Alabama Creole people 1092:African-American Jews 1024:Negro league baseball 987:National Urban League 939:Civic/economic groups 771:African-American Jews 661:African-American hair 523:, after the Civil War 352:Post–civil rights era 23209:Supernatural legends 23128:Magical organization 22643:Witches of Benevento 21017:Proto-Bantu language 20760:Ancestral veneration 20667:Chicamassi-chinuinji 20335:Atlantic slave trade 20010:Gullah Gullah Island 19313:Afro-Seminole Creole 18839:Azusa Street Revival 18711:Booker T. Washington 18235:Underground Railroad 18100:Free people of color 17954:Atlantic slave trade 17095:Arkansas State Parks 16789:on 21 September 2021 16155:"Zora Neale Hurston" 15561:. pp. 333–342. 12726:High John de Conquer 12126:Current Anthropology 12051:Harn Museum of Art. 12018:Current Anthropology 10979:Andreae, Christine. 10450:Wye House Archeology 9795:Harn Museum of Art. 9739:10.1162/AFAR_a_00109 9677:Bibb, Henry (1849). 9374:Current Anthropology 9283:10.1162/AFAR_a_00109 9035:Georgia Encyclopedia 8842:Wye House Archeology 6845:Cambridge Dictionary 6581:Current Anthropology 6408:Gall; Hobby (2009). 5755:Hoodoo practitioner 5674:Hurston interviewed 5360:Deliverance ministry 5203:Underground Railroad 5087:would be successful. 5085:Underground Railroad 3895:Rootwork and healing 3765:Stagville Plantation 3725:Alexandria, Virginia 3717:Kingsmill Plantation 3715:In addition, at the 3557:West African Muslims 3280:Bantu-Kongo religion 3256:Wye House plantation 3110:Underground Railroad 2743:Ancestral veneration 2648:Chicamassi-chinuinji 2425:, Randolph educated 2361:Underground Railroad 1818:Criminal stereotypes 1593:District of Columbia 1310:Afro-Seminole Creole 752:Non-Christian groups 347:Black power movement 311:during the Civil War 280:Atlantic slave trade 22745:Newes from Scotland 22705:Malleus Maleficarum 22082:Anglo-Saxon England 21323:Legendary creatures 20150:Charleston red rice 19962:Film and television 19708:Trinidad and Tobago 19323:Black American Sign 19150:By African descent 19144:Ethnic subdivisions 19131:Southwestern (SWAC) 19046:Baseball color line 18961:Black Panther Party 18865:Political movements 18782:in computer science 18441:Carol Moseley Braun 18230:Tulsa race massacre 18223:Treatment of slaves 18055:March on Washington 18050:Birmingham movement 17426:Pharmacy in History 17115:Kail, Tony (2017). 15744:Kail, Tony (2017). 15707:"Hoodoo in America" 15597:Kail, Tony (2017). 14784:. pp. 231–232. 14145:"Hoodoo in America" 14044:Smithsonian Staff. 13507:Kail, Tony (2019). 13285:Marvels & Tales 13095:Library of Congress 12908:. Pineapple Press. 12812:Pharmacy in History 12781:Pharmacy in History 11888:. vol. II. p. 1761. 11589:"Hoodoo in America" 11507:Hutchins, Zachary. 11361:Farrington (2005). 10987:. Jefferson Library 10722:"Hoodoo in America" 9636:The Slave Community 9564:Pharmacy in History 9117:Smithsonian Staff. 8782:CUNY Academic Works 8220:Tony, Kail (2017). 8173:CNBC Small Business 8147:Acadiana Historical 7809:Kail, Tony (2017). 7782:Kail, Tony (2019). 7738:Kail, Tony (2019). 7329:"Hoodoo in America" 6805:Washington (2010). 5824:, snake reverence, 5734:Got My Mojo Working 5630:St. Simons, Georgia 5619:in Central Africa. 5596:Library of Congress 5592:ex-slave narratives 5351:Prosperity theology 5333:Holy Ghost shouting 5166:poker playing cards 5081:William Wells Brown 5059:Commonly used items 4947:Akan Sankofa Symbol 4869:published in 1935. 4819:of Africa with the 4798:biblical references 4354:Black neighborhoods 4318:Moses as a conjurer 4230:retributive justice 4109:Ferula assafoetida; 3828:Bible Quilt 1898 / 3665:Annapolis, Maryland 3574:Mandingo (Mandinka) 3467:were documented by 3411:, carved onto them. 3138:Magnolia Plantation 3049:The Kongo cosmogram 3040:The Kongo cosmogram 2518:are present in the 2297:St. Louis, Missouri 2291:wrote in his book, 2289:William Wells Brown 2208:water spirits, and 2193:illegal slave trade 2175:transported to the 1926:botanical knowledge 1214:Sierra Leone Creole 1175:Specific ancestries 1060:Southwestern (SWAC) 583:Black History Month 414:New Great Migration 368:Agriculture history 149:Carolina Lowcountry 69:readable prose size 23097:Witches in fiction 23085:In popular culture 22659:historic treatises 21675:Trinidadian Vodunu 21463:John the Conqueror 20384:History of Senegal 20370:History of Nigeria 20365:History of Liberia 20119:John the Conqueror 19806:US representatives 19801:US cabinet members 19693:Dominican Republic 19280:Metropolitan areas 19121:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 18946:Civic and economic 18924:Self-determination 18745:Education, science 18666:Fred Shuttlesworth 18646:A. Philip Randolph 18551:Coretta Scott King 18476:Frederick Douglass 18303:Harlem Renaissance 18208:Separate but equal 18198:Reconstruction era 18186:Plessy v. Ferguson 18077:Cornerstone Speech 17991:Civil Rights Acts 17974:Black Lives Matter 17949:American Civil War 17842:John the Conqueror 17755:Magic and concepts 17329:Media Department. 17181:on 7 February 2022 16072:Jonah's Gourd Vine 15135:Teaching Mysticism 14485:Morrow, Kara Ann. 14190:. Emory University 14188:Indiana University 13998:. Vice Media Group 13936:Rosenbaum (1998). 13790:. p. preface. 13673:Pollitzer (2005). 13378:. 30 October 2013. 13193:Adams, Natalie P. 12316:Cochran, Matthew. 12132:(S22): S276–S288. 11993:Harrison, Milmon. 11740:NPS Staff (2003). 10945:Jahannes, Naftal. 10428:The New York Times 9882:10.1007/BF03374221 9487:Wilson, Khonsura. 9318:The New York Times 9147:. State of Georgia 9136:Department Staff. 9002:Rosenbaum (1998). 8982:The Griot Republic 8906:10.1007/BF03376840 8863:Cochran, Matthew. 8441:10.1007/BF03376840 6779:Wilson, Khonsura. 6587:(S22): S276–S288. 6441:. pp. 17, 18. 6359:www.etymonline.com 6335:www.etymonline.com 6183:Harvard University 5816:burial practices, 5746:"Who Do You Love?" 5726:Gertrude Ma Rainey 5703: 5661:West African Vodun 5578:In the 1930s, the 5576: 5451:Reconstruction Era 5404:Zora Neale Hurston 5401: 5324:Black gospel music 5315:Memphis, Tennessee 5307: 5268:Memphis, Tennessee 5247:Spiritual churches 5239: 5109:elemental energies 5089: 5001: 4891: 4863:Zora Neale Hurston 4783:The ring shout in 4773: 4721: 4648: 4587: 4540:American Civil War 4529: 4512: 4470:, who was born in 4465: 4406: 4387:Nevertheless, the 4331: 4281:Kongo Christianity 4259: 4176: 4150:(a person who can 4070: 4046:Indigenous peoples 3980: 3938:benneseed (sesame) 3905: 3846: 3834: 3761: 3741:Richmond, Virginia 3692: 3548: 3523:Albert J. Raboteau 3426:Harn Museum of Art 3413: 3316: 3260:Frederick Douglass 3205: 3171: 3163:The Old Plantation 3097: 3052: 2539:Frenier, Louisiana 2520:Black Lives Matter 2512:American Civil War 2508: 2477: 2423:American Civil War 2410: 2392:Frederick Douglass 2320: 2305:invisible churches 2267: 2200:incorporating the 2191:and 1808, and the 2168: 2129:Zora Neale Hurston 1974:Abrahamic religion 1970:syncretic religion 1223:Sexual orientation 1097:Afro-Puerto Ricans 1050:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 685:Self-determination 649:Black is beautiful 315:Reconstruction era 23161: 23160: 23118:Witch (archetype) 23080: 23079: 23029: 23028: 22355:Sympathetic magic 22182: 22181: 21944: 21943: 21856:Western occultism 21665:Spiritual Baptist 21496: 21495: 21476: 21475: 21363: 21362: 21270: 21269: 20961: 20960: 20941: 20940: 20636:Kongo Catholicism 20576: 20575: 20556: 20555: 20431:African Americans 20340:History of Angola 20296:(protected site) 20204: 20203: 20196:Culture of Africa 20175:Robot Hive/Exodus 20143:Music and culture 20036:Vibration Cooking 19986:A Soldier's Story 19913: 19912: 19741:African Americans 19613:Dallas–Fort Worth 19208:Black Southerners 19139: 19138: 18591:Thurgood Marshall 18561:Bernard Lafayette 18156:Million Man March 17913:African Americans 17879: 17878: 17652:Hoodoo in America 17504:Deslippe (2014). 17249:Anderson (2008). 17078:. pp. 74–76. 16943:Diouf, Sylviane. 16902:978-0-19-972398-0 16483:Powell, Timothy. 16234:The Conjure Woman 16153:Norwood, Alisha. 15865:978-0-19-162514-5 15825:Anderson (2005). 15798:Clemmens (2012). 15576:978-0-19-516796-2 14516:Thompson (2010). 13819:Poole, W. Scott. 13730:Raboteau (2004). 13581:Thompson (2010). 13277:Connolly (2021). 13236:978-0-19-993167-5 13086:. #194 on pg. 199 12942:978-0-8203-4241-2 12915:978-1-56164-871-9 12761:978-0-252-07876-7 12599:978-0-19-802319-7 12397:978-0-19-802319-7 12387:Conjuring Culture 12372:Conjuring Culture 11950:Conjuring Culture 11394:World Archaeology 11374:978-0-19-516721-4 11139:Niven, Steven J. 10926:. Yale University 10877:978-0-19-516721-4 10823:978-0-19-993167-5 10637:. Yale University 10340:Anderson (2002). 10191:978-1-57863-513-9 10083:978-0-19-974567-8 9781:978-0-307-87433-7 9646:978-0-19-502563-7 9212:978-0-313-34222-6 9182:978-0-19-517413-7 8762:978-0-19-535538-3 8718:978-0-262-35146-1 8260:978-0-19-993167-5 8141:Dottery, Alyssa. 8114:Lawrence (2010). 8041:Anderson, Chase. 7822:978-1-4396-5957-1 7665:. 30 October 2013 7644:978-0-520-24988-2 7617:978-0-252-09446-0 7573:978-0-19-530569-2 7100:978-0-19-517413-7 7087:Raboteau (2004). 6654:978-0-19-802031-8 6641:Raboteau (2004). 6381:Anderson (2008). 5982:978-0-8071-3719-2 5955:978-0-19-802031-8 5765:Newport, Arkansas 5757:Aunt Caroline Dye 5663:, Islam, and the 5653:Mississippi Sound 5531:St. Simons Island 5446:The Conjure Woman 5311:Sanctified Church 5181:Domino divination 5121:Black communities 5117:African mysticism 5021:Personal concerns 4915:minkisi and Nkisi 4881:Burial traditions 4789:spirit possession 4474:, maintained his 4249:God as a conjurer 4111:the folk word is 3954:protective amulet 3914:slave plantations 3850:Bakongo cosmogram 3844:, South Carolina. 3648:Yoruba influences 3241:Darrow, Louisiana 3228:minkisi and nkisi 3180:spirit possession 3147:James Brice House 2995: 2994: 2945: 2944: 2624:Kongo Catholicism 2450:Post-emancipation 2332:colonial New York 2284:Former slave and 2239:Mississippi Delta 2183:) as part of the 2171:and West African 2020:African Americans 1904: 1903: 1841: 1840: 1739: 1738: 1513:Dallas-Fort Worth 1330: 1329: 1240: 1239: 1184:Americo-Liberians 1067: 1066: 1005: 1004: 930: 929: 799: 798: 743:Womanist theology 693: 692: 635:Symbols and ideas 421: 420: 300:Antebellum period 295:Revolutionary War 250:African Americans 235: 234: 219:Lowcountry Voodoo 210:African Americans 188:Sea Island Creole 175:, and Mississippi 104: 103: 71:was 22,000 words. 16:(Redirected from 23221: 23092:Magic in fiction 22922:Northern Moravia 22876: 22875: 22856:Papua New Guinea 22824: 22823: 22608:Nine sorceresses 22360:Witches' Sabbath 22209:Ceremonial magic 22199:Apotropaic magic 21993: 21992: 21971: 21964: 21957: 21948: 21947: 21710:Animal sacrifice 21697: 21635:Louisiana Voodoo 21523: 21516: 21509: 21500: 21499: 21486: 21485: 21372: 21371: 21282:Legendary beings 21279: 21278: 21035: 21034: 20988: 20981: 20974: 20965: 20964: 20951: 20950: 20836: 20835: 20648: 20603: 20596: 20589: 20580: 20579: 20566: 20565: 20355:History of Ghana 20350:History of Congo 20345:History of Benin 20279:Eulonia, Georgia 20274:Daufuskie Island 20228: 20227: 20218: 20212: 19959: 19958: 19940: 19933: 19926: 19917: 19916: 19903: 19902: 19901: 19865:Lynching victims 19364:Louisiana Creole 19335:American English 19223:Louisiana Creole 19196:Choctaw freedmen 19034: 19033: 18571:Huddie Ledbetter 18511:Fannie Lou Hamer 18481:W. E. B. Du Bois 18471:Claudette Colvin 18466:Shirley Chisholm 18283:Family structure 18151:Military history 18033:Browder v. Gayle 17906: 17899: 17892: 17883: 17882: 17871: 17870: 17824: 17748:Hoodoo tradition 17741: 17734: 17727: 17718: 17717: 17639: 17638: 17628: 17622: 17621: 17601: 17595: 17594: 17574: 17568: 17567: 17547: 17541: 17540: 17538: 17536: 17510:Amerasia Journal 17501: 17495: 17494: 17474: 17468: 17467: 17465: 17463: 17448: 17442: 17441: 17417: 17411: 17410: 17390: 17384: 17383: 17360:American Studies 17357: 17349: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17338: 17326: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17315: 17300: 17294: 17293: 17273: 17267: 17266: 17246: 17240: 17239: 17205: 17197: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17186: 17177:. 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15741: 15735: 15734: 15717:(174): 318–320. 15702: 15696: 15695: 15675: 15669: 15668: 15666: 15664: 15648: 15642: 15641: 15621: 15615: 15614: 15594: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15550: 15544: 15543: 15541: 15540: 15525: 15519: 15518: 15498: 15492: 15491: 15471: 15465: 15464: 15444: 15438: 15437: 15417: 15411: 15410: 15390: 15384: 15383: 15363: 15357: 15356: 15336: 15330: 15329: 15309: 15303: 15302: 15282: 15276: 15275: 15255: 15249: 15248: 15228: 15222: 15221: 15201: 15195: 15194: 15192: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15172: 15170: 15165: 15156: 15150: 15149: 15132:Parsons (2011). 15129: 15123: 15122: 15102: 15096: 15095: 15093: 15091: 15068: 15062: 15061: 15041: 15035: 15034: 15014: 15008: 15007: 14987: 14981: 14980: 14970: 14964: 14963: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14908: 14902: 14901: 14873: 14867: 14866: 14846: 14840: 14839: 14819: 14813: 14812: 14792: 14786: 14785: 14778:Puckett (1926). 14775: 14769: 14768: 14766: 14755: 14749: 14748: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14701: 14695: 14694: 14692: 14691: 14676: 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12681: 12679: 12669: 12660: 12651: 12650: 12610: 12604: 12603: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12556: 12550: 12549: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12502: 12496: 12495: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12425: 12419: 12418: 12408: 12402: 12401: 12381: 12375: 12364: 12358: 12354:Selig, Godfrey. 12352: 12346: 12339: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12328: 12313: 12307: 12306: 12286: 12280: 12279: 12277: 12276: 12265: 12259: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12230: 12224: 12210: 12204: 12203: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12156: 12150: 12149: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12063: 12057: 12056: 12048: 12042: 12041: 12009: 12003: 12002: 11999:Encyclopedia.com 11990: 11984: 11983: 11963: 11957: 11946: 11940: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11904: 11898: 11895: 11889: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11808: 11802: 11801: 11781: 11775: 11774: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11737: 11731: 11730: 11710: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11699: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11660: 11651: 11650: 11630: 11624: 11623: 11621: 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10642: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10588:: 105–106, 108. 10577: 10571: 10570: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10539: 10524: 10518: 10517: 10497: 10491: 10490: 10468: 10462: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10447: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10405:Puckett (1926). 10402: 10396: 10395: 10393: 10391: 10371: 10365: 10364: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10202: 10196: 10195: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10121: 10115: 10114: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10013: 10007: 10006: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9915: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9904: 9867: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9845: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9674: 9668: 9667: 9657: 9651: 9650: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9555: 9549: 9548: 9528: 9522: 9521: 9519: 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Archived from 8387: 8381: 8380: 8360: 8354: 8353: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8312: 8306: 8305: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8208: 8206: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8127: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8100: 8061: 8055: 8054: 8052: 8050: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8027: 8011: 8005: 8004: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7923: 7917: 7916: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7886:Cabinet Magazine 7877: 7871: 7870: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7779: 7773: 7772: 7762: 7756: 7755: 7735: 7729: 7728: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7681: 7675: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7584: 7578: 7577: 7557: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7399: 7390: 7384: 7383: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7327:Hurston (1931). 7324: 7318: 7317: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 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6114: 6108: 6107: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6040: 6034: 6033: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5939: 5916: 5915: 5793:Louisiana Voodoo 5588:Great Depression 5566:Slave narratives 5426:African Diaspora 5014:African Diaspora 4461:African Diaspora 4326:A seal from the 4234:good versus evil 4228:and his role in 4184:segregation laws 4075:apotropaic magic 3969:Native Americans 3910:rice cultivation 3594:Louisiana Creole 3586:Bambara language 3517:Thompson was an 3480:Kikongo language 3101:Counterclockwise 3030:slave narratives 3014:Sterling Stuckey 2987: 2980: 2973: 2957: 2956: 2825: 2824: 2599: 2588: 2573: 2572: 2524:police brutality 2435:Louisiana Voodoo 2198:Bakongo religion 2150:Antebellum South 2118: 2103:Kikongo language 2032:English language 1921:and elements of 1896: 1889: 1882: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1803:media depictions 1752: 1751: 1647:Population count 1343: 1342: 1277:Liberian English 1256:English dialects 1253: 1252: 1209:Samaná Americans 1134:Creoles of color 1080: 1079: 1018: 1017: 962:Black conductors 943: 942: 812: 811: 786:Louisiana Voodoo 708: 707: 453:Family structure 436: 435: 383:Military history 378:Business history 309:military history 264: 263: 237: 236: 196:Louisiana Creole 118: 106: 105: 99: 96: 90: 54: 53: 46: 43: 36: 21: 23229: 23228: 23224: 23223: 23222: 23220: 23219: 23218: 23164: 23163: 23162: 23157: 23101: 23076: 23045: 23025: 22987: 22941:Northern Europe 22936: 22905: 22865: 22815: 22658: 22652: 22535: 22529: 22468:Magical weapons 22418:Flying ointment 22369: 22214:Magical formula 22178: 22115: 22062:Greece and Rome 21984: 21975: 21945: 21940: 21813: 21749:Hot foot powder 21698: 21689: 21532: 21527: 21497: 21492: 21472: 21436: 21417:Hot foot powder 21392:Candomblé Bantu 21359: 21318: 21266: 21237:Kongo cosmogram 21220: 21179: 21098: 21055:Dini Ya Msambwa 21026: 21022:Bantu languages 21012:Bantu expansion 20995: 20992: 20962: 20957: 20937: 20882: 20863:Hot foot powder 20827: 20799: 20770:Kongo cosmogram 20746: 20649: 20640: 20612: 20607: 20577: 20572: 20552: 20419: 20316:Related history 20311: 20257: 20253:Stono Rebellion 20238:Bilali Document 20219: 20213: 20200: 20184:Related culture 20179: 20138: 20114:Hot foot powder 20084:Flying Africans 20057: 20053:Gullah language 20041: 20016: 19950: 19944: 19914: 19909: 19899: 19897: 19884: 19850:Historic places 19843:US state firsts 19729: 19644: 19368: 19301: 19273:2010 majorities 19268:2000 majorities 19239: 19186:Black Seminoles 19135: 19126:Southern (SIAC) 19109: 19108:and conferences 19107: 19100: 19096:Serena Williams 19091:Jackie Robinson 19025: 18949: 18947: 18940: 18860: 18827:Nation of Islam 18798: 18746: 18740: 18681:Sojourner Truth 18671:Clarence Thomas 18636:Gabriel Prosser 18536:Michael Jackson 18411:Crispus Attucks 18401:Ralph Abernathy 18389: 18345:Musical theater 18244: 18110:Great Migration 18082:COVID-19 impact 18040:Sit-in movement 17915: 17910: 17880: 17875: 17873:Gullah category 17861: 17825: 17816: 17792:Kongo cosmogram 17782:Hot foot powder 17750: 17745: 17648: 17643: 17642: 17629: 17625: 17618: 17602: 17598: 17591: 17575: 17571: 17564: 17548: 17544: 17534: 17532: 17502: 17498: 17491: 17475: 17471: 17461: 17459: 17449: 17445: 17418: 17414: 17407: 17391: 17387: 17350: 17346: 17336: 17334: 17327: 17323: 17313: 17311: 17302: 17301: 17297: 17290: 17274: 17270: 17263: 17247: 17243: 17198: 17194: 17184: 17182: 17167: 17163: 17156: 17140: 17136: 17129: 17113: 17109: 17099: 17097: 17087: 17083: 17072: 17068: 17061: 17045: 17041: 17031: 17029: 17020:Martin (2006). 17018: 17014: 17004: 17002: 16993:Library Staff. 16991: 16987: 16973: 16967: 16963: 16953: 16951: 16941: 16937: 16930: 16916:Shujaa (2015). 16914: 16910: 16903: 16887: 16883: 16876: 16860: 16856: 16849: 16833: 16829: 16819: 16817: 16806: 16802: 16792: 16790: 16775: 16771: 16764: 16748: 16744: 16737: 16721: 16717: 16710: 16694: 16687: 16677: 16675: 16664: 16660: 16650: 16648: 16628:Wilkie (1995). 16626: 16622: 16591: 16587: 16572: 16568: 16553: 16549: 16534: 16530: 16520: 16518: 16508: 16504: 16494: 16492: 16481: 16477: 16467: 16465: 16453: 16449:Barima (2017). 16447: 16443: 16433: 16431: 16416: 16412: 16402: 16400: 16362: 16358: 16348: 16346: 16336: 16312: 16308: 16287: 16283: 16256: 16252: 16245: 16229: 16225: 16215: 16213: 16204: 16203: 16199: 16189: 16187: 16178: 16177: 16173: 16163: 16161: 16151: 16147: 16137: 16135: 16124: 16120: 16110: 16108: 16066: 16062: 16052: 16050: 16039: 16035: 16028: 16012: 16008: 16001: 15987:Bowler (2011). 15985: 15981: 15974: 15958: 15954: 15947: 15931: 15927: 15920: 15904: 15900: 15893: 15877: 15873: 15866: 15850: 15846: 15839: 15823: 15819: 15812: 15796: 15792: 15785: 15769: 15765: 15758: 15742: 15738: 15703: 15699: 15692: 15676: 15672: 15662: 15660: 15649: 15645: 15638: 15624:Jacobs (1991). 15622: 15618: 15611: 15595: 15591: 15581: 15579: 15577: 15553:Jacobs (2004). 15551: 15547: 15538: 15536: 15527: 15526: 15522: 15515: 15499: 15495: 15488: 15474:Dupree (2013). 15472: 15468: 15461: 15447:Archer (2009). 15445: 15441: 15434: 15418: 15414: 15407: 15393:Larson (2009). 15391: 15387: 15380: 15364: 15360: 15353: 15337: 15333: 15326: 15310: 15306: 15299: 15283: 15279: 15272: 15256: 15252: 15245: 15229: 15225: 15218: 15202: 15198: 15190: 15182: 15178: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15157: 15153: 15146: 15130: 15126: 15119: 15103: 15099: 15089: 15087: 15069: 15065: 15058: 15042: 15038: 15031: 15015: 15011: 15004: 14988: 14984: 14971: 14967: 14960: 14944: 14940: 14909: 14905: 14874: 14870: 14863: 14847: 14843: 14836: 14820: 14816: 14809: 14793: 14789: 14776: 14772: 14764: 14756: 14752: 14745: 14729: 14725: 14718: 14702: 14698: 14689: 14687: 14678: 14677: 14673: 14666: 14650: 14646: 14639: 14623: 14619: 14612: 14594: 14590: 14583: 14567: 14563: 14553: 14551: 14541: 14537: 14530: 14514: 14510: 14500: 14498: 14483: 14479: 14469: 14467: 14459: 14453: 14449: 14442: 14426: 14422: 14412: 14410: 14409:: 29, 49, 88–89 14395: 14391: 14381: 14379: 14370: 14369: 14365: 14355: 14353: 14338: 14334: 14324: 14322: 14311: 14307: 14297: 14295: 14284: 14280: 14273: 14259:Frohne (2015). 14257: 14253: 14246: 14230: 14226: 14216: 14214: 14209:Ellis, Nicole. 14207: 14203: 14193: 14191: 14180: 14176: 14141: 14137: 14130: 14114: 14110: 14103: 14087: 14083: 14073: 14071: 14062: 14061: 14057: 14042: 14038: 14028: 14026: 14015: 14011: 14001: 13999: 13988: 13984: 13974: 13972: 13961: 13957: 13950: 13934: 13930: 13920: 13918: 13916:Griots Republic 13908: 13904: 13894: 13892: 13844: 13840: 13830: 13828: 13821:"Praise houses" 13817: 13813: 13800: 13799: 13795: 13782: 13778: 13771: 13755: 13751: 13744: 13728: 13724: 13717: 13701: 13694: 13687: 13671: 13667: 13652: 13648: 13633: 13629: 13622: 13606: 13602: 13595: 13579: 13575: 13567: 13559: 13555: 13548: 13532: 13528: 13521: 13505: 13501: 13494: 13478: 13474: 13467: 13451: 13447: 13434: 13430: 13387: 13383: 13370: 13369: 13365: 13355: 13353: 13331: 13327: 13317: 13315: 13275: 13271: 13264: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13221: 13217: 13207: 13205: 13197: 13191: 13187: 13180: 13164: 13160: 13153: 13137: 13133: 13126: 13110: 13106: 13089: 13087: 13069: 13059: 13055: 13045: 13043: 13031: 13025: 13021: 13008: 13004: 12997: 12981: 12977: 12970: 12954: 12950: 12943: 12927: 12923: 12916: 12900: 12893: 12886: 12872:Little (2012). 12870: 12866: 12859: 12843: 12839: 12804: 12800: 12773: 12769: 12762: 12748: 12744: 12737: 12721: 12717: 12707: 12705: 12697: 12693:Newman, Chris. 12691: 12687: 12677: 12675: 12667: 12663:Newman, Chris. 12661: 12654: 12631:10.2307/2716232 12611: 12607: 12600: 12584: 12580: 12573: 12557: 12553: 12546: 12530: 12526: 12519: 12503: 12499: 12492: 12476: 12472: 12462: 12460: 12452: 12451: 12447: 12437: 12435: 12429:"Denmark Vesey" 12427: 12426: 12422: 12409: 12405: 12398: 12382: 12378: 12365: 12361: 12353: 12349: 12340: 12336: 12326: 12324: 12314: 12310: 12303: 12287: 12283: 12274: 12272: 12267: 12266: 12262: 12253: 12249: 12239: 12237: 12232: 12231: 12227: 12211: 12207: 12200: 12184: 12180: 12173: 12157: 12153: 12118: 12114: 12107: 12091: 12087: 12080: 12064: 12060: 12049: 12045: 12010: 12006: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11964: 11960: 11947: 11943: 11933:Hurston. 1935. 11932: 11928: 11921: 11905: 11901: 11896: 11892: 11883: 11879: 11850:(2): 227, 232. 11836: 11832: 11825: 11809: 11805: 11798: 11782: 11778: 11771: 11755: 11751: 11738: 11734: 11727: 11711: 11707: 11697: 11695: 11688: 11684: 11677: 11663:Joyner (1985). 11661: 11654: 11647: 11631: 11627: 11617: 11615: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11544: 11542: 11533: 11532: 11528: 11518: 11516: 11505: 11501: 11494: 11478: 11474: 11467: 11451: 11447: 11434: 11433: 11429: 11386: 11382: 11375: 11359: 11355: 11342: 11338: 11331: 11315: 11311: 11304: 11288: 11284: 11277: 11261: 11257: 11250: 11234: 11230: 11221: 11217: 11210: 11194: 11190: 11183: 11167: 11163: 11153: 11151: 11137: 11133: 11126: 11110: 11106: 11099: 11083: 11079: 11069: 11067: 11065:Free Dictionary 11059: 11058: 11054: 11047: 11031: 11027: 11020: 11004: 11000: 10990: 10988: 10977: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10943: 10939: 10929: 10927: 10916: 10912: 10905: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10862: 10858: 10851: 10835: 10831: 10824: 10808: 10804: 10794: 10792: 10780: 10774: 10770: 10757: 10753: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10674: 10670: 10662: 10654: 10650: 10640: 10638: 10627: 10623: 10615: 10607: 10603: 10596: 10578: 10574: 10567: 10551: 10547: 10537: 10535: 10525: 10521: 10514: 10498: 10494: 10487: 10469: 10465: 10455: 10453: 10445: 10439: 10435: 10420: 10416: 10403: 10399: 10389: 10387: 10372: 10368: 10355: 10351: 10338: 10334: 10321: 10317: 10310: 10294: 10290: 10267:10.2307/3334976 10247: 10243: 10236: 10220: 10216: 10203: 10199: 10192: 10176: 10172: 10165: 10149: 10145: 10138: 10122: 10118: 10111: 10095: 10091: 10084: 10068: 10064: 10057: 10041: 10037: 10030: 10014: 10010: 10003: 9987: 9983: 9976: 9960: 9956: 9949: 9933: 9929: 9916: 9912: 9902: 9900: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9843: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9808: 9804: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9766: 9762: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9692: 9688: 9675: 9671: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9631: 9627: 9614: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9587: 9583: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9529: 9525: 9515: 9513: 9505: 9504: 9500: 9485: 9481: 9471: 9469: 9458: 9454: 9435: 9431: 9421: 9419: 9411: 9405: 9401: 9380:(22): 281–283. 9366: 9362: 9352: 9350: 9342: 9336: 9332: 9322: 9320: 9310: 9306: 9263: 9259: 9244:10.2307/2946825 9224: 9220: 9213: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9167: 9160: 9150: 9148: 9140: 9134: 9130: 9115: 9111: 9101: 9099: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9070: 9056:Murphy (1994). 9054: 9050: 9040: 9038: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9000: 8996: 8986: 8984: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8884: 8880: 8861: 8857: 8847: 8845: 8837: 8833:Leone, Mark P. 8831: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8807: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8774: 8770: 8763: 8747: 8743: 8730: 8726: 8719: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8676: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8564: 8560: 8550: 8548: 8537: 8533: 8520: 8516: 8506: 8504: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8476: 8472: 8419: 8415: 8405: 8403: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8361: 8357: 8350: 8334: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8314: 8313: 8309: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8280:Duke University 8272: 8268: 8261: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8112: 8108: 8098: 8096: 8062: 8058: 8048: 8046: 8039: 8035: 8025: 8023: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7969: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7834: 7830: 7823: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7780: 7776: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7736: 7732: 7725: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7682: 7678: 7668: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7645: 7629: 7625: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7560:Levine (2007). 7558: 7554: 7544: 7542: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7441: 7437: 7397: 7391: 7387: 7380: 7366:Frohne (2015). 7364: 7360: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7237:10.2307/2716232 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7194:"Praise houses" 7190: 7186: 7176: 7174: 7166: 7162:Newman, Chris. 7160: 7156: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7085: 7081: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7030: 7019: 7015: 7008: 6992: 6988: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6875: 6864: 6860: 6850: 6848: 6839:Library Staff. 6837: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6789: 6787: 6777: 6773: 6766: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6709: 6707: 6698:Library Staff. 6696: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6612: 6608: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6550: 6546: 6515: 6511: 6501: 6499: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6452:Turner (2002). 6450: 6446: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6379: 6372: 6363: 6361: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6339: 6337: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6314: 6312: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6290: 6288: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6241: 6239: 6215:(30): 376–427. 6201: 6197: 6187: 6185: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6148: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6115: 6111: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6041: 6037: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5910: 5907: 5883:Great Migration 5846:Kongo cosmogram 5805: 5769:Johnny Temple's 5692: 5665:Yoruba religion 5568: 5551: 5527:flying Africans 5521:Song of Solomon 5381: 5368: 5346: 5299: 5290:Chicago Tribune 5228: 5215: 5195: 5183: 5174: 5158: 5133: 5105: 5074: 5061: 5040: 5023: 4993: 4987: 4883: 4854: 4821:Kongo cosmogram 4765: 4759: 4754: 4734: 4595:slave narrative 4572: 4566: 4521: 4476:Central African 4398: 4382:Great Migration 4320: 4299:Kongo cosmogram 4251: 4242: 4218: 4213: 3965:slave community 3946:black-eyed peas 3897: 3875:Adinkra symbols 3822: 3753: 3751:Magical amulets 3743:, and he was a 3737:Gabriel Prosser 3650: 3641:snake (serpent) 3624: 3553: 3540: 3504:slave community 3484:Gullah language 3400:Brooklyn Museum 3297: 3295:Magical amulets 3272:Brazoria, Texas 3212:Central African 3193: 3151:Kongo cosmogram 3130:freedom seekers 3065:Kongo cosmogram 3042: 3022:African culture 2991: 2948: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2886: 2867:Hot foot powder 2842:Candomblé Bantu 2821: 2813: 2812: 2793: 2783: 2782: 2753:Kongo cosmogram 2738: 2728: 2727: 2639: 2629: 2628: 2609: 2586: 2571: 2481:Great Migration 2452: 2399:white supremacy 2369:slave catchers' 2365:Freedom seekers 2257:from Africa in 2226:Christian faith 2202:Kongo cosmogram 2152: 2146: 2141: 2116: 2028: 2016:Great Migration 1934:conjure doctors 1900: 1852: 1850: 1843: 1842: 1837: 1793: 1749: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1680: 1642: 1618:Omaha, Nebraska 1583:Historic places 1577: 1469: 1340: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1291: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1236: 1218: 1170: 1112:Black Seminoles 1077: 1076:Sub-communities 1069: 1068: 1055:Southern (SIAC) 1015: 1007: 1006: 1001: 956: 940: 932: 931: 926: 843: 809: 801: 800: 795: 781:Nation of Islam 747: 724: 705: 695: 694: 689: 630: 597: 564: 536: 497: 473:Musical theater 433: 423: 422: 404:Great Migration 261: 228: 226: 224: 222: 220: 147: 100: 94: 91: 72: 55: 51: 44: 37: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23227: 23217: 23216: 23211: 23206: 23201: 23196: 23194:Folk religions 23191: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23159: 23158: 23156: 23155: 23150: 23145: 23140: 23135: 23130: 23125: 23120: 23115: 23109: 23107: 23103: 23102: 23100: 23099: 23094: 23088: 23086: 23082: 23081: 23078: 23077: 23075: 23074: 23069: 23064: 23059: 23053: 23051: 23047: 23046: 23044: 23043: 23037: 23035: 23031: 23030: 23027: 23026: 23024: 23023: 23022: 23021: 23011: 23006: 23001: 22995: 22993: 22992:Western Europe 22989: 22988: 22986: 22985: 22980: 22975: 22970: 22965: 22960: 22955: 22950: 22944: 22942: 22938: 22937: 22935: 22934: 22929: 22924: 22919: 22913: 22911: 22910:Eastern Europe 22907: 22906: 22904: 22903: 22898: 22893: 22888: 22882: 22880: 22873: 22867: 22866: 22864: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22848: 22843: 22838: 22832: 22830: 22821: 22817: 22816: 22814: 22813: 22805: 22797: 22789: 22781: 22773: 22765: 22757: 22749: 22741: 22733: 22725: 22717: 22709: 22701: 22693: 22685: 22677: 22669: 22662: 22660: 22654: 22653: 22651: 22650: 22648:Witch of Endor 22645: 22640: 22635: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22605: 22600: 22595: 22590: 22585: 22580: 22575: 22570: 22565: 22560: 22555: 22550: 22545: 22539: 22537: 22531: 22530: 22528: 22527: 22525:Witch's ladder 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22476: 22475: 22465: 22460: 22455: 22450: 22445: 22440: 22435: 22430: 22425: 22420: 22415: 22410: 22405: 22400: 22399: 22398: 22388: 22383: 22377: 22375: 22371: 22370: 22368: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22347: 22342: 22337: 22332: 22331: 22330: 22325: 22320: 22310: 22305: 22300: 22295: 22290: 22285: 22280: 22275: 22270: 22265: 22260: 22255: 22250: 22245: 22244: 22243: 22238: 22233: 22223: 22218: 22217: 22216: 22206: 22201: 22196: 22190: 22188: 22184: 22183: 22180: 22179: 22177: 22176: 22171: 22166: 22161: 22156: 22155: 22154: 22144: 22139: 22134: 22129: 22123: 22121: 22117: 22116: 22114: 22113: 22112: 22111: 22101: 22096: 22091: 22090: 22089: 22084: 22079: 22074: 22069: 22064: 22059: 22054: 22049: 22044: 22034: 22033: 22032: 22022: 22021: 22020: 22015: 22010: 21999: 21997: 21990: 21986: 21985: 21974: 21973: 21966: 21959: 21951: 21942: 21941: 21939: 21938: 21937: 21936: 21926: 21925: 21924: 21914: 21909: 21908: 21907: 21897: 21896: 21895: 21885: 21884: 21883: 21878: 21868: 21863: 21858: 21853: 21852: 21851: 21846: 21836: 21835: 21834: 21823: 21821: 21815: 21814: 21812: 21811: 21806: 21801: 21796: 21791: 21786: 21781: 21776: 21771: 21766: 21761: 21759:Kromanti dance 21756: 21751: 21746: 21745: 21744: 21734: 21733: 21732: 21727: 21722: 21712: 21706: 21704: 21700: 21699: 21692: 21690: 21688: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21670:Tambor de Mina 21667: 21662: 21657: 21652: 21647: 21642: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21617: 21616: 21615: 21605: 21603:Dominican Vudú 21600: 21595: 21590: 21589: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21568: 21567: 21566: 21556: 21551: 21546: 21540: 21538: 21534: 21533: 21526: 21525: 21518: 21511: 21503: 21494: 21493: 21481: 21478: 21477: 21474: 21473: 21471: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21450: 21444: 21442: 21438: 21437: 21435: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21414: 21404: 21399: 21389: 21387:Black cat bone 21384: 21378: 21376: 21369: 21368:Bantu diaspora 21365: 21364: 21361: 21360: 21358: 21357: 21352: 21347: 21342: 21337: 21332: 21326: 21324: 21320: 21319: 21317: 21316: 21311: 21309:Nyongo society 21306: 21301: 21296: 21291: 21285: 21283: 21276: 21272: 21271: 21268: 21267: 21265: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21234: 21228: 21226: 21222: 21221: 21219: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21203: 21198: 21193: 21187: 21185: 21181: 21180: 21178: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21157: 21152: 21147: 21142: 21137: 21132: 21127: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21106: 21104: 21100: 21099: 21097: 21096: 21091: 21077: 21067: 21065:Kongo religion 21062: 21052: 21047: 21045:Bantu religion 21041: 21039: 21032: 21028: 21027: 21025: 21024: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21003: 21001: 20997: 20996: 20991: 20990: 20983: 20976: 20968: 20959: 20958: 20946: 20943: 20942: 20939: 20938: 20936: 20935: 20930: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20890: 20888: 20884: 20883: 20881: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20848:Black cat bone 20844: 20842: 20833: 20829: 20828: 20826: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20809: 20807: 20801: 20800: 20798: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20780:Nature spirits 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20756: 20754: 20748: 20747: 20745: 20744: 20739: 20736: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20720: 20717: 20714: 20711: 20708: 20705: 20702: 20697: 20694: 20691: 20688: 20685: 20682: 20679: 20676: 20671: 20668: 20665: 20659: 20657: 20651: 20650: 20643: 20641: 20639: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20622: 20620: 20614: 20613: 20610:Kongo religion 20606: 20605: 20598: 20591: 20583: 20574: 20573: 20561: 20558: 20557: 20554: 20553: 20551: 20550: 20545: 20544: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20427: 20425: 20421: 20420: 20418: 20417: 20416: 20415: 20405: 20404: 20403: 20393: 20392: 20391: 20386: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20331: 20330: 20319: 20317: 20313: 20312: 20310: 20309: 20304: 20303: 20302: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20265: 20263: 20259: 20258: 20256: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20234: 20232: 20231:History topics 20225: 20221: 20220: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20201: 20199: 20198: 20193: 20187: 20185: 20181: 20180: 20178: 20177: 20172: 20167: 20162: 20157: 20152: 20146: 20144: 20140: 20139: 20137: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20106: 20101: 20099:Black cat bone 20096: 20091: 20086: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20065: 20063: 20059: 20058: 20056: 20055: 20049: 20047: 20043: 20042: 20040: 20039: 20032: 20024: 20022: 20018: 20017: 20015: 20014: 20006: 19998: 19990: 19982: 19974: 19965: 19963: 19956: 19952: 19951: 19943: 19942: 19935: 19928: 19920: 19911: 19910: 19908: 19907: 19895: 19889: 19886: 19885: 19883: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19846: 19845: 19840: 19835: 19825: 19824: 19823: 19818: 19816:Visual artists 19813: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19778: 19776:Mathematicians 19773: 19768: 19763: 19758: 19753: 19748: 19737: 19735: 19731: 19730: 19728: 19727: 19726: 19725: 19717: 19712: 19711: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19682: 19681: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19654: 19652: 19646: 19645: 19643: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19626: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19600: 19595: 19593:South Carolina 19590: 19585: 19584: 19583: 19575: 19570: 19565: 19563:North Carolina 19560: 19559: 19558: 19548: 19543: 19542: 19541: 19531: 19526: 19525: 19524: 19516: 19515: 19514: 19508:Massachusetts 19506: 19505: 19504: 19494: 19489: 19488: 19487: 19477: 19472: 19471: 19470: 19460: 19455: 19454: 19453: 19443: 19438: 19437: 19436: 19426: 19425: 19424: 19419: 19409: 19404: 19403: 19402: 19397: 19387: 19382: 19376: 19374: 19370: 19369: 19367: 19366: 19361: 19356: 19355: 19354: 19353: 19352: 19350:social context 19347: 19337: 19327: 19326: 19325: 19315: 19309: 19307: 19303: 19302: 19300: 19299: 19298: 19297: 19292: 19282: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19270: 19260: 19259: 19258: 19247: 19245: 19241: 19240: 19238: 19237: 19232: 19231: 19230: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19204: 19203: 19201:Creek Freedmen 19198: 19193: 19188: 19178: 19176:Alabama Creole 19173: 19172: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19147: 19145: 19141: 19140: 19137: 19136: 19134: 19133: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19116:Central (CIAA) 19112: 19110: 19105: 19102: 19101: 19099: 19098: 19093: 19088: 19083: 19078: 19073: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19043: 19037: 19031: 19027: 19026: 19024: 19023: 19018: 19013: 19008: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18963: 18958: 18952: 18950: 18945: 18942: 18941: 18939: 18938: 18933: 18932: 18931: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18909:Pan-Africanism 18906: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18890: 18889: 18879: 18874: 18868: 18866: 18862: 18861: 18859: 18858: 18853: 18851:Black theology 18848: 18843: 18842: 18841: 18831: 18830: 18829: 18824: 18814: 18808: 18806: 18800: 18799: 18797: 18796: 18795: 18794: 18792:in STEM fields 18789: 18784: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18750: 18748: 18747:and technology 18742: 18741: 18739: 18738: 18733: 18728: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18693: 18688: 18686:Harriet Tubman 18683: 18678: 18673: 18668: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18616:Michelle Obama 18613: 18608: 18603: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18553: 18548: 18546:Barbara Jordan 18543: 18541:Harriet Jacobs 18538: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18518: 18513: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18473: 18468: 18463: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18431:Amelia Boynton 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18403: 18397: 18395: 18394:Notable people 18391: 18390: 18388: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18330:LGBT community 18327: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18311: 18310: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18254: 18252: 18246: 18245: 18243: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18226: 18225: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18182: 18177: 18170: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18129: 18124: 18123: 18122: 18117: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18073: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18045:Freedom Riders 18042: 18037: 18029: 18019: 18014: 18009: 18008: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17989: 17984: 17976: 17971: 17969:Black genocide 17966: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17925: 17923: 17917: 17916: 17909: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17886: 17877: 17876: 17866: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17833: 17831: 17827: 17826: 17819: 17817: 17815: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17762:Black cat bone 17758: 17756: 17752: 17751: 17744: 17743: 17736: 17729: 17721: 17715: 17714: 17709: 17704: 17699: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17647: 17646:External links 17644: 17641: 17640: 17631:Boson (2014). 17623: 17616: 17596: 17589: 17569: 17562: 17542: 17496: 17489: 17469: 17443: 17412: 17405: 17385: 17366:(1): 147–148. 17344: 17321: 17295: 17288: 17268: 17261: 17241: 17192: 17161: 17154: 17134: 17127: 17107: 17081: 17066: 17059: 17039: 17012: 16985: 16961: 16935: 16928: 16908: 16901: 16881: 16874: 16854: 16847: 16827: 16800: 16769: 16762: 16742: 16735: 16715: 16708: 16685: 16658: 16620: 16585: 16566: 16547: 16528: 16510:Becca, Evans. 16502: 16485:"Ebos Landing" 16475: 16441: 16410: 16376:(2): 178–192. 16356: 16344:j.ctt1trkkq5.9 16334: 16306: 16301:j.ctt13x1rbt.7 16281: 16270:(4): 474–475. 16250: 16243: 16223: 16197: 16171: 16145: 16118: 16084:(2): 215–224. 16060: 16033: 16026: 16006: 15999: 15979: 15972: 15952: 15945: 15925: 15918: 15898: 15891: 15871: 15864: 15844: 15837: 15817: 15810: 15790: 15783: 15763: 15756: 15736: 15723:10.2307/535394 15697: 15690: 15670: 15643: 15636: 15616: 15609: 15589: 15575: 15545: 15520: 15513: 15493: 15486: 15466: 15459: 15439: 15432: 15412: 15405: 15385: 15378: 15358: 15351: 15331: 15324: 15304: 15297: 15277: 15270: 15250: 15243: 15231:Pyatt (1999). 15223: 15216: 15196: 15176: 15151: 15144: 15124: 15117: 15097: 15071:Kulii (1982). 15063: 15056: 15036: 15029: 15009: 15002: 14982: 14965: 14958: 14938: 14925:10.2307/535394 14903: 14890:10.2307/535394 14868: 14861: 14841: 14834: 14814: 14807: 14787: 14770: 14767:. p. D33. 14750: 14743: 14723: 14716: 14696: 14671: 14664: 14644: 14637: 14617: 14610: 14588: 14581: 14561: 14535: 14528: 14508: 14477: 14455:Leon, Rodney. 14447: 14440: 14420: 14389: 14363: 14332: 14305: 14278: 14271: 14251: 14244: 14224: 14201: 14182:Brown, David. 14174: 14161:10.2307/535394 14135: 14128: 14108: 14101: 14081: 14055: 14036: 14009: 13982: 13955: 13948: 13928: 13902: 13838: 13811: 13793: 13784:Niles (1926). 13776: 13769: 13749: 13742: 13733:Slave Religion 13722: 13715: 13692: 13685: 13665: 13646: 13627: 13620: 13600: 13593: 13573: 13570:. p. F35. 13553: 13546: 13526: 13519: 13499: 13492: 13472: 13465: 13445: 13428: 13381: 13363: 13325: 13269: 13262: 13242: 13235: 13215: 13185: 13178: 13158: 13151: 13131: 13124: 13104: 13053: 13019: 13016:. p. 288. 13002: 12995: 12975: 12968: 12948: 12941: 12921: 12914: 12891: 12884: 12864: 12857: 12837: 12818:(4): 165–166. 12798: 12767: 12760: 12742: 12735: 12715: 12685: 12652: 12605: 12598: 12578: 12571: 12551: 12544: 12524: 12517: 12497: 12490: 12470: 12445: 12420: 12403: 12396: 12376: 12374:. p. 14. n. 8. 12359: 12347: 12334: 12308: 12301: 12281: 12260: 12247: 12236:. The Guardian 12225: 12205: 12198: 12178: 12171: 12151: 12138:10.1086/709843 12112: 12105: 12093:Young (2011). 12085: 12078: 12058: 12043: 12030:10.1086/709843 12004: 11985: 11978: 11958: 11941: 11926: 11919: 11899: 11890: 11877: 11830: 11823: 11803: 11796: 11776: 11769: 11749: 11732: 11725: 11705: 11682: 11675: 11652: 11645: 11625: 11605:10.2307/535394 11579: 11572: 11552: 11526: 11499: 11492: 11472: 11465: 11445: 11427: 11380: 11373: 11353: 11336: 11329: 11309: 11302: 11282: 11275: 11255: 11248: 11228: 11215: 11208: 11188: 11181: 11161: 11131: 11124: 11104: 11097: 11077: 11052: 11045: 11025: 11018: 10998: 10964: 10953:. Savannah Now 10937: 10910: 10903: 10883: 10876: 10856: 10849: 10829: 10822: 10802: 10791:(10): 167, 182 10768: 10765:. p. 114. 10751: 10738:10.2307/535394 10712: 10705: 10685: 10682:. p. 233. 10668: 10648: 10621: 10601: 10594: 10572: 10565: 10545: 10519: 10512: 10492: 10485: 10463: 10433: 10414: 10397: 10366: 10363:. p. 381. 10349: 10332: 10315: 10308: 10288: 10241: 10234: 10214: 10197: 10190: 10170: 10163: 10143: 10136: 10116: 10109: 10089: 10082: 10062: 10055: 10035: 10028: 10008: 10001: 9981: 9974: 9954: 9947: 9927: 9910: 9853: 9831: 9824: 9802: 9787: 9780: 9760: 9713: 9706: 9694:Vlach (1990). 9686: 9669: 9652: 9645: 9625: 9608: 9581: 9550: 9543: 9523: 9498: 9479: 9452: 9429: 9399: 9386:10.1086/709843 9360: 9330: 9304: 9257: 9218: 9211: 9188: 9181: 9158: 9128: 9109: 9075: 9068: 9048: 9021: 9014: 8994: 8968: 8934: 8900:(2): 176–183. 8878: 8875:on 2013-02-01. 8855: 8825: 8795: 8768: 8761: 8741: 8724: 8717: 8695: 8669: 8662: 8639: 8632: 8612: 8605: 8585: 8578: 8566:Vlach (1990). 8558: 8531: 8514: 8489: 8470: 8435:(2): 176–183. 8413: 8402:on 15 May 2021 8382: 8375: 8355: 8348: 8336:Young (2011). 8328: 8307: 8292: 8266: 8259: 8239: 8232: 8212: 8200:The New Yorker 8186: 8159: 8133: 8106: 8072:(125): 76–88. 8056: 8033: 8006: 7999: 7979: 7953:Kulii (1982). 7945: 7938: 7918: 7911: 7891: 7872: 7865: 7845: 7828: 7821: 7801: 7794: 7774: 7757: 7750: 7730: 7723: 7703: 7696: 7684:Young (2021). 7676: 7650: 7643: 7623: 7616: 7596: 7579: 7572: 7552: 7527: 7520: 7500: 7473: 7455:(3): 684–686. 7435: 7385: 7378: 7358: 7345:10.2307/535394 7319: 7312: 7292: 7285: 7265: 7211: 7192:Poole, Scott. 7184: 7154: 7137: 7106: 7099: 7079: 7040: 7013: 7006: 6986: 6969: 6962: 6942: 6912: 6905: 6885: 6858: 6831: 6797: 6771: 6764: 6744: 6737: 6717: 6690: 6683: 6660: 6653: 6633: 6606: 6593:10.1086/709843 6571: 6564: 6544: 6531:10.2307/535394 6509: 6490:Oxford Staff. 6482: 6444: 6427: 6420: 6400: 6393: 6370: 6346: 6322: 6310:Dictionary.com 6297: 6273: 6249: 6195: 6170: 6136: 6129: 6109: 6082:(1): 125–160. 6062: 6055: 6035: 5988: 5981: 5961: 5954: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5906: 5903: 5838:Black theology 5804: 5801: 5781:Central Africa 5776:Robert Johnson 5719:Robert Johnson 5691: 5690:In blues music 5688: 5686:of the South. 5680:Middle Passage 5582:, part of the 5567: 5564: 5550: 5547: 5510:Brother Voodoo 5497:folk religions 5417:anthropologist 5380: 5377: 5367: 5364: 5345: 5342: 5298: 5295: 5227: 5224: 5214: 5211: 5199:Harriet Tubman 5194: 5191: 5182: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5157: 5154: 5132: 5129: 5104: 5101: 5073: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5039: 5036: 5022: 5019: 4986: 4983: 4971:people in the 4969:Gullah Geechee 4951:Adinkra symbol 4911:New York Dutch 4882: 4879: 4853: 4850: 4841:gentrification 4785:Black churches 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4733: 4730: 4615:Central Africa 4579:Gullah Geechee 4565: 4562: 4520: 4517: 4397: 4394: 4319: 4316: 4295:Kongo religion 4286:Bakongo people 4250: 4247: 4238: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4196:umbilical cord 4124:asfidity balls 3912:to be used on 3896: 3893: 3871:American quilt 3854:Harriet Powers 3830:Harriet Powers 3821: 3818: 3752: 3749: 3649: 3646: 3623: 3620: 3559:who practiced 3552: 3549: 3539: 3536: 3454:American South 3296: 3293: 3192: 3189: 3041: 3038: 3034:Black churches 3026:Black theology 3006:Central Africa 2993: 2992: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2950: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2849: 2839: 2837:Black cat bone 2833: 2831: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2763:Nature spirits 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2592: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2570: 2567: 2489:stage magician 2451: 2448: 2160:Black churches 2145: 2144:Antebellum era 2142: 2140: 2137: 2080:Windward Coast 2027: 2024: 2014:Following the 1985:Central Africa 1981:Bakongo people 1902: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1764:Black genocide 1760: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1671:US communities 1668: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1628:South Carolina 1625: 1623:North Carolina 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1578: 1576: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1445:South Carolina 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1425:North Carolina 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1282:Samaná English 1279: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1237: 1235: 1234: 1232:LGBT community 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189:Creek Freedmen 1186: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1159:Carmel Indians 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1040:Central (CIAA) 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1003: 1002: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 951: 948: 947: 941: 938: 937: 934: 933: 928: 927: 925: 924: 919: 914: 909: 907:Pan-Africanism 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 853: 850: 849: 845: 844: 842: 841: 836: 831: 826: 820: 817: 816: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 797: 796: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 757: 754: 753: 749: 748: 746: 745: 740: 738:Black theology 734: 731: 730: 726: 725: 723: 722: 716: 713: 712: 706: 701: 700: 697: 696: 691: 690: 688: 687: 682: 675: 670: 669: 668: 658: 653: 652: 651: 640: 637: 636: 632: 631: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 607: 604: 603: 602:Economic class 599: 598: 596: 595: 590: 585: 580: 574: 571: 570: 566: 565: 563: 562: 557: 552: 546: 543: 542: 541:Academic study 538: 537: 535: 534: 529: 524: 518: 513: 507: 504: 503: 499: 498: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 444: 441: 440: 434: 429: 428: 425: 424: 419: 418: 417: 416: 411: 406: 398: 397: 393: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 362: 361: 357: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 323: 322: 312: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 269: 268: 262: 257: 256: 253: 252: 246: 245: 233: 232: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 202: 181: 177: 176: 141:American South 138: 134: 133: 124: 120: 119: 111: 110: 102: 101: 81:it, or adding 58: 56: 49: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23226: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23205: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23171: 23169: 23154: 23151: 23149: 23148:Folk religion 23146: 23144: 23141: 23139: 23136: 23134: 23131: 23129: 23126: 23124: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23114: 23111: 23110: 23108: 23104: 23098: 23095: 23093: 23090: 23089: 23087: 23083: 23073: 23070: 23068: 23065: 23063: 23060: 23058: 23055: 23054: 23052: 23048: 23042: 23039: 23038: 23036: 23032: 23020: 23017: 23016: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 23000: 22997: 22996: 22994: 22990: 22984: 22981: 22979: 22976: 22974: 22971: 22969: 22966: 22964: 22961: 22959: 22956: 22954: 22951: 22949: 22946: 22945: 22943: 22939: 22933: 22930: 22928: 22925: 22923: 22920: 22918: 22915: 22914: 22912: 22908: 22902: 22899: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22887: 22884: 22883: 22881: 22877: 22874: 22872: 22868: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22849: 22847: 22844: 22842: 22839: 22837: 22834: 22833: 22831: 22829: 22825: 22822: 22818: 22811: 22810: 22806: 22803: 22802: 22798: 22795: 22794: 22790: 22787: 22786: 22782: 22779: 22778: 22774: 22771: 22770: 22766: 22763: 22762: 22758: 22755: 22754: 22750: 22747: 22746: 22742: 22739: 22738: 22734: 22731: 22730: 22726: 22723: 22722: 22718: 22715: 22714: 22710: 22707: 22706: 22702: 22699: 22698: 22694: 22691: 22690: 22686: 22683: 22682: 22678: 22675: 22674: 22670: 22667: 22664: 22663: 22661: 22655: 22649: 22646: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22638:Three Witches 22636: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22599: 22598:Morgan le Fay 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22581: 22579: 22576: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22544: 22541: 22540: 22538: 22532: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22474: 22471: 22470: 22469: 22466: 22464: 22461: 22459: 22456: 22454: 22451: 22449: 22446: 22444: 22443:Kitchen witch 22441: 22439: 22436: 22434: 22431: 22429: 22426: 22424: 22421: 22419: 22416: 22414: 22411: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22397: 22394: 22393: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22382: 22379: 22378: 22376: 22372: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22336: 22333: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22319: 22316: 22315: 22314: 22311: 22309: 22306: 22304: 22301: 22299: 22296: 22294: 22291: 22289: 22286: 22284: 22281: 22279: 22276: 22274: 22271: 22269: 22266: 22264: 22261: 22259: 22256: 22254: 22251: 22249: 22246: 22242: 22239: 22237: 22234: 22232: 22229: 22228: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22219: 22215: 22212: 22211: 22210: 22207: 22205: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22195: 22192: 22191: 22189: 22185: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22153: 22150: 22149: 22148: 22145: 22143: 22140: 22138: 22135: 22133: 22130: 22128: 22125: 22124: 22122: 22118: 22110: 22107: 22106: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22095: 22094:Latin America 22092: 22088: 22085: 22083: 22080: 22078: 22075: 22073: 22070: 22068: 22065: 22063: 22060: 22058: 22055: 22053: 22050: 22048: 22045: 22043: 22040: 22039: 22038: 22035: 22031: 22028: 22027: 22026: 22023: 22019: 22018:Witch smeller 22016: 22014: 22011: 22009: 22006: 22005: 22004: 22001: 22000: 21998: 21994: 21991: 21987: 21983: 21979: 21972: 21967: 21965: 21960: 21958: 21953: 21952: 21949: 21935: 21932: 21931: 21930: 21927: 21923: 21920: 21919: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21906: 21903: 21902: 21901: 21898: 21894: 21891: 21890: 21889: 21886: 21882: 21879: 21877: 21874: 21873: 21872: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21850: 21849:Protestantism 21847: 21845: 21842: 21841: 21840: 21837: 21833: 21830: 21829: 21828: 21825: 21824: 21822: 21820: 21819:Diverse roots 21816: 21810: 21807: 21805: 21802: 21800: 21797: 21795: 21792: 21790: 21787: 21785: 21782: 21780: 21777: 21775: 21772: 21770: 21767: 21765: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21750: 21747: 21743: 21740: 21739: 21738: 21735: 21731: 21728: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21717: 21716: 21715:Fetish priest 21713: 21711: 21708: 21707: 21705: 21701: 21696: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21646: 21643: 21641: 21638: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21628: 21626: 21623: 21621: 21618: 21614: 21611: 21610: 21609: 21608:Haitian Vodou 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21594: 21591: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21573: 21572: 21569: 21565: 21562: 21561: 21560: 21557: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21541: 21539: 21535: 21531: 21524: 21519: 21517: 21512: 21510: 21505: 21504: 21501: 21491: 21490: 21479: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21445: 21443: 21439: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21412: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21397: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21379: 21377: 21373: 21370: 21366: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21350:Mokele-mbembe 21348: 21346: 21343: 21341: 21338: 21336: 21333: 21331: 21328: 21327: 21325: 21321: 21315: 21314:Sudika-mbambi 21312: 21310: 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21286: 21284: 21280: 21277: 21273: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21233: 21230: 21229: 21227: 21223: 21217: 21214: 21212: 21209: 21207: 21204: 21202: 21199: 21197: 21194: 21192: 21189: 21188: 21186: 21182: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21165:Nzambi Mpungu 21163: 21161: 21158: 21156: 21153: 21151: 21148: 21146: 21143: 21141: 21138: 21136: 21133: 21131: 21128: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21107: 21105: 21101: 21095: 21094:Zulu religion 21092: 21089: 21085: 21081: 21078: 21075: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21060: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21042: 21040: 21036: 21033: 21029: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21015: 21013: 21010: 21008: 21007:Bantu peoples 21005: 21004: 21002: 20998: 20989: 20984: 20982: 20977: 20975: 20970: 20969: 20966: 20956: 20955: 20944: 20934: 20931: 20928: 20924: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20899: 20895: 20892: 20891: 20889: 20885: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20845: 20843: 20841: 20837: 20834: 20830: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20810: 20808: 20806: 20802: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20757: 20755: 20753: 20749: 20743: 20740: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20726:Nzambi Mpungu 20724: 20721: 20718: 20715: 20712: 20709: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20695: 20692: 20689: 20686: 20683: 20680: 20677: 20675: 20672: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20660: 20658: 20656: 20652: 20647: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20623: 20621: 20619: 20615: 20611: 20604: 20599: 20597: 20592: 20590: 20585: 20584: 20581: 20571: 20570: 20559: 20549: 20546: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20513: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20428: 20426: 20422: 20414: 20411: 20410: 20409: 20406: 20402: 20399: 20398: 20397: 20394: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20380: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20329: 20326: 20325: 20324: 20321: 20320: 20318: 20314: 20308: 20305: 20301: 20298: 20297: 20295: 20294:Sapelo Island 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20266: 20264: 20260: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20235: 20233: 20229: 20226: 20222: 20217: 20211: 20197: 20194: 20192: 20189: 20188: 20186: 20182: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20145: 20141: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20124:Rabbit's foot 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20110: 20107: 20105: 20102: 20100: 20097: 20095: 20092: 20090: 20087: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20066: 20064: 20060: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20048: 20044: 20038: 20037: 20033: 20031: 20030: 20026: 20025: 20023: 20019: 20012: 20011: 20007: 20004: 20003: 19999: 19996: 19995: 19991: 19988: 19987: 19983: 19980: 19979: 19975: 19972: 19971: 19967: 19966: 19964: 19960: 19957: 19953: 19948: 19947:Gullah people 19941: 19936: 19934: 19929: 19927: 19922: 19921: 19918: 19906: 19896: 19894: 19891: 19890: 19887: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19875:Neighborhoods 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19844: 19841: 19839: 19838:Sports firsts 19836: 19834: 19831: 19830: 19829: 19826: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19777: 19774: 19772: 19769: 19767: 19764: 19762: 19759: 19757: 19754: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19743: 19742: 19739: 19738: 19736: 19732: 19724: 19721: 19720: 19718: 19716: 19713: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19685: 19683: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19660: 19659: 19656: 19655: 19653: 19651: 19647: 19641: 19640:West Virginia 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19605: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19582: 19579: 19578: 19577:Pennsylvania 19576: 19574: 19571: 19569: 19566: 19564: 19561: 19557: 19556:New York City 19554: 19553: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19540: 19537: 19536: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19523: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19513: 19510: 19509: 19507: 19503: 19500: 19499: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19486: 19483: 19482: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19469: 19466: 19465: 19464: 19461: 19459: 19456: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19447: 19444: 19442: 19439: 19435: 19432: 19431: 19430: 19427: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19414: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19401: 19400:San Francisco 19398: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19381: 19378: 19377: 19375: 19373:By state/city 19371: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19351: 19348: 19346: 19343: 19342: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19332: 19331: 19328: 19324: 19321: 19320: 19319: 19318:American Sign 19316: 19314: 19311: 19310: 19308: 19304: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19287: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19261: 19257: 19254: 19253: 19252: 19251:Neighborhoods 19249: 19248: 19246: 19242: 19236: 19233: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19202: 19199: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19189: 19187: 19184: 19183: 19182: 19181:Black Indians 19179: 19177: 19174: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19151: 19149: 19148: 19146: 19142: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19103: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19077: 19074: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19042: 19039: 19038: 19035: 19032: 19028: 19022: 19019: 19017: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19007: 19004: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18967: 18964: 18962: 18959: 18957: 18954: 18953: 18951: 18943: 18937: 18934: 18930: 18927: 18926: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18888: 18885: 18884: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18869: 18867: 18863: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18840: 18837: 18836: 18835: 18832: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18819: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18809: 18807: 18805: 18801: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18759:Black schools 18757: 18755: 18754:Black studies 18752: 18751: 18749: 18743: 18737: 18736:Whitney Young 18734: 18732: 18729: 18727: 18726:Oprah Winfrey 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18696:Denmark Vesey 18694: 18692: 18689: 18687: 18684: 18682: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18672: 18669: 18667: 18664: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18641:Joseph Rainey 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18607: 18604: 18602: 18599: 18597: 18596:Toni Morrison 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18581:Joseph Lowery 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18552: 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18526:Jesse Jackson 18524: 18522: 18519: 18517: 18516:Kamala Harris 18514: 18512: 18509: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18501:Marcus Garvey 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18462: 18459: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18451:Blanche Bruce 18449: 18447: 18446:Edward Brooke 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18436:James Bradley 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18416:James Baldwin 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18398: 18396: 18392: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18360:Neighborhoods 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18309: 18306: 18305: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18251: 18247: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18213:Silent Parade 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18188: 18187: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18175: 18171: 18169: 18168: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18141:Jim Crow laws 18139: 18137: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18112: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18090: 18089: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18035: 18034: 18030: 18028: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18020: 18018: 18015: 18013: 18010: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17992: 17990: 17988: 17985: 17982: 17981: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17965: 17964:Black cowboys 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17924: 17922: 17918: 17914: 17907: 17902: 17900: 17895: 17893: 17888: 17887: 17884: 17874: 17864: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17838: 17835: 17834: 17832: 17828: 17823: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17802:Rabbit's foot 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17742: 17737: 17735: 17730: 17728: 17723: 17722: 17719: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17703: 17700: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17649: 17636: 17635: 17627: 17619: 17617:9781478006787 17613: 17609: 17608: 17600: 17592: 17590:9781137071392 17586: 17582: 17581: 17573: 17565: 17563:9780252094460 17559: 17555: 17554: 17546: 17531: 17527: 17523: 17519: 17515: 17511: 17507: 17500: 17492: 17490:9781439659571 17486: 17482: 17481: 17477:Kail (2017). 17473: 17458: 17454: 17447: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17420:Long (1997). 17416: 17408: 17406:9780252094460 17402: 17398: 17397: 17389: 17381: 17377: 17373: 17369: 17365: 17361: 17356: 17348: 17332: 17325: 17309: 17305: 17299: 17291: 17289:9780252094460 17285: 17281: 17280: 17272: 17264: 17262:9780807135280 17258: 17255:. LSU Press. 17254: 17253: 17245: 17237: 17233: 17229: 17225: 17221: 17217: 17213: 17209: 17204: 17196: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17165: 17157: 17155:9781440866159 17151: 17147: 17146: 17138: 17130: 17128:9781439659571 17124: 17120: 17119: 17111: 17096: 17092: 17085: 17077: 17070: 17062: 17060:9781137091437 17056: 17052: 17051: 17043: 17027: 17023: 17016: 17000: 16996: 16989: 16981: 16980: 16972: 16965: 16950: 16946: 16939: 16931: 16929:9781483346380 16925: 16921: 16920: 16912: 16904: 16898: 16894: 16893: 16885: 16877: 16875:9780820308517 16871: 16867: 16866: 16858: 16850: 16848:9780820308517 16844: 16840: 16839: 16831: 16815: 16811: 16804: 16788: 16784: 16780: 16773: 16765: 16763:9780820334578 16759: 16755: 16754: 16746: 16738: 16736:9781557288585 16732: 16728: 16727: 16719: 16711: 16709:9780486131016 16705: 16701: 16700: 16692: 16690: 16673: 16669: 16662: 16647: 16643: 16639: 16635: 16631: 16624: 16616: 16612: 16608: 16604: 16601:(2002): 325. 16600: 16596: 16589: 16581: 16577: 16570: 16562: 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14736: 14735: 14731:Kail (2019). 14727: 14719: 14717:9780307874337 14713: 14709: 14708: 14700: 14686:on 2016-03-26 14685: 14681: 14675: 14667: 14665:9780820308517 14661: 14657: 14656: 14648: 14640: 14638:9781567185249 14634: 14630: 14629: 14621: 14613: 14611:9780813049458 14607: 14603: 14599: 14592: 14584: 14582:9780253013910 14578: 14574: 14573: 14565: 14550: 14546: 14539: 14531: 14529:9780307874337 14525: 14521: 14520: 14512: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14481: 14465: 14458: 14451: 14443: 14441:9780815634300 14437: 14433: 14432: 14424: 14408: 14404: 14400: 14393: 14377: 14373: 14367: 14351: 14347: 14343: 14336: 14320: 14316: 14309: 14293: 14289: 14282: 14274: 14272:9780815634300 14268: 14264: 14263: 14255: 14247: 14245:9780815634300 14241: 14237: 14236: 14228: 14212: 14211:"Descendants" 14205: 14189: 14185: 14178: 14170: 14166: 14162: 14158: 14154: 14150: 14146: 14139: 14131: 14129:9780060916480 14125: 14121: 14120: 14119:Mules and Men 14112: 14104: 14102:9780060916480 14098: 14094: 14093: 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11530: 11514: 11510: 11503: 11495: 11493:9780739131275 11489: 11485: 11484: 11476: 11468: 11466:9781887714334 11462: 11458: 11457: 11449: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11384: 11376: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11357: 11349: 11348: 11340: 11332: 11330:9780692857878 11326: 11322: 11321: 11313: 11305: 11303:9781887714334 11299: 11295: 11294: 11286: 11278: 11276:9780739131275 11272: 11268: 11267: 11259: 11251: 11249:9780739131275 11245: 11241: 11240: 11232: 11225: 11219: 11211: 11209:9780820327839 11205: 11201: 11200: 11192: 11184: 11182:9780739131275 11178: 11174: 11173: 11165: 11150:on 2015-09-10 11149: 11145: 11142: 11135: 11127: 11125:9781887714334 11121: 11117: 11116: 11108: 11100: 11098:9781442995116 11094: 11090: 11089: 11085:Camp (2009). 11081: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11048: 11046:9781617034374 11042: 11038: 11037: 11029: 11021: 11019:9780820327839 11015: 11011: 11010: 11002: 10986: 10982: 10975: 10973: 10971: 10969: 10952: 10948: 10941: 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5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5412:ophidiophobia 5409: 5405: 5398: 5397:Tell My Horse 5394: 5390: 5389:Mules and Men 5385: 5379:In literature 5376: 5373: 5372:faith healers 5363: 5361: 5356: 5352: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5313:, started in 5312: 5303: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5236:New York City 5232: 5223: 5219: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5178: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5018: 5015: 5011: 5007: 4997: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4867:Mules and Men 4864: 4859: 4849: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4810:praise houses 4807: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4729: 4725: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4656:Edmund Ruffin 4653: 4646: 4643: 4640:West African 4638: 4634: 4632: 4631:Lake Moultrie 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4525: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4402: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4265: 4255: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198:, called the 4197: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4172: 4168: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4152:astral travel 4149: 4145: 4144:Mustard seeds 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4076: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4052:was called a 4051: 4047: 4043: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3993:Cotton Mather 3990: 3986: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3842:John's Island 3838: 3831: 3826: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3770:cowrie shells 3766: 3757: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3544: 3535: 3532: 3528: 3525:in his book, 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3459: 3458:archeologists 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3410: 3406: 3405:sharecropping 3401: 3397: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3168: 3167:the Carolinas 3164: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2707:Nzambi Mpungu 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2493:Jim Crow laws 2490: 2486: 2482: 2473: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173:ethnic groups 2165: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2115: 2114:Sunday Appeal 2111: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2048:languages of 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1966:folk religion 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1942:conjure women 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1917:from various 1916: 1912: 1908: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1834: 1833:Minstrel show 1831: 1829: 1828:Magical Negro 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1638:West Virginia 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1574: 1573:San Francisco 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1553:New York City 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1349: 1345: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1246: 1245: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1204:Nova Scotians 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1107:Black Indians 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045:HBCU (HBCUAC) 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1011: 1010: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 953: 952: 950: 949: 946:Organizations 945: 944: 936: 935: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 854: 852: 851: 847: 846: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 821: 819: 818: 815:Organizations 814: 813: 805: 804: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 758: 756: 755: 751: 750: 744: 741: 739: 736: 735: 733: 732: 728: 727: 721: 718: 717: 715: 714: 710: 709: 704: 699: 698: 686: 683: 680: 676: 674: 671: 667: 664: 663: 662: 659: 657: 654: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 641: 639: 638: 634: 633: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 606: 605: 601: 600: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 575: 573: 572: 568: 567: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 547: 545: 544: 540: 539: 533: 530: 528: 525: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 506: 505: 501: 500: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 483:Neighborhoods 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 443: 442: 438: 437: 432: 427: 426: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 400: 399: 395: 394: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 365: 364: 363: 359: 358: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 321: 318: 317: 316: 313: 310: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 271: 270: 266: 265: 260: 255: 254: 251: 248: 247: 243: 239: 238: 231: 221:Gullah Voodoo 218: 216:Other name(s) 214: 211: 208: 204: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 145:United States 142: 139: 135: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 112: 107: 98: 88: 84: 80: 76: 70: 66: 64: 59:This article 57: 48: 47: 41: 34: 19: 23113:Witch (word) 23062:Witch's mark 22871:Early Modern 22807: 22799: 22791: 22783: 22775: 22769:Daemonologie 22767: 22759: 22751: 22743: 22735: 22727: 22721:Laienspiegel 22719: 22711: 22703: 22695: 22687: 22679: 22671: 22603:Muma Pădurii 22534:Folklore and 22505:Sator Square 22458:Magic circle 22453:Magic carpet 22413:Crystal ball 22350:Spiritualism 22174:Witch doctor 22136: 22057:Cunning folk 21839:Christianity 21754:Jazz funeral 21736: 21640:María Lionza 21559:Black church 21487: 21453:Congo Square 21406: 21232:Kalûnga Line 20952: 20933:Maria Lionza 20857: 20839: 20765:Kalunga line 20567: 20401:Bunce Island 20262:Demographics 20243:Igbo Landing 20074:Black church 20034: 20027: 20021:Publications 20008: 20000: 19992: 19984: 19976: 19968: 19791:Sportspeople 19761:Billionaires 19678:Sierra Leone 19581:Philadelphia 19417:Jacksonville 19244:Demographics 19076:Jack Johnson 19066:Muhammad Ali 18899:Conservatism 18834:Black church 18731:Andrew Young 18716:Ida B. Wells 18706:David Walker 18701:C. T. Vivian 18656:Paul Robeson 18651:Hiram Revels 18631:Colin Powell 18611:Barack Obama 18566:James Lawson 18521:Jimi Hendrix 18491:James Farmer 18486:Medgar Evers 18456:Ralph Bunche 18406:Maya Angelou 18380:Middle class 18314: 18258:Afrofuturism 18184: 18172: 18165: 18086: 18031: 17978: 17944:Afrocentrism 17934:Abolitionism 17787:Kalunga line 17633: 17626: 17606: 17599: 17579: 17572: 17552: 17545: 17533:. Retrieved 17516:(1): 34–56. 17513: 17509: 17499: 17479: 17472: 17460:. Retrieved 17456: 17446: 17432:(2): 50–51. 17429: 17425: 17415: 17395: 17388: 17363: 17359: 17347: 17335:. Retrieved 17324: 17312:. Retrieved 17307: 17298: 17278: 17271: 17251: 17244: 17211: 17207: 17195: 17183:. Retrieved 17179:the original 17174: 17164: 17144: 17137: 17117: 17110: 17098:. Retrieved 17094: 17084: 17075: 17069: 17049: 17042: 17030:. Retrieved 17025: 17015: 17003:. Retrieved 16998: 16988: 16977: 16964: 16952:. 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Arcadia. 14002:3 September 13963:NEA Staff. 13921:28 February 13895:28 February 12024:(22): 285. 11519:28 December 10930:3 September 10479:: 107–108. 10456:29 December 8927:25 February 8848:29 December 8814:: 13–25, 48 8396:www.nps.gov 8152:1 September 8049:22 February 7961:: 180–182. 7493:30 December 7033:12 December 6931:: 2, 10, 15 6866:NPS Staff. 6626:29 December 6262:www.nps.gov 5617:Congo River 5586:during the 5555:Ismael Reed 5493:comic books 5481:In Mama Day 5470:Mumbo Jumbo 5466:Mumbo Jumbo 5279:a uniquely 5213:Walking boy 5193:Oneiromancy 5152:of events. 4985:Bottle tree 4973:Sea Islands 4903:waist beads 4852:Initiations 4698:goofer dust 4671:and create 4583:houses blue 4468:Gullah Jack 4450:Gullah Jack 4160:jimson weed 4133:spider webs 4054:root doctor 4031:Black women 3997:inoculation 3920:During the 3789:Sea Islands 3696:blacksmiths 3658:Eshu-Elegba 3632:goofer dust 3612:slave ships 3482:are in the 3377:goofer dust 3324:goofer dust 3220:Brice House 2913:Espiritismo 2852:Goofer dust 2719:Phulu Bunzi 2685:Mbantilanda 2681:Mamba Muntu 2614:Antonianism 2562:Renee Stout 2456:rural South 2349:Obi (Obeah) 2265:and Hoodoo. 2243:slave codes 2071:, the word 1938:conjure men 1930:rootworkers 1799:Stereotypes 1726:Nova Scotia 1608:Mississippi 1568:San Antonio 1548:Los Angeles 1483:Black mecca 1410:Mississippi 1317:Negro Dutch 1139:Dominickers 1083:Multiethnic 992:TransAfrica 902:Nationalism 872:Black power 656:Black pride 621:Upper class 320:Politicians 169:Affrilachia 153:Sea Islands 83:subheadings 23168:Categories 23133:Maleficium 23057:Witch-hunt 22861:Witch camp 22520:Witch ball 22463:Magic ring 22448:Love charm 22303:Necromancy 22298:Moon magic 22293:Mediumship 22288:Love magic 22273:Gray magic 22253:Divination 22052:Benandanti 21982:witchcraft 21794:Spirituals 21432:Ring shout 21340:Koolakamba 21289:Kimanaueze 21080:Zimbabwean 20878:Ring shout 20716:Moni-Mambu 20681:Kuitikuiti 20548:Toucouleur 20379:Senegambia 20129:Ring shout 20109:Haint blue 19756:Astronauts 19546:New Jersey 19390:California 18894:Capitalism 18691:Nat Turner 18621:Rosa Parks 18606:Diane Nash 18576:John Lewis 18365:Newspapers 18335:Literature 18320:Juneteenth 18273:Businesses 18127:Exodusters 18095:Free Negro 17807:Ring shout 17777:Haint blue 17214:(5): 787. 17100:2022-07-14 16810:"Wanderer" 16640:(2): 141. 15539:2021-07-15 15090:4 February 14690:2014-05-29 14549:ViaNolaVie 13873:10161/6526 13858:(4): 955. 13401:(5): 554. 13372:"Religion" 13318:31 January 13179:0253336988 13090:2024-08-25 12275:2018-09-17 12240:2 February 11939:. pp. 183. 11400:(2): 275. 11224:Jane Minor 10533:Black Past 9353:31 October 9238:(1): 107. 8478:Ferguson. 8321:12 October 8285:24 October 8070:Transition 8020:The Runner 7972:5 February 7659:"Religion" 7466:16 January 7258:24 October 7231:(2): 103. 6710:31 October 6502:1 December 6464:(1): 117. 6364:2021-09-23 6340:2021-09-23 6315:1 December 6291:2021-09-23 6267:2022-11-29 6188:16 January 6008:(2): 226. 5929:References 5878:Charlatans 5870:Black Belt 5842:ring shout 5820:shouting, 5818:Holy Ghost 5789:Papa Legba 5783:among the 5742:Bo Diddley 5711:W.C. Handy 5641:Africatown 5611:landed in 5553:Coined by 5549:Neo-Hoodoo 5501:Blackfaced 5222:diviners. 5172:Cleromancy 5156:Cartomancy 5125:Nat Turner 5113:Numerology 5092:Divination 5072:Divination 5006:haint blue 4991:Haint blue 4989:See also: 4874:snakeskins 4858:initiation 4778:ring shout 4763:Ring shout 4761:See also: 4746:divination 4568:See also: 4558:Henry Bibb 4492:Nat Turner 4416:crossroads 4377:manuscript 4226:providence 4204:afterbirth 4137:turpentine 4096:Rheumatism 4092:jimsonweed 4058:Jim Jordan 4002:Jane Minor 3942:watermelon 3791:among the 3745:blacksmith 3677:Yorubaland 3592:spoken in 3469:folklorist 3386:Henry Bibb 3312:Deep South 3175:Ring shout 3126:crossroads 3074:crossroads 2882:Ring shout 2697:Moni-Mambu 2662:Kuitikuiti 2510:After the 2382:Deep South 2148:See also: 2112:cited the 2093:The words 2084:Senegambia 1968:. It is a 1923:indigenous 1365:California 1339:Population 912:Patriotism 897:Liberalism 877:Capitalism 848:Ideologies 729:Theologies 588:Juneteenth 560:Literature 488:Newspapers 396:Migrations 327:Juneteenth 173:East Texas 161:Gulf Coast 79:condensing 23034:Classical 22553:Baba Yaga 22536:mythology 22345:Spiritism 22335:Sex magic 22313:Shamanism 22308:Occultism 22263:Evocation 22258:Entheogen 22236:Damnation 22187:Practices 21912:Rastafari 21655:Quimbanda 21571:Candomblé 21537:Religions 21196:Mami Wata 21038:Religions 20894:Candomblé 20887:Religions 20684:Lubangala 20618:Religions 19870:Monuments 19746:Activists 19598:Tennessee 19518:Michigan 19502:Baltimore 19492:Louisiana 19485:Lexington 19468:Davenport 19407:Cleveland 19306:Languages 19235:Melungeon 19213:Blaxicans 19081:Joe Louis 18936:Socialism 18872:Anarchism 18601:Bob Moses 18586:Malcolm X 18506:Fred Gray 18370:Soul food 18308:New Negro 18293:Folktales 18203:Redlining 17530:146821729 17380:144875580 17236:144192532 17028:: 10, 136 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4211:Cosmology 4129:callouses 4100:pokeberry 4042:Civil War 3950:kola nuts 3709:Wye House 3636:Mami Wata 3616:mojo bags 3608:Louisiana 3578:gris-gris 3473:libations 3435:inkabera. 3409:lynchings 3318:The word 3306:(Kongo), 3249:seashells 3243:, at the 3216:baptismal 3149:included 2898:Candomblé 2891:Religions 2665:Lubangala 2607:Religions 2466:Botanicas 2461:occultism 2345:mojo bags 2271:Code Noir 2026:Etymology 1823:Hollywood 1813:Blackface 1748:Prejudice 1666:US cities 1543:Lexington 1518:Davenport 1498:Baltimore 1474:US cities 1450:Tennessee 1400:Louisiana 1346:US states 1154:Melungeon 1124:Blaxicans 922:Socialism 887:Garveyism 862:Anarchism 666:Good hair 493:Soul food 463:Folktales 127:Syncretic 87:talk page 75:splitting 73:Consider 23067:Pricking 22978:Scotland 22901:Virginia 22891:New York 22886:Maryland 22879:Americas 22628:Sorginak 22618:Pasiphaë 22510:Talisman 22480:Mojo bag 22428:Grimoire 22323:Regional 22268:Familiar 22231:Anathema 22147:Neopagan 22142:Medieval 22047:Akelarre 21774:Mojo bag 21660:Santería 21598:Convince 21489:Category 21427:Mojo bag 21375:Religion 21225:Concepts 21170:Nzambici 21031:Religion 20954:Category 20923:Convince 20873:Mojo bag 20832:Diaspora 20752:Elements 20731:Nzambici 20696:Ma Kiela 20670:Dinganga 20569:Category 20526:Niominka 20481:Mandinka 20046:Language 19893:Category 19684:America 19650:Diaspora 19635:Virginia 19568:Oklahoma 19551:New York 19534:Nebraska 19497:Maryland 19480:Kentucky 19446:Illinois 19385:Arkansas 19290:Illinois 19228:of color 18914:Populism 18887:Movement 18804:Religion 18146:Lynching 17929:Timeline 17830:Folklore 17535:23 March 17438:41111803 17308:Futurity 17228:40034365 17005:9 August 16969:Morrow. 16954:6 August 16820:7 August 16793:7 August 16678:1 August 16646:40713617 16434:30 March 16403:17 April 16349:17 April 16276:23124264 16216:21 March 16111:16 April 15582:13 April 15159:Newman. 15081:ProQuest 14543:Kozicz. 14074:13 March 13882:27563714 13356:3 August 13208:16 April 13046:1 August 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2712:Nzambici 2677:Ma Kiela 2651:Dinganga 2589:religion 2578:a series 2576:Part of 2529:libation 2427:freedmen 2386:freedmen 2177:Americas 2121:dialects 1993:Cameroon 1950:rootwork 1863:Category 1686:Diaspora 1613:Missouri 1538:Kentucky 1465:Virginia 1435:Oklahoma 1420:New York 1415:Nebraska 1405:Maryland 1380:Illinois 1360:Arkansas 1199:Merikins 1144:Freedmen 1117:Mascogos 917:Populism 808:Politics 703:Religion 673:Stepping 439:Lifeways 275:Timeline 242:a series 240:Part of 223:Rootwork 180:Language 63:too long 18:Rootwork 23106:Related 23050:Related 22968:Iceland 22963:Finland 22958:England 22953:Denmark 22917:Hungary 22613:Obayifo 22543:Agamede 22500:Potions 22433:Incense 22374:Objects 22194:Animism 22169:Warlock 22104:Oceania 22087:Britain 21769:Michari 21764:Macumba 21725:Houngan 21680:Umbanda 21625:Judaism 21613:in Cuba 21554:Atheism 21448:Boo hag 21441:Culture 21422:Kumbaya 21299:Mwuetsi 21275:Culture 21211:Shetani 21184:Spirits 21120:Kalumba 21103:Deities 21084:Ndebele 20868:Kumbaya 20693:Makanga 20690:Lusunzi 20687:Lusiemo 20678:Kimbazi 20655:Deities 20436:Ambundu 20284:Georgia 20224:History 20160:Kumbaya 20079:Boo Hag 19970:Conrack 19955:Culture 19821:Writers 19786:Singers 19771:Jurists 19719:Europe 19673:Liberia 19618:Houston 19522:Detroit 19458:Indiana 19451:Chicago 19434:Atlanta 19429:Georgia 19412:Florida 19380:Alabama 19330:English 18904:Leftism 18774:Museums 18325:Kwanzaa 18250:Culture 18218:Slavery 17921:History 17767:Boo Hag 17462:22 July 17337:18 July 17185:26 June 17032:28 June 16979:Athanor 16651:23 June 16134:. JSTOR 16049:. 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