513:
586:
sons’ uprising and was subsequently banished, which would account for the termination of the annals. His increasing distaste for Louis would also correspond with the veiled negativity towards the emperor which surfaces in the later entries of the annal, in the form of faint praise and the recording of omens and disasters. Additionally, the entry for 826 mentions
Hilduin's translation of relics, and is followed in 827 by Einhard's translation. The inclusion of these somewhat obscure events, both of which Hilduin was involved with, would be explained by his authorship of the section.
36:
327:
339:
even in defeat by the revised edition, the annalists’ Louis is a smaller man who invests the power of the military in others, not unlike the annals’ earlier depiction of the
Merovingian kings. Miracles aid Charlemagne and his men, and the grace of God leads him to victory; mostly ill portents surround Louis, such as an omen in the stars supposedly foretelling his army's defeat at the hands of
595:
555:, which is the most ordered and precise of them. Neither argument considers these entries to be contemporaneous with the events described. The manner of reporting for these years is typically terse, though they include the convention of mentioning Easter and Christmas, which continues throughout the annals.
567:
Unlike the first section, these entries were written contemporaneously and with greater depth. Considering this and the fact that the subject matter remains fixed on the actions of
Charlemagne, composition by members of the royal chapel again seems likely, as few other groups would have had access to
338:
Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, is rarely shown engaging in battle by the annalists, but rather directs others to do so, or negotiates for peace. The contrast between Louis and his father and grandfather is clear. While the past kings were unshakeable figures, depicted as the better of their foes
196:
The depth of knowledge regarding court affairs suggests that the annals were written by persons close to the king, and their initial reluctance to comment on
Frankish defeats betrays an official design for use as Carolingian propaganda. Though the information contained within is heavily influenced by
524:
Though the number of sections into which the annals should be divided is debated, they undoubtedly were written in at least four stages, corresponding roughly to the entries for 741-795, 796-807, 808-819, and 820-829. Additionally, an unknown editor produced the revised text at some point during the
585:
This section ends abruptly after the events of 829, and for this reason has been associated with
Hilduin of St. Denis. The case for his authorship is founded on Hilduin's involvement in the first civil war between Louis and his sons in 830. In that year, he left the emperor's service to join the
576:
This section, as well as the fourth, are also both contemporaneous accounts. Scholz notes an increased eloquence in the language employed from here on. At this time, the editor of the revised edition also began his work on the earlier entries, bringing the Latin up to a similar level as the new
423:
The annals survive in multiple versions, widely distributed across the
Frankish empire, though none of these are original copies. Each version is marked with distinguishing features, and based on these features, Friedrich Kurze formulated five classes for the categorization of these texts. This
481:
Class D texts are derived from a complete copy, though McKitterick points out that the derivatives are often not complete themselves. These also contain insertions not found in the other classes, including mention of Pepin the
Hunchback. The revised texts are based on a Class D manuscript.
237:
300:
practiced by the Saxons at the time. Its destruction is a major point in the annals, written to continue a jingoistic theme of
Frankish triumphs against the “un-Frankish” and unchristian barbarian. The unrevised text neglects to mention defeats suffered by Charlemagne, such as the
322:
against
Charlemagne is also omitted, along with any reference to potential misconduct on Charlemagne's part. The revised text, however, incorporates these events while maintaining a positive tone towards the emperor, presented as a peerless leader in battle.
365:
Scholz regards this preoccupation as a reflection of a belief in a divine will and control of history. Many of the worse omens also parallel growing dissatisfaction with Louis the Pious, which immediately after the end of the annals spilled into
504:). The revised editions correct the Latin of the originals and elaborate on many of the earlier entries, which were written by a terse hand in their unedited states. The major edits go up to 801, with minor stylistic changes through 812.
264:. The annalists pay particular attention to the military campaigns of the Carolingian kings, justifying their actions in terms of a grand narrative of Carolingian peacekeeping and conquest in the name of expanding the
577:
entries and adding lengthy passages where detail was lacking, again in the style of the later years. For this reason, the editor is believed to have belonged to or been affiliated with this third group of authors.
268:
faith. The overthrow of the
Merovingians is also portrayed in such a way as to legitimize the transfer of royal power between dynasties, emphasizing Carolingian adherence to Frankish traditions and the approval of
558:
The author of this section is unknown. Scholz posits the work of multiple authors in the royal chapel. The year 795 is not definitive as the date of authorial change, but it is the latest of those suggested.
467:
Class C texts are complete through 829. These contain various additions not found in the previous two classes, and Kurze divides them based on what other texts are found in their codices, such as the
346:
Such references to striking natural phenomena, strange happenings, and miracles become increasingly common in the annal entries for the 9th century. In addition to astronomical oddities, such as
252:
The annals give a brief individual description of events for each year (a few omitted), with a focus on the actions of the Carolingian monarchy, beginning with the account of
1214:
McKitterick, R. (2000). “The Illusion of Royal Power in the Carolingian Annals”, The English Historical Review 115(460), pp. 1–20. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
358:. Nearly two-dozen villages are reported to have been destroyed by heavenly fire in 823, while at the same time an unnamed girl is said to have begun a three-year
204:
Copies of the annals can be categorized into five classes, based on additions and revisions to the text. The chronicles were continued and incorporated in the
318:
The Battle of SĂĽntel is portrayed in the annals as a victory, as opposed to a crushing Frankish defeat at the hands of the Saxons. The 792 conspiracy of
424:
system still remains in use. The five classes of texts are lettered A through D, with an additional E class for the revised text. They are as follows:
606:, which references the revisions, written in 833 at the latest. It covers the years 741 through 812, variously adding detail and modifying style.
1290:
292:, and other peoples. The account of Charlemagne's campaign against the Saxons is also notable as one of the few extant references to the
490:
Class E comprises the revised editions of the annals, and are by far the most numerous. These are often found paired with Einhard's
547:
up to 768, and then on minor annals up to some point between 787 and 793. McKitterick, however, contends that the continuation of
512:
197:
authorial intent in favor of the Franks, the annals remain a crucial source on the political and military history of the reign of
614:. However, while no other names have been suggested for the editor, the case for Einhard cannot be argued definitively either.
401:, aside from a mention by Einhard drawn from the annals. The gift of the elephant to Charlemagne, amongst other treasures, by
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1315:
1295:
766:
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525:
third stage. The identities of any of the authors save that of the fourth section are unknown, but production by a group of
1310:
370:
between him and his sons. Divine intervention through the relics of saints play an important role as well, with mention of
496:, and it is partially from this that they are sometimes believed to have been written by him as well, and thus called the
1305:
1300:
350:, the supernatural begins to enter the account, set against almost ritualistic yearly notices of the regular passages of
1285:
1280:
1229:
1209:
1192:
776:
1249:
788:
432:
Class A texts end at the year 788, and are reflected in one of the earliest modern printings of the annals, that of
193:. The Annals are believed to have been composed in successive sections by different authors, and then compiled.
610:
put forth Einhard as the editor, an association which has carried with the revised annals in references to the
543:. On account of this, scholars such as Scholz have suggested that the annals are based on the continuation of
736:
379:
397:. Additionally, the annals provide the only attestation to the existence of Charlemagne's personal elephant
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387:
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The revised text is believed to have been edited after Charlemagne's death in 814 but prior to Einhard's
724:
469:
302:
182:
1238:(2011). "The Origin of the Royal Frankish Annalist's Information about the Serbs in Dalmatia".
86:
657:
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539:
284:—Charlemagne's military chronicles are the most detailed, covering his victories against the
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speculates that the manuscript originally ran to that date. These manuscripts are now lost.
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as a basis up to the year 829, and then continue on their own until 901, documenting the
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Class B texts go to, at the latest, 813. Kurze notes that one of these was used by
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run from 832 to 873 and are largely independent from the other two continuations.
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Three major annals take up the work of the Annales regni Francorum after 829: the
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the same information. However, the identities of these authors remains unknown.
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Between the years 741 and 768, the annals overlap with the continuations of the
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A more detailed account of Einhard's procurement of the relics exists in his
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439:. Canisius also includes the years up to 793 in his printing, however, and
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173:, recording year-by-year the state of the monarchy from 741 (the death of
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An illustration of Einhard, to whom the revised text is often ascribed.
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1220:
Carolingian chronicles: Royal Frankish annals and Nithard's Histories
757:
Carolingian chronicles: Royal Frankish annals and Nithard's Histories
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293:
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from 830 to 882, serving as a direct unofficial continuation. The
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Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi
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343:, and the sudden collapse of a wooden arcade atop him in 817.
340:
163:
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was the author of an early section surviving in the copy at
594:
1244:. Belgrade: The Institute for History. pp. 381–398.
740:, with preface and classifications by Friedrich Kurze (
516:"The destruction of Irminsul by Charlemagne" (1882) by
551:
and the minor annals are more likely based upon the
132:Account of the history of the Carolingian monarchy
1175:Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writers
529:associated with the Carolingian court is likely.
395:Translation and Miracles of Marcellinus and Peter
1272:
415:at the time, which the annals document loosely.
580:
562:
571:
532:
1200:History and Memory in the Carolingian World
158:('Greater Lorsch Annals'), are a series of
923:McKitterick “The Illusion of Royal Power”
845:McKitterick “The Illusion of Royal Power”
256:ascension through the dethronement of the
106:Late 8th century through early 9th century
1222:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
759:, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
177:) to 829 (the beginning of the crisis of
1234:
593:
511:
325:
296:, an important if enigmatic part of the
235:
1202:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
1185:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
411:is evidence of the attempts to form an
181:). Their authorship is unknown, though
1273:
781:, Lambrigg, Kendal, Cumbria: P.D. King
502:Annals which are said to be of Einhard
1291:Carolingian historical texts in Latin
1241:Homage to Academician Sima Ćirković
589:
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330:Louis the Pious giving penance at
14:
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305:in 778 (later dramatized in the
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779:Charlemagne: Translated Sources
693:Francicorum Annalium fragmentum
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437:Francicorum Annalium fragmentum
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826:
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612:Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi
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498:Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi
374:translation of the relics of
57:Annales qui dicuntur Einhardi
53:Annales Laurissenses maijores
1321:8th-century Frankish writers
1316:8th-century writers in Latin
1296:Sources on Germanic paganism
794:
581:The Fourth Section (809-829)
563:The Second Section (796-807)
413:Abbasid-Carolingian alliance
155:Annales Laurissenses maiores
7:
1311:Works of unknown authorship
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572:The Third Section (808-819)
533:The First Section (741-795)
386:transport of the relics of
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1306:9th-century books in Latin
1301:8th-century books in Latin
771:Composite with annotations
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276:Of the three kings—Pepin,
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1286:9th-century history books
1281:8th-century history books
1177:(Rutledge, 1999) 1:35-36
925:English Historical Review
847:English Historical Review
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470:Liber historiae Francorum
388:SS. Marcellinus and Peter
240:The coronation in 752 of
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1198:McKitterick, R. (2004).
1181:McKitterick, R. (2008).
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303:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
1266:Complete text in latin.
964:Annales Regni Francorum
938:Annales Regni Francorum
834:Annales Regni Francorum
727:Annales regni Francorum
710:Annales regni Francorum
654:Annales regni Francorum
553:Annales regni Francorum
183:Wilhelm von Giesebrecht
150:Annales regni Francorum
41:Annales regni Francorum
28:Annales regni Francorum
1159:Carolingian Chronicles
1157:Scholz “Introduction”
1146:Carolingian Chronicles
1144:Scholz “Introduction”
1133:Carolingian Chronicles
1131:Scholz “Introduction”
1081:Carolingian Chronicles
1079:Scholz “Introduction”
1068:Carolingian Chronicles
1066:Scholz “Introduction”
1042:Carolingian Chronicles
1040:Scholz “Introduction”
1029:Carolingian Chronicles
1027:Scholz “Introduction”
1003:Carolingian Chronicles
1001:Scholz “Introduction”
990:Carolingian Chronicles
988:Scholz “Introduction”
912:Carolingian Chronicles
910:Scholz “Introduction”
899:Carolingian Chronicles
897:Scholz “Introduction”
886:Carolingian Chronicles
884:Scholz “Introduction”
873:Carolingian Chronicles
871:Scholz “Introduction”
860:Carolingian Chronicles
858:Scholz “Introduction”
821:Carolingian Chronicles
819:Scholz “Introduction”
808:Carolingian Chronicles
806:Scholz “Introduction”
599:
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248:, Archbishop of Mainz.
658:East Frankish Kingdom
646:West Frankish Kingdom
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540:Chronicle of Fredegar
515:
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141:Royal Frankish Annals
61:Royal Frankish Annals
691:Heinrich Canisius’s
441:Rosamond McKitterick
1218:Scholz, B. (1972).
777:King, P.D. (1987).
755:Scholz, B. (1972).
434:Heinrich Canisius's
380:Abbey of St. Medard
320:Pepin the Hunchback
152:), also called the
1120:History and Memory
1055:History and Memory
962:Kurze “Praefatio”
936:Kurze “Praefatio”
832:Kurze “Praefatio”
697:Antiquae Lectiones
642:Annales Bertiniani
625:Annales Bertiniani
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518:Heinrich Leutemann
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210:Annales Bertiniani
43:, entry for AD 814
1173:Boyd, Kelly, ed.
767:978-0-472-06186-0
715:The Latin Library
662:Annales Xantenses
650:Annales Fuldenses
637:Annales Xantenses
631:Annales Fuldenses
608:Leopold von Ranke
604:Vita Karoli Magni
493:Vita Karoli Magni
298:Germanic paganism
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1183:Charlemagne
1107:Charlemagne
1016:Charlemagne
977:Charlemagne
951:Charlemagne
278:Charlemagne
258:Merovingian
213:and in the
199:Charlemagne
168:Carolingian
79:Ascribed to
1275:Categories
1168:References
634:, and the
508:Authorship
500:(English:
399:Abul-Abbas
341:Count Aizo
311:) and the
111:Provenance
18:See also:
914:pp. 16-17
901:pp. 16-17
795:Citations
742:Composite
457:Chronicon
384:Einhard's
372:Hilduin's
368:civil war
352:Christmas
315:in 782.
266:Christian
124:Chronicle
71:Author(s)
1094:Melanges
668:See also
652:use the
549:Fredegar
545:Fredegar
348:eclipses
294:Irminsul
246:Boniface
93:Language
940:p. viii
836:p. viii
749:English
719:Class C
702:Class A
527:clerics
486:Class E
477:Class D
463:Class C
455:in his
447:Class B
428:Class A
403:Abbasid
378:to the
334:in 822.
332:Attigny
290:Bretons
232:Content
171:Francia
166:in the
129:Subject
115:Francia
87:Hilduin
83:Einhard
74:Unknown
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1057:p. 100
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660:. The
640:. The
628:, the
618:Legacy
406:Caliph
382:, and
356:Easter
286:Saxons
280:, and
160:annals
1122:p. 30
1109:p. 47
1096:p. 65
1018:p. 33
979:p. 36
966:p. ix
953:p. 34
849:p. 17
734:from
685:Latin
282:Louis
260:king
164:Latin
146:Latin
121:Genre
97:Latin
1246:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1206:ISBN
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862:p. 8
823:p. 4
810:p. 5
785:ISBN
763:ISBN
725:The
708:The
360:fast
354:and
222:and
138:The
103:Date
729:in
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244:by
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