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arrival of the royal family to Brazil in 1808. Varnhagen was successful in the following seven years. He was able to show that the ironworks at
Ipanema could be productive and profitable. This ironworks marked the beginning of the production of iron by the indirect method (producing pig iron) in the country. For several periods it produced a ton and a half of iron per day, producing ironplates for kitchen charcoal ovens, pans, ammunition and war material, wire, spades, nails, axes, and sickles.
291:. The Swedish team brought books, equipment and tools, but did not start building the blast furnaces as they were expected to do. Instead, they built four smaller furnaces for the direct method. These furnaces have since disappeared, as a much larger building was built later on that site, the so-called Fábrica de Armas Brancas. After he got into disagreement with the managing committee, in 1815, Hedberg was replaced by the German
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D. Rodrigo de Souza
Coutinho, minister of D. John VI, instructed Varnhagen and Martim Francisco de Andrada e Silva to design a modern factory to use the iron ore from Araçoiaba. The project was completed in July 1810, including an estimate of the needed investment. The proposal emphasized the need to
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Until the arrival of the
Portuguese royal family to Brazil, in 1808, the manufacture of iron was monitored in the Colony, having been allowed only in restricted periods. The venture started by Afonso Sardinha (father and son) worked where the Portuguese Crown allowed; and after them, Domingos Pereira
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Under the guidance of Johann Bloem, from the blast furnaces of the Real Fábrica de Ferro de
Ipanema came guns and ammunition for use in the Liberal Revolt. It also produced many of the items necessary to Brazil in the nineteenth century such as pans, iron rolls for sugarcane mills, iron railings,
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Varnhagen came to
Portugal at the invitation of the Portuguese government to direct the Foz de Alge ironworks in 1803. He then traveled to Brazil in 1809, after the royal family and the entire court moved to Rio de Janeiro. The Royal Ironworks of St John was yet another of those consequences of the
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This important industrial enterprise was the result of careful planning by the
Portuguese Crown, built and operated from 1810 to 1821, continued by the Brazilian Imperial government from 1822 to 1889, closed in 1895 and reopened in 1917 because of the First World War, to be finally closed in 1926.
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During that period, the mine was connected to the ironworks by a 4 km railroad, the old blast furnaces were rebuilt with more capacity, a new iron refining unit was built with technology and technicians from Styria, in
Austria, a rolling mill was installed, a mining engineer from Ouro Preto
241:. Manuel Ferreira da Camara and Aguiar Sá Bittencout returned to Brazil with a project to deploy an iron factory in Minas Gerais. On the arrival of the royal family in Brazil, the two Germans were invited to contribute to the implementation of other iron ventures in Brazil.
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1. MAIA, RAFAEL ROCHA; DIAS, MARCELLI SUSAKI; AZEVEDO, CESAR ROBERTO DE FARIAS; LANDGRAF, F. J. G. Archaeometry of ferrous artefacts from Luso-Brazilian archaeological sites near
Ipanema River, Brazil. Rem: Revista Escola de Minas, v.68, p.187 - 193,
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School of Mines was hired to help to run the plant (Mr. Leandro Dupré). They had plans to introduce a new, larger, blast furnace and a
Bessemer reactor to produce liquid steel, but the operation was interrupted in 1895 due to insufficient income.
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showed concern and interest towards the national iron industry, so that by mid-nineteenth century, Lieutenant
Francisco Carlos da Luz was assigned to coordinate both the technical and the financial aspects of the establishment of such industry.
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by the direct method, in what may be the first attempt of iron manufacturing on American soil. It may have operated for twenty years. Iron samples from that site were subjected to microstructural analysis.
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encouraged many of his students to study mineralogy and metallurgy. The Portuguese crown sent several of them to travel within Europe. Jose Alvares Maciel was a year and a half in Birmingham, England, and
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toured France, Germany, Italy and Sweden for eight years. Back from his travels, Bonifacio was commissioned to restore the iron factory of d'Alge Foz, Portugal, where he engaged the German metallurgists
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The company was established by a royal charter on December 4, 1810, as a mixed capital shareholder company, with 13 shares belonging to the Portuguese Crown and 47 to private shareholders of
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Decisive in the choice of location was the availability of wood to feed the furnaces, and of water to power the air blowing machines and hammers, in proximity to the deposits of
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The Ironworks was again supported by the Brazilian Imperial Government from 1865 to 1889, under the leadership of Joaquim de Souza Mursa.
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retains less than 20% of its original set. Its twin blast furnaces still exist today and are in the custody of ICMBio through the
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Rodrigo S. Coutinho created the District of Ipanema and ordered a team of Swedish technicians, hired in December 1809, and led by
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Rogers. E.J.. The Iron and Steel Industry in Colonial and Imperial Brazil. The Americas, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Oct., 1962), pp. 172-184
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Portuguese Crown (1810-1821), Brazilian Imperial government (1822-1889), Brazilian Army (1865-1889), Private shareholders
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A fábrica de ferro São João de Ipanema: economia e política nas últimas décadas do Segundo Reinado (1860-1889)
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Official documents of the factory are archived, and mostly for free consultation at different institutions:
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Iron, Pig iron, Ammunition, Iron plates, Pans, Iron rolls, Railings, Bars, Ladders, Lanterns, and more
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When the Portuguese king D. João VI decided to go back to Portugal, Varnhagen followed him, in 1821.
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The occurrence of magnetic iron ore at the Araçoiaba Hill, was recognized since 1590 by
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bring in European experts experienced in technical aspects of ironmaking.
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Thousands of tons of cast iron were produced by its twin blast-furnaces.
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158:(or foundry) to be continuously operated in Brazil. It is located in
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170:. Ruins of the twin blast furnaces are well preserved and nearby is
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467:(M.Sc. dissertation) (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo.
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are related to the dam built in the waters of the River Ipanema.
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Considered the birthplace of the national steel industry, the
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Carl Gustav Hedberg, Friedrich Ludwig Wilhelm Varnhagen
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406:Araújo, P.E.M.; Sporback, S.-G.; Landgraf, F.J.G.:
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104:Sorocaba region, near Iperó, São Paulo, Brazil
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195:(father and son). There, in what was called
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388:list of preserved historic blast furnaces
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248:The Royal Ironworks of St John, Ipanema
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215:After the Enlightenment reform of the
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253:Royal Ironworks of St John, Ipanema
138:Royal Ironworks of St John, Ipanema
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408:"Start up da Siderurgia Moderna",
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530:1810 establishments in Brazil
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515:Defunct iron and steel mills
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342:National Forest of Ipanema
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183:Background
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110:Key people
278:magnetite
263:São Paulo
168:São Paulo
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378:Sorocaba
362:See also
324:lanterns
201:bloomery
160:Sorocaba
119:Products
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178:History
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85:Founded
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465:(PDF)
423:2015.
383:Iperó
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